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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YcgRszTP6yn3tFY9SN3YYkc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000700052</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005011102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190113</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association of Dietary Patterns with Excess Weight and Body Adiposity in Brazilian Children: The Pase-Brasil Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7513-3906</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Naruna Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3186-7577</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Milagres</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Cupertino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1932-6126</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Filgueiras</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana De Santis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2497-1587</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Suhett</surname>
            <given-names>Lara Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6518-6534</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Mariane Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1675-5232</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Martins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6546-1252</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;ia Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0304-2711</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Sarah Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3616-5096</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Novaes</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Farias de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Vi&#231;osa</city>
            <state>MG</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa, Vi&#231;osa, MG - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Naruna Rocha,</bold> Rua Doutor Milton Bandeira, 240. Postal Code 36570-172, Centro, Vi&#231;osa, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>narunarocha@hotmail.com</email>, <email>narunarocha@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing: Novaes JF; Acquisition of data: Rocha N, Milagres LC, Filgueiras MS, Silva MA, Albuquerque FM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Rocha N, Ribeiro AQ, Albuquerque FM, Novaes JF; Statistical analysis: Rocha N, Filgueiras MS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Milagres LC, Filgueiras MS, Suhett LG, Silva MA, Ribeiro AQ, Vieira SA, Novaes JF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>52</fpage>
      <lpage>59</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Obesity is a multifactorial disease and a serious public health problem. Some of the associated factors are modifiable and, among them, the diet is highlighted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To evaluate the association of dietary patterns of schoolchildren with obesity and body adiposity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> A cross-sectional study was carried out with 378 children aged 8 and 9 years, enrolled in urban schools in the city of Vi&#231;osa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied to the children and their caregivers on sociodemographic characteristics and life habits. Three 24-hour food recalls were used to identify dietary patterns; the Principal Component Analysis was employed. Weight and height were measured for the calculation of the body mass index (BMI) of the children and their mothers, waist circumference and neck circumference. Body composition was also evaluated through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). For all performed tests, the level of significance was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> Five dietary patterns (DP) were identified: &#8220;unhealthy&#8221;, &#8220;snacks&#8221;, &#8220;traditional&#8221;, &#8220;industrialized&#8221; and &#8220;healthy&#8221;. There was an association between excess weight (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.38, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.02 to 1.87) and body fat (PR: 1.32, 95%CI : 1.07 to 1.64) with industrialized DP. There was an association between excess body fat (PR: 1.31, 95%CI: 1.01 to 1.74) and lower adherence to traditional DP. The other patterns were not associated with obesity and body adiposity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> Children with excess weight and body adiposity showed greater adherence to the industrialized DP and lower adherence to the traditional DP. We suggest that early assessments of dietary habits should be undertaken for monitoring and modifying these habits when necessary.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposity</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperphagia</kwd>
        <kwd>Feeding Behavior</kwd>
        <kwd>Factor Analysis, Statistical</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Childhood obesity is considered a serious public health problem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2016),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> approximately 41 million children worldwide under five years of age have excess weight or obesity. In Brazil, the prevalence of obesity is increasing, and data related to childhood excess weight show that it is increasing in children from five to nine years of age more rapidly than in other age groups.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Obesity can be considered a multifactorial disease due to genetic predisposition, sedentary lifestyle, availability of food inside and outside the home environment, inadequate and structural food patterns, such as food production and distribution systems, all of which play important roles in the etiology of this alteration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Among the several risk factors for obesity, the diet constitutes a modifiable factor and has been related to the onset of chronic diseases and cardiometabolic alterations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Several studies have shown that energetically dense, fiber-poor and refined carbohydrate-rich diets are associated with obesity in adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In children, most of the results are based on the analysis of isolated foods or nutrients, and studies on dietary patterns are scarce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The analysis of dietary patterns allows the evaluation of the diet from a global perspective, favoring the implementation of strategies to promote healthy eating habits and prevention of nutrient-related diseases and conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> As childhood is a period of formation of eating habits,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> initiatives that allow identifying inappropriate dietary practices and associating them with excess body weight and adiposity could help to prevent chronic diseases, as well as to reduce short and long-term health damage by encouraging and adopting healthy habits.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering the above, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association of eating patterns of schoolchildren with obesity and body adiposity. Our hypothesis is that unhealthy eating patterns are associated with excess weight and body adiposity in Brazilian children.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population and design</title>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional study, with a representative sample of 378 children from public and private schools in the urban area of the municipality of Vi&#231;osa, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The participants of this study came from the Schoolchildren Health Assessment Survey (PASE, <italic>Pesquisa de Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Sa&#250;de do Escolar</italic>). The PASE aimed to investigate the cardiovascular health of children in the city of Vi&#231;osa, MG.</p>
        <p>The municipality of Vi&#231;osa is located in Zona da Mata Mineira, 227 km from the capital city, Belo Horizonte. Vi&#231;osa has a land area of 299 km<sup>2</sup> and 72,244 inhabitants, with 67.3% residing in the urban area.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In 2015, the municipality had 17 public schools and 7 private ones, which were attended by 8- and 9-year-old children in the urban area, totaling a population of 1,464 children enrolled in these schools. The sample was calculated using the OpenEpi statistical program (Version 3.01), considering a prevalence of 11.8% for obesity in the age group,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> a tolerable error of 5%, plus 10% of losses and 10% of confounding factors, totalizing a sample size of 392 children. The final sample included 378 children, with a sample loss of 3.6%. The losses were due to non-compliance with all stages of the study.</p>
        <p>The sampling process was carried out in two stages. First, stratified casual sampling was performed, in which the number of children to be sampled from each school was proportional to the total number of students in each school. Subsequently, the lots were drawn by using a random number table, to complete the required number of students from the 24 public and private schools in the urban area that were attended by the assessed age group.</p>
        <p>The non-inclusion criteria for this study were the lack of contact with the parents or guardians after three attempts to contact them, children with some clinical or nutritional alterations that could interfere with food consumption, nutritional status and body composition, as well as children with physical, cognitive or multiple disabilities.</p>
        <p>This study was carried out in accordance with the guidelines established in the Declaration of Helsinki and was initiated only after approval by the Ethical Committee for Research in Human Beings of Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa (UFV) (Opinion n. 663.171/2014). The study was also approved by the Municipal Education Secretariat, Regional Superintendence of Education and the school principals. All parents and children were informed about the purpose of the study, and all the children&#8217;s parents/guardians signed the Free and Informed Consent form.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Food consumption</title>
        <p>Food consumption assessment was performed by applying three 24-hour food recalls (R24h) on non-consecutive days, including one weekend day and a 15-day mean interval between them, based on information provided by the mother/guardian and by the child. For the children who consumed part of the food in the school environment, the researchers obtained the information from the schools, such as recipes and portions of the foods offered, in addition to confirming with the children what had been consumed. For those children who used to bring their food from home, the parents/guardians were asked about food and beverages offered and their amounts. The three food recalls were applied by trained nutritionists.</p>
        <p>The food consumption data obtained through the three R24h were tabulated and processed in Dietpro&#174; 5i software, version 5.8.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometric data</title>
        <p>All anthropometric measurements were performed by a trained nutritionist, selected after calibration of the team members. Weight was measured using a digital electronic scale, with a capacity of 150 kg and sensitivity of 50 g (Tanita&#174;, model BC 553, Arlington Heights, IL, USA). Height was measured using a vertical stadiometer, divided in centimeters and subdivided in millimeters (Alturaexata&#174;, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil).</p>
        <p>The nutritional status was assessed by body mass index (BMI), with BMI cutoff points by age calculated in z-scores according to the World Health Organization (WHO) parameters (2007)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> as thinness, normal weight, overweight and obesity. Excess weight was considered for the overweight and obesity categories.</p>
        <p>The waist circumference was obtained by measuring the midpoint between the iliac crest and the last rib using an inelastic measuring tape, divided in centimeters and subdivided in millimeters. Abdominal obesity was considered when the waist circumference was equal to the 90<sup>th</sup> percentile of the sample itself, following the guidelines of the International Diabetes Federation (2007).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was obtained by the waist circumference measurement divided by height. The cutoff point &#8805; 0.5 was used as the risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The neck circumference (NC) was measured at the level of the thyroid cartilage using an inelastic measuring tape, divided in centimeters and subdivided in millimeters. The cutoff points proposed by Nafiu et al. (2010)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> for the detection of excess body fat in children were used for NC classification.</p>
        <p>The children&#8217; body composition was assessed through DXA by a specialized technician, obtaining the fat mass measurement. The children were evaluated in the morning, in fasting condition, in the supine position. Body fat was classified using the cutoff points proposed by Lohman (1992),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and the cutoff points for overweight risk and overweight were considered as excess body fat.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Adjustment variables</title>
        <p>Potential adjustment variables were selected according to the previous literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The collection of these variables was performed by nutritionists, using a questionnaire created by the researchers themselves. The questionnaire was previously tested in a pilot study, and the sample consisted of children aged 8 and 9 years.</p>
        <p>The assessed sociodemographic variables were gender and self-reported ethnicity of the child, maternal schooling, family and <italic>per capita</italic> income, and the type of school in which the child was enrolled (public or private).</p>
        <p>The behavioral variables were omission of breakfast and sedentary behavior. All questions were answered by parents or guardians. Breakfast consumption was assessed by the first food intake that the child consumed and/or drank within the first 2 hours after waking up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sedentary behavior was assessed as time spent by the child in activities that did not increase energy expenditure, such as watching television or engaging in other forms of screen-based entertainment. The used cutoff point was screen time &#8805;2 hours/day, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (2013).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Maternal weight and height were measured using an electronic digital scale, with a capacity of 150 kg and sensitivity of 50 g (Tanita&#174;, model BC 553, Arlington Heights, IL, USA) and a vertical stadiometer, divided in centimeters and subdivided in millimeters (Alturaexata&#174;, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil), respectively. Using these data, it was possible to calculate the BMI and to classify it according to the WHO parameters (1998).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample according to sociodemographic, behavioral characteristics, nutritional status and body composition. At this phase, each variable was assessed through the distribution of absolute and relative frequencies.</p>
        <p>The normality of the variables was evaluated by the Shapiro-Wilk test, in addition to the evaluation of graphical methods (histogram), kurtosis and asymmetry verification to classify variables regarding normality.</p>
        <p>Aiming to identify the food pattern, the foods covered by the R24h were measured in grams/day (g/d) or milliliters/day (mL/d) and collected as isolated foods or food groups by nutritional similarity and their contribution to the hypothesis of diet-disease associations. Moreover, foods consumed by less than 10% of the assessed population were excluded or grouped.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> To identify the patterns, all foods in milliliters/day were transformed into grams/day according to the density table of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2012).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Pattern identification was carried out using an <italic>a posteriori</italic> methodology, through the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Before starting the analysis, the sample size was carefully evaluated in relation to the food groups formed in the PCA analyses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>For the PCA analysis, the results of the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test (KMO = 0.58) and the Bartlett sphericity test (p &lt; 0.001) were estimated. They evaluate whether the data can be used in the PCA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> The varimax rotation was performed to facilitate the interpretation of the obtained results, in which factorial loads &#8805;0.25 (positive or negative) were retained.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The number of extracted factors was defined according to the <italic>eigenvalue</italic> criterion &gt;1 followed by the scree plot graph of variance by the number of components, in which the points on the maximum slope indicated the number of components to be retained. The nomenclature of the found patterns was attributed according to the characteristics of the foods/ formed groups and extracted by PCA.</p>
        <p>Dietary patterns were presented as explanatory variables, and the schoolchildren&#8217;s dietary patterns scores were categorized according to the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile of the sample.</p>
        <p>The Mann-Whitney test was performed to compare the medians of the anthropometric variables and body composition according to the classification of the dietary patterns.</p>
        <p>The crude analysis was performed using Poisson regression models with robust variance, having anthropometry and body composition as dependent variables. The variables considered important in the assessed association were used for the model adjustment, such as gender, maternal BMI, total energy consumption (kcal) and breakfast consumption.</p>
        <p>The prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used as a measure of association. For all performed tests, the level of significance was set at 5%. Statistical analyses were performed using the Stata program version 13.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>It was observed that more than half of the children had a sedentary behavior (74.9%) and mothers with excess weight (56.9%). Breakfast omission was observed in almost 20.0% of the sample (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sample characterization according to socioeconomic, behavioral variables and maternal nutritional status of the children. Vi&#231;osa, MG, Brazil, 2015</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">N</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">8 years</td>
              <td align="center">183</td>
              <td align="center">48.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">9 years </td>
              <td align="center">195</td>
              <td align="center">51.6 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">197</td>
              <td align="center">52.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male </td>
              <td align="center">181</td>
              <td align="center">47.9 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Child Ethnicity /skin color</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">119</td>
              <td align="center">31.5 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-white</td>
              <td align="center">259</td>
              <td align="center">68.5 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Type of School</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Public</td>
              <td align="center">268</td>
              <td align="center">70.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Private </td>
              <td align="center">110</td>
              <td align="center">29.1 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Maternal schooling</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 9 years</td>
              <td align="center">234</td>
              <td align="center">62.2 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">= 9 years</td>
              <td align="center">142</td>
              <td align="center">37.8 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>
                  <italic>per capita</italic>
                </bold>
                <bold>income tertiles</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">= 1500.0</td>
              <td align="center">133</td>
              <td align="center">35.2 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 1599.0 to 2340.98</td>
              <td align="center">117</td>
              <td align="center">31.0 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 2340.98</td>
              <td align="center">128</td>
              <td align="center">33.8 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Screen time</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 2 hours/day</td>
              <td align="center">95</td>
              <td align="center">25.1 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">= 2 hours/day</td>
              <td align="center">283</td>
              <td align="center">74.9 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Maternal excess weight</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">127</td>
              <td align="center">43.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes </td>
              <td align="center">168</td>
              <td align="center">56.9 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Breakfast omission</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">303</td>
              <td align="center">80.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes </td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
              <td align="center">19.8 </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The PCA analysis identified five dietary patterns (DP): (i) unhealthy DP, consisting of foods/groups of simple sugars and chocolate, fat-rich snacks and whole dairy foods; (ii) snacks DP, consisting of bakery products/food groups and infusions; (iii) traditional DP, consisting of rice, beans, flours, tubers and cereals; (iv) industrialized DP, consisting mainly of ultra-processed products; (v) healthy DP, consisting of foods rich in complex carbohydrates and high biological value proteins (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of factorial loads for the five identified food patterns. Vi&#231;osa, MG, Brazil, 2015</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Foods</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Dietary Patterns</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Unhealthy</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Snacks</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Traditional</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Industrialized</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Healthy</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Breads, biscuits and cakes without frosting</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.797</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Milk and dairy products</td>
              <td align="center">0.663</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rice</td>
              <td align="center">-0.432</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.592</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beans</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.61</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sugar and chocolate milk</td>
              <td align="center">0.765 </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Infusions</td>
              <td align="center">-0.555</td>
              <td align="center">0.361 </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Butter and margarine</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.632</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fruits and natural fruit juice</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.519</td>
              <td align="center">0.295</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pasta </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.258</td>
              <td align="center">0.276 </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Flours, tubers and cereals</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.629</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Meat and eggs</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.507</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fat-rich snacks and sauces </td>
              <td align="center">0.428</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vegetables</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.307</td>
              <td align="center">0.679</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Green vegetables </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.693</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sweets, candy </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.256</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.448 </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Artificial beverages</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.763</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of Items</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Eigenvalues </td>
              <td align="center">2.30</td>
              <td align="center">1.72</td>
              <td align="center">1.50</td>
              <td align="center">1.25</td>
              <td align="center">1.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">% Explained variance </td>
              <td align="center">11.53</td>
              <td align="center">9.99</td>
              <td align="center">9.97</td>
              <td align="center">9.02</td>
              <td align="center">8.79 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total explained variance</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">49.33 </td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) = 0,58 por:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"> Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) = 0.58 </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Higher median BMI values (p = 0.001), body fat percentage (p = 0.002), waist circumference (p = 0.004), waist-to-height ratio (p = 0,030) and neck circumference (p = 0.001) were observed in children with higher consumption of the industrialized DP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Median (IQ) of the anthropometric variables and body composition, according to the consumption percentiles of children&#8217;s dietary patterns. Vi&#231;osa, MG, Brazil, 2015</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Unhealthy DP</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Snacks DP</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Traditional DP</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Industrialized DP</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Healthy DP</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&lt;p75</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&#8805;p75</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&lt;p75</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&#8805;p75</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&lt;p75</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&#8805;p75</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&lt;p75</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&#8805;p75</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&lt;p75</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>&#8805;p75</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">16.5</td>
              <td align="center">16.53</td>
              <td align="center">16.49</td>
              <td align="center">16.75</td>
              <td align="center">16.65</td>
              <td align="center">16.25</td>
              <td align="center">16.22</td>
              <td align="center">17.94</td>
              <td align="center">16.49</td>
              <td align="center">16.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(15.0-19.3)</td>
              <td align="center">(15.09-19.57)</td>
              <td align="center">(15.0-19.4)</td>
              <td align="center">(15.1-19.1)</td>
              <td align="center">(14.9-19.3)</td>
              <td align="center">(15.3-19.8)</td>
              <td align="center">(14.9-18.7)</td>
              <td align="center">(15.8-21.0)*</td>
              <td align="center">(14.9-19.6)</td>
              <td align="center">(15.3-19.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">%BF</td>
              <td align="center">17.6</td>
              <td align="center">18.2</td>
              <td align="center">19.1</td>
              <td align="center">16.7</td>
              <td align="center">18.7</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">16.7</td>
              <td align="center">22.5</td>
              <td align="center">17.7</td>
              <td align="center">19.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(10.8-29.3)</td>
              <td align="center">(11.6-27.0)</td>
              <td align="center">(11.1-29.3)</td>
              <td align="center">(10.9-27.4)</td>
              <td align="center">(10.6-29.0)</td>
              <td align="center">(11.6-30.0)</td>
              <td align="center">(10.6-26.1)</td>
              <td align="center">(12.0-32.2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">(10.6-29.2)</td>
              <td align="center">(12.5-29.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">WC</td>
              <td align="center">59.6</td>
              <td align="center">60.0</td>
              <td align="center">59.0</td>
              <td align="center">60.5</td>
              <td align="center">59.0</td>
              <td align="center">59.0</td>
              <td align="center">58.0</td>
              <td align="center">62.0</td>
              <td align="center">58.8</td>
              <td align="center">59.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(54.8-68.8)</td>
              <td align="center">(55.6-68.2)</td>
              <td align="center">(55.0-68.5)</td>
              <td align="center">(55.0-68.8)</td>
              <td align="center">(54.4-68.1)</td>
              <td align="center">(55.5-69.1)</td>
              <td align="center">(54.5-66.0)</td>
              <td align="center">(56.5-72.0)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">(54.7-68.1)</td>
              <td align="center">(55.6-68.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">WHtR</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(0.1-0.2)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.1-0.2)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.1-0.2)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.16-0.21)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.2-0.2)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.15-0.21)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.1-0.2)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.1-0.3)*</td>
              <td align="center">(0.1-0.2)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.1-0.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">NC</td>
              <td align="center">26.9</td>
              <td align="center">27.3</td>
              <td align="center">26.9</td>
              <td align="center">27.2</td>
              <td align="center">26.9</td>
              <td align="center">27.4</td>
              <td align="center">26.8</td>
              <td align="center">27.7</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">27.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(25.9-28.3)</td>
              <td align="center">(26.3-28.6)</td>
              <td align="center">(26.0-28.3)</td>
              <td align="center">(26.0-28.8)</td>
              <td align="center">(25.9-28.3)</td>
              <td align="center">(26.0-28.5)</td>
              <td align="center">(25.7-28.1)</td>
              <td align="center">(26.5-29.0)*</td>
              <td align="center">(25.9-28.5)</td>
              <td align="center">(26.0-28.5)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>
              <italic>DP: Dietary Pattern; IQ: interquartile range for the 25th and 75th percentiles; BMI: body mass index; %BF: percentage of body fat; WC: waist circumference; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio; NC: neck circumference. Mann-Whitney test.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Statistical significance (p &lt;0.05)</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In the crude analysis of the regression model, a higher prevalence of increased neck circumference was found in children with higher consumption of snacks DP (PR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.13 to 2.85). Children with excess weight (PR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.18 to 2.10) and body fat (PR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.23 to 1.82) showed higher adherence to the industrialized DP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Unadjusted association between adiposity measures and dietary patterns in children. Vi&#231;osa, MG, Brazil, 2015</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Dietary Patterns</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Excess weight</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Increased WC</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Increased WHtR</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Increased NC</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">% Increased body fat</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>PR</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>95% CI</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>PR</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>95% CI</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>PR</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>95% CI</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>PR</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>95% CI</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>PR</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>95% CI</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unhealthy DP</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
              <td align="center">(0.64-1.28)</td>
              <td align="center">0.79</td>
              <td align="center">(0.37-1.67)</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
              <td align="center">(0.57-1.59)</td>
              <td align="center">1.26</td>
              <td align="center">(0.76-2.07)</td>
              <td align="center">1.07</td>
              <td align="center">(0.86-1.35)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Snacks</td>
              <td align="center">1.12</td>
              <td align="center">(0.81-1.54)</td>
              <td align="center">1.21</td>
              <td align="center">(0.62-2.35)</td>
              <td align="center">1.11</td>
              <td align="center">(0.68-1.82)</td>
              <td align="center">1.79</td>
              <td align="center">(1.13-2.85)*</td>
              <td align="center">0.91</td>
              <td align="center">(0.71-1.16)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Traditional</td>
              <td align="center">0.96</td>
              <td align="center">(0.69-1.34)</td>
              <td align="center">0.82 </td>
              <td align="center">(0.42-1.59)</td>
              <td align="center">0.96</td>
              <td align="center">(0.58-1.59)</td>
              <td align="center">1.03</td>
              <td align="center">(0.60-1.76)</td>
              <td align="center">1.20</td>
              <td align="center">(0.93-1.55)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Industrialized</td>
              <td align="center">1.58</td>
              <td align="center">(1.18-2.10)*</td>
              <td align="center">1.73</td>
              <td align="center">(0.93-3.22)</td>
              <td align="center">1.59</td>
              <td align="center">(1.01-2.49)</td>
              <td align="center">1.44</td>
              <td align="center">(0.89-2.34)</td>
              <td align="center">1.50</td>
              <td align="center">(1.23-1.82)*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Healthy</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
              <td align="center">(0.66-1.27)</td>
              <td align="center">0.72</td>
              <td align="center">(0.38-1.38)</td>
              <td align="center">1.04</td>
              <td align="center">(0.62-1.75)</td>
              <td align="center">0.94</td>
              <td align="center">(0.56-1.59)</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
              <td align="center">(0.73-1.16)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>
              <italic>PR: prevalence ratio; 95% CI: confidence interval; WC: waist circumference; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio. Food standard assessed through the 75th percentile. For the traditional and healthy standards, the Percentile &#8805; 75 was adopted as a protection factor, for the other standards the percentile &lt; 75 was adopted as a reference.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Statistical significance (p &lt;0.05). Poisson regression with robust variance (bivariate).</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>After the adjusted regression analysis, it was observed that children with excess weight (PR: 1.38, 95%CI: 1.02 to 1.87) and body fat (PR: 1.32, 95%CI: 1.07 to 1.64) showed greater adherence to the industrialized DP. Additionally, children with excess body fat (PR: 1.31; 95%CI: 1.01 to 1.74) showed lower adherence to the traditional DP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association between dietary patterns and adiposity in children. Vi&#231;osa, MG, Brazil, 2015.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0052-90113-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the present study, five dietary patterns were identified: unhealthy, snacks, traditional, industrialized and healthy. Children with excess weight and body adiposity showed greater adherence to the industrialized DP. Moreover, children with lower adherence to the traditional DP had higher adiposity prevalence.</p>
      <p>The comparison of dietary patterns from different studies is difficult to make due to cultural, geographical and methodological differences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, despite the complexity, the dietary patterns identified in this study are similar to those found in other national and international studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Among Brazilian children aged 8 and 9 years, Villa et al. (2015)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> identified five food patterns: traditional pattern, consisting of rice, beans, roots and tubers and beef; DP of sweetened beverages and snacks, characterized by ultra-processed foods with high fat content and refined sugars; monotonous pattern, consisting of whole milk and chocolate; healthy pattern, characterized by the consumption of fibers and white meats; and the ovo-lacto pattern, characterized by the consumption of eggs, cheeses and sweetened milk-based beverages. Ambrosini et al. (2012)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> identified an energetically dense, high-fat, low-fiber DP in children and adolescents from 7 to 13 years of age. Dur&#227;o et al. (2017)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> identified three patterns at 4 years of age, named energetically dense, snacks and healthy. Overall, industrialized DPs, rich in fats and refined carbohydrates, predominate in this population.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that the unhealthy pattern includes the participation of whole dairy products, foods that are recommended in childhood to guarantee the adequate supply of calcium and high biological value protein, essential for adequate growth in childhood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> However, in the assessed population, milk consumption is attained with the addition of chocolate-flavored powder and simple sugars. This habit is common in childhood, but may lead to the consumption of a hypercaloric diet, predisposing to the risk of obesity and cardiometabolic alterations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The industrialized DP identified in this study consists of processed and ultra-processed foods, rich in simple sugars and fats, nutrients that favor lipogenesis, excess weight and an increase in metabolic complications in childhood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> In this study, the prevalence of excess of body weight and adiposity were higher in the children with higher consumption of the industrialized DP. Studies have reported that low fruit and vegetable intake, associated with increased intake of fats and processed foods may increase the risk of obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> A possible explanation for this association is that the usual consumption of a high-fat diet tends to impair appetite control, leading to hyperphagia due to the greater palatability of fatty foods, resulting in higher energy consumption.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> The higher consumption of fat, simple sugars and sweetened beverages by individuals with excess weight may also be explained by their lower effect on satiety when compared to other macronutrients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Children with excess body fat showed lower adherence to the traditional DP. The traditional pattern identified in this study is characterized by the consumption of rice and beans, as well as other carbohydrates. Beans are a legume source of soluble and insoluble proteins, minerals, vitamins, and soluble and insoluble fibers, which, when routinely consumed, may be associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Kupek et al. (2016),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> when evaluating dietary patterns in schoolchildren aged 7 to 10 years, concluded that children who consumed rice and beans had a lower risk of obesity.</p>
      <p>Some studies evaluating the association between dietary patterns and body composition in children found similar results to ours. Dur&#227;o et al. (2017)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> observed that girls with the highest adherence to the high-energy density diet, consisting mainly of sweets, soft drinks, pastries and processed meats, had higher values of BMI, WHtR and body fat. Zhang et al. (2015),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> assessing Chinese children and adolescents, found that the modern dietary pattern of northern China was associated with an increased risk of obesity. Shang et al. (2012)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> observed that obesity was more prevalent in children who adopted the western dietary pattern, when compared to those who consumed the traditional healthy pattern.</p>
      <p>Our findings highlight the importance of assessing dietary patterns in the population, especially in children, who may, from an early age, have inadequate eating habits that promote excess weight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The presence of obesity in children may increase the risk for developing cardiovascular diseases and predict health risks later in life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As limitations of our study, we can highlight the evaluation of dietary patterns through the 24-hour food recall, which may underestimate the actual consumption of children due to memory bias and/or lack of cooperation of the interviewee. However, we emphasize that all R24h were applied by properly trained nutritionists. Moreover, the child was present with the person responsible for answering the dietary survey, since children under 12 years of age might not answer accurately regarding food intake information.</p>
      <p>Some strong points of this study should be highlighted. This is one of the few studies in developing countries that investigated the association between dietary patterns and adiposity in childhood. As the consumption of industrialized foods contributes to excess weight and body fat, this is an important step in assessing dietary patterns, since diet is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. These findings are consistent with other studies, suggesting that the consumption of industrialized foods is increasing, and these are already associated with cardiometabolic alterations in the early stages of life, such as in childhood.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>It was concluded that the prevalence of excess weight and body adiposity were higher in children with greater adherence to the industrialized DP. The lower consumption of the traditional DP was associated with excess body adiposity. Our study suggests that early assessments of eating habits should be undertaken for monitoring and modifying these habits, when necessary. Parents and health professionals need to be aware of the high consumption of processed and ultra-processed products by children. Food and nutritional educational actions become of the utmost importance in schools as a way to reinforce the healthy diet of children and their parents.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Erratum</bold>
        </p>
        <p>In the Original Article &#8220; Association of Dietary Patterns with Excess Weight and Body Adiposity in Brazilian Children: The Pase-Brasil Study&#8221;, in Figure 1, in the chart referring to increased body fat x traditional pattern, consider the sign correct &lt; P75.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study was funded by CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Study Association</p>
        <p> This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Naruna Pereira Rocha, from Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa under the protocol number 663.171/2014. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o dos Padr&#245;es Alimentares com Excesso de Peso e Adiposidade Corporal em Crian&#231;as Brasileiras: Estudo Pase-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7513-3906</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Naruna Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3186-7577</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Milagres</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Cupertino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1932-6126</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Filgueiras</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana De Santis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2497-1587</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Suhett</surname>
            <given-names>Lara Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6518-6534</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Mariane Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1675-5232</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Martins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6546-1252</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;ia Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0304-2711</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Sarah Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3616-5096</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Novaes</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Farias de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa, Vi&#231;osa, MG - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Naruna Rocha,</bold> Rua Doutor Milton Bandeira, 240. CEP 36570-172, Centro, Vi&#231;osa, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>narunarocha@hotmail.com</email>, <email>narunarocha@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Novaes JF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rocha N, Milagres LC, Filgueiras MS, Silva MA, Albuquerque FM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Rocha N, Ribeiro AQ, Albuquerque FM, Novaes JF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rocha N, Filgueiras MS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Milagres LC, Filgueiras MS, Suhett LG, Silva MA, Ribeiro AQ, Vieira SA, Novaes JF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p> A obesidade &#233; uma doen&#231;a multifatorial e um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Alguns dos fatores associados s&#227;o modific&#225;veis; dentre eles destaca-se a alimenta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o dos padr&#245;es alimentares de escolares com a obesidade e adiposidade corporal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal, com 378 crian&#231;as de 8 e 9 anos, matriculadas em escolas urbanas no munic&#237;pio de Vi&#231;osa, Minas Gerais (MG), Brasil. Foi aplicado um question&#225;rio semiestruturado com as crian&#231;as e seus respons&#225;veis sobre caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e h&#225;bitos de vida. Utilizaram-se tr&#234;s recordat&#243;rios 24 horas para identificar os padr&#245;es alimentares; a An&#225;lise de Componentes Principais foi empregada. Foram aferidos peso e estatura para o c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) das crian&#231;as e de suas m&#227;es, per&#237;metro da cintura e per&#237;metro do pesco&#231;o A composi&#231;&#227;o corporal tamb&#233;m foi avaliada, por meio de absorciometria por dupla emiss&#227;o de raios X (DXA, do ingl&#234;s <italic>dual energy X-ray absorptiometry</italic>). Para todos os testes realizados, o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Foram identificados cinco padr&#245;es alimentares (PA): &#8220;n&#227;o saud&#225;vel&#8221;, &#8220;lanche&#8221;, &#8220;tradicional&#8221;, &#8220;industrializado&#8221; e &#8220;saud&#225;vel&#8221;. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o excesso de peso (raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia [RP]: 1,38; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC95%]: 1,02 a 1,87) e gordura corporal (RP: 1,32; IC95%: 1,07 a 1,64) com o PA industrializado. Foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o entre o excesso de gordura corporal (RP: 1,31; IC95%: 1,01 a 1,74) e a menor ades&#227;o ao PA tradicional. Os demais padr&#245;es n&#227;o estiveram associados a obesidade e adiposidade corporal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> As crian&#231;as com excesso de peso e de adiposidade corporal apresentaram maior ades&#227;o ao PA industrializado e menor ades&#227;o ao PA tradicional. Sugerimos que avalia&#231;&#245;es precoces dos h&#225;bitos alimentares devam ser realizadas para monitoramento e modifica&#231;&#227;o destes, quando necess&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperfagia</kwd>
        <kwd>Comportamento Alimentar</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise Fatorial</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A obesidade infantil &#233; considerada um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> De acordo com a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS, 2016),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> aproximadamente 41 milh&#245;es de crian&#231;as menores de cinco anos s&#227;o afetadas pelo excesso de peso ou obesidade no mundo. No Brasil, a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade &#233; crescente e os dados relativos ao excesso de peso infantil mostram que este vem aumentando em crian&#231;as de cinco a nove anos de idade de forma mais acelerada que nas demais faixas et&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A obesidade pode ser considerada uma doen&#231;a multifatorial devido a predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica, sedentarismo, disponibilidade de alimentos dentro e fora do domic&#237;lio, padr&#245;es alimentares inadequados e estruturais, como sistemas de produ&#231;&#227;o e distribui&#231;&#227;o dos alimentos, todos desempenhando pap&#233;is importantes na etiologia dessa altera&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dentre os v&#225;rios fatores de risco para a obesidade, a dieta consiste em um fator modific&#225;vel e tem sido relacionada ao aparecimento de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e altera&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> V&#225;rios estudos evidenciam que dietas densas energeticamente, pobres em fibras e ricas em carboidratos refinados est&#227;o associadas &#224; obesidade em adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Em crian&#231;as, a maior parte dos resultados &#233; baseada na an&#225;lise de alimentos isolados ou nutrientes, e estudos sobre padr&#245;es alimentares s&#227;o escassos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises de padr&#245;es alimentares permitem a avalia&#231;&#227;o da dieta por uma perspectiva global, favorecendo o estabelecimento de estrat&#233;gias de promo&#231;&#227;o da alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel e a preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as e agravos nutricionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Por ser a inf&#226;ncia um per&#237;odo de forma&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos alimentares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> iniciativas que permitam identificar pr&#225;ticas alimentares inadequadas e associ&#225;-las ao excesso de peso e de adiposidade corporal podem auxiliar na preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, assim como na redu&#231;&#227;o de danos &#224; sa&#250;de em curto e longo prazos, por meio de incentivo e ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o dos padr&#245;es alimentares de escolares com obesidade e adiposidade corporal. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que padr&#245;es alimentares n&#227;o saud&#225;veis est&#227;o associados ao excesso de peso e &#224; adiposidade corporal em crian&#231;as brasileiras.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal com amostra representativa de 378 crian&#231;as de escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas da &#225;rea urbana de Vi&#231;osa, MG, Brasil. Os participantes deste estudo foram provenientes da Pesquisa de Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Sa&#250;de do Escolar (PASE). A PASE teve como objetivo investigar a sa&#250;de cardiovascular do p&#250;blico infantil no munic&#237;pio de Vi&#231;osa, MG.</p>
          <p>O munic&#237;pio de Vi&#231;osa est&#225; localizado na Zona da Mata Mineira, a 227 km da capital Belo Horizonte. Vi&#231;osa possui uma extens&#227;o territorial de 299 km<sup>2</sup> e 72.244 habitantes, sendo que 67,3% residem em zona urbana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Em 2015, o munic&#237;pio contava com 17 escolas p&#250;blicas e 7 particulares que atendiam crian&#231;as de 8 e 9 anos na &#225;rea urbana, totalizando uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 1.464 crian&#231;as matriculadas nessas escolas. A amostra foi calculada no programa estat&#237;stico <italic>OpenEpi</italic> (Vers&#227;o 3.01), levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a preval&#234;ncia de 11,8% para obesidade na faixa et&#225;ria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> erro toler&#225;vel de 5%, acrescidos de 10% de perdas e 10% de fatores de confus&#227;o, totalizando um tamanho amostral de 392 crian&#231;as. A amostra final contou com a participa&#231;&#227;o de 378 crian&#231;as e com uma perda de 3,6% da amostra. As perdas deveram-se ao n&#227;o cumprimento de todas as etapas do estudo.</p>
          <p>O processo de amostragem dos escolares foi realizado em duas etapas. Primeiro foi realizada a amostragem casual estratificada, em que o n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as a ser amostrado em cada escola foi proporcional ao total de alunos existentes em cada uma. Posteriormente, foi realizado o sorteio utilizando-se tabela de n&#250;meros aleat&#243;rios, at&#233; completar o n&#250;mero de alunos necess&#225;rios das 24 escolas p&#250;blicas e particulares da zona urbana que atendiam a faixa et&#225;ria avaliada. </p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de n&#227;o inclus&#227;o para este estudo foram a n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o de contato com os pais ou respons&#225;veis ap&#243;s tr&#234;s tentativas, crian&#231;as que apresentassem alguma altera&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ou nutricional que pudesse interferir no consumo alimentar, no estado nutricional e na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, bem como crian&#231;as com defici&#234;ncia f&#237;sica, cognitiva ou m&#250;ltipla.</p>
          <p>Este estudo foi realizado de acordo com as diretrizes estabelecidas na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e iniciado apenas ap&#243;s a aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa (UFV) (parecer n&#186; 663.171/2014). O estudo tamb&#233;m foi aprovado pela Secretaria Municipal de Educa&#231;&#227;o, Superintend&#234;ncia Regional de Ensino e dire&#231;&#227;o das escolas. Todos os pais e as crian&#231;as foram informados sobre o objetivo do estudo, assim como todos os respons&#225;veis das crian&#231;as assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Consumo alimentar</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do consumo alimentar foi realizada pela aplica&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s recordat&#243;rios 24 horas (R24h) em dias n&#227;o consecutivos, incluindo um dia de fim de semana e intervalo m&#233;dio de 15 dias entre eles, a partir de informa&#231;&#245;es declaradas pela m&#227;e/respons&#225;vel e pela crian&#231;a. Para as crian&#231;as que consumiam parte da alimenta&#231;&#227;o no ambiente escolar, os pesquisadores questionaram as informa&#231;&#245;es nas escolas, como receitas e porcionamento dos alimentos ofertados, al&#233;m de confirmarem com as crian&#231;as o que era consumido. Para aquelas crian&#231;as que costumavam levar lanche de casa, os pais foram questionados quanto aos alimentos e bebidas ofertados e as quantidades. Os tr&#234;s recordat&#243;rios foram aplicados por nutricionistas treinados.</p>
          <p>Os dados do consumo alimentar obtidos pelos tr&#234;s R24h foram tabulados e processados no <italic>software</italic> Dietpro<sup>&#174;</sup> 5i, vers&#227;o 5.8.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados antropom&#233;tricos</title>
          <p>Todas as medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram realizadas por um nutricionista treinado, selecionado ap&#243;s calibra&#231;&#227;o dos membros da equipe. O peso foi mensurado utilizando balan&#231;a digital eletr&#244;nica, com capacidade de 150 kg e sensibilidade de 50 g (Tanita<sup>&#174;</sup>, modelo BC 553, Arlington Heights, IL, EUA). A estatura foi aferida utilizando-se um estadi&#244;metro vertical, dividido em cent&#237;metros e subdividido em mil&#237;metros (Alturaexata<sup>&#174;</sup>, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil).</p>
          <p>O estado nutricional foi avaliado pelo &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), sendo os pontos de corte do IMC por idade calculados em <italic>escore z</italic> e classificados segundo par&#226;metros da OMS (2007)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> em magreza, eutrofia, sobrepeso e obesidade. O excesso de peso foi considerado para as categorias de sobrepeso e obesidade.</p>
          <p>O per&#237;metro da cintura foi obtido por meio da aferi&#231;&#227;o do ponto m&#233;dio entre a crista il&#237;aca e a &#250;ltima costela, utilizando fita inel&#225;stica, dividida em cent&#237;metros e subdividida em mil&#237;metros. A obesidade abdominal foi classificada quando o per&#237;metro da cintura foi igual ao percentil 90 da pr&#243;pria amostra, seguindo as orienta&#231;&#245;es da International Diabetes Federation (2007).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/estatura (RCE) foi obtida pela raz&#227;o do per&#237;metro da cintura pela estatura. Foi utilizado o ponto de corte &#8805; 0,5 como risco para desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O per&#237;metro do pesco&#231;o (PP) foi aferido no n&#237;vel da cartilagem da tireoide utilizando fita inel&#225;stica, dividida em cent&#237;metros e subdividida em mil&#237;metros. Para classifica&#231;&#227;o do PP foram utilizados os pontos de corte propostos por Nafiu et al. (2010)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> para detec&#231;&#227;o do excesso de gordura corporal em crian&#231;as.</p>
          <p>A composi&#231;&#227;o corporal das crian&#231;as foi avaliada pela DXA por t&#233;cnico especializado, obtendo-se a medida de massa gorda. A crian&#231;a foi avaliada pela manh&#227;, em jejum, na posi&#231;&#227;o supina. A gordura corporal foi classificada utilizando os pontos de corte propostos por Lohman (1992),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> sendo os pontos de corte de risco de sobrepeso e sobrepeso considerados como excesso de gordura corporal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis de ajuste</title>
          <p>Potenciais vari&#225;veis de ajuste foram selecionadas de acordo com a literatura pr&#233;via.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A coleta dessas vari&#225;veis foi realizada por nutricionistas, utilizando question&#225;rio elaborado pelos pr&#243;prios pesquisadores. O question&#225;rio foi previamente testado em estudo-piloto, sendo a amostra constitu&#237;da de crian&#231;as de 8 e 9 anos.</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas avaliadas foram sexo e etnia da crian&#231;a autorrelatada, escolaridade materna, renda familiar e <italic>per capita</italic> e tipo de escola em que a crian&#231;a estava matriculada (p&#250;blica ou privada).</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis comportamentais foram: omiss&#227;o do caf&#233; da manh&#227; e comportamento sedent&#225;rio. Todos as quest&#245;es foram respondidas pelos pais ou respons&#225;veis. O consumo do caf&#233; da manh&#227; foi avaliado pela primeira ingest&#227;o alimentar que a crian&#231;a consumia e/ou bebia nas primeiras 2 horas ap&#243;s acordar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O comportamento sedent&#225;rio foi avaliado como tempo da crian&#231;a gasto em atividades que n&#227;o aumentavam o gasto energ&#233;tico, como assistir &#224; televis&#227;o ou se dedicar a outras formas de entretenimento baseadas em tela. O ponto de corte utilizado foi o tempo de tela maior ou igual a duas horas/dia, de acordo com a American Academy of Pediatrics (2013).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O peso e a altura da m&#227;e da crian&#231;a foram mensurados utilizando balan&#231;a digital eletr&#244;nica, com capacidade de 150 kg e sensibilidade de 50 g (Tanita<sup>&#174;</sup>, modelo BC 553, Arlington Heights, IL, EUA) e estadi&#244;metro vertical, dividido em cent&#237;metros e subdividido em mil&#237;metros (Alturaexata<sup>&#174;</sup>, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil), respectivamente. Por meio destes dados, foi poss&#237;vel calcular o IMC e classific&#225;-lo de acordo com os par&#226;metros da OMS(1998).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Estat&#237;sticas descritivas foram usadas para caracterizar a amostra segundo caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, comportamentais, estado nutricional e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal. Nessa etapa, cada vari&#225;vel foi avaliada por meio da distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas.</p>
          <p>A normalidade das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk, al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos gr&#225;ficos (histograma), verifica&#231;&#227;o da curtose e assimetria para classificar as vari&#225;veis quanto a normalidade.</p>
          <p>Para identifica&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o alimentar, os alimentos contemplados pelo R24h foram mensurados em gramas/dia (g/d) ou mililitros/dia (ml/d) e reunidos em alimentos isolados ou grupos de alimentos por semelhan&#231;a nutricional e pela sua contribui&#231;&#227;o para a hip&#243;tese de rela&#231;&#245;es dieta-doen&#231;a. Al&#233;m, disso, os alimentos consumidos por menos de 10% da popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada foram exclu&#237;dos ou agrupados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Para identifica&#231;&#227;o dos padr&#245;es, todos os alimentos em mililitros/dia foram transformados em gramas/dia de acordo com a tabela de densidade da Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2012).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o dos padr&#245;es foi realizada por metodologia <italic>a posteriori</italic>, por meio da an&#225;lise de componentes principais (ACP). Antes de iniciar a an&#225;lise, o tamanho amostral foi cuidadosamente avaliado em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos de alimentos formados nas an&#225;lises de ACP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise de ACP, foram estimados os resultados do teste de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO = 0,58) e do teste de esfericidade de Bartlett (p &lt; 0,001). Eles avaliam se os dados podem ser utilizados na ACP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> A rota&#231;&#227;o varimax foi realizada para facilitar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados obtidos, na qual foram retidas as cargas fatoriais maiores ou iguais a 0,25 (positivo ou negativo).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">24</xref> O n&#250;mero de fatores extra&#237;dos foi definido conforme o crit&#233;rio de <italic>eingevalue</italic> maior que 1 seguido do gr&#225;fico <italic>scree plot</italic> da vari&#226;ncia pelo n&#250;mero de componentes, em que os pontos, no maior declive, indicaram o n&#250;mero de componentes a reter. A nomenclatura dos padr&#245;es encontrados foi atribu&#237;da de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas dos alimentos/grupos formados e extra&#237;dos pela ACP.</p>
          <p>Os padr&#245;es alimentares foram apresentados como vari&#225;vel explicativa, sendo os escores de consumo dos padr&#245;es alimentares dos escolares categorizados segundo o percentil 75 da amostra.</p>
          <p>O teste de Mann-Whitney foi realizado para a compara&#231;&#227;o de medianas das vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos padr&#245;es alimentares.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise bruta foi realizada a partir de modelos de regress&#227;o de Poisson com vari&#226;ncia robusta, tendo a antropometria e a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal como vari&#225;veis dependentes. Para o ajuste do modelo, foram consideradas as vari&#225;veis tidas como importantes na rela&#231;&#227;o estudada, a exemplo de sexo, IMC materno, consumo energ&#233;tico total (kcal) e consumo do caf&#233; da manh&#227;.</p>
          <p>A raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia (RP) com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%) foi utilizada como medida de associa&#231;&#227;o. Para todos os testes realizados, o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no programa Stata vers&#227;o 13.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Observou-se que mais da metade das crian&#231;as apresentaram comportamento sedent&#225;rio (74,9%) e m&#227;es com excesso de peso (56,9%). A omiss&#227;o do caf&#233; da manh&#227; esteve presente em quase 20,0% da amostra (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra segundo vari&#225;veis socioecon&#244;micas, comportamentais e estado nutricional materno das crian&#231;as. Vi&#231;osa, MG, Brasil, 2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">N</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8 anos</td>
                <td align="center">183</td>
                <td align="center">48,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9 anos</td>
                <td align="center">195</td>
                <td align="center">51,6 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">197</td>
                <td align="center">52,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino </td>
                <td align="center">181</td>
                <td align="center">47,9 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a/Cor da crian&#231;a</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">119</td>
                <td align="center">31,5 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o Branca</td>
                <td align="center">259</td>
                <td align="center">68,5 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tipo de Escola</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P&#250;blica</td>
                <td align="center">268</td>
                <td align="center">70,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Privada </td>
                <td align="center">110</td>
                <td align="center">29,1 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escolaridade M&#227;e</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 9 anos</td>
                <td align="center">234</td>
                <td align="center">62,2 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">= 9 anos</td>
                <td align="center">142</td>
                <td align="center">37,8 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tercis renda <italic>per capita</italic> (reais)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">= 1500,0</td>
                <td align="center">133</td>
                <td align="center">35,2 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 1500,0 a 2340,98</td>
                <td align="center">117</td>
                <td align="center">31,0 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 2340,98</td>
                <td align="center">128</td>
                <td align="center">33,8 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tempo de Tela</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 2 horas/dia</td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
                <td align="center">25,1 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">= 2 horas/dia</td>
                <td align="center">283</td>
                <td align="center">74,9 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Excesso de peso materno</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">127</td>
                <td align="center">43,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim </td>
                <td align="center">168</td>
                <td align="center">56,9 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Omiss&#227;o do caf&#233; da manh&#227;</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">303</td>
                <td align="center">80,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim </td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">19,8 </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de ACP identificou cinco padr&#245;es alimentares (PA): (i) PA n&#227;o saud&#225;vel composto por alimentos/grupos de a&#231;&#250;cares simples e achocolatados, guloseimas gordurosas e l&#225;cteos integrais; (ii) PA lanche que &#233; composto por alimentos/grupos de panifica&#231;&#227;o e infus&#245;es; (iii) PA tradicional constitu&#237;do por arroz, feij&#227;o, farinhas, tub&#233;rculos e cereais; (iv) PA industrializado composto principalmente por produtos ultraprocessados; (v) PA saud&#225;vel constitu&#237;do por alimentos ricos em carboidratos complexos e prote&#237;nas de alto valor biol&#243;gico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das cargas fatoriais para os cinco padr&#245;es alimentares identificados. Vi&#231;osa, MG, Brasil, 2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Alimentos</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Padr&#245;es Alimentares</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N&#227;o Saud&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Lanche</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Tradicional</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Industrializado</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Saud&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P&#227;es, biscoitos e bolos sem coberturas</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,797</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Leite e derivados</td>
                <td align="center">0,663</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arroz</td>
                <td align="center">-0,432</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,592</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feij&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A&#231;&#250;car e achocolatado</td>
                <td align="center">0,765 </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infus&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">-0,555</td>
                <td align="center">0,361 </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Manteiga e margarina</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,632</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frutas e Suco natural</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,519</td>
                <td align="center">0,295</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massas </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,258</td>
                <td align="center">0,276 </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Farinhas, tub&#233;rculos e cereais</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,629</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carnes e ovos</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,507</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Guloseimas gordurosas e molhos </td>
                <td align="center">0,428</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Legumes</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,307</td>
                <td align="center">0,679</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Verduras</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,693</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Guloseimas doces</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,256</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,448 </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bebidas artificiais</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,763</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de itens</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Autovalores </td>
                <td align="center">2,30</td>
                <td align="center">1,72</td>
                <td align="center">1,50</td>
                <td align="center">1,25</td>
                <td align="center">1,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">%Vari&#226;ncia explicada</td>
                <td align="center">11,53</td>
                <td align="center">9,99</td>
                <td align="center">9,97</td>
                <td align="center">9,02</td>
                <td align="center">8,79 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total da vari&#226;ncia explicada</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">49,33 </td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) = 0,58:</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Foram observados maiores valores medianos do IMC (p = 0,001), percentual de gordura corporal (p = 0,002), per&#237;metro da cintura (p = 0,004), rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/estatura (p = 0,030) e per&#237;metro do pesco&#231;o (p = 0,001) nas crian&#231;as com maior consumo no PA industrializado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mediana (IQ) das vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, de acordo com os percentis de consumo dos padr&#245;es alimentares pelas crian&#231;as. Vi&#231;osa, MG, Brasil, 2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">PA N&#227;o Saud&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">PA Lanche</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">PA Tradicional</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">PA Industrializado</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">PA Saud&#225;vel</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;p75</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&#8805;p75</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;p75</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&#8805;p75</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;p75</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&#8805;p75</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;p75</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&#8805;p75</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;p75</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&#8805;p75</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">16,5</td>
                <td align="center">16,53</td>
                <td align="center">16,49</td>
                <td align="center">16,75</td>
                <td align="center">16,65</td>
                <td align="center">16,25</td>
                <td align="center">16,22</td>
                <td align="center">17,94</td>
                <td align="center">16,49</td>
                <td align="center">16,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(15,0-19,3)</td>
                <td align="center">(15,09-19,57)</td>
                <td align="center">(15,0-19,4)</td>
                <td align="center">(15,1-19,1)</td>
                <td align="center">(14,9-19,3)</td>
                <td align="center">(15,3-19,8)</td>
                <td align="center">(14,9-18,7)</td>
                <td align="center">(15,8-21,0)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">(14,9-19,6)</td>
                <td align="center">(15,3-19,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">%GC</td>
                <td align="center">17,6</td>
                <td align="center">18,2</td>
                <td align="center">19,1</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
                <td align="center">18,7</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
                <td align="center">22,5</td>
                <td align="center">17,7</td>
                <td align="center">19,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(10,8-29,3)</td>
                <td align="center">(11,6-27,0)</td>
                <td align="center">(11,1-29,3)</td>
                <td align="center">(10,9-27,4)</td>
                <td align="center">(10,6-29,0)</td>
                <td align="center">(11,6-30,0)</td>
                <td align="center">(10,6-26,1)</td>
                <td align="center">(12,0-32,2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">(10,6-29,2)</td>
                <td align="center">(12,5-29,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">PC</td>
                <td align="center">59,6</td>
                <td align="center">60,0</td>
                <td align="center">59,0</td>
                <td align="center">60,5</td>
                <td align="center">59,0</td>
                <td align="center">59,0</td>
                <td align="center">58,0</td>
                <td align="center">62,0</td>
                <td align="center">58,8</td>
                <td align="center">59,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(54,8-68,8)</td>
                <td align="center">(55,6-68,2)</td>
                <td align="center">(55,0-68,5)</td>
                <td align="center">(55,0-68,8)</td>
                <td align="center">(54,4-68,1)</td>
                <td align="center">(55,5-69,1)</td>
                <td align="center">(54,5-66,0)</td>
                <td align="center">(56,5-72,0)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">(54,7-68,1)</td>
                <td align="center">(55,6-68,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">RCE</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(0,1-0,2)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,1-0,2)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,1-0,2)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,16-0,21)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,2-0,2)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,15-0,21)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,1-0,2)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,1-0,3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">(0,1-0,2)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,1-0,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">PP</td>
                <td align="center">26,9</td>
                <td align="center">27,3</td>
                <td align="center">26,9</td>
                <td align="center">27,2</td>
                <td align="center">26,9</td>
                <td align="center">27,4</td>
                <td align="center">26,8</td>
                <td align="center">27,7</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">27,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(25,9-28,3)</td>
                <td align="center">(26,3-28,6)</td>
                <td align="center">(26,0-28,3)</td>
                <td align="center">(26,0-28,8)</td>
                <td align="center">(25,9-28,3)</td>
                <td align="center">(26,0-28,5)</td>
                <td align="center">(25,7-28,1)</td>
                <td align="center">(26,5-29,0)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">(25,9-28,5)</td>
                <td align="center">(26,0-28,5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>PA: Padr&#227;o alimentar; IQ: Intervalo interquartilico referente ao percentil 25 e 75; IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal; %GC: Percentual de gordura corporal; PC: pe&#237;metro da cintura; RCE: Rela&#231;&#227;o cintura estatura; PP: Per&#237;metro do pesco&#231;o. Teste de Mann-Whitney.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt;0,05)</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise bruta do modelo de regress&#227;o, foi encontrada maior preval&#234;ncia do per&#237;metro do pesco&#231;o aumentado nas crian&#231;as com maior consumo do PA lanche (RP: 1,79; IC95%: 1,13 a 2,85). Crian&#231;as com excesso de peso (RP: 1,58; IC95%: 1,18 a 2,10) e gordura corporal (RP: 1,50; IC95%: 1,23 a 1,82) apresentaram maior ades&#227;o ao PA industrializado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o ajustada entre medidas de adiposidade e os padr&#245;es alimentares em crian&#231;as. Vi&#231;osa, MG, Brasil, 2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Padr&#245;es Alimentares</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Excesso de peso</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">PC aumentado</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">RCE aumentado</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Per&#237;metro do Pesco&#231;o aumentado</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">% Gordura Corporal aumentado</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>RP</bold>
                </th>
                <th> IC95%</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>RP</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>IC95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>RP</bold>
                </th>
                <th> IC95%</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>RP</bold>
                </th>
                <th> IC95%</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>RP</bold>
                </th>
                <th> IC95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o saud&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
                <td align="center">(0,64-1,28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
                <td align="center">(0,37-1,67)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
                <td align="center">(0,57-1,59)</td>
                <td align="center">1,26</td>
                <td align="center">(0,76-2,07)</td>
                <td align="center">1,07</td>
                <td align="center">(0,86-1,35)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lanche</td>
                <td align="center">1,12</td>
                <td align="center">(0,81-1,54)</td>
                <td align="center">1,21</td>
                <td align="center">(0,62-2,35)</td>
                <td align="center">1,11</td>
                <td align="center">(0,68-1,82)</td>
                <td align="center">1,79</td>
                <td align="center">(1,13-2,85)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">(0,71-1,16)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tradicional</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
                <td align="center">(0,69-1,34)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82 </td>
                <td align="center">(0,42-1,59)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
                <td align="center">(0,58-1,59)</td>
                <td align="center">1,03</td>
                <td align="center">(0,60-1,76)</td>
                <td align="center">1,20</td>
                <td align="center">(0,93-1,55)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Industrializado</td>
                <td align="center">1,58</td>
                <td align="center">(1,18-2,10)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,73</td>
                <td align="center">(0,93-3,22)</td>
                <td align="center">1,59</td>
                <td align="center">(1,01-2,49)</td>
                <td align="center">1,44</td>
                <td align="center">(0,89-2,34)</td>
                <td align="center">1,50</td>
                <td align="center">(1,23-1,82)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Saud&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
                <td align="center">(0,66-1,27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
                <td align="center">(0,38-1,38)</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
                <td align="center">(0,62-1,75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">(0,56-1,59)</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
                <td align="center">(0,73-1,16)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>
                <italic>Nota: RP: raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia; IC95%: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95%, PC: Per&#237;metro da Cintura, RCE: Raz&#227;o cintura estatura. Padr&#227;o alimentar avaliado por meio do percentil 75. Para os padr&#245;es tradicional e saud&#225;vel, adotado o Percentil &#8805; 75 como fator de prote&#231;&#227;o, para os demais padr&#245;es o percentil &lt; 75 foi adotado como refer&#234;ncia.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,05). Regress&#227;o de Poisson com vari&#226;ncia robusta (bivariada).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o ajustada, observou-se que as crian&#231;as com excesso de peso (RP: 1,38; IC95%: 1,02 a 1,87) e de gordura corporal (RP: 1,32; IC95%: 1,07 a 1,64) apresentaram maior ades&#227;o ao PA industrializado. Al&#233;m disso, crian&#231;as com excesso de gordura corporal (RP: 1,31; IC95%: 1,01 a 1,74) apresentaram menor ades&#227;o ao PA tradicional (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre padr&#245;es alimentares e adiposidade em crian&#231;as. Vi&#231;osa, MG, Brasil, 2015.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0052-90113-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo foram identificados cinco padr&#245;es alimentares, sendo: n&#227;o saud&#225;vel, lanche, tradicional, industrializado e saud&#225;vel. As crian&#231;as com excesso de peso e de adiposidade corporal apresentaram maior ades&#227;o ao PA industrializado. Al&#233;m disso, as crian&#231;as com menor ades&#227;o ao PA tradicional apresentaram maiores preval&#234;ncias de adiposidade.</p>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre padr&#245;es alimentares provenientes de diferentes estudos &#233; dif&#237;cil de ser feita devido a diferen&#231;as culturais, geogr&#225;ficas e metodol&#243;gicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Por&#233;m, apesar da complexidade, os padr&#245;es alimentares identificados neste estudo s&#227;o similares aos extra&#237;dos em outras pesquisas nacionais e internacionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Entre crian&#231;as brasileiras de 8 e 9 anos de idade, Villa et al. (2015)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> identificaram cinco padr&#245;es alimentares: padr&#227;o tradicional, composto por arroz, feij&#227;o, ra&#237;zes e tub&#233;rculos e carnes vermelhas; padr&#227;o bebidas ado&#231;adas e lanches, caracterizados por alimentos ultraprocessados com elevado teor de gordura e a&#231;&#250;cares refinados; padr&#227;o mon&#243;tono, composto por leite integral e achocolatado; padr&#227;o saud&#225;vel, caracterizado pelo consumo de fibras e carnes brancas; e padr&#227;o ovo-lacto, marcado pelo consumo de ovos, queijos e bebidas l&#225;cteas ado&#231;adas. Ambrosini et al. (2012)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> identificaram um PA denso energeticamente, rico em gordura e pobre em fibras em crian&#231;as e adolescentes dos 7 aos 13 anos de idade. Dur&#227;o et al. (2017)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> identificaram tr&#234;s padr&#245;es aos 4 anos de idade, sendo nomeados de denso energeticamente, lanche e saud&#225;vel. De maneira geral, s&#227;o predominantes nesse p&#250;blico os PA industrializados, ricos em gorduras e carboidratos refinados.</p>
        <p>Vale destacar que o padr&#227;o n&#227;o saud&#225;vel conta com a participa&#231;&#227;o dos l&#225;cteos integrais, alimentos que s&#227;o recomendados na inf&#226;ncia para garantia do aporte adequado de c&#225;lcio e prote&#237;na de alto valor biol&#243;gico, essencial para o adequado crescimento na inf&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> No entanto, no p&#250;blico avaliado, o consumo de leite &#233; realizado com a adi&#231;&#227;o de achocolatados e de a&#231;&#250;cares simples. Este h&#225;bito &#233; comum na inf&#226;ncia, mas pode levar ao consumo de uma dieta hipercal&#243;rica, predispondo ao risco de obesidade e altera&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O PA industrializado identificado neste estudo &#233; composto por alimentos processados e ultraprocessados, ricos em a&#231;&#250;cares simples e gorduras, nutrientes que favorecem a lipog&#234;nese, o excesso de peso e o aumento de complica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas na inf&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Neste estudo, as preval&#234;ncias do excesso de peso e de adiposidade corporal foram maiores nas crian&#231;as com maior consumo do PA industrializado. Os estudos relatam que o baixo consumo de frutas e vegetais, associado &#224; maior ingest&#227;o de gorduras e alimentos industrializados, pode aumentar o risco de obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esta associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; que o consumo habitual de uma dieta rica em gorduras tende a prejudicar o controle do apetite, levando a hiperfagia devido a maior palatabilidade dos alimentos gordurosos, resultando em maior consumo energ&#233;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> O maior consumo de gordura, a&#231;&#250;cares simples e l&#237;quidos ado&#231;ados por indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso pode ser tamb&#233;m explicado por seu menor efeito na saciedade quando comparados aos outros macronutrientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As crian&#231;as com excesso de gordura corporal apresentaram menor ades&#227;o ao PA tradicional. O padr&#227;o tradicional identificado neste estudo &#233; marcado pelo consumo de arroz e feij&#227;o, al&#233;m de outros carboidratos. O feij&#227;o &#233; uma leguminosa fonte de prote&#237;nas, minerais, vitaminas e fibras sol&#250;veis e insol&#250;veis que, quando consumida habitualmente, pode estar associada a redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Kupek et al., (2016),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> ao avaliarem padr&#245;es alimentares em escolares de 7 a 10 anos de idade, conclu&#237;ram que as crian&#231;as que possu&#237;am o h&#225;bito de consumir arroz e feij&#227;o apresentavam menor risco de obesidade.</p>
        <p>Alguns estudos avaliando a associa&#231;&#227;o entre padr&#245;es alimentares e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal em crian&#231;as encontraram resultados similares aos nossos. Dur&#227;o et al. (2017)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> observaram que as meninas que apresentavam maior ades&#227;o ao PA com elevada densidade energ&#233;tica, composto principalmente por doces, refrigerantes, pastelaria e carnes processadas, apresentaram maiores valores de IMC, RCE e gordura corporal. Zhang et al., (2015),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> avaliando crian&#231;as e adolescentes chineses, verificaram que o padr&#227;o diet&#233;tico moderno do norte da China esteve associado a maior risco de obesidade. Shang et al. (2012)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> observaram que a obesidade foi mais prevalente nas crian&#231;as que adotaram o padr&#227;o alimentar ocidental, quando comparadas &#224;quelas que consumiam o padr&#227;o saud&#225;vel tradicional.</p>
        <p>Os nossos achados ressaltam a import&#226;ncia de avaliar os padr&#245;es alimentares na popula&#231;&#227;o, principalmente em crian&#231;as, que podem desde cedo apresentar h&#225;bitos alimentares inadequados que favorecem o excesso de peso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> A presen&#231;a da obesidade em crian&#231;as pode aumentar o risco para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e predizer riscos &#224; sa&#250;de tardiamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Como limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo, podemos destacar a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos padr&#245;es alimentares por meio do recordat&#243;rio 24 horas, que pode subestimar o real consumo das crian&#231;as em fun&#231;&#227;o de vi&#233;s de mem&#243;ria e/ou falta de coopera&#231;&#227;o do entrevistado. No entanto, destacamos que todos os R24h foram aplicados por nutricionistas devidamente treinados. Al&#233;m disso, a crian&#231;a esteve presente juntamente ao seu respons&#225;vel, para responder ao inqu&#233;rito alimentar, visto que crian&#231;as menores de 12 anos podem n&#227;o responder com precis&#227;o as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre alimenta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Alguns pontos positivos deste trabalho devem ser ressaltados. Este &#233; um dos poucos estudos realizados em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento que investigou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre padr&#245;es alimentares e adiposidade na inf&#226;ncia. Como o consumo de alimentos industrializados contribui para o excesso de peso e de adiposidade corporal, esta &#233; uma fase importante para avaliar os padr&#245;es alimentares, uma vez que a dieta &#233; um fator de risco modific&#225;vel para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Esses achados s&#227;o consistentes com outros estudos, sugerindo que &#233; crescente o consumo de alimentos industrializados, e estes j&#225; est&#227;o associados &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas em fases precoces da vida, como na inf&#226;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Conclui-se que as preval&#234;ncias de excesso de peso e de adiposidade corporal foram maiores em crian&#231;as com maior ades&#227;o ao PA industrializado. O menor consumo do PA tradicional esteve associado &#224; adiposidade corporal excessiva. Nosso estudo sugere que avalia&#231;&#245;es precoces dos h&#225;bitos alimentares devem ser realizadas, para monitoramento e modifica&#231;&#227;o destes, quando necess&#225;rio. Os pais e os profissionais de sa&#250;de precisam estar atentos quanto ao elevado consumo de produtos processados e ultraprocessados pelas crian&#231;as. Trabalhos de educa&#231;&#227;o alimentar e nutricional tornam-se de extrema import&#226;ncia nas escolas, como forma de refor&#231;ar a alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel das crian&#231;as e de seus pais.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Errata</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No artigo original &#8220;Associa&#231;&#227;o dos Padr&#245;es Alimentares com Excesso de Peso e Adiposidade Corporal em Crian&#231;as Brasileiras: Estudo Pase-Brasil&#8221;, na figura 1, no gr&#225;fico referente a gordura corporal aumentada x padr&#227;o tradicional, considerar correto o sinal &lt; de P75.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
          <p> O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
          <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Naruna Pereira Rocha pela Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
          <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo em Comit&#234; de &#233;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 663.171/2014. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
