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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tBCc3kMwQdLhptvTn5bsCFJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000700011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005010103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190094</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Characterization of Decellularized Human Pericardium for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wollmann</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8525-3853</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Suss</surname>
            <given-names>Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luzia</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schittini</surname>
            <given-names>Andressa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2614-2934</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>George Willian Xavier da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tuon</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Curitiba</city>
            <state>PR</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Felipe F. Tuon</bold> Imaculada Concei&#231;&#227;o, 1155. Postal Code 80215-901, Curitiba, PR - Brazil E-mail: <email>flptuon@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Wollmann L, Suss P; Acquisition of data: Wollmann L, Suss P, Mendon&#231;a J, Luzia C, Schittini A, Rosa GWX; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Luzia C, Tuon FF; Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Tuon FF; Obtaining financing: Costa F; Writing of the manuscript: Suss P, Tuon FF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>11</fpage>
      <lpage>17</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Pericardium tissue allograft can be used for surgical repair in several procedures. One of the tissue engineering strategies is the process of decellularization. This process decreases immunogenic response, but it may modify the natural extracellular matrix composition and behavior.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cell removal, maintenance of extracellular matrix properties and mechanical integrity of decellularized human pericardium using a low concentration solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Decellularization was performed with sodium dodecyl sulfate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Histological analysis, DNA quantification, evaluation of glycosaminoglycans and collagen were performed. Biomechanical assay was performed using tensile test to compare the decellularization effects on tissue properties of tensile strength, elongation and elastic modulus. P &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There was reduction in visible nuclei present in pericardium tissue after decellularization, but it retained collagen and elastin bundles similar to fresh pericardium. The DNA contents of the decellularized pericardium were significantly reduced to less than 511.23 &#177; 120.4 ng per mg of dry weight (p &lt; 0.001). The biomechanical assay showed no significant difference for fresh or decellularized tissue.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The decellularization process reduces cell content as well as extracellular matrix components without changing its biomechanical properties.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Pericardium</kwd>
        <kwd>Tissue Banks</kwd>
        <kwd>Tissue Engineering/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Cell Separation</kwd>
        <kwd>Glycosaminoglycans</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Development of extracellular matrix-derived bioscaffolds has been highly desired for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> These scaffolds can be obtained from a variety of allogeneic or xenogeneic tissue sources and from several different species.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> However, biomaterial antigenicity represents the primary barrier to expanding the use of xenogeneic tissues in clinical practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Pericardium is a collagen-rich biological tissue containing glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and is readily available, easy to handle, and pliable. Human pericardium can be used as a patch for heart surgeries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and non-heart surgeries (Peyronie's disease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> glaucoma and corneal surgery,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> to cover exposed scleral buckles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and oculoplastic surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Human pericardium patch is a well-recognized material for cardiovascular repair.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The physicochemical features of autologous pericardium used for repair include fresh pericardium<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and glutaraldehyde-treated pericardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> However, the use of fresh autologous untreated pericardium can result in tissue retraction, thickening, fibrosis and loss of pliability<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and the use of glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium can result in calcification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The main obstacle is the development of biocompatible and functional extracellular matrix-derived bioscaffold. The use of biological tissues increases the potential risks of pathogen transmission<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and inflammatory or immunogenic response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Decellularization techniques have been used to minimize these issues.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Tissue decellularization can be performed by using different protocols, detergent extraction or enzymatic extraction with hypotonic or hypertonic washings and physical (agitation, sonication, mechanical pressure or freeze-thawing) treatments.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The ideal decellularization method must remove all antigenic components (nucleic acids, cell membranes, cytoplasmic structures, lipids and soluble matrix) from the tissue without damaging extracellular matrix structure and integrity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> However, the decellularization process can modify the natural extracellular matrix composition, as well as mechanical and structural characteristics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Furthermore, high levels of donor variability to naive ECM composition undoubtedly lead to different ECM fractional composition post-decellularization. Hence, ECM standardization as a biomaterial remains elusive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Several procedures of decellularization has been described, but this study evaluated low concentration of detergent.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cell removal, maintenance of extracellular matrix properties and mechanical integrity of decellularized human pericardium using a low concentration solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>All procedures followed the Brazilian National Regulations and Guidelines according to Regulatory Ordinance n&#186; 2.600, published on October 21, 2009 and ANVISA Resolution - RDC n&#176; 55, published on December 11, 2015. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (approval number 1.455.773).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Donors</title>
        <p>Pericardium from 14 non heart-beating and heart-beating donors were obtained by convenience sampling under aseptic conditions. After heart explantation, the organ was placed in a tub with saline solution at 2-8 &#186;C and the intracavitary blood clots washed. The organ was placed in a sterilized plastic bag, immersed in ice-cold isotonic solution in sufficient quantity to maintain the organ totally immersed. This packaging was sealed, then packaged in two more plastic bags (configuring triple packaging), as each bag must be properly tied or sealed. The triple package containing the organ was placed in an airtight container and placed inside the thermal box in the middle of ice and transported to the human tissue bank (HTB). Dissection was carried out within 48 h after cardiac arrest. Tissue underwent dissection to remove connective tissue and the pericardial sac was cut into strips individually stored in saline solution at 2-8 &#186;C. Blood samples were tested for HIV, HTLV I/II, HBV, HCV, syphilis, cytomegalovirus (IgM and IgG), toxoplasmosis (IgM and IgG) and Chagas' disease. Donors data were retrieved from their medical records. Positive serology was criteria for rejection except toxoplasma IgG and cytomegalovirus IgG.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Microbiological control</title>
        <p>Before tissue preparation, 30 mL of transport solution (sterile NaCl 0.9% solution) were obtained aseptically in a Class II-A laminar airflow cabinet with a syringe and distributed equally over to a recipient with 90 mL of thioglycolate (Laborclin, Pinhais, Brazil), 90 mL of tryptic soy broth (Laborclin, Pinhais, Brazil) and 90 mL of Sabouraud (Laborclin, Pinhais, Brazil) for bacteriological and mycological testing. The samples were cultured for 14 days at 35&#176;C, 22&#176;C and 22&#176;C, respectively. Cultures were examined daily for visual evidence of turbidity. The ones that showed microorganisms growth were identified for genus and species level.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tissue preparation and decontamination</title>
        <p>Adherent adipose tissue was dissected with the aid of scissors and forceps. The pericardium was divided into two portions to characterize fresh pericardium versus decellularized pericardium. The pericardia were decontaminated in a RPMI 1640 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) medium with antibiotics (240 &#181;g/mL cefoxitin, 50 &#181;g/mL vancomycin, 120 &#181;g/mL lincomycin and 100 &#181;g/mL polymyxin B) and were kept between 24 and 48 hours at 2-8&#176;C. Persistent positive cultures after decontamination were used as exclusion criteria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Decellularization</title>
        <p>Briefly, the pericardia were treated under shaking conditions with a solution of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (w/v) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) and 7 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) for 24 hours at room temperature. Then, they were washed with 70% ethanol (v/v) for 24 hours at room temperature followed by 10 days of washing with sodium chloride (NaCl) 0.9% solution (Baxter International, Deerfield, USA) to remove residual substances and cellular debris.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Histological analysis</title>
        <p>Longitudinal 3.0 mm cuts with were fixed with neutral buffered formaline 10%, subsequently embedded in paraffin and 4-&#181;m thick sections were taken. Pericardial morphological integrity was analyzed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) and Russell-Movat pentachrome (RMP) dyes using an optical microscope BX51 (Olympus Tokyo, Japan). Fresh pericardium was used as control to evaluate changes caused by decellularization. Slides were scanned using an Axio Scan.Z1 slide scanner (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany) and subsequent image preparation was performed using software Zen lite (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>DNA extraction and quantification</title>
        <p>DNA quantification was used to determine the total remaining DNA by comparing the levels in fresh and decellularized pericardium. Tissue samples were weighted, purified and rehydrated using a QIAGEN DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, USA) according to the recommended protocol. The concentration of extracted DNA was determined using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer (ThermoFisher Scientific, Wilmington, USA). Extracted DNA sample (1 &#181;L) was loaded onto the Nanodrop and the absorbance was determined at 260 nm. Four readings were taken for each sample and the mean was considered as the absorbance of the sample. DNA concentration was calculated and expressed as micrograms per milligram of dry tissue.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biochemical Characterization</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans (sGAG)</title>
          <p>The pericardium was digested with papain solution at 60&#176;C for 6 h. Papain (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was dissolved at 400 mg/mL in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) with 5 mM cysteine hydrochloride and 5 mM EDTA. The lysates were used for detection of the sGAG amount. The amount of sGAG was measured using a Blyscan sGAG assay kit (Biocolor, Newtownabbey, UK) according to the manufacturer's manual. The tissue lysate was mixed with Blyscan dye to bind the GAG. The GAG-dye complex was then collected by centrifugation. Subsequently, the supernatant was removed and the tube drained, and the dissociation reagent was added. Then solution was transferred into a 96-well plate. Absorbance against the background control was obtained at a wavelength of 656 nm on a Versamax spectrophotometer (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, USA). The sGAG amount was calculated based on a standard curve obtained with the standard sGAG supplied with the kit.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Collagen</title>
          <p>Collagen contents in the pericardium were determined using the Sircol collagen assay (Biocolor, Newtownabbey, UK) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The pericardia were incubated for 48 h at 48&#176;C in 0.5 M acetic acid containing 0.1 mg/ml pepsin. The samples were added to Sircol dye reagent, and collagen-dye complexes formed and precipitated out from the soluble unbound dye. After centrifugation, the pellet was washed once with Acid-Salt Wash Reagent and suspended in alkali reagent. The solution was transferred to a 96-well plate and the absorbance was read at 550 nm on a Versamax spectrophotometer (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, USA). The amount of collagen was calculated based on a standard curve obtained with standard bovine type I collagen supplied with the kit.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cytotoxicity Assay</title>
          <p>Cytotoxicity of decellularized pericardium was performed in accordance with ISO 10993/5. L929 fibroblasts (ATCC cell line CCL 1, NCTC clone 929) were seeded in 6-well plates (Nest) at a density of 1x10<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> cells/well. Each well, with inner diameter of 35 mm, received 4 mL of DMEM + 2mM Glutamine + 10% Fetal Bovine Serum. The plates were incubated for 48 h at 37&#186;C in an atmosphere of 5% &#177; 0.5% CO<sub>2</sub> in the air, until a monolayer, with greater than 80% confluence. The medium was removed from the wells and replaced with agar 1.8% added to neutral red dye 0.01%. Samples in triplicate, positive, negative and blank controls on the agar overlay featured 6-well plates. After an incubation period of 24 h at 37 &#186;C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% &#177; 0.5% CO<sub>2</sub> in air, the inhibition zone around the samples was measured, as neutral red is free from dead cells. The biological reactivity of the samples was scored from 0 to 4 in accordance with the following criteria: 0 = absent cytotoxicity (absence of a zone of lysis underneath the sample); 1 = slight (zones of cell lysis underneath the sample only); 2 = mild (zones of cell lysis &#8804;5 mm from the sample); 3 = moderate (zones of cell lysis&gt;5 mm and &#8804;10 mm from the sample); 4 = severe (zones of cell lysis &gt;10 mm, but not involving the entire well). In addition, the wells were examined with an inverted microscope (Nikon Eclipse TS 100; Nikon) to observe cell changes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Biomechanical Assay</title>
          <p>The biomechanical assay of human pericardium was performed with tensile test to compare the decellularization effects on tissue properties of tensile strength, elongation and elastic modulus. An EMIC DL 500 universal testing machine was used to perform the tests. The sample quantity of fresh and decellularized tissue used was 8 and 6 respectively, and collagen fibers traction direction was random. The dumbbell-shaped sample was based on the ASTM D1708-13 standard because of the small-size tissue available to the tests. To obtain the samples, it was necessary to manufacture a steel rule die according to standard specifications, which was used to cut the pericardium. Before each test, sample thickness, width and initial length values were provided to the equipment. Thickness and width are necessary to calculate the cross-sectional area and consequently the stress (<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e1">equation 1</xref>). Initial length is necessary to calculate the strain and consequently the elongation percentage (<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e2">equation 2</xref>). Thickness was measured with a thickness gauge at three points of the tissue. Pre-load of 0.1 N and 5 mm/min velocity were applied to the test.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Equation 1. Stress calculation.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <disp-formula id="e1">
              <mml:math id="e01">
                <mml:semantics>
                  <mml:mstyle>
                    <mml:mo mathvariant="italic">&#963;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">F</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">A</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mstyle>
                </mml:semantics>
              </mml:math>
            </disp-formula>
          </p>
          <p>where:</p>
          <p>&#963; is the stress in megapascal [MPa];</p>
          <p>F is the force in newton [N] and</p>
          <p>A is the cross-sectional area in square millimeter [mm<sup>2</sup>].</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Equation 2. Calculation of elongation percentage.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <disp-formula id="e2">
              <mml:math id="e02">
                <mml:semantics>
                  <mml:mstyle>
                    <mml:mi>%</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi>El</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mo>&#8710;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>Li</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mfenced>
                    <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo>&#949;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mstyle>
                </mml:semantics>
              </mml:math>
            </disp-formula>
          </p>
          <p>where:</p>
          <p>%El is the elongation percentage;</p>
          <p>&#916;L is the variation of sample length in millimeters [mm];</p>
          <p>Li is the initial sample length in millimeters [mm] and</p>
          <p>&#949; is the strain in millimeters per millimeter [mm/mm].</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>Continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean &#177; SD and median and interquartile range for non-normal distribution, while categorical variables were expressed as frequencies or percentages. Mann-Whitney was used for non-normal distribution of continuous variables, t-test for normal distribution of continuous variables. All tests were two-tailed, and p value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS 23.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Donors' characteristics</title>
        <p>The mean age was 39 &#177; 14 years ranging between 17 and 59 years old. Regarding race, among the samples used, there was a preponderance of donors declared white, 86% (n = 12) of the total and 7% (n = 1) declared themselves as Afro-descendants. An additional 7% (n = 1) was not recorded in the forms.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Microbiological assessment</title>
        <p>Transport solution was positive in 5 samples from 14. <italic>Corynebacterium</italic> spp., <italic>Streptococcus salivarius, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Anaerococcus prevotii</italic> and <italic>Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides</italic> were the bacteria identified. Other microbiological tests after decontamination and decellularization were negative.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of extracellular matrix integrity and cell removal</title>
        <p>H&amp;E and DAPI staining revealed a reduction in visible nuclei present in pericardium tissue after decellularization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">D</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">E</xref>). The main extracellular matrix components were examined in RMP staining (collagen - yellow, elastin - black, and glycosaminoglycans - blue). The structure of the decellularized pericardium extracellular fibers retained collagen and elastin bundles similar to fresh pericardium. However, there was increased thickness of the decellularized tissue compared with the fresh one (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1 C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">F</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Histological characterization of fresh and decellularized human pericardium. H&amp;E and DAPI staining showed no evidence of cell in the tissue sections (D and E). H&amp;E and RPM staining showed that decellularization did not affect the structure of collagen bundles. Howevers there was a reduction of collagen and increased thickness of the decellularized tissue compared with the fresh one (D and F).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0011-90094-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>DNA quantification</title>
        <p>Fresh pericardium tissue with complete cellular contents had a DNA amount as high as 1591&#177;726 ng per mg dry weight. The DNA contents of the decellularized pericardium were significantly reduced to less than 511.23&#177;120.4 ng per mg dry weight. (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Collagen, glycosaminoglycan and DNA content of fresh and decellularized human pericardium</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Collagen &#181;g/mg</th>
                <th align="center">Glycosaminoglycan &#181;g/mg</th>
                <th align="center">DNA ng/mg</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fresh pericardium</td>
                <td align="center">126.9 &#177; 45.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.64 &#177; 0.50</td>
                <td align="center">1591 &#177; 726.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Decellularized pericardium</td>
                <td align="center">138.3 &#177; 58.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.02 &#177; 0.06</td>
                <td align="center">511.23 &#177; 120.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P value</td>
                <td align="center">0.716</td>
                <td align="center">0.014</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effect of decellularization on sulfated glycosaminoglycan and collagen content</title>
        <p>The concentration of collagen per mg of dry weight of human pericardium tissue before and after decellularization was 126.9 &#177; 45.8 and 138.3 &#177; 58.6 &#181;g/mg of dry tissue, respectively (p = 0.716). Quantification of collagen content in fresh pericardium demonstrated a small increase in the collagen content of the tissue after decellularization. sGAG content was determined to be 0.64&#177;0.50 and 0.02 &#177; 0.06 sGAG per mg of dry tissue, respectively. (p = 0.014)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cytotoxicity assay</title>
        <p>Decellularized human pericardium (n = 3) was incubated for 24 h (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>). The samples from the decellularized pericardium had no effect on the cells, as indicated by their normal cell morphology after incubation for 24 h. The negative control also had no effect on the cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>). In contrast, latex (positive control) caused cell death (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2C</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Agar overlay cytotoxicity assay. Testing image after 24 hours in contact with agar-overlay. Decellularized human pericardium (A), negative control (B) and positive control (C).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0011-90094-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biomechanical Assay</title>
        <p>Average human pericardium thickness showed no significant difference (Welch's t test: p = 0.9518), which was 0.45 &#177; 0.06 mm for fresh tissue and 0.44 &#177; 0.05 mm for the decellularized tissue. Tensile strength, elongation and elastic modulus are presented as column scatter plot graphs (Figure 3A, B and C) showing the mean and standard deviation. The mean difference among the groups was not significant for all properties (p &gt; 0.05). The average stress-strain curve of fresh and decellularized tissue are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3D</xref>, which shows the typical behavior for biological tissues as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> It is also possible to observe that the behavior of curves was similar in the initial phase until transition phase, keeping approximate parallels until maximum stress.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Graphical representation of the mechanical parameters obtained for fresh and decellularized human pericardium. (A) Tensile strength [MPa]; (B) elongation [%]; (C) elastic Modulus [MPa] and (D) the curves indicate the mean stress-strain behavior of fresh and decellularized human pericardium</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0011-90094-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The aim of decellularization is to minimize the immune response by completely removing cellular components as well as preserving the physical characteristics of the extracellular matrix.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> The ideal decellularized tissue must achieve complete decellularization and preservation of the extracellular matrix for biomechanical stability and function, but it is recognized that any decellularization protocol may result in extracellular matrix disruption and potential loss of surface structure and composition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the histological analysis, this study revealed that most cellular components were removed, but some components of the extracellular matrix were reduced and the decellularized tissue thickness increased. Similar findings were reported by Courtman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> with a 3-fold increase in tissue thickness. However, Mirsadraee et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> did not observe any significant changes using an SDS-based decellularization protocol in the histological analysis comparing both fresh and decellularized human pericardium.</p>
      <p>In this study, decellularized human pericardium got a small increase in the collagen content and a significant reduction in sGAG content. In agreement with our observation, Mendoza-Novelo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> reported a reduction in fresh pericardium tissue sGAG content after decellularization with surfactant tridecyl alcohol ethoxylate and reversible alkaline swelling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> On the other hand, a study by Mirsadraee et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> reported a small increase in hydroxyproline and GAG content in the tissue after decellularization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The authors concluded that increase of hydroxyproline was due to a relative increase in the ratio of these molecules regarding total dry weight, due to the loss of soluble proteins and cell components.</p>
      <p>In order to ensure adequate residual removal, contact cytotoxicity assays were performed to determine the effect of any chemical residuals in the decellularized tissue on the growth of cultured L929 cells. Assay results showed that cells grew well in contact with samples of decellularized human pericardium, indicating that the decellularized tissues were non-toxic. This result also correlates with previous study on decellularized human pericardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We compared the mechanical properties of fresh and decellularized pericardium and there were no significant differences between them. SDS-based decellularization by itself does not modify the performance of human pericardium as for the parameters of tensile strength, elongation and elastic modulus. These results were previously assessed in the acellular human pericardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> In a more recent work, the biomechanical properties of decellularized and cryopreserved human pericardium were preserved in comparison with fresh tissue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, this study did not evaluate the outcome of implanted human decellularized pericardium. In vitro analysis is not enough to confirm complete decellularization. The maintenance of extracellular matrix in this study does not allow to determine that all molecular and physiological properties are really ideal.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The decellularization process reduces cell content as well as extracellular matrix components and increases thickness without changing the biomechanical properties of the decellularized tissue compared with the fresh one. Decellularized human pericardium may be a suitable candidate for the production of extracellular matrix-derived scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Fundo Nacional de Sa&#250;de - Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de - projeto n&#186; 814611/2014.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do Peric&#225;rdio Humano Descelularizado para Engenharia de Tecidos e Aplica&#231;&#245;es de Medicina Regenerativa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wollmann</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8525-3853</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Suss</surname>
            <given-names>Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luzia</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schittini</surname>
            <given-names>Andressa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2614-2934</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>George Willian Xavier da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tuon</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Felipe F. Tuon</bold> Imaculada Concei&#231;&#227;o, 1155. CEP 80215-901, Curitiba, PR - Brasil E-mail: <email>flptuon@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Wollmann L, Suss P; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Wollmann L, Suss P, Mendon&#231;a J, Luzia C, Schittini A, Rosa GWX; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Luzia C, Tuon FF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Tuon FF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Costa F; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Suss P, Tuon FF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundameto:</title>
          <p>O enxerto de peric&#225;rdio pode ser usado em muitos procedimentos de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Uma das estrat&#233;gias da engenharia tecidual &#233; o processo de descelulariza&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, embora esse processo diminua a resposta imunog&#234;nica, a descelulariza&#231;&#227;o pode modificar tanto o comportamento como a composi&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular natural.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a efic&#225;cia da descelulariza&#231;&#227;o usando baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o de dodecil sulfato de s&#243;dio na remo&#231;&#227;o celular, na manuten&#231;&#227;o das propriedades da matriz extracelular e na integridade mec&#226;nica do peric&#225;rdio humano descelularizado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>A descelulariza&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com dodecil sulfato de s&#243;dio e &#225;cido etilenodiamino tetra-ac&#233;tico. Foi realizada an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica, quantifica&#231;&#227;o de DNA, e avalia&#231;&#227;o de glicosaminoglicanos e col&#225;geno. O estudo biomec&#226;nico foi conduzido pelo teste de tra&#231;&#227;o para comparar os efeitos da descelulariza&#231;&#227;o sobre as propriedades teciduais de resist&#234;ncia &#224; tra&#231;&#227;o, alongamento e m&#243;dulo de elasticidade. Foi considerado um valor de p &lt; 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o na quantidade de n&#250;cleos presentes no peric&#225;rdio ap&#243;s a descelulariza&#231;&#227;o, apesar de manter quantidades similares de feixes de elastina e de col&#225;geno. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de DNA do peric&#225;rdio descelularizado foram significativamente reduzidas para menos que 511,23 &#177; 120,4 ng por mg de peso seco (p &lt; 0,001). O teste biomec&#226;nico n&#227;o apontou diferen&#231;as entre os tecidos fresco e descelularizado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A descelulariza&#231;&#227;o reduziu a concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas bem como os componentes da matriz extracelular sem afetar suas propriedades biomec&#226;nicas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Peric&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Bancos de Tecidos</kwd>
        <kwd>Engenharia Tecidual/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Separa&#231;&#227;o Celular</kwd>
        <kwd>Glicosaminoglicanos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O desenvolvimento de <italic>bioscaffolds</italic> a partir da matriz extracelular (MEC) tem sido muito almejado para uso na engenharia tecidual e medicina regenerativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Esses <italic>scaffolds</italic> podem ser obtidos a partir de uma variedade de fontes teciduais alog&#234;nicas e xenog&#234;nicas de diferentes esp&#233;cies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> No entanto, a antigenicidade do biomaterial representa a primeira barreira para se expandir o uso de tecidos xenog&#234;nicos na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O peric&#225;rdio &#233; um tecido biol&#243;gico rico em col&#225;geno contendo glicoprote&#237;nas e glicosaminoglicanos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Trata-se de um tecido prontamente dispon&#237;vel, male&#225;vel e de f&#225;cil manipula&#231;&#227;o. O peric&#225;rdio humano pode ser usado como um remendo (<italic>patch</italic>) em cirurgias card&#237;acas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e n&#227;o card&#237;acas, tais como na doen&#231;a de Peyronie,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> glaucoma, e cirurgia de c&#243;rnea<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> para cobrir explantes esclerais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e oculoplastias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O <italic>patch</italic> de peric&#225;rdio humano &#233; um material bem conhecido na cirurgia cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sico-qu&#237;micas, o peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo usado em cirurgia inclui peric&#225;rdio fresco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e peric&#225;rdio tratado com glutaralde&#237;do.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Por&#233;m, enquanto o uso de peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo fresco n&#227;o tratado pode resultar em retra&#231;&#227;o, espessamento, fibrose e perda de maleabilidade do tecido,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> o uso do peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo tratado com glutaralde&#237;do pode resultar em calcifica&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, o principal desafio &#233; o desenvolvimento de <italic>bioscaffold</italic> derivado da MEC que seja biocompat&#237;vel e funcional. O uso de tecidos biol&#243;gicos aumenta os riscos potenciais de transmiss&#227;o de pat&#243;genos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e resposta inflamat&#243;ria ou imunog&#234;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> As t&#233;cnicas de descelulariza&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m sido usadas para minimizar essas quest&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A descelulariza&#231;&#227;o tecidual pode ser realizada utilizando-se diferentes protocolos, extra&#231;&#227;o com detergente ou extra&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica com solu&#231;&#245;es hipot&#244;nicas ou hipert&#244;nicas e tratamentos f&#237;sicos (agita&#231;&#227;o, sonica&#231;&#227;o, press&#227;o mec&#226;nica, congelamento-descongelamento).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O m&#233;todo ideal de descelulariza&#231;&#227;o deve remover todos os componentes antig&#234;nicos (&#225;cidos nucleicos, membranas celulares, estruturas citoplasm&#225;ticas, lip&#237;dios e matriz sol&#250;vel) do tecido sem danificar a estrutura e a integridade da MEC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Contudo, o processo de descelulariza&#231;&#227;o pode modificar a composi&#231;&#227;o natural da MEC, bem como suas caracter&#237;sticas mec&#226;nicas e estruturais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Ainda, altos n&#237;veis de variabilidade dos doadores quanto &#224; composi&#231;&#227;o da MEC leva &#224; diferente composi&#231;&#227;o fracion&#225;ria da MEC ap&#243;s a descelulariza&#231;&#227;o. Assim, a padroniza&#231;&#227;o da MEC como um biomaterial ainda &#233; um desafio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Apesar de v&#225;rios procedimentos de descelulariza&#231;&#227;o j&#225; terem sido descritos, o presente estudo avaliou a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o de detergente.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a remo&#231;&#227;o celular, a manuten&#231;&#227;o das propriedades da MEC e a integridade mec&#226;nica do peric&#225;rdio humano ap&#243;s o processo de descelulariza&#231;&#227;o utilizando uma solu&#231;&#227;o com baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o de dodecil sulfato de s&#243;dio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Todos os procedimentos foram realizados de acordo com a Portaria n&#250;mero 2600 do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, publicada em 11 de dezembro de 2009, e resolu&#231;&#227;o RDC n&#176; 55 da ANVISA, publicada em 11 de dezembro de 2015. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (protocolo n&#250;mero 1.455.773).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Doadores</title>
          <p>Foi obtido, sob condi&#231;&#245;es ass&#233;pticas, peric&#225;rdio de 14 doadores em PCE e ME por amostragem de conveni&#234;ncia. Ap&#243;s o explante do cora&#231;&#227;o, o &#243;rg&#227;o foi colocado em uma cuba contendo solu&#231;&#227;o salina a 2-8&#186;C, e os co&#225;gulos intracavit&#225;rios foram lavados. O &#243;rg&#227;o foi colocado em um saco pl&#225;stico esterilizado, imerso em (NaCl 0,9%) gelada em quantidade suficiente para manter o &#243;rg&#227;o totalmente imerso. Esse saco foi lacrado, e colocado em dois outros sacos pl&#225;sticos (embalagem tripla), de modo que cada saco foi adequadamente amarrado ou selado. A embalagem contendo o &#243;rg&#227;o foi colocado em um recipiente herm&#233;tico e armazenado dentro de uma caixa t&#233;rmica com gelo e transportado para o banco de tecidos humanos. A dissec&#231;&#227;o foi realizada dentro de 48 horas da parada card&#237;aca. Realizou-se dissec&#231;&#227;o do tecido para remo&#231;&#227;o de tecido conjuntivo, e o saco peric&#225;rdico cortado em tiras, as quais foram armazenadas individualmente em solu&#231;&#227;o salina a 2-8&#186;C. As amostras sangu&#237;neas foram testadas para HIV, HTLV I/II, HBV, HCV, s&#237;filis, citomegalov&#237;rus (IgM e IgG), toxoplasmose (IgM e IgG) e doen&#231;a de Chagas. Os dados dos doadores foram obtidos dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. Qualquer sorologia positiva foi usada como crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o, exceto IgG positivo para toxoplasmose e IgG para citomegalov&#237;rus.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Controle microbiol&#243;gico</title>
          <p>Antes do preparo do tecido, 30mL de solu&#231;&#227;o de transporte (solu&#231;&#227;o NaCl 0,9%) foi obtida assepticamente com uma seringa em cabine de seguran&#231;a biol&#243;gica classe II-A, e igualmente distribu&#237;da em um recipiente de 90mL contendo tioglicolato (Laborclin, Pinhais, Brasil), 90mL de caldo de soja tr&#237;ptico (Laborclin, Pinhais, Brasil) ou 90mL de &#225;gar Sabouraud (Laborclin, Pinhais, Brasil) para an&#225;lise bacteriol&#243;gica e micol&#243;gica. As amostram foram cultivadas por 14 dias a 35&#176;C, 22&#176;C e 22&#176;C, respectivamente. As culturas foram examinadas diariamente quanto &#224; evid&#234;ncia visual de turva&#231;&#227;o; aquelas que apresentavam crescimento de microrganismos foram identificadas quanto ao g&#234;nero e esp&#233;cie.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Preparo do tecido e descontamina&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>O tecido adiposo foi dissecado com aux&#237;lio de tesouras e pin&#231;as. O peric&#225;rdio foi dividido em duas partes para caracterizar o peric&#225;rdio fresco versus peric&#225;rdio descelularizado. Os peric&#225;rdios foram descontaminados em meio RPMI 1640 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, EUA) contendo antibi&#243;ticos (240 &#181;g/mL cefoxitina, 50 &#181;g/mL vancomicina, 120 &#181;g/mL lincomicina e 100 &#181;g/mL polimixina B), e mantidos a 2-8&#176;C por 24-48 horas. Culturas que permaneciam positivas ap&#243;s a descontamina&#231;&#227;o foram usadas como crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Descelulariza&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Em resumo, os peric&#225;rdios foram tratados sob agita&#231;&#227;o com uma solu&#231;&#227;o de dodecil sulfato de s&#243;dio (SDS, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) a 0,1% P/V. Em seguida, foram lavados com etanol a 70% (V/V) por 24 horas em temperatura ambiente, seguido de 10 dias de lavagem com cloreto de s&#243;dio (0,9%) para remo&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias residuais e fragmentos celulares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise histol&#243;gica</title>
          <p>Cortes longitudinais de 3,0 mm foram fixados com formalina tamponada neutra a 10% e em seguida em parafina. Cortes de 4 &#181;m de espessura foram depois realizados. Para an&#225;lise da integridade morfol&#243;gica do peric&#225;rdio, realizou-se marca&#231;&#227;o com hematoxilina e eosina (H&amp;E) e Russell-Movat (RMP), e utilizou-se um microsc&#243;pio &#243;tico BX51 (Olympus T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o). Peric&#225;rdio fresco foi usado como controle para avaliar mudan&#231;as causadas pela descelulariza&#231;&#227;o. As l&#226;minas foram examinadas utilizando-se um scanner Axio Scan.Z1 (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Alemanha), e o preparo das imagens foi realizado usando-se o programa Zen lite (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Alemanha).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o de DNA</title>
          <p>A quantifica&#231;&#227;o de DNA foi usada para determinar o total de DNA remanescente comparando-se seus n&#237;veis no peric&#225;rdio fresco e no peric&#225;rdio descelularizado. As amostras de tecidos foram pesadas, purificadas e reidratadas usando-se o kit QIAGEN DNeasy para amostras de sangue ou tecido (QIAGEN, Valencia, EUA), seguindo-se protocolo recomendado. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de DNA extra&#237;do foi determinada usando o espectrofot&#244;metro Nanodrop (ThermoFisher Scientific, Wilmington, EUA). A amostra de DNA extra&#237;da (1 &#181;L) foi colocada no Nanodrop, e a absorb&#226;ncia determinada a 260 nm. Foram realizadas quatro leituras para cada amostra, e a m&#233;dia foi considerada como a absorb&#226;ncia da amostra. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de DNA foi calculada e expressa em microgramas por miligrama de tecido seco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o bioqu&#237;mica</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Glicosaminoglicanos sulfatados (GAGs)</title>
            <p>O peric&#225;rdio foi digerido com uma solu&#231;&#227;o de papa&#237;na a 60 <sup>o</sup>C por 6 horas. A papa&#237;na (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) foi dissolvida a 400 mg/mL em tamp&#227;o fosfato 0,1 M (pH 6,0) contendo hidrocloreto de ciste&#237;na 5mM e EDTA 5mM. Os produtos da lise foram usados para detec&#231;&#227;o da quantidade de GAGs, a qual foi medida usando-se o kit Blyscan (Biocolor, Newtownabbey, Reino Unido), seguindo-se o manual do fabricante. O lisado de tecido foi misturado com o corante Blyscan para esse se ligar ao GAG. O complexo GAG-corante foi ent&#227;o coletado por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o. Subsequentemente, o sobrenadante foi removido, o tubo drenado, e em seguida adicionou-se o reagente de dissocia&#231;&#227;o. A solu&#231;&#227;o foi ent&#227;o transferida para uma placa de 96 po&#231;os. A absorb&#226;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle de refer&#234;ncia foi obtida a um comprimento de onda de 656 nm em um espectrofot&#244;metro VersaMax<sup>TM</sup> (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, EUA). A quantidade de GAGs foi calculada com base na curva padr&#227;o obtida com o GAG padr&#227;o do kit.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Col&#225;geno</title>
            <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno no peric&#225;rdio foi determinada pelo ensaio Sircol (Biocolor, Newtownabbey, Reino Unido), seguindo-se as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. Os peric&#225;rdios foram incubados a 48oC por 48 horas em &#225;cido ac&#233;tico 0,5M contendo pepsina 0,1 mg/mL. As amostras foram adicionadas ao corante Sircol, e os complexos col&#225;geno-corantes foram formados e precipitados. Ap&#243;s a centrifuga&#231;&#227;o, o precipitado foi lavado uma vez com solu&#231;&#227;o de lavagem e suspenso em reagente alcalino. A solu&#231;&#227;o foi transferida para uma placa de 96 po&#231;os e a leitura da absorb&#226;ncia realizada pelo espectrofot&#244;metro VersaMax<sup>TM</sup> (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, EUA) a 550 nm. A quantidade de col&#225;geno foi calculada com base em uma curva padr&#227;o obtida com col&#225;geno tipo I bovino padr&#227;o fornecido no kit.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>An&#225;lise de citotoxicidade</title>
            <p>A citotoxicidade do peric&#225;rdio descelularizado foi avaliada de acordo com ISO 10993/5. Fibroblastos L929 (ATCC linhagem CCL 1, NCTC clone 929) foram semeados em placas de seis po&#231;os (Nest) em uma densidade de 1x10<sup>5</sup> c&#233;lulas/po&#231;o. Em c2mM + soro bovino fetal 10%. As placas foram incubadas por 48 horas a 37&#186;C em ambiente controlado (5% &#177; 0,5% de CO<sub>2</sub>) at&#233; que se obtivesse uma monocamada, em conflu&#234;ncia superior a 80%. O meio foi removido dos po&#231;os e substitu&#237;do com &#225;gar 1,8% e corante vermelho neutro a 0,01%. Amostras em triplicata, controle positivo, negativo e branco sobre a camada de &#225;gar configuraram as placas. Ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o por um per&#237;odo de 24 horas a 37&#186;C em atmosfera umidificada (5% &#177; 0,5% de CO<sub>2</sub>), mediu-se a zona de inibi&#231;&#227;o ao redor das amostras, uma vez que o vermelho neutro n&#227;o cont&#233;m c&#233;lulas mortas. A reatividade biol&#243;gica das amostras foi classificada de 0 a 4 de acordo com os seguintes crit&#233;rios: 0=aus&#234;ncia de citotoxicidade (aus&#234;ncia de uma zona de lise sob a amostra); 1=leve (zonas de lise celular somente sob a amostra); 2=baixa (zonas de lise celular &#8804;5 mm da amostra); 3=moderada (zonas de lise celular &gt;5 mm e &#8804;10 mm da amostra); 4=grave (zonas de lise celular &gt;10 mm, sem envolver o po&#231;o inteiro. Al&#233;m disso, os po&#231;os foram examinados com um microsc&#243;pio invertido (Nikon Eclipse TS 100; Nikon) para avaliar altera&#231;&#245;es celulares.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Estudo biomec&#226;nico</title>
            <p> O estudo biomec&#226;nico do peric&#225;rdio humano foi realizado pelo teste de tra&#231;&#227;o para comparar os efeitos de descelulariza&#231;&#227;o sobre as propriedades teciduais de resist&#234;ncia de tra&#231;&#227;o, alongamento e m&#243;dulo de elasticidade. Os testes foram realizados pela m&#225;quina universal EMIC DL 500. Foram utilizadas oito amostras de tecido fresco e seis amostras de tecido descelularizado, e a dire&#231;&#227;o de tra&#231;&#227;o das fibras de col&#225;geno foi aleat&#243;ria. A amostra (forma de halteres, do ingl&#234;s <italic>dumbbell-shaped</italic>) foi baseada no padr&#227;o ASTM D1708-13 devido ao pequeno tamanho do tecido dispon&#237;vel. Para obten&#231;&#227;o das amostras, foi necess&#225;rio a fabrica&#231;&#227;o de um cortador de a&#231;o, seguindo-se especifica&#231;&#245;es padr&#245;es, usado para cortar o peric&#225;rdio. Antes de cada teste, foram obtidos espessura, largura e comprimento inicial das amostras. A espessura e a largura s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea transversal e consequentemente do estresse (<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e3">equa&#231;&#227;o 1</xref>). O comprimento inicial &#233; necess&#225;rio para c&#225;lculo da tens&#227;o e porcentagem de alongamento (<xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="e4">equa&#231;&#227;o 2</xref>). A espessura foi medida com um medidor pr&#243;prio em tr&#234;s pontos do tecido. Aplicou-se uma pr&#233;-carga de 0,1 N e velocidade de 5mm/min.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Equa&#231;&#227;o 1. C&#225;lculo do estresse</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <disp-formula id="e3">
                <mml:math id="e03">
                  <mml:semantics>
                    <mml:mstyle>
                      <mml:mo mathvariant="italic">&#963;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">F</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">A</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mstyle>
                  </mml:semantics>
                </mml:math>
              </disp-formula>
            </p>
            <p>onde:</p>
            <p>&#963; &#233; o estresse, em Megapascal [MPa];</p>
            <p>F &#233; a for&#231;a, em Newton [N] e</p>
            <p>A &#233; a &#225;rea transversal em mil&#237;metros quadrado (mm<sup>2</sup>)</p>
            <p>Equa&#231;&#227;o 2. C&#225;lculo da porcentagem de alongamento</p>
            <p>
              <disp-formula id="e4">
                <mml:math id="e04">
                  <mml:semantics>
                    <mml:mstyle>
                      <mml:mi>%</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>El</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mo>&#8710;</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mi>Ci</mml:mi>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:mfenced>
                      <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mo>&#949;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
                    </mml:mstyle>
                  </mml:semantics>
                </mml:math>
              </disp-formula>
            </p>
            <p>onde:</p>
            <p>%El &#233; a porcentagem de alongamento;</p>
            <p>&#916;C &#233; a varia&#231;&#227;o do comprimento da amostra, em mil&#237;metros (mm);</p>
            <p>Ci &#233; o comprimento inicial da amostra em mm, e</p>
            <p>&#949; &#233; a tens&#227;o em mm/mm</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), e aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal em mediana e intervalo interquartil SD. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em frequ&#234;ncias ou porcentagens. O teste t de Student e o teste de Mann-Whitney foram usado para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e n&#227;o normal, respectivamente. Todos os testes foram bicaudais, e um valor de P &#8804; 0,05 foi considerado significativo. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando o SPSS 23.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos doadores</title>
          <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos doadores foi 39 &#177; 14 anos, variando entre 17 e 59 anos. A maioria n = 12 (86%) dos doadores se autodeclarou como brancos e um indiv&#237;duo como afrodescendente n = 1 (7%). A ra&#231;a de um paciente (7%) n&#227;o foi encontrada registrada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o microbiol&#243;gica</title>
          <p>Solu&#231;&#227;o de transporte foi positiva em cinco das 14 amostras. Foram identificadas as bact&#233;rias <italic>Corynebacterium</italic> spp., <italic>Streptococcus salivarius, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Anaerococcus prevotii</italic> e <italic>Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides</italic>. Os demais testes microbiol&#243;gicos ap&#243;s descontamina&#231;&#227;o e descelulariza&#231;&#227;o foram negativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da integridade da MEC e remo&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas</title>
          <p>A colora&#231;&#227;o com H&amp;E e DAPI mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#250;cleos vis&#237;veis presentes no tecido do peric&#225;rdio ap&#243;s a descelulariza&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1 A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">D</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">E</xref>). Os principais componentes da MEC foram examinados com colora&#231;&#227;o RMP (col&#225;geno: amarelo; elastina: preto; glicosaminoglicanos: azul). A estrutura das fibras extracelulares do peric&#225;rdio descelularizado reteve grupamentos de col&#225;geno e elastina similares aos do peric&#225;rdio fresco. No entanto, o tecido descelularizado apresentava espessura aumentada em compara&#231;&#227;o ao tecido fresco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1 C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">F</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica do peric&#225;rdio humano fresco e peric&#225;rdio humano descelularizado. Colora&#231;&#227;o hematoxilina e eosina (H&amp;E) e a colora&#231;&#227;o de DAPI n&#227;o mostraram evid&#234;ncia de c&#233;lulas nos cortes teciduais (D e E). H&amp;E e RPM mostraram que a descelulariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o afeta a estrutura dos feixes de col&#225;geno); no entanto, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o no col&#225;geno e aumento na espessura do tecido descelularizado em compara&#231;&#227;o ao tecido fresco (D e F)</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0011-90094-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o de DNA</title>
          <p>A quantidade de DNA no tecido de peric&#225;rdio fresco com todos os componentes celulares foi 1591 &#177; 726 ng por mg de peso seco, ao passo que no peric&#225;rdio descelularizado, a quantidade de DNA foi reduzida para 511.23 &#177; 120.4 ng por mg de peso seco. (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Concentra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno, glicosaminoglicanos e DNA no peric&#225;rdio humano descelularizado</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Col&#225;geno &#181;g/mg</th>
                  <th align="center">Glicosaminoglicano &#181;g/mg</th>
                  <th align="center">DNA ng/mg</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peric&#225;rdio fresco</td>
                  <td align="center">126,9 &#177; 45,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64 &#177; 0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">1591 &#177; 726,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peric&#225;rdio descelularizado</td>
                  <td align="center">138,3 &#177; 58,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02 &#177; 0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">511,23 &#177; 120,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Valor de p</td>
                  <td align="center">0,716</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeito da descelulariza&#231;&#227;o sobre o teor de GAGs e col&#225;geno</title>
          <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno por mg de peso seco do peric&#225;rdio humano antes e a ap&#243;s a descelulariza&#231;&#227;o foi 126,9 &#177; 45,8 e 138,3 &#177; 58,6 &#181;g/mg de tecido seco, respectivamente (p = 0,716). Ap&#243;s a descelulariza&#231;&#227;o, observou-se um pequeno aumento na concentra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno no tecido de peric&#225;rdio fresco. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de GAGs foi 0,64 &#177; 0,50 e 0,02 &#177; 0,06 por mg de tecido seco antes e a ap&#243;s a descelulariza&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente (p = 0,014)</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de citotoxicidade</title>
          <p>O peric&#225;rdio humano descelularizado (n=3) foi incubado por 24 horas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2A</xref>). A descelulariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o teve efeito sobre as c&#233;lulas, apontado pela morfologia normal das c&#233;lulas ap&#243;s a incuba&#231;&#227;o. O controle negativo tamb&#233;m n&#227;o teve efeito sobre as c&#233;lulas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2B</xref>), ao passo que o l&#225;tex (controle positivo) causou morte celular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2 C</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Teste de citotoxicidade sobre camada de &#225;gar. Imagem do teste ap&#243;s 24 horas em contato com a camada de &#225;gar. Peric&#225;rdio humano descelularizado (A), controle negativo (B) e controle positivo (C)</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0011-90094-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo biomec&#226;nico</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica (teste de Welch: p = 0,9518) na espessura do peric&#225;rdio entre o tecido fresco e o tecido descelularizado (0,45 &#177; 0,06 mm e 0,44 &#177; 0,05 mm), respectivamente. A resist&#234;ncia de tra&#231;&#227;o, alongamento e m&#243;dulo de elasticidade el&#225;stico s&#227;o apresentados em gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o em colunas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figuras 3A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">C</xref>), em m&#233;dia e DP. A diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre os grupos n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa para nenhuma das caracter&#237;sticas. A curva da m&#233;dia <italic>stress</italic>-tens&#227;o dos tecidos fresco e descelularizado s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3D</xref>, o que demonstra o comportamento t&#237;pico de tecidos biol&#243;gicos descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Tamb&#233;m &#233; poss&#237;vel observar que o comportamento das curvas foi similar na fase inicial at&#233; a fase de transi&#231;&#227;o, mantendo-se praticamente paralelas at&#233; a tens&#227;o m&#225;xima.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica dos par&#226;metros mec&#226;nicos obtidos de peric&#225;rdio fresco e descelularizado. (A) resist&#234;ncia de tra&#231;&#227;o (MPa), (B) alongamento (%), (C) m&#243;dulo de elasticidade (MPa) e (D) curva da m&#233;dia do comportamento stress-tens&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio fresco e do peric&#225;rdio descelularizado.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-01-0011-90094-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O objetivo da descelulariza&#231;&#227;o &#233; minimizar a resposta imune por meio da total remo&#231;&#227;o dos componentes celulares, bem como pela preserva&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas da MEC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> O tecido descelularizado ideal deve atingir completa descelulariza&#231;&#227;o e preserva&#231;&#227;o da MEC quanto &#224; estabilidade e fun&#231;&#227;o biomec&#226;nica. Por&#233;m, reconhece-se que qualquer protocolo de descelulariza&#231;&#227;o pode resultar na ruptura da MEC e potencial perda da estrutura e composi&#231;&#227;o da superf&#237;cie.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, a an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica mostrou que, apesar de a maioria dos componentes celulares ter sido removido, houve redu&#231;&#227;o de alguns componentes da MEC e aumento da espessura do tecido descelularizado. Resultados semelhantes foram descritos por Courtman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> com aumento em tr&#234;s vezes na espessura do tecido. No entanto, no estudo de Mirsadraee et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> em que se utilizou um protocolo de descelulariza&#231;&#227;o com SDS, n&#227;o foram observadas mudan&#231;as significativas no peric&#225;rdio humano descelularizado em compara&#231;&#227;o ao peric&#225;rdio fresco na an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, o peric&#225;rdio humano descelularizado apresentou pequeno aumento na quantidade de col&#225;geno e uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na quantidade de GAGs. Esses dados est&#227;o de acordo com os relatados por Mendoza-Novelo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> que mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o na quantidade de GAGs no peric&#225;rdio fresco ap&#243;s a descelulariza&#231;&#227;o com tridecil &#225;lcool etoxilado e dilata&#231;&#227;o revers&#237;vel em meio alcalino.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Por outro lado, Mirsadraee et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> relataram um pequeno aumento no teor de hidroxiprolina e GAG no tecido ap&#243;s a descelulariza&#231;&#227;o. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que o aumento de hidroxiprolina deveu-se ao aumento relativo na propor&#231;&#227;o dessas mol&#233;culas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao peso seco, dada a perda de prote&#237;nas sol&#250;veis e componentes celulares.</p>
        <p>A fim de assegurar uma remo&#231;&#227;o residual adequada, foram realizados testes de citotoxicidade para determinar o efeito de res&#237;duos qu&#237;micos presentes no tecido descelularizado sobre o crescimento de c&#233;lulas L929. Os resultados do teste mostraram crescimento adequado das c&#233;lulas em contato com amostras do peric&#225;rdio humano descelularizado, indicando que os tecidos descelularizados eram at&#243;xicos. Esse resultado tamb&#233;m se correlaciona com dados de um estudo pr&#233;vio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> com peric&#225;rdio humano descelularizado.</p>
        <p>N&#243;s comparamos as propriedades mec&#226;nicas do peric&#225;rdio fresco e do peric&#225;rdio descelularizado, e n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as significativas entre elas. A descelulariza&#231;&#227;o com SDS em si n&#227;o modifica o desempenho do peric&#225;rdio humano quanto aos par&#226;metros de resist&#234;ncia de tra&#231;&#227;o, alongamento e m&#243;dulo de elasticidade. Esses resultados haviam sido avaliados em peric&#225;rdio humano acelular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Em um estudo mais recente, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao peric&#225;rdio fresco, as propriedades biomec&#226;nicas do peric&#225;rdio descelularizado e criopreservado foram mantidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, este estudo n&#227;o avaliou o desempenho do implante de peric&#225;rdio humano descelularizado. A an&#225;lise <italic>in vitro</italic> n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para confirmar completa descelulariza&#231;&#227;o. A manuten&#231;&#227;o da MEC neste estudo n&#227;o permite afirmar que todas as caracter&#237;sticas fisiol&#243;gicas e moleculares sejam realmente ideais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O processo de descelulariza&#231;&#227;o reduz a quantidade de c&#233;lulas bem como a de componentes da MEC, e promove um aumento na espessura do tecido descelularizado em compara&#231;&#227;o ao tecido fresco sem alterar as propriedades biomec&#226;nicas. O peric&#225;rdio humano descelularizado pode ser um candidato apropriado para a produ&#231;&#227;o de <italic>scaffolds</italic> a partir da MEC para aplica&#231;&#245;es na engenharia tecidual e na medicina regenerativa.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>
              <bold>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arquivosonline.com.br">http://www.arquivosonline.com.br</ext-link></bold>
            </italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Fundo Nacional de Sa&#250;de - Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de - projeto n&#186; 814611/2014.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
