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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KMDRzHwg3kPvQbsWjD8nPRm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000700031</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190122</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Is ProACS Score Just another Risk Stratification Score, or is it Ready for Implementation in Clinical Practice?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6061-9663</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tim&#243;teo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Teresa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Santa Marta</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Lisboa</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - Hospital Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">NOVA Medical School</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Lisboa</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">NOVA Medical School, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ana Teresa Tim&#243;teo &#8226;</bold> Hospital Santa Marta - Cardiology Department - Rua Santa Marta, 1110, Lisboa - Portugal E-mail: <email>ana_timoteo@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>31</fpage>
      <lpage>32</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Propensity Score</kwd>
        <kwd>Probability</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Since the first publication of Framingham Risk Score in late 1950&#8217;s, derived from data obtained in an observational study to investigate cardiovascular risk factors, several other risk scores were created around the globe and they have been increasingly popular particularly in the last 10-20 years in cardiovascular medicine. The objective of a risk score is to individualize the risk for an individual patient with the use of functional equations based on multiple risk factors. Patients at high risk should be submitted to specific interventions to improve outcome.</p>
    <p>Despite this huge increase in risk scoring development, most have not been implemented in clinical practice. In fact, many models showed low predictive performance (as assessed by their calibration and discrimination) and some are poorly reported or were developed using inappropriate methods. For that reason, international guidelines were developed for adequate development and reporting of prediction models.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> For that objective to be fulfilled, it should include an adequate selection of the development cohort, adequate methodology for selection of variables and an adequate validation, both internal and external. In fact, external validation is particularly important because it tests the performance of a prediction model in a different independent patient cohort, where they usually perform less well. It can also allow comparison with other risk stratification tools. This step is essential for safe implementation in clinical practice.</p>
    <p>Risk stratification is important because populations are heterogeneous and present a large risk spectrum. Presently, there are very expensive and potent treatments, also with increased risk of adverse events, and thus, management decisions must be supported with risk stratification tools, although clinical judgment remains essential in these decisions. Unfortunately, in clinical practice, there is a misperception by the clinician that the use of individual risk indicators is sufficient to predict outcome and there is also a belief that the use of prediction rules may lead to overtreatment and that they are time consuming.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> This leads to the treatment-risk paradox that in many cases will result in inadequate treatment and poor outcome in patients at very high risk.</p>
    <p>In this journal, Gil et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> present a paper where they compared several well-known risk stratification scores derived from both randomized clinical trial and registries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> They also included some scores that were developed for other purposes of risk stratification in cardiovascular medicine. The scores that better predicted in-hospital mortality were GRACE, ACTION-Registry-GWTG and ProACS, but for long-term outcome, none of the studied scores was appropriate. This is a retrospective analysis performed in 1,452 patients admitted with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), 45.1% with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, with in-hospital mortality of 6.5% and 9.9% of death / non-fatal ACS in a one-year follow-up.</p>
    <p>ProACS risk score was developed with a very specific purpose of providing a very easy and simple risk score, with immediate variables, that could be applied early, in the first medical contact, to better decide on patient management strategy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> ProACS was developed from one of the largest registries worldwide, the Portuguese Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes, with more than 45,000 patients included.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In the development study, this score showed good discrimination in all the study cohorts (development, internal and external validation), and similar results were also reported in an independent external validation cohort.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>.</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Calibration was adequate in all these studies. Results were, however, slightly worst, compared to GRACE risk score and a recommendation was included that this should be used only as an early risk stratification score, with GRACE risk score to be used later after hospital admission. Surprisingly, in the present study, discrimination of ProACS was even high, with similar c-statistics when compared to the most potent risk stratification scores, but calibration was not adequate, particularly in the non-ST elevation ACS cohort.</p>
    <p>One important finding is that ProACS risk score is very similar to C-ACS risk score;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> however, this one was developed in Canada with different patient characteristics, and had very low discrimination in the Portuguese population, stressing the importance of regional external validation studies. Also, risk scores developed from randomized clinical trials were less useful compared to risk scores developed from registries, in cohorts more representative of real-world populations. Clinical trials cohort is very selective, limiting extrapolation for general populations, patients are usually younger and healthier, with a lower rate of comorbidities and clinical trials do not reproduce practices and strategies used in most centres. For that reason, the external validity of models derived from clinical trials is usually lower, as we observed in the present study.</p>
    <p>The main objective of ProACS risk score is to immediately stratify the risk in patients with ACS to decide on the adequate management and thus its main objective is the short-term outcome. Results in longer-term follow up were not adequate. For long-term outcome, the inclusion of other variables, such as renal function, troponins and others are also important.</p>
    <p>What should not be forgotten is that for each risk stratification score, impact studies should also be performed after external validation. In fact, external validity does not mean that beneficial clinical effects will be obtained when we use a risk score and it does not give information regarding the possible adverse events. Impact studies are essential and should be studied separately from development and validation, preferably in randomized clinical trials and they are usually not performed. From the above, researchers should spend more time on validation and assessing the impact of existing models instead of developing more models that will most likely never be used in clinical practice. This should be the next step to definitely support the use of ProACS risk score in clinical practice.</p>
    <p>From the results presented in this study, ProACS risk score will probably be soon implemented in clinical practice, due to the easy and simple application in clinical practice and high discrimination presented but impact studies are needed.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Application of Risks Scores in Acute Coronary Syndromes. How Does ProACS Hold Up Against Other Risks Scores?</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Escore ProACS &#233; Apenas Mais Um Escore de Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco ou Est&#225; Pronto Para Sua Implementa&#231;&#227;o Na Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6061-9663</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tim&#243;teo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Teresa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - Hospital Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">NOVA Medical School, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ana Teresa Tim&#243;teo &#8226;</bold> Hospital Santa Marta - Departamento de Cardiologia - Rua Santa Marta, 1110, Lisboa - Portugal E-mail: <email>ana_timoteo@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Pontua&#231;&#227;o de Progress&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Probabilidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Desde a primeira publica&#231;&#227;o do Escore de Risco Framingham no final dos anos 50, derivado de dados obtidos em um estudo observacional para investigar fatores de risco cardiovascular, v&#225;rios outros escores de risco foram criados em todo o mundo e t&#234;m se tornado cada vez mais populares, particularmente nos &#250;ltimos 10 a 20 anos, em medicina cardiovascular. O objetivo de um escore de risco &#233; individualizar o risco para um certo paciente atrav&#233;s do uso de equa&#231;&#245;es funcionais baseadas em m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco. Pacientes de alto risco devem ser submetidos a interven&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para melhorar o desfecho.</p>
      <p>Apesar deste enorme aumento no desenvolvimento de escores de risco, a maioria n&#227;o foi implementada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. De fato, muitos modelos mostraram baixo desempenho preditivo (conforme avaliado por sua calibra&#231;&#227;o e discrimina&#231;&#227;o) e alguns s&#227;o mal relatados ou foram desenvolvidos utilizando m&#233;todos inadequados. Por essa raz&#227;o, diretrizes internacionais foram criadas para o adequado desenvolvimento e relato de modelos preditivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Para que esse objetivo seja alcan&#231;ado, ele deve incluir uma sele&#231;&#227;o adequada da coorte de desenvolvimento, metodologia adequada para sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis e uma valida&#231;&#227;o adequada, tanto interna quanto externa. De fato, a valida&#231;&#227;o externa &#233; particularmente importante, porque testa o desempenho de um modelo preditivo em uma coorte diferente de pacientes independentes, onde eles geralmente t&#234;m um desempenho menos satisfat&#243;rio. Tamb&#233;m pode permitir a compara&#231;&#227;o com outros instrumentos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco. Este passo &#233; essencial para uma implementa&#231;&#227;o segura na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco &#233; importante porque as popula&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o heterog&#234;neas e apresentam um amplo espectro de risco. Atualmente, h&#225; tratamentos muito caros e potentes, tamb&#233;m com risco aumentado de eventos adversos e, portanto, as decis&#245;es de manejo devem ser apoiadas com instrumentos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, embora o julgamento cl&#237;nico continue sendo essencial nessas decis&#245;es. Infelizmente, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, h&#225; uma percep&#231;&#227;o equivocada do cl&#237;nico de que o uso de indicadores de risco individuais &#233; suficiente para prever o desfecho e tamb&#233;m h&#225; a cren&#231;a de que o uso de regras de previs&#227;o pode levar ao tratamento excessivo e que elas consomem tempo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Isso leva ao paradoxo risco-tratamento, o que, em muitos casos, resultar&#225; em tratamento inadequado e desfecho ruim em pacientes com risco muito alto.</p>
      <p>Nessa revista, Gil et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> apresentam um artigo onde compararam v&#225;rios escores de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco bem conhecidos, derivados tanto de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados quanto de registros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Eles tamb&#233;m inclu&#237;ram alguns escores desenvolvidos para outros fins de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em medicina cardiovascular. Os escores que apresentaram a melhor previs&#227;o de mortalidade intra-hospitalar foram os escores GRACE, ACTION-Registry-GWTG e ProACS, mas para o desfecho em longo prazo, nenhum dos escores estudados foi apropriado. Trata-se de uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva realizada em 1.452 pacientes internados com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), 45,1% com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, com mortalidade intra-hospitalar de 6,5% e 9,9% de morte/SCA n&#227;o-fatal durante um per&#237;odo de seguimento de 1 ano.</p>
      <p>O escore de risco ProACS foi desenvolvido com um prop&#243;sito muito espec&#237;fico de fornecer um escore de risco simples e muito f&#225;cil, com vari&#225;veis imediatas, que poderiam ser aplicadas inicialmente, no primeiro contato com o m&#233;dico, para melhor decidir sobre a estrat&#233;gia de manejo do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O ProACS foi desenvolvido a partir de um dos maiores registros mundiais, o <italic>Portuguese Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes</italic> (Registro Portugu&#234;s de S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas), que incluiu mais de 45.000 pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No estudo de desenvolvimento, esse escore mostrou boa discrimina&#231;&#227;o em todas as coortes do estudo (desenvolvimento, valida&#231;&#227;o interna e externa), e resultados semelhantes tamb&#233;m foram relatados em uma coorte de valida&#231;&#227;o externa independente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>.</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A calibra&#231;&#227;o foi adequada em todos esses estudos. Entretanto, os resultados foram um pouco piores em compara&#231;&#227;o ao escore de risco GRACE, e foi inclu&#237;da uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o de que esse estudo deveria ser utilizado apenas como escore de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco inicial, com o escore de risco GRACE a ser utilizado posteriormente, ap&#243;s a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Surpreendentemente, no presente estudo, a discrimina&#231;&#227;o do ProACS foi ainda alta, com estat&#237;stica-c similar quando comparada com os escores de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco mais potentes, mas a calibra&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi adequada, particularmente na coorte com SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
      <p>Um achado importante &#233; que o escore de risco ProACS &#233; muito semelhante ao escore de risco C-ACS;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> no entanto, este &#250;ltimo foi desenvolvido no Canad&#225; com diferentes caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes e mostrou discrimina&#231;&#227;o muito baixa na popula&#231;&#227;o portuguesa, ressaltando a import&#226;ncia dos estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o externa regional. Al&#233;m disso, os escores de risco desenvolvidos a partir de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados foram menos &#250;teis em compara&#231;&#227;o com os escores de risco desenvolvidos a partir de registros, em coortes mais representativas de popula&#231;&#245;es do mundo real. A coorte de ensaios cl&#237;nicos &#233; muito seletiva, limitando a extrapola&#231;&#227;o para popula&#231;&#245;es em geral; os pacientes s&#227;o geralmente mais jovens e saud&#225;veis, com menor taxa de comorbidades e os ensaios cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o reproduzem pr&#225;ticas e estrat&#233;gias utilizadas na maioria dos centros. Por essa raz&#227;o, a validade externa dos modelos derivados de ensaios cl&#237;nicos &#233; geralmente menor, como observado no presente estudo.</p>
      <p>O principal objetivo do escore de risco ProACS &#233; estratificar imediatamente o risco em pacientes com SCA para decidir sobre o manejo adequado e, portanto, seu objetivo principal &#233; o desfecho em curto prazo. Os resultados no seguimento de longo prazo n&#227;o foram adequados. Para o desfecho em longo prazo, a inclus&#227;o de outras vari&#225;veis, como fun&#231;&#227;o renal, troponinas e outras, tamb&#233;m &#233; importante.</p>
      <p>O que n&#227;o deve ser esquecido &#233; que, para cada escore de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, os estudos de impacto tamb&#233;m devem ser realizados ap&#243;s a valida&#231;&#227;o externa. De fato, a validade externa n&#227;o significa que os efeitos cl&#237;nicos ben&#233;ficos ser&#227;o obtidos quando utilizarmos um escore de risco e ela n&#227;o fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os poss&#237;veis eventos adversos. Os estudos de impacto s&#227;o essenciais e devem ser estudados separadamente do desenvolvimento e da valida&#231;&#227;o, preferencialmente em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e geralmente n&#227;o s&#227;o realizados. Considerando os fatos expostos, os pesquisadores devem dedicar mais tempo &#224; valida&#231;&#227;o e avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto dos modelos existentes, em vez de desenvolver mais modelos que provavelmente nunca ser&#227;o utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Este deve ser o pr&#243;ximo passo para apoiar definitivamente o uso do escore de risco ProACS na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Com base nos resultados apresentados neste estudo, o escore de risco ProACS provavelmente logo ser&#225; implementado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, devido &#224; sua aplica&#231;&#227;o f&#225;cil e simples na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e alta discrimina&#231;&#227;o apresentada, mas estudos de impacto s&#227;o necess&#225;rios.</p>
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            <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Aplica&#231;&#227;o de Escores de Risco em S&#237;ndromes Coron&#225;rias Agudas: Como o ProACS se Comporta Diante de Outros Escores de Risco?</italic>
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