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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wFcZnCpL6MTBSLk9Td3jVKb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000600807</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190110</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sleep Disorders Impair Attaining Ideal Cardiovascular Health</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7677-004X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Christina Santos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tufik</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andersen</surname>
            <given-names>Monica Levy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP) - Psicobiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Monica Levy Andersen,</bold> UNIFESP - Psicobiologia - Rua Napole&#227;o de Barros, 925. Postal Code 04021-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil . E-mail: <email>ml.andersen12@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>807</fpage>
      <lpage>808</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Sleep/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Sleep Wake Disorders/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Ocupational Stress</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>In the recent article "Ideal Cardiovascular Health and Job Strain: A Cross-Sectional Study from the Amazon Basin", by Muniz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> the authors proposed that cardiovascular health (CV) is influenced by the workplace conditions. The study involved 478 employees, which had wide access to health information, from a University in the Amazon Basin, Brazil. Researchers used a validated version of the Job Demand Control Model (JDC model)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> questionnaire to assess work stress. The study is an innovative one, since it is the first one to explore this hypothesis in the Amazon Basin. The authors found a high prevalence of poor CV, which was mainly associated with a poor diet and obesity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> suggesting that participants with high job strain are more likely to have eating disorders, resulting in weight gain.</p>
    <p>Weight gain and hormonal alterations have been observed in patients with sleep disturbances, such as obstructive sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea is a very prevalent sleep disorder that leads to the development of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular outcomes and contributes to systemic inflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>According to Genta et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> sleep disorders, in association with obesity, also cause cognitive deficit, difficulty in concentration and irritability. It is important to highlight that the effects of sleep disorders are not restricted to the nocturnal period, but may extend throughout the day and, consequently, decrease the quality of life of the affected individuals.</p>
    <p>Muniz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> proposed to fight obesity, thereby reducing poor CV outcomes, through strategies to develop healthy behaviors such as physical activity projects, educational campaigns and making a low-fat diet available in the campus restaurants. We would like to highlight the fact that the inclusion of sleep awareness campaigns could also bring benefits to the employee&#8217;s health. Sleep hygiene habits are critical to maintaining a healthy lifestyle. One of the most important elements of these habits is sleep duration, which should be adequate without excess or deprivation. The National Sleep Foundation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> proposes that simple changes be made and applied regarding the daily sleep hygiene routine. In addition, the investigation of sleep disorders by health professionals can have a great impact on life expectancy and on improving cardiovascular health.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Muniz DD, Siqueira KS, Cornell CT, Fernandes-Silva MM, Muniz PT, Silvestre OM. Ideal cardiovascular health and job strain: a cross-sectional study from the Amazon basin. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019; 112(3):260-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Muniz</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siqueira</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cornell</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes-Silva</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muniz</surname>
              <given-names>PT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silvestre</surname>
              <given-names>OM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ideal cardiovascular health and job strain: a cross-sectional study from the Amazon basin</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>260</fpage>
          <lpage>268</lpage>
        </element-citation>
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        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Mulder P. Job demand control model by Robert Karasek. [ Citado em 2019 jan 11]. Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.toolshero.com/stress-management/job-demand-control-model/">https://www.toolshero.com/stress-management/job-demand-control-model/</ext-link>
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          </person-group>
          <source>Job demand control model by Robert Karasek</source>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2019 jan 11</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.toolshero.com/stress-management/job-demand-control-model/">https://www.toolshero.com/stress-management/job-demand-control-model/</ext-link>
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        <mixed-citation>3 Lavie L, Lavie P. Molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular disease in OSAHS: the Oxidative Stress Link. Eur Respir J. 2009;33(6):1467-84.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Lavie</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Lavie</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular disease in OSAHS: the Oxidative Stress Link</article-title>
          <source>Eur Respir J</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
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        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Genta PR. Hcor Institui&#231;&#227;o Beneficiente S&#237;ria [homepage na internet].Como Previnir os Dist&#250;rbios do Sono. [Citado e 2019 jan 11]. Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.hcor.com.br/materia/como-prevenir-os-disturbios-do-sono/">https://www.hcor.com.br/materia/como-prevenir-os-disturbios-do-sono/</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Genta</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Hcor Institui&#231;&#227;o Beneficiente S&#237;ria</source>
          <comment>homepage na internet</comment>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2019 jan 11</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.hcor.com.br/materia/como-prevenir-os-disturbios-do-sono/">https://www.hcor.com.br/materia/como-prevenir-os-disturbios-do-sono/</ext-link>
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        <mixed-citation>5 National Sleep Foundation. Higiene do Sono. [Homepage]. [Cited in 2019 jan 11] Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics/sleep-hygiene">https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics/sleep-hygiene</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>National Sleep Foundation</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Higiene do Sono</source>
          <comment>Homepage</comment>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2019 jan 11</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics/sleep-hygiene">https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics/sleep-hygiene</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="reply" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Reply</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Muniz</surname>
            <given-names>Davi Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Morita</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silvestre</surname>
            <given-names>Odilson Marcos</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>We appreciate the interest in our study. We agree with our readers that sleeping disorders may play a role in the association between job strain and cardiovascular health. Sleep apnea has a prevalence of 35% among those with overweight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref> In our sample, more than 65% had BMI &gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, suggesting a high prevalence of sleep apnea and probably a high influence in job stress. Although sleep apnea screening using questionnaires or polysomnography was not performed in our study, we asked the participants whether they had sleeping disturbances in the previous weeks due to any concerns at the workplace. We found that those with high job strain were more likely to answer &#8220;yes&#8221; to this question than other participants (40% vs 21%, p &lt; 0.001), suggesting that a low sleep quality was more prevalent among those with high job strain. Therefore, future studies should evaluate whether sleep disturbances can explain the association between job strain and cardiovascular health. In accordance with our readers, we propose a strategy to promote a healthy lifestyle that would encompass a sleep awareness campaign, including promotion of sleep hygiene and also questionnaires to screen for sleep apnea. In addition, programs to control obesity would help to improve sleep quality, because it has been proved to reduce the apnea-hypopnea index in subjects with sleep apnea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">2</xref> In conclusion, strategies that include sleep awareness may help improve the impact on cardiovascular health.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s2" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dist&#250;rbios do Sono Prejudicam a Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular Ideal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7677-004X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Christina Santos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tufik</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andersen</surname>
            <given-names>Monica Levy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP) - Psicobiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Monica Levy Andersen,</bold> UNIFESP - Psicobiologia - Rua Napole&#227;o de Barros, 925. CEP 04021-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>ml.andersen12@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Sono/fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Transtornos do Sono-Vig&#237;lia/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Ocupacional</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>No recente artigo &#8220;Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular Ideal e Estresse no Trabalho: Um Estudo Transversal da Amaz&#244;nia Brasileira&#8221;, de Muniz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> os autores propuseram que a sa&#250;de cardiovascular (CV) &#233; influenciada pelas condi&#231;&#245;es do local de trabalho. O estudo avaliou 478 funcion&#225;rios, que tinham amplo acesso a informa&#231;&#245;es sobre sa&#250;de, de uma Universidade da Bacia Amaz&#244;nica, no Brasil. Os pesquisadores utilizaram uma vers&#227;o validada do question&#225;rio <italic>Job Demand Model</italic> (JDC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> para avaliar o estresse no trabalho. O estudo &#233; inovador, pois &#233; o primeiro a explorar essa hip&#243;tese na Bacia Amaz&#244;nica. Os autores encontraram uma alta preval&#234;ncia de m&#225; sa&#250;de CV, que foi principalmente associada a uma dieta ruim e obesidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> sugerindo que os participantes com altos n&#237;veis de estresse no trabalho s&#227;o mais propensos a ter dist&#250;rbios alimentares, resultando em ganho de peso.</p>
      <p>Ganho de peso e altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais t&#234;m sido observados em pacientes com dist&#250;rbios do sono, como a apneia obstrutiva do sono. A apneia obstrutiva do sono &#233; um dist&#250;rbio do sono muito prevalente que leva ao desenvolvimento de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, desfechos cardiovasculares e contribui para a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>De acordo com Genta et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> os dist&#250;rbios do sono, associados &#224; obesidade, tamb&#233;m causam d&#233;ficit cognitivo, dificuldade de concentra&#231;&#227;o e irritabilidade. &#201; importante ressaltar que os efeitos dos dist&#250;rbios do sono n&#227;o se restringem ao per&#237;odo noturno, mas podem se estender ao longo do dia e, consequentemente, diminuir a qualidade de vida dos indiv&#237;duos afetados.</p>
      <p>Muniz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> propuseram combater a obesidade, reduzindo assim os desfechos CV ruins, atrav&#233;s de estrat&#233;gias para desenvolver comportamentos saud&#225;veis, como projetos de atividade f&#237;sica, campanhas educativas e fazer com que uma dieta de baixa conte&#250;do de gordura esteja dispon&#237;vel nos restaurantes do campus. Gostar&#237;amos de destacar o fato de que a inclus&#227;o de campanhas de conscientiza&#231;&#227;o do sono tamb&#233;m podem trazer benef&#237;cios para a sa&#250;de do funcion&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>Os h&#225;bitos de higiene do sono s&#227;o fundamentais para manter um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel. Um dos elementos mais importantes desses h&#225;bitos &#233; a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono, que deve ser adequada, sem excesso ou priva&#231;&#227;o. A <italic>National Sleep Foundation</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> prop&#245;e que mudan&#231;as simples sejam feitas e aplicadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; rotina di&#225;ria de higiene do sono. Al&#233;m disso, a investiga&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios do sono por profissionais de sa&#250;de pode ter um grande impacto na expectativa de vida e na melhora da sa&#250;de cardiovascular.</p>
    </body>
    <sub-article article-type="reply" id="s3" xml:lang="pt">
      <front-stub>
        <article-categories>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Carta-resposta</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </article-categories>
        <contrib-group>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Muniz</surname>
              <given-names>Davi Dantas</given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes-Silva</surname>
              <given-names>Miguel Morita</given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silvestre</surname>
              <given-names>Odilson Marcos</given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
        </contrib-group>
      </front-stub>
      <body>
        <p>Agradecemos o interesse em nosso estudo. Concordamos com nossos leitores que os dist&#250;rbios do sono podem desempenhar um papel na associa&#231;&#227;o entre estresse no trabalho e sa&#250;de cardiovascular. A apneia do sono tem uma preval&#234;ncia de 35% em indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref> Em nossa amostra, mais de 65% tinham IMC &gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, sugerindo uma alta preval&#234;ncia de apneia do sono e provavelmente uma alta influ&#234;ncia do estresse no trabalho. Embora a triagem para apneia do sono utilizando question&#225;rios ou polissonografia n&#227;o tenha sido realizada em nosso estudo, perguntamos aos participantes se eles apresentaram dist&#250;rbios do sono nas semanas anteriores devido a preocupa&#231;&#245;es com trabalho. Descobrimos que aqueles com maior estresse no trabalho eram mais propensos a responder &#8220;sim&#8221; a essa pergunta do que os outros participantes (40% vs. 21%, p &lt; 0,001), sugerindo que uma baixa qualidade do sono foi mais prevalente entre aqueles com alto n&#237;vel de estresse no trabalho. Portanto, futuros estudos devem avaliar se os dist&#250;rbios do sono podem explicar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o estresse no trabalho e a sa&#250;de cardiovascular. Em concord&#226;ncia com nossos leitores, propusemos uma estrat&#233;gia para promover um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel, que englobe uma campanha de conscientiza&#231;&#227;o do sono, incluindo a promo&#231;&#227;o da higiene do sono e tamb&#233;m question&#225;rios para realizar a triagem de apneia do sono. Al&#233;m disso, os programas de controle da obesidade ajudariam a melhorar a qualidade do sono, pois se comprovou que reduzem o &#237;ndice de apneia-hipopneia em indiv&#237;duos com apneia do sono.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">2</xref> Em conclus&#227;o, estrat&#233;gias que incluem a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o do sono podem ajudar a melhorar o impacto na sa&#250;de cardiovascular.</p>
      </body>
    </sub-article>
  </sub-article>
</article>
