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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bD5zTTkwLRMbhPbZSp9DkSQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000700033</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005011103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190114</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Serum Sirtuin 1, 3 and 6 Levels in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8152-9680</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Emrullah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>K&#246;sem</surname>
            <given-names>Arzu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zkan</surname>
            <given-names>Can</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ilg&#305;n</surname>
            <given-names>Burcu U&#287;urlu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0303-9619</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kundi</surname>
            <given-names>Harun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;etin</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ornek</surname>
            <given-names>Ender</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">TC Saglik Bakanligi Ankara Numune Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Ankara</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TL">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">TC Saglik Bakanligi Ankara Numune Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi - Cardiology, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">TC Saglik Bakanligi Ankara Numune Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Ankara</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">TC Saglik Bakanligi Ankara Numune Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi - Medical Biochemistry, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">TC Sagl&#305;k Bakanl&#305;g&#305; Gazi Mustafa Kemal Devlet Hastanesi</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Ankara</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">TC Sagl&#305;k Bakanl&#305;g&#305; Gazi Mustafa Kemal Devlet Hastanesi - Cardiology, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Massachusetts</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center - Cardiology, Boston, Massachusetts - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Emrullah K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231;,</bold> TC Saglik Bakanligi Ankara Numune Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi - Cardiology, Talatpa&#351;a Bulvar&#305;, N&#176; 44, Alt&#305;nda&#287;, Ankara 06100 - Turkey. E-mail: <email>e.kiziltunc@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Conception and design of the research: K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231; E, K&#246;sem A, &#199;etin M, Ornek E; Acquisition of data: K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231; E, K&#246;sem A, &#214;zkan C, Ilg&#305;n BU, Kundi H; Analysis and interpretation of the data: K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231; E, K&#246;sem A, Kundi H, &#199;etin M, Ornek E; Statistical analysis: K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231; E, Kundi H; Obtaining financing: K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231; E, &#214;zkan C, Ilg&#305;n BU; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231; E, K&#246;sem A, &#214;zkan C, Ilg&#305;n BU, Kundi H, &#199;etin M, Ornek E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>33</fpage>
      <lpage>39</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Sirtuins may act in many cellular processes like apoptosis, DNA repair and lipid/glucose metabolism. Experimental studies suggested some sirtuin types may have protective effects against endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy and reperfusion injury. Data about sirtuins in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients are scarce.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p> To investigate temporal changes of serum sirtuin 1,3 and 6 levels in AMI patients; to compare the serum sirtuin 1,3 and 6 levels between AMI patients and control subjects; and to investigate the association of serum sirtuin 1,3 and 6 levels with prognostic markers of AMI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Forty patients with AMI and 40 patients with normal coronary arteries were included. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), serum proBNP, CRP, sirtuin1, sirtuin 3 and sirtuin 6 levels were processed. Peak troponin T levels, GRACE score, first day / second day sirtuin levels were recorded of AMI patients. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> Serum sirtuin 1,3 and 6 levels in AMI patients were similar to those in normal coronary patients. No temporal change in serum sirtuin 1,3 and 6 levels were found in AMI course. No correlation was evident between the sirtuin levels and the following parameters: proBNP, CRP, peak troponin and LVEF. Baseline sirtuin 1 and 6 levels were positively correlated with reperfusion duration. Baseline sirtuin 3 levels were negatively correlated with GRACE score.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> Serum sirtuin 1,3 and 6 levels in AMI patients were similar to those in normal coronary patients. This study does not represent evidence of the possible protective effects of sirtuin1, 3 and 6 in AMI patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Sirtuins/drug effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipid Metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium/dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegaly</kwd>
        <kwd>Cellular Senescence</kwd>
        <kwd>Carcinogenesis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Sirtuins are NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) dependent enzymes which consist of seven members called Sirt 1-7.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The best known function of sirtuins is deacetylation, but they can also function as mono ADP ribosyltransferase, lipoamidase, demalonylase and desuccinylase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Sirtuins are involved in several biological processes like apoptosis, cellular survival, DNA repair/cellular aging and lipid/glucose metabolism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The information about the functions of sirtuins in carcinogenesis, aging and inflammation is also increasing.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Additionally, there exist evidences that circulating sirtuin levels may associate with frailty, reduction of body fat mass or diabetes mellitus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Contemporary knowledge about the functions of sirtuins in the cardiovascular system in health and disease states is also evolving. Recent experimental studies have demonstrated the possible role of sirtuins in various cardiovascular pathologies like cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Survival of the acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients have significantly improved with the advanced catheter-based therapies and increased availability of coronary care units, but this resulted increase in heart failure population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Infarct size reduction is crucial to decrease the probability of clinical heart failure and to improve prognosis in AMI patients. Early reperfusion and reduction of reperfusion injury are basic management approaches to reduce the infarct size. However, there exist many variables ascertaining infarct size and only a little is known about the underlying sophisticated molecular mechanisms. Inflammation, thrombogenicity, and oxidative stress effect infarct size and prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Experimental studies revealed that sirtuin 1, 3 and 6 have beneficial effects against atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. In addition, sirtuin 1 and 3 may activate cardioprotective pathways in the setting of AMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Therefore, serum sirtuin levels may associate with reduced myocardial infarct size and good prognostic markers in AMI patients. To the best of our knowledge, there is no data about the association between serum sirtuin 1,3 and 6 levels and prognostic markers of AMI patients in English-language literature. The goal of this pilot study is to investigate temporal changes of serum sirtuin 1,3 and 6 levels in AMI patients, to determine if there is any difference in serum sirtuin 1,3 and 6 levels between AMI patients and control subjects and to investigate the association between serum sirtuin 1,3 and 6 levels and prognostic markers of AMI patients like peak serum troponin levels, serum pro-BNP levels, GRACE score and post-MI LVEF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The study protocol was approved by the local ethical committee and informed consent forms were obtained from all participants. We enrolled patients with acute ST-segment elevational MI (STEMI) and patients with normal coronary arteries in this cross-sectional study between June 2017 and November 2017. Patients with STEMI were diagnosed according to the third universal definition of myocardial infarction document.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A primary percutaneous coronary intervention was performed and all of the STEMI patients received guideline-mediated medical therapy. GRACE risk score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and TIMI risk score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> of the AMI patients were calculated. The duration between symptom onset to reperfusion, location of the infarction in electrocardiogram and presence of pre-infarction angina pectoris were recorded. Serum lipid levels, renal and hepatic function test results, complete blood count results, fasting blood glucose levels, and peak troponin T levels were also recorded. Serum C reactive protein levels and pro BNP levels were processed on the first day of ischemic insult in AMI patients. Venous samples were obtained at the admittance, 24th hour and 48th hour of the infarction for sirtuin 1,3 and 6 analysis to see whether there was any temporal change in serum sirtuin levels after myocardial infarction. Serum lipid levels, renal and hepatic function test results, complete blood count results and fasting blood glucose levels were obtained from local laboratory records and venous samples were collected for C reactive protein, pro BNP and sirtuin level analysis after the coronary angiography in normal coronary artery patients. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed and the LVEF, end diastolic diameter, septal and posterior wall thickness were recorded in all patients. All of the samples for sirtuin level analysis were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes, serums were separated and were frozen at -80 degrees Celsius. All sirtuin 1,3 and 6 levels were processed simultaneously with human sirtuin ELISA kits (YL Biotech, Shanghai, PRC).</p>
      <p>Excluded from the study were as follows: The patients with a past history of MI, stable coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, heart failure and any valvular heart disease, the patients with malignancy, active infection, any chronic inflammatory disease, and any chronic renal or hepatic disease.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>SPSS 18.0 software for Windows (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL) was used for analysis of data. For continuous variables, the normality of distribution was tested using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The results were presented as the mean &#177; standard deviation for variables with normal distribution and as median (interquartile range 25-75) for variables with abnormal distribution. The statistical comparisons of continuous variables were performed using independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U test regarding the distribution pattern. The comparisons of categorical variables were performed using Chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test. While investigating the association between sirtuins and prognostic markers of AMI, the correlation coefficients and their significance were calculated using the Spearman test. In AMI patients, serial serum sirtuin 1,3 and 6 levels were processed at the admittance, first day and the second day of the infarction and the Friedman test was conducted to test whether there was a significant temporal change in serum sirtuin levels in AMI patients. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Forty consecutive STEMI patients and 40 consecutive control patients with normal coronary arteries were included into the study. Baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients were shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>. White blood cell count, neutrophil count, serum creatinine, CRP, proBNP values and left ventricle mass index were significantly higher in the AMI group than in the control group. The control group was composed of more female patients and less smoking patients. The mean platelet count and the mean left ventricular ejection fraction were significantly higher in the control group than in the AMI group. There was no significant temporal change in serum sirtuin levels in AMI patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical and laboratory characteristics of the study patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Control patients n = 40</th>
              <th align="center">AMI patients n = 40</th>
              <th align="center">p Value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, y</td>
              <td align="center">59 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">57 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">0.481</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sex, Male, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">23(57.5)</td>
              <td align="center">37(92.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">20(50)</td>
              <td align="center">14(35)</td>
              <td align="center">0.175</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">8(20)</td>
              <td align="center">27(67.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">16(40)</td>
              <td align="center">11(27.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.237</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family History for CAD, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">4(10)</td>
              <td align="center">10(25)</td>
              <td align="center">0.077</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hyperlipidemia, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">3(7.5)</td>
              <td align="center">5(12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.456</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L</td>
              <td align="center">5.8(5.3-6.7)</td>
              <td align="center">5.9(5.4-8.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.164</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine, &#181;mol/L</td>
              <td align="center">75 &#177; 16</td>
              <td align="center">84 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol, mmol/L</td>
              <td align="center">4.9 &#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">4.8 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.675</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL, mmol/L</td>
              <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.101</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL, mmol/L</td>
              <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">2.9 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.392</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglyceride, mmol/L</td>
              <td align="center">4.3 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td align="center">3.9 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.385</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin, gr/dl</td>
              <td align="center">14.6 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">14.7 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.904</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Platelet count, *10<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">279 &#177; 70</td>
              <td align="center">229 &#177; 52</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WBC, *10<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">8.5 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">11.6 &#177; 3.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Neutrophil count, *10<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">5.1 &#177; 1.4</td>
              <td align="center">8.8 &#177; 3.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lymphocyte count,*10<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">2.6 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">2.0 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Monocyte count, *10<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.8 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.7 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.581</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRP, nmol/L</td>
              <td align="center">28.5(9.5-57.1)</td>
              <td align="center">85.7(38.1-180.9)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">proBNP,ng/L</td>
              <td align="center">48.8(24.2-113.0)</td>
              <td align="center">500.9(282.0-1309.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Sirtuins,ng/ml</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sirtuin 1 basal</td>
              <td align="center">2.74(2.30-3.64)</td>
              <td align="center">2.53(2.06-3.21)</td>
              <td align="center">0.192</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sirtuin 1 first day</td>
              <td align="center">NA </td>
              <td align="center">2.24(1.89-2.89)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sirtuin 1 second day</td>
              <td align="center">NA </td>
              <td align="center">2.08(1.55-3.18)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sirtuin 3 basal</td>
              <td align="center">2.62(2.16-3.34)</td>
              <td align="center">2.40(1.29-3.29)</td>
              <td align="center">0.204</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sirtuin 3 first day</td>
              <td align="center">NA </td>
              <td align="center">2.46(1.37-2.97)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sirtuin 3 second day</td>
              <td align="center">NA </td>
              <td align="center">2.30(1.36-3.55)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sirtuin 6 basal</td>
              <td align="center">1.13(0.89-2.25)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00(0.78-1.37)</td>
              <td align="center">0.172</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sirtuin 6 first day</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
              <td align="center">1.16(0.87-1.56)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sirtuin 6 second day</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
              <td align="center">1.19(0.85-1.80)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><bold>EF</bold>, %</td>
              <td align="center">64 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">47 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVMI, gr/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">87.3 &#177; 14.6</td>
              <td align="center">94.4 &#177; 16.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.044</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>
              <italic>Continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation or medial (interquartile range 25-75) AMI: acute myocardial infarction; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; CAD: coronary artery disease; CRP: c reactive protein; EF: ejection fraction; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; LVMI: left ventricle mass index. WBC: white blood cell count.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline, first day and second day median serum sirtuin levels of the acute myocardial infarction patients. Temporal changes of serum sirtuin 1,3 and 6 were statistically insignificant in acute myocardial infarction course.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0033-90114-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical and laboratory features of AMI patients were shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>. Fifteen patients experienced pre-infarction angina pectoris before the ischemic insult. Median peak troponin level was 41.6 ng/L in patients without pre-infarction angina and 28.2 ng/L in patients with pre-infarction angina (p = 0.202). Baseline serum sirtuin 1, 3 and 6 levels were similar in the patients with and without pre-infarction angina. No correlation was evident between baseline serum sirtuin levels and following parameters: CRP levels, peak troponin T levels, proBNP levels and LVEF. Baseline sirtuin 1 and 6 levels were positively correlated with reperfusion duration. On the other hand, baseline sirtuin 3 levels were significantly negatively correlated with GRACE score (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical and laboratory features of AMI patients (n = 40)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Presence of Pre-infarction Angina, n(%)</th>
              <th align="center">15(37.5)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time to Perfusion (minutes)</td>
              <td align="center">225(120-300)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>GRACE Score</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">In hospital mortality</td>
              <td align="center">126(104-149)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">6. month mortality</td>
              <td align="center">101(77-124)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">In hospital MI/mortality</td>
              <td align="center">188(151-209)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">6. month MI/mortality</td>
              <td align="center">148(121-167)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Killip Class</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1</td>
              <td align="center">38(95)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2</td>
              <td align="center">1(2.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3</td>
              <td align="center">1(2.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TIMI Risk Score</td>
              <td align="center">2(1-4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Troponin T Levels(ng/L)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Baseline</td>
              <td align="center">4.67(1.00-34.27)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">First day</td>
              <td align="center">28.50(7.08-58.70)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Second day</td>
              <td align="center">14.11(6.46-39.95)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peak</td>
              <td align="center">30.18(10.53-63.40)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>MI Location n(%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anterior</td>
              <td align="center">17(42.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inferior</td>
              <td align="center">22(55)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lateral</td>
              <td align="center">1(2.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Infarct Related Artery n(%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAD</td>
              <td align="center">18(45)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cx</td>
              <td align="center">3(7.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RCA</td>
              <td align="center">19(47.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Contrast Induced Nephropathy n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">4(10)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>
              <italic>AMI: acute myocardial infarction; Cx: left circumflex artery; LAD: left anterior descending artery; MI: myocardial infarction; RCA: right coronary artery; TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation analysis of prognostic variables of AMI patients with sirtuins</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Baseline Sirtuin 1</th>
              <th align="center">Baseline Sirtuin 3</th>
              <th align="center">Baseline Sirtuin 6</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TIMI Score (Spearman&#8217;s Rho/p)</td>
              <td align="center">0.109/0.508</td>
              <td align="center">-0.093/0.574</td>
              <td align="center">0.015/0.930</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>GRACE Score (Spearman&#8217;s Rho/ p)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">In hospital mortality</td>
              <td align="center">-0.003/0.983</td>
              <td align="center">-0.478/0.002</td>
              <td align="center">-0.115/0.486</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">6. month mortality</td>
              <td align="center">-0.001/0.997</td>
              <td align="center">-0.351/0.028</td>
              <td align="center">-0.137/0.406</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">In hospital MI/mortality</td>
              <td align="center">0.045/0.785</td>
              <td align="center">-0.509/0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.041/0.805</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">6. month MI/mortality</td>
              <td align="center">0.021/0.901</td>
              <td align="center">-0.501/0.001</td>
              <td align="center">-0.016/0.922</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">proBNP, (Spearman&#8217;s Rho/ p)</td>
              <td align="center">0.294/0.073</td>
              <td align="center">-0.137/0.412</td>
              <td align="center">0.108/0.517</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peak Troponin T (Spearman&#8217;s Rho/ p)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.107/0.518</td>
              <td align="center">-0.259/0.111</td>
              <td align="center">0.012/0.942</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time to Perfusion (Spearman&#8217;s Rho/ p)</td>
              <td align="center">0.331/0.037</td>
              <td align="center">-0.249/0.121</td>
              <td align="center">0.312/0.050</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRP, (Spearman&#8217;s Rho/ p)</td>
              <td align="center">0.312/0.053</td>
              <td align="center">-0.029/0.862</td>
              <td align="center">0.357/0.026</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EF, (Spearman&#8217;s Rho/ p)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.009/0.956</td>
              <td align="center">0.150/0.356</td>
              <td align="center">-0.132/0.419</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>
              <italic>AMI: acute myocardial infarction; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; CRP: c reactive protein; EF: ejection fraction; TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this pilot study, we investigated serum sirtuin 1, 3 and 6 levels in AMI patients and patients with normal coronary arteries. We found that median serum sirtuin levels were similar in AMI patients and control patients. We observed that serum sirtuin levels did not show a significant temporal change in AMI course. There was no correlation between serum sirtuin levels and prognostic markers of AMI patients like peak troponin, proBNP, CRP and ejection fraction. Serum sirtuin 1 and 6 levels were positively correlated with reperfusion duration. In addition, we found a significant negative correlation between serum sirtuin 3 levels and GRACE score.</p>
      <p>Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death all over the world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Primary and secondary prevention attempts are evolving to decrease the global burden of this devastating disorder.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Atherosclerosis pathogenesis is complicated and researches on the molecular basis of atherosclerosis proceed all over the world. In this context, this study evaluated the implication of serum sirtuin 1, 3 and 6 levels in AMI patients. Preliminary data about the sirtuins in cardiovascular diseases were obtained from experimental studies. It was demonstrated that sirtuin 1 exhibits antiatherogenic properties via acting on endothelium by endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation and reducing macrophage foam cell formation by nuclear factor kB inhibition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Another study showed that sirtuin 1 decrease serum LDL cholesterol levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> It was found that sirtuin 1 have antithrombotic effect in addition to the other atheroprotective effects that were mentioned above.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and previous studies reported the antioxidant role of sirtuin 3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Sirtuin 6 has anti-inflammatory and LDL lowering features.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Human data about sirtuins and cardiovascular disorders are limited. Gorenne et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> reported that sirtuin 1 expression is reduced in human carotid atherosclerotic plaque.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Breitenstein et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> found that peripheral monocyte sirtuin 1 expression was lower in coronary artery disease patients compared to healthy subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Judging by our results, this study may arise a debate about the protective functions of circulating sirtuin 1, 3 and 6 in cardiovascular disorders. The first issue is about the association between atherosclerosis and sirtuins. In our study population, median serum sirtuin 1, 3 and 6 levels did not significantly differ between the groups. According to our knowledge, this study is the first one comparing &#8216;serum&#8217; sirtuin levels between normal coronary artery patients and AMI patients. There exist several studies evaluating sirtuin 1 levels in human atherosclerosis using different methodological manners. Breitenstein et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> measured sirtuin 1 mRNA levels in peripheral monocytes and Gorenne et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> measured sirtuin 1 mRNA and protein expression amount in human carotid endarterectomy materials.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> While both of these studies found a negative association between atherosclerosis and sirtuin expression, Kilic et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> found that serum sirtuin 1 levels were higher in stable CAD patients than in the control patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>By taking all these data together, the causality between sirtuins and human atherosclerosis needs more investigation. Additionally, we firstly investigated the temporal change of serum sirtuin 1, 3 and 6 levels in the AMI course and did not found any significant change between admission, first and second day of AMI. Another issue needs to be addressed is the association between inflammation and sirtuin levels. In our study, serum sirtuin 1 and 3 levels were not correlated and serum sirtuin 6 levels were positively correlated with serum CRP levels, a widely accepted inflammatory marker. As we mentioned above, experimental studies suggested that sirtuins have anti-inflammatory effects and this is hypothesized as one of the mechanisms for atheroprotection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> We expected to find a negative association between sirtuins and CRP, but the results were not concordant with our hypothesis. Although sirtuin 6 has an anti-inflammatory feature, a possible positive regulatory role for SIRT6 in the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression is evident both in innate and adaptive immune cells. Thus our positive correlation finding between sirtuin 6 and CRP can be interpreted in this context.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our findings regarding the association between sirtuins and the parameters reflecting infarction size like peak troponin, ejection fraction and pro BNP levels were also remarkable. Opening the occluded artery and restoring the blood flow to the myocardium is the mainstay of the AMI management. However, it was suggested that restoration of blood flow may account for further myocardial damage and it is termed as reperfusion injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Microvascular obstruction, myocyte hypercontracture and contraction band necrosis, free radical generation and inflammatory cell accumulation are the proposed mechanisms for reperfusion injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Ischemic preconditioning, which reduces reperfusion injury can be defined as transient, sublethal ischemic episodes rendering the myocardium more resistant to a sustained, lethal ischemic period. Since first described by Murry et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> ischemic preconditioning has become the most relevant entity against reperfusion injury. Ischemic preconditioning requires complex intracellular molecular interactions and the molecular mechanism is still unclear.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> It is suggested that some sirtuin types reduces ischemia reperfusion injury. In an experimental study, inhibition of sirtuin 1 resulted in reduction of bakuchiol induced cardioprotection in rat hearts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Opening of the mitochondrial permeability transposition pores are crucial in the pathophysiology of ischemia reperfusion injury. Sirtuin 3 deacetylates the regulatory component of the mitochondrial permeability transposition pore and sirtuin 3 deficient mice myocytes exhibited an increase in mitochondrial swelling due to increase in the number of opened mitochondrial permeability transposition pores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> In this study, we investigated whether there was any association between serum sirtuin levels and infarct size markers. There was no correlation between serum sirtuin levels and peak troponin levels, LVEF and pro BNP levels in AMI patients. These findings reflect that serum sirtuin 1, 3 and 6 levels were not associated with the infarct size. Pre infarction angina pectoris can be used as the surrogate marker of ischemic preconditioning in daily practice and is associated with reduced peak troponin levels in AMI patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Although the number of subjects were low to make a firm conclusion, no difference was evident about serum sirtuin 1, 3 and 6 levels in the patients with and without pre infarction angina.</p>
      <p>Finally, we should mention about the association between serum sirtuin 3 levels and GRACE score, and between reperfusion duration and serum sirtuin 1/6 levels. GRACE score is a well-known and validated risk score for morbidity and mortality in AMI patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Although we could not find any correlation between serum sirtuin 3 levels and prognostic markers like peak troponin, pro-BNP and LVEF, the negative correlation between serum sirtuin 3 levels and GRACE score may be an inspiration for further studies to investigate the role of serum sirtuin 3 levels for the risk assessment in AMI patients. We found a positive correlation between serum sirtuin 1/sirtuin 6 levels and reperfusion duration. The duration between symptom onset and reperfusion was not a marker of mortality in STEMI patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Although correlated with reperfusion duration positively, sirtuin 1 and sirtuin 6 levels were not correlated with prognostic markers in AMI patients.</p>
      <p>There are some limitations of our study. The small sample size seems the most important limitation of the study. The other important limitation is the methodological differences with previous studies. In previous studies, sirtuin analysis was performed with specimens from atherosclerotic plaques or peripheral mononuclear cells. Sirtuin mRNA levels and protein expression levels were evaluated in those studies. In our study, we directly measured serum sirtuin levels. Although our methodology was not the same with other studies, we firstly investigated serum sirtuin levels in our particular study population. This can be accepted as the originality of our study.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Serum sirtuin 1, sirtuin 3 and sirtuin 6 levels did not significantly differ between AMI patients and patients with normal coronary arteries. No temporal change was found in the serum levels of these sirtuins in the AMI course and there was no correlation between the serum levels of these sirtuins and the parameters reflecting myocardial infarct size like peak troponin level, LVEF and pro-BNP. We detected a negative correlation between sirtuin 3 and GRACE score, as a secondary finding. Cardioprotective role of serum sirtuin 1, 3 and 6 needs more investigation in AMI patients.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study was funded by Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital under the protocol number E-17-1399. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#237;veis de Sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 em Pacientes com Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8152-9680</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Emrullah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>K&#246;sem</surname>
            <given-names>Arzu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zkan</surname>
            <given-names>Can</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ilg&#305;n</surname>
            <given-names>Burcu U&#287;urlu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0303-9619</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kundi</surname>
            <given-names>Harun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;etin</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ornek</surname>
            <given-names>Ender</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">TC Saglik Bakanligi Ankara Numune Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi - Cardiology, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">TC Saglik Bakanligi Ankara Numune Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi - Medical Biochemistry, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">TC Sagl&#305;k Bakanl&#305;g&#305; Gazi Mustafa Kemal Devlet Hastanesi - Cardiology, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center - Cardiology, Boston, Massachusetts - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Emrullah K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231;,</bold> TC Saglik Bakanligi Ankara Numune Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi - Cardiology, Talatpa&#351;a Bulvar&#305;, N&#176; 44, Alt&#305;nda&#287;, Ankara 06100 - Turquia. E-mail: <email>e.kiziltunc@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231; E, K&#246;sem A, &#199;etin M, Ornek E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231; E, K&#246;sem A, &#214;zkan C, Ilg&#305;n BU, Kundi H; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231; E, K&#246;sem A, Kundi H, &#199;etin M, Ornek E; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231; E, Kundi H; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231; E, &#214;zkan C, Ilg&#305;n BU; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: K&#305;z&#305;ltun&#231; E, K&#246;sem A, &#214;zkan C, Ilg&#305;n BU, Kundi H, &#199;etin M, Ornek E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> As sirtu&#237;nas podem atuar em muitos processos celulares, como a apoptose, reparo de DNA e metabolismo de lip&#237;dios e de glicose. Estudos experimentais sugeriram que alguns tipos de sirtu&#237;nas possam ter efeitos protetores contra disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, aterosclerose, hipertrofia card&#237;aca e les&#227;o decorrente de reperfus&#227;o. Dados sobre as sirtu&#237;nas em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) s&#227;o escassos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p> Avaliar as mudan&#231;as temporais dos n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 entre pacientes com IAM e indiv&#237;duos controles; investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 e marcadores progn&#243;sticos de IAM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Quarenta pacientes com IAM e 40 pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais foram inclu&#237;dos. Foram avaliados fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de pr&#243;-BNP, prote&#237;na C-reativa, sirtu&#237;na 1, sirtu&#237;na 3 e de sirtu&#237;na 6. Pico de troponina T, escore GRACE, concentra&#231;&#245;es de sirtu&#237;nas no primeiro e no segundo dia foram registrados dos pacientes com IAM. Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Os n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 em pacientes com IAM foram similares aos de pacientes com coron&#225;ria normal. N&#227;o foram observadas mudan&#231;as temporais nos n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 no curso do IAM. Nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o evidente foi observada dos n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na com os seguintes par&#226;metros: pr&#243;-BNP, prote&#237;na C-reativa, pico de troponina e FEVE. N&#237;veis basais de sirtu&#237;na 1 e 6 apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a dura&#231;&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o. Os n&#237;veis basais de sirtu&#237;na 3 correlacionaram-se negativamente com o escore GRACE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> Os n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 em pacientes com IAM foram similares aos de pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais. Este estudo n&#227;o apresenta evid&#234;ncia de poss&#237;veis efeitos protetores da sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 em pacientes com IAM.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Sirtu&#237;nas/efeitos dos f&#225;rmacos</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolismo de Lip&#237;deos</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio/disfun&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegalia</kwd>
        <kwd>Senesc&#234;ncia Celular</kwd>
        <kwd>Carcinog&#234;nese</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As sirtu&#237;nas s&#227;o uma classe de enzimas dependentes de Nicotinamida-Adenina Dinucleot&#237;deo (NAD), composta de sete prote&#237;nas, as Sirt 1-7.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A fun&#231;&#227;o mais conhecida das sirtu&#237;nas &#233; a de deacetila&#231;&#227;o, mas essas enzimas tamb&#233;m podem atuar como mono-ADP ribosiltransferase, lipoamidase, demalonilase e desucinilase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> As sirtu&#237;nas est&#227;o envolvidas em v&#225;rios processos biol&#243;gicos como apoptose, sobrevida celular, reparo de DNA/envelhecimento celular e metabolismo de lip&#237;dio/glucose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Informa&#231;&#245;es acerca do papel das sirtu&#237;nas na carcinog&#234;nese, envelhecimento e inflama&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m s&#227;o crescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Al&#233;m disso, existem evid&#234;ncias de que n&#237;veis circulantes de sirtu&#237;nas estejam associados com fragilidade, redu&#231;&#227;o de massa de gordura e diabetes mellitus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Avan&#231;os tamb&#233;m tem ocorrido no conhecimento atual sobre as fun&#231;&#245;es das sirtu&#237;nas no sistema cardiovascular na sa&#250;de e na doen&#231;a. Estudos experimentais recentes mostraram o poss&#237;vel papel das sirtu&#237;nas em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares como hipertrofia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A sobrevida de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) melhorou significativamente com o avan&#231;o de terapias a base de cateter e o aumento do n&#250;mero de unidades coronarianas dispon&#237;veis; por&#233;m, causou aumento na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A redu&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto &#233; crucial para diminuir a probabilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cl&#237;nica e melhorar o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IAM. A reperfus&#227;o precoce e a redu&#231;&#227;o do dano decorrente da reperfus&#227;o s&#227;o abordagens b&#225;sicas para diminuir o tamanho do infarto. No entanto, existem muitas vari&#225;veis determinantes do tamanho do infarto, e pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes. Inflama&#231;&#227;o, trombogenicidade, e estresse oxidativo podem afetar n&#227;o s&#243; o tamanho e o progn&#243;stico do infarto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Estudos experimentais revelaram que a sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 t&#234;m efeitos ben&#233;ficos no combate &#224; aterosclerose, &#224; dislipidemia, ao estresse oxidativo, &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o. Ainda, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a sirtu&#237;na 1 e a sirtu&#237;na 3 ativem vias cardioprotetoras no IAM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Assim, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sirtu&#237;na podem estar associados com menor tamanho do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e marcadores de um bom progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IAM. Em nosso conhecimento, n&#227;o existem dados publicados na l&#237;ngua inglesa sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 com marcadores progn&#243;sticos de pacientes com IAM. O objetivo deste estudo piloto foi investigar mudan&#231;as temporais nos n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 em pacientes com IAM, avaliar se os n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 em pacientes com IAM s&#227;o diferentes de indiv&#237;duos controles e avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 e marcadores progn&#243;sticos de pacientes com IAM, tais como valor de pico de troponina s&#233;rica, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de pr&#243;-BNP, escore GRACE e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) p&#243;s-IAM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local e todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento. Foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo transversal pacientes com IAM com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (STEMI) e pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais entre junho de 2017 e novembro de 2017. Os pacientes com STEMI foram diagnosticados segundo a terceira defini&#231;&#227;o de IAM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Foi realizada uma primeira interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, na qual todos os pacientes com STEMI receberam terapia mediada por fio guia. Foram calculados escore de risco GRACE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e escore de risco TIMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> dos pacientes com IAM. O tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a reperfus&#227;o, local do infarto no eletrocardiograma e presen&#231;a de angina pectoris pr&#233;-infarto foram registrados. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de lip&#237;dios, resultados de testes de fun&#231;&#227;o renal e hep&#225;tica, resultados de hemograma, glicose de jejum e pico de troponina s&#233;rica tamb&#233;m foram registrados. Os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa e de pr&#243;-BNP foram medidos no primeiro dia de ataque isqu&#234;mico nos pacientes com IAM. As amostras venosas foram obtidas na admiss&#227;o, 24h e 48h do infarto para dosagem de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6, a fim de se avaliar se houve alguma mudan&#231;a temporal em seus n&#237;veis ap&#243;s o infarto. N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de lip&#237;dios, resultados de testes de fun&#231;&#227;o renal e hep&#225;tica, hemograma, e glicose de jejum foram obtidos do laborat&#243;rio local, e as amostras de sangue para dosagem de prote&#237;na C-reativa, pr&#243;-BNP e sirtu&#237;na foram obtidas ap&#243;s angiografia coron&#225;ria em pacientes com art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria normal. Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica foi realizada, e a FEVE, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final, e espessura da parede posterior e do septo foram registrados em todos os pacientes. Para a determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na, todas as amostras foram centrifugadas a 4000 rpm por 10 minutos, os soros separados e congelados a -80 &#186;C. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 foram medidas simultaneamente utilizando-se kits de ELISA para sirtu&#237;na humana (YL Biotech, Shanghai, PRC).</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: pacientes com hist&#243;ria de IAM, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225;vel, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou doen&#231;a de v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca, pacientes com doen&#231;a maligna, infec&#231;&#227;o ativa, doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a renal ou hep&#225;tica.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises foram realizadas pelo programa SPSS 18.0 para Windows (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL). Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o foi testada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os resultados das vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentados em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e os resultados das vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal em mediana e intervalo interquartil (25-75). As compara&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram realizadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> para amostras independentes ou pelo teste de Mann-Whitney, de acordo com o padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o. As compara&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram realizadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou pelo teste exato de Fisher. Ao avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre sirtu&#237;nas e marcadores progn&#243;sticos de IAM, os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o e sua signific&#226;ncia foram calculados pelo teste de Spearman. Em pacientes com IAM, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 foram determinados na admiss&#227;o, e no primeiro e no segundo dia do infarto. O teste de Friedman foi conduzido para testar se houve uma mudan&#231;a temporal significativa nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sirtu&#237;na nos pacientes com IAM. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Quarenta pacientes consecutivos com STEMI e 40 pacientes consecutivos controles com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais basais dos participantes s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. A contagem de leuc&#243;citos e de neutr&#243;filos, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina, prote&#237;na C-reativa, valores de pr&#243;-BNP e &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram significativamente maiores no grupo com IAM que no grupo controle. O grupo controle foi composto por um maior n&#250;mero pacientes do sexo feminino e um menor n&#250;mero de fumantes. A m&#233;dia de contagem de plaquetas e a m&#233;dia da FEVE foram significativamente menores no grupo IAM que nos controles. N&#227;o foi observada mudan&#231;a temporal significativa nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sirtu&#237;na nos pacientes com IAM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes estudados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Control patients n = 40</th>
                <th align="center">AMI patients n = 40</th>
                <th align="center">p Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">57 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">0,481</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo, masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23(57,5)</td>
                <td align="center">37(92,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20(50)</td>
                <td align="center">14(35)</td>
                <td align="center">0,175</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8(20)</td>
                <td align="center">27(67,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">16(40)</td>
                <td align="center">11(27,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,237</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4(10)</td>
                <td align="center">10(25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,077</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3(7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">5(12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,456</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia de jejum, mmol/L</td>
                <td align="center">5,8(5,3-6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">5,9(5,4-8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,164</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina, &#956;mol/L</td>
                <td align="center">75 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">84 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol Total, mmol/L</td>
                <td align="center">4,9 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">4,8 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,675</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL, mmol/L</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,101</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL, mmol/L</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,392</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos, mmol/L</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,9 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,385</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">14,6 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">14,7 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,904</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de plaquetas,, *10<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center">279 &#177; 70</td>
                <td align="center">229 &#177; 52</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de leuc&#243;citos, *10<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center">8,5 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">11,6 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de neutr&#243;filos, *10<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center">5,1 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">8,8 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de linf&#243;citos,*10<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,6 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de mon&#243;citos, *10<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,8 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,581</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prote&#237;na C-reativa, nmol/L</td>
                <td align="center">28,5(9,5-57,1)</td>
                <td align="center">85,7(38,1-180,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#243;-BNP,ng/L</td>
                <td align="center">48,8(24,2-113,0)</td>
                <td align="center">500,9(282,0-1309,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sirtu&#237;nas,ng/ml</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sirtu&#237;na 1 basal</td>
                <td align="center">2,74(2,30-3,64)</td>
                <td align="center">2,53(2,06-3,21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,192</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sirtu&#237;na 1 primeiro dia</td>
                <td align="center">NA </td>
                <td align="center">2,24(1,89-2,89)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sirtu&#237;na 1 segundo dia</td>
                <td align="center">NA </td>
                <td align="center">2,08(1,55-3,18)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sirtu&#237;na 3 basal</td>
                <td align="center">2,62(2,16-3,34)</td>
                <td align="center">2,40(1,29-3,29)</td>
                <td align="center">0,204</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sirtu&#237;na 3 primeiro dia</td>
                <td align="center">NA </td>
                <td align="center">2,46(1,37-2,97)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sirtu&#237;na 3 segundo dia</td>
                <td align="center">NA </td>
                <td align="center">2,30(1,36-3,55)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sirtu&#237;na 6 basal</td>
                <td align="center">1,13(0,89-2,25)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00(0,78-1,37)</td>
                <td align="center">0,172</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sirtu&#237;na 6 primeiro dia</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">1,16(0,87-1,56)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sirtu&#237;na 6 segundo dia</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">1,19(0,85-1,80)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><bold>FE</bold> , %</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">47 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVMI, gr/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">87,3 &#177; 14,6</td>
                <td align="center">94,4 &#177; 16,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,044</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil; 25-75) IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; LVMI: &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sirtu&#237;na (valores em mediana) no dia 1 e 2 do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; mudan&#231;as temporais dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativas no curso do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0033-90114-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais do IAM s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>. Quinze pacientes apresentaram angina pectoris pr&#233;-infarto antes do insulto isqu&#234;mico. A m&#233;dia de pico de troponina foi de 41,6 ng/L em pacientes sem angina pr&#233;-infarto e de 28,2 ng/L em pacientes com angina pr&#233;-infarto (p = 0.202). Os n&#237;veis basais de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 foram similares nos pacientes com e sem angina pr&#233;-infarto. Nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o foi evidente entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos basais de sirtu&#237;na e os seguintes par&#226;metros: n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa, pico de troponina T, n&#237;veis de pr&#243;-BNP, e FEVE. Os n&#237;veis basais de sirtu&#237;na 1 e 6 apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a dura&#231;&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o. Por outro lado, os n&#237;veis basais de sirtu&#237;na 3 apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com o escore GRACE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (n = 40)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Presen&#231;a de angina pr&#233;-infarto, n(%)</th>
                <th align="center">15(37,5)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo entre in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; perfus&#227;o (minutos)</td>
                <td align="center">225(120-300)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escore GRACE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">126(104-149)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade em seis meses</td>
                <td align="center">101(77-124)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IM hospitalar/mortalidade</td>
                <td align="center">188(151-209)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IM /mortalidade em seis meses</td>
                <td align="center">148(121-167)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Classe Killip</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">38(95)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">1(2,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">1(2,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore de risco TIMI</td>
                <td align="center">2(1-4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Troponina T (ng/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Basal</td>
                <td align="center">4,67(1,00-34,27)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Primeiro dia</td>
                <td align="center">28,50(7,08-58,70)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Segundo dia</td>
                <td align="center">14,11(6,46-39,95)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pico</td>
                <td align="center">30,18(10,53-63,40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Localiza&#231;&#227;o do IM n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anterior</td>
                <td align="center">17(42,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inferior</td>
                <td align="center">22(55)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lateral</td>
                <td align="center">1(2,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Infarct Related Artery n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAE</td>
                <td align="center">18(45)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cx</td>
                <td align="center">3(7,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACD</td>
                <td align="center">19(47,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nefropatia induzida por contraste; n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">4(10)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; Cx: art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda DAE: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; TIMI: tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (thrombolysis in myocardial infarction)</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis progn&#243;sticas e sirtu&#237;nas em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Sirtu&#237;na 1 basal</th>
                <th align="center">Sirtu&#237;na 3 basal</th>
                <th align="center">Sirtu&#237;na 6 basal</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore TIMI Score (Rho de Spearman/p)</td>
                <td align="center">0,109/0,508</td>
                <td align="center">-0,093/0,574</td>
                <td align="center">0,015/0,930</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escore GRACE (Rho de Spearman/ p)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">-0,003/0,983</td>
                <td align="center">-0,478/0,002</td>
                <td align="center">-0,115/0,486</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade em seis meses</td>
                <td align="center">-0,001/0,997</td>
                <td align="center">-0,351/0,028</td>
                <td align="center">-0,137/0,406</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IM hospitalar /mortalidade</td>
                <td align="center">0,045/0,785</td>
                <td align="center">-0,509/0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,041/0,805</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IM em seis meses/mortalidade</td>
                <td align="center">0,021/0,901</td>
                <td align="center">-0,501/0,001</td>
                <td align="center">-0,016/0,922</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#243;-BNP, (Rho de Spearman/ p)</td>
                <td align="center">0,294/0,073</td>
                <td align="center">-0,137/0,412</td>
                <td align="center">0,108/0,517</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pico de Troponina T (Rho de Spearman/ p)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,107/0,518</td>
                <td align="center">-0,259/0,111</td>
                <td align="center">0,012/0,942</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo entre sintoma e perfus&#227;o (Rho de Spearman/ p)</td>
                <td align="center">0,331/0,037</td>
                <td align="center">-0,249/0,121</td>
                <td align="center">0,312/0,050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRP, (Rho de Spearman/ p)</td>
                <td align="center">0,312/0,053</td>
                <td align="center">-0,029/0,862</td>
                <td align="center">0,357/0,026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FE, (Rho de Spearman/ p)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,009/0,956</td>
                <td align="center">0,150/0,356</td>
                <td align="center">-0,132/0,419</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>
                <italic>IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; CRP: prote&#237;na C-reativa; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; TIMI: tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (thrombolysis in myocardial infarction).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo piloto, n&#243;s avaliados os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 nos pacientes com IAM e pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais. Observamos que as medianas das concentra&#231;&#245;es de sirtu&#237;na n&#227;o apresentou mudan&#231;a temporal significativa no curso do IAM. N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na e os marcadores progn&#243;sticos de IAM, como pico de troponina, pr&#243;-BNP, prote&#237;na C-reativa e FEVE. Al&#233;m disso, observamos uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa significativa entre os n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na 3 e o escore GRACE.</p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica &#233; a principal causa de morte em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Avan&#231;os na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria t&#234;m ocorrido na tentativa de diminuir a carga dessa doen&#231;a devastadora.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose &#233; complexa, e pesquisas sobre a base molecular da aterosclerose vem sendo realizadas em todo o mundo. Neste contexto, este estudo avaliou os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 em pacientes com IAM. Dados preliminares sobre as sirtu&#237;nas nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares foram obtidas de estudos experimentais. Foi demonstrado que a sirtu&#237;na 1 exibe propriedades antiaterog&#234;nicas pela ativa&#231;&#227;o da enzima &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase endotelial e pela redu&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas espumosas pelos macr&#243;fagos inibindo-se o fator nuclear kB.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Outro estudo mostrou que a sirtu&#237;na 1 reduz os n&#237;veis de LDL colesterol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a sirtu&#237;na tem efeitos antitromb&#243;ticos al&#233;m dos outros efeitos ateroprotetores mencionados acima.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> O estresse oxidativo exerce um importante papel na patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose, e o papel antioxidante da sirtu&#237;na 3 foi relatado em estudos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A sirtu&#237;na 6 apresenta propriedades anti-inflamat&#243;rias e reduz os n&#237;veis de LDL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Dados sobre sirtu&#237;nas e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em humanos s&#227;o ainda limitados. Gorenne et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> relataram que a express&#227;o de sirtu&#237;na 1 est&#225; reduzida na placa ateroscler&#243;tica da carot&#237;dea humana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Breitenstein et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> observaram que a express&#227;o da sirtu&#237;na 1 em mon&#243;citos perif&#233;ricos foi menor em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos sadios. Com base em nossos resultados, este estudo pode levantar um debate sobre as fun&#231;&#245;es protetoras das sirtu&#237;nas 1, 3 e 6 nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. A primeira quest&#227;o refere-se &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre aterosclerose e sirtu&#237;nas. Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a nas medianas das concentra&#231;&#245;es de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 entre os grupos. Em nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a comparar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sirtu&#237;na entre pacientes com IAM e pacientes com art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria normal. Existem v&#225;rios estudos avaliando os n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na 1 na aterosclerose, utilizando diferentes m&#233;todos. Breitenstein et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> mediram os n&#237;veis de mRNA de sirtu&#237;na 1 nos mon&#243;citos perif&#233;ricos, e Gorenne et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> mediram os n&#237;veis de mRNA da sirtu&#237;na 1 e a quantificaram a express&#227;o proteica em materiais da endarterectomia car&#243;tida em humanos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Enquanto esses estudos mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o negativa entre aterosclerose e express&#227;o de sirtu&#237;na, Kilic et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> relataram que os n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na 1 foram maiores nos pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225;vel que em pacientes controles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p> Considerando todos esses dados, a causalidade entre as sirtu&#237;nas e a aterosclerose em humanos requer mais estudos. Ainda, n&#243;s primeiramente investigamos a mudan&#231;a temporal dos n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 no curso do IAM, e n&#227;o encontramos nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a admiss&#227;o e o primeiro e segundo dias do IAM. Outra quest&#227;o que necessita ser investigada &#233; a associa&#231;&#227;o entre inflama&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na. Em nosso estudo, os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa, um marcador inflamat&#243;rio amplamente aceito, n&#227;o se correlacionaram com sirtu&#237;na 1 e 3, e se correlacionaram com os n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na 6. Conforme mencionamos acima, estudos experimentais sugeriram que as sirtu&#237;nas possuem efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios, e h&#225; a hip&#243;tese de que esse seja um de seus mecanismos para ateroprote&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> N&#243;s esper&#225;vamos encontrar uma associa&#231;&#227;o negativa entre sirtu&#237;nas e prote&#237;na C-reativa, mas nossos resultados n&#227;o confirmaram essa hip&#243;tese. Apesar de a sirtu&#237;na 6 possuir caracter&#237;sticas anti-inflamat&#243;rias, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a SIRT6 haja na regula&#231;&#227;o positiva da indu&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias tanto em c&#233;lulas imunes inatas como em c&#233;lulas imunes adaptativas. Assim, a correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre sirtu&#237;na 6 e prote&#237;na C-reativa encontrada em nosso estudo possa ser interpretada nesse contexto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ainda, merecem destaque nossos resultados sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre sirtu&#237;nas e os par&#226;metros refletindo o tamanho do infarto, tal como pico de troponina T, FEVE e n&#237;veis de pr&#243;-BNP. A abertura da art&#233;ria obstru&#237;da e o reestabelecimento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo s&#227;o o principal foco do tratamento do IAM. No entanto, autores sugeriram que a restaura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo possa ocasionar maior dano mioc&#225;rdio, o que foi denominado les&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular, contra&#231;&#227;o aumentada dos mi&#243;citos, necrose das bandas de contra&#231;&#227;o, gera&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres e ac&#250;mulo de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias s&#227;o os mecanismos propostos nesse processo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico, o qual reduz o dano decorrente da reperfus&#227;o, pode ser considerado um epis&#243;dio transiente, sub-letal, que torna o mioc&#225;rdio mais resistente a um per&#237;odo isqu&#234;mico letal e permanente. Desde sua primeira descri&#231;&#227;o por Murry et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> o pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico requer intera&#231;&#245;es moleculares intracelulares complexas, e seu mecanismo molecular ainda &#233; incerto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Sugere-se que alguns tipos de sirtu&#237;na reduz o dano causado pela reperfus&#227;o da isquemia. Em um estudo experimental, a inibi&#231;&#227;o da sirtu&#237;na 1 resultou na redu&#231;&#227;o do efeito cardioprotetor do bakuchiol em ratos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> A abertura da permeabilidade dos poros de transi&#231;&#227;o das mitoc&#244;ndrias &#233; crucial na fisiopatologia da les&#227;o decorrente da reperfus&#227;o. A sirtu&#237;na 3 promove a deacetila&#231;&#227;o do componente regulat&#243;rio da permeabilidade do poro de transi&#231;&#227;o mitrocondrial, e mi&#243;citos de ratos deficientes dessa prote&#237;na apresentou aumentou no volume mitocondrial devido ao aumento no n&#250;mero desses poros abertos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> No presente estudo, n&#243;s investigamos a exist&#234;ncia de qualquer associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na e marcadores do tamanho do infarto. N&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na e pico de troponina, FEVE ou n&#237;veis de pr&#243;-BNP em pacientes com IAM. Esses achados indicam aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 e o tamanho do infarto. Angina pectoris pr&#233;-infarto pode ser usado como marcador substituto do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria, e est&#225; associado com valores reduzidos de troponina em pacientes com IAM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Apesar do pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes para de estabelecer uma conclus&#227;o, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as evidentes nos n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 6 entre pacientes com e sem angina pr&#233;-infarto.</p>
        <p>Por fim, temos que comentar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na 3 e o escore GRACE, e entre a dura&#231;&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o e os n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na 1 e 6. O escore GRACE &#233; um escore de risco para morbidade e mortalidade bem conhecido e validado em pacientes com IAM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Apesar de n&#227;o termos encontrado nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na 3 e marcadores progn&#243;sticos, tais como troponina, pr&#243;-BNP e FEVE, a correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre sirtu&#237;na 3 e escore GRACE pode motivar o desenvolvimento de mais estudos sobre o papel da sirtu&#237;na 3 na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com IAM. Encontramos uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na 1 e 6 e a dura&#231;&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o. O tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a reperfus&#227;o n&#227;o foi um marcador de mortalidade em pacientnes com STEMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Apesar de haverem mostrado correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a dura&#231;&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o, a sirtu&#237;na 1 e a sirtu&#237;na 6 n&#227;o se correlacionaram com marcadores progn&#243;sticos em pacientes com IAM.</p>
        <p>O estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. O pequeno tamanho da amostra parece ser a principal limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o importante s&#227;o as diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas em rela&#231;&#227;o a estudos anteriores. Em estudos pr&#233;vios, a an&#225;lise da sirtu&#237;na foi realizada com esp&#233;cimes de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas ou c&#233;lulas mononucleares perif&#233;ricas para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de RNA de sirtu&#237;na. Em nosso estudo, realizamos a dosagem de sirtu&#237;na s&#233;rica. Apesar das diferentes metodologias, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a avaliar os n&#237;veis de sirtu&#237;na nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, o que pode ser considerado a originalidade de nosso estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sirtu&#237;na 1, 3 e 5 n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os pacientes com IAM e pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais. N&#227;o foi observada mudan&#231;a temporal nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos dessas sirtu&#237;nas no curso do IAM, e nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o foi observada entre seus n&#237;veis e os par&#226;metros que refletem o tamanho do infarto mioc&#225;rdio, tais como pico de troponina, FEVE e pr&#243;-BNP. Como resultado secund&#225;rio, identificamos uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre sirtu&#237;na 3 e escore GRACE. O papel cardioprotetor da sirtu&#237;na s&#233;rica 1, 3 e 6 no IAM necessita de mais estudos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p> O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo E-17-1399. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
