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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QHLPjMTcD69nMhxNypmpy5P</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000600803</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190096</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Extensive Anterior Myocardial Infarction ... and Something Else?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4948-538X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Riera</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;s Ricardo P&#233;rez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5113-3116</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Raimundo Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7195-6398</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Fernandes Silva e</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3043-0728</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Raimundo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Daminello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7618-2109</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9345-9851</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nikus</surname>
            <given-names>Kjell</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">ABC</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Santo Andr&#233;</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo Andr&#233;, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Messejana</city>
          <state>CE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes, Messejana, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Tampere</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Tampere</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="FI">Finland</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Tampere, Tampere - Finland</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Andr&#233;s Ricardo P&#233;rez Riera,</bold> R. Nicolau Barreto, 258. Postal Code 04583-000, Vila Cordeiro, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>riera@uol.com.br</email>, <email>arperezriera@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Conception and design of the research, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Riera ARP, Barros RB, Silva e Sousa Neto AF, Raimundo RD, Abreu LC, Nikus K; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Riera ARP, Nikus K.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>803</fpage>
      <lpage>806</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>P Wave</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnosis Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug-Eluting Stents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case report</title>
      <p>A 64-year-old Caucasian female, with a one-week history of stress angina. She was admitted to the hospital 2 hours after the onset of oppressive retrosternal pain at rest.</p>
      <p>Risk factors: hypertension, smoker, dyslipidemia and diabetes.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows electrocardiography/vectorcardiography (ECG/VCG) at admission.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG/VCG correlation. A) ECG diagnosis: Left atrial enlargement (positive Morris index), PR-segment depression in I, II, III and aVF, low QRS voltage in the limb leads (the amplitude of all the QRS complexes in these leads is &lt; 5 mm). QS Pattern from V<sub>1</sub> to V<sub>5</sub>, and low r voltage wave in lead V<sub>6</sub>. ST-segment elevation convex upward. B) VCG diagnosis: combination of anteroseptal anterior and anterolateral infarction: QRS loop directed to the back and minimally to the left near the orthogonal Z lead. The T-loop directed to the front with broad QRS/T angle (&#8776;+170&#176;). Conclusion Acute extensive anterior myocardial infarction. Possible association with atrial infarction.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0803-90096-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Echo: Ventricular and atrial chambers of normal size (left atrial (LA) size: 30 mm); mild to moderate reduction of left ventricular ejection fraction = 41% by anterior akinesia.</p>
      <p>The percutaneous coronary intervention was indicated, and two drug-eluting stents were implanted.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atrial infarction (AI) is rarely diagnosed before death because of its characteristically subtle and nonspecific ECG findings. AI occurs in 0.7 to 52% of ST-elevation myocardial infarctions. Its incidence in autopsy has been widely variable, from 0.7 to 42%, with a large series of 182 patients demonstrating an incidence of 17%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Ischemic damage to the atrial myocardium is usually associated with infarction of cardiac ventricles, but isolated AI can occur.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>AI ECG patterns</title>
        <p>The ECG patterns of AI are generally subtle because of the thinner atrial walls and their inability to generate enough voltage to be appreciated on the ECG. This atrial voltage is also often eclipsed by the depolarization of the larger ventricles. Although several AI ECG patterns have been described, none have been validated by prospective studies. The first description of &#8220;infarctus auricularis&#8221; was made 93 years ago by Cler.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Twenty-two years later, Langendorf reported one case of AI found at autopsy that in retrospect could have been recognized antemortem from ECG changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Hellerstein reported the first case with the correct antemortem diagnosis of AI confirmed by necropsy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>There are other potential causes for P wave morphologic abnormalities and PR-segment displacements besides AI. Sympathetic overstimulation, pericarditis, atrial enlargement, and interatrial blocks have been described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Pronounced sympathetic activity produces a descending PR-segment, depressed J point and ascending ST segment with the PR and ST segments having concordant deviations. Pericarditis can cause ECG changes if the inflammation involves the epicardium or the visceral pericardium as the parietal pericardium is electrically inert.</p>
        <p>Accepted ECG criteria of AI are those proposed by Liu et. Al.:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>a) Major:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>PR-segment elevation &gt; 0.5 mm in leads V<sub>3</sub> and V<sub>6</sub> with reciprocal depression in leads V<sub>1</sub> and V<sub>2</sub> of small amplitude;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>PR-segment elevation &gt; 0.5 mm in lead I with reciprocal depressions in II-III;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>PR segment depression of &gt;1.5 mm in precordial leads with 1.2 mm depressions in I, II and II, associated with atrial arrhythmia.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>b) Minor:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>P wave with M-shaped, W-shaped, or notched; depression of the PR segment of small amplitude without elevation of this segment in other leads cannot be regarded by itself as positive evidence of AI.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Patients having an acute myocardial infarction with any form of supraventricular arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, wandering atrial pacemaker and atrioventricular blocks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding the location of AI, the literature evidence is limited and often conflicting. The right atrium (RA) is involved five times as often as the LA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Main complications of AI are: supraventricular arrhythmias, atrial rupture, cardiogenic shock and thromboembolic phenomena in the brain or lungs. Diagnosis currently is made in an appropriate clinical setting with characteristic P-wave shape, eventually the Bay&#233;s&#180;s syndrome (complete interatrial block in the Bachman region associated with supraventricular arrhythmias).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Theoretically, PR-segment displacements should correlate to the location of the AI in the same manner as ST-segment displacements in ventricular infarction. Thus, involvement of the laterobasal (formerly dorsal) wall, which corresponds to the LA, will result in PR-segment elevation in leads II and III with reciprocal depression in lead I.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Likewise, involvement of the anterior or anterolateral wall, which corresponds to the LA, will produce PR-segment elevation in lead I with reciprocal depression in leads II, III and the anterior precordial leads V2-V4.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, there are no universally accepted criteria.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Detailed ECG analysis revealed PR-segment displacement in several leads. With the aim to clarify this doubt, we isolated the P loop by VCG and enhanced its size 32-fold. We found that the P loop in VCG fulfilled criteria for biatrial enlargement (&#8220;Erlenmeyer-like&#8221; shape) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) with notches in the central portion of the loop; this confirmed the suspicion of associated AI. The apparent contradiction of an atrial abnormality in VCG in conjunction with apparently normal atria on echocardiography could be explained by the fact that the echocardiogram is not an optimal method to evaluate the size of the RA and ventricle, particularly in the absence of concomitant right ventricular enlargement; therefore, enlargement of the RA could go unnoticed. On the other hand, LA dilatation is not unexpected in an extensive anterior infarction with increase in the end-diastolic pressures. However, in the initial stages post-MI, the atrial chamber size can still be normal, although VCG shows a clearly abnormal P loop. In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>, the comparison with the normal P loop is shown in the 3 planes in this case (AI with biatrial enlargement).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison between normal P loops and the present case. Frontal plane: In the present case, the maximal vector voltage is &gt; 0.2 mV, and the morphology is broad with a notch in the middle portion (arrows). Right sagittal plane: The maximal anterior forces are &#8805; 0.06 mV and maximal posterior forces are &gt; 0.04 mV: biatrial enlargement. Horizontal plane: the normal P loop maximal vector location is located between +50&#176; and -45&#176;, maximal vector voltage is &gt; 0.1 mV, maximal anterior forces are up to 0.06 mV and maximal posterior forces are up to 0.04 mV. In the present case, anterior and posterior forces exceed these values. Conclusion: biatrial enlargement and suspicion of AI by notched P loop in the frontal and right sagittal plane. RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0803-90096-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The role of atrial coronary perfusion is incompletely understood. One of the main limitations of our current understanding is that the origin of posterior LA coronary irrigation is unknown.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Currently, three coronary branches supplying blood to the atria are known:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>The right anterior atrial artery or sinus node artery, and other small branches arising from the right coronary artery, such as the right intermediate atrial artery.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The &#8220;ramutis ostii cavae superioris&#8221; or left anterior atrial artery which arises from the left main coronary artery, the proximal portion of the left circumflex (LCX), obtuse marginal, or diagonal coronary arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In the present case, the coronary obstruction occurred in the proximal portion of the LAD, consequently also the diagonals that can irrigate the LA causing AI in this structure.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>3. The branches of LCX. These branches provide irrigation for the LA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Though AI was first reported 89 years ago, its recognition remains elusive. AI should be suspected in any patient who presents with typical chest pain, elevated cardiac biomarkers and ECG changes consistent with AI: PR-segment deviations (elevation and depression), the presence of abnormal P-wave shape (M-shaped, W-shaped, irregular or notched) and/or presence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. P loop VCG analysis appears to be a valuable diagnostic tool.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio Anterior Extenso... e Algo Mais?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4948-538X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Riera</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;s Ricardo P&#233;rez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5113-3116</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Raimundo Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7195-6398</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Fernandes Silva e</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3043-0728</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Raimundo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Daminello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7618-2109</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9345-9851</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nikus</surname>
            <given-names>Kjell</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo Andr&#233;, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes, Messejana, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Tampere, Tampere - Finland</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andr&#233;s Ricardo P&#233;rez Riera,</bold> R. Nicolau Barreto, 258. CEP 04583-000, Vila Cordeiro, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>riera@uol.com.br</email>, <email>arperezriera@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Riera ARP, Barros RB, Silva e Sousa Neto AF, Raimundo RD, Abreu LC, Nikus K; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Riera ARP, Nikus K.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Onda P</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents Farmacol&#243;gicos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de caso</title>
        <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, caucasiana, 64 anos, com hist&#243;ria de angina h&#225; uma semana. A paciente foi internada 2 horas ap&#243;s in&#237;cio de dor retroesternal opressiva em repouso.</p>
        <p>Fatores de risco: hipertens&#227;o, fumante, dislipidemia e diabetes.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref> apresenta resultados de eletrocardiografia/vetorcardiograma (ECG/VCG) na admiss&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o dos achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e do vetorcardiograma. A) diagn&#243;stico pela ECG: aumento do AE (&#237;ndice de Morris positivo), depress&#227;o do segmento PR nas deriva&#231;&#245;es I, II, III e aVF,QRS com baixa voltagem nas deriva&#231;&#245;es perif&#233;ricas (a amplitude de todos os complexos QRS nessas deriva&#231;&#245;es foi &lt; 5 mm). O padr&#227;o QS de V<sub>1</sub> a V<sub>5</sub>, e baixa voltagem R na deriva&#231;&#227;o V<sub>6</sub>. Eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST convexa para cima. B) Diagn&#243;stico vetorcardiogr&#225;fico: combina&#231;&#227;o do infarto anterior anteroseptal e anterolateral: al&#231;a do QRS direcionada para tr&#225;s e levemente para a esquerda pr&#243;ximo &#224; deriva&#231;&#227;o ortogonal Z. Al&#231;a T direcionada para a frente com amplo &#226;ngulo QRS/T (&#8776;+170&#176;). Conclus&#227;o: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio anterior extenso. Poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o com infarto atrial.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0803-90096-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ecocardiograma: c&#226;mara ventricular e c&#226;mara atrial de tamanhos normais. &#193;trio esquerdo (AE): 30 mm; redu&#231;&#227;o leve a moderada na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular = 41% por acinesia anterior.</p>
        <p>Indicou-se interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, com implante de dois <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O infarto atrial (IA) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o raramente diagnosticada em vida dados os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos caracteristicamente sutis e inespec&#237;ficos. O IA ocorre em 0,7-52% dos infartos do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST. Sua incid&#234;ncia em aut&#243;psia tem sido amplamente vari&#225;vel (0,7-42%), sendo observada uma incid&#234;ncia de 17% em uma ampla s&#233;rie de 182 pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Embora o dano isqu&#234;mico ao mioc&#225;rdio atrial esteja geralmente associado a infarto dos ventr&#237;culos, o IA tamb&#233;m pode ocorrer de maneira isolada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Padr&#245;es da ECG do IA</title>
          <p>Os padr&#245;es do IA na ECG s&#227;o geralmente sutis devido &#224; espessura mais fina das paredes dos &#225;trios, incapazes de gerar voltagem suficiente para ser detectada na ECG. Essa voltagem atrial &#233; geralmente ofuscada pela despolariza&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos maiores. Apesar de v&#225;rios padr&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos do IA terem sido descritos, nenhum foi validado por estudos prospectivos. A primeira descri&#231;&#227;o do &#8220;infarctus auriculares&#8221; foi feita 93 anos atr&#225;s por Cler.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Vinte e dois anos depois, Langendorf relatou um caso de IA identificado na aut&#243;psia que, em retrospecto, poderia ter sido reconhecido em vida a partir das altera&#231;&#245;es na ECG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Hellerstein relatou o primeiro caso com o diagn&#243;stico <italic>ante mortem</italic> de IA confirmado por necropsia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Outras causas potenciais para anormalidades morfol&#243;gicas de onda P e deslocamentos do segmento PR al&#233;m do IA foram descritas - estimula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica aumentada, pericardite, aumento atrial, e bloqueio interatrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A atividade simp&#225;tica aumentada produz um segmento PR descendente, depress&#227;o do ponto J e segmento ST ascendente, e desvios dos segmentos PR e ST concordantes. A pericardite pode causar altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas se a inflama&#231;&#227;o envolver o peric&#225;rdio ou o peric&#225;rdio visceral, uma vez que o peric&#225;rdio parietal &#233; eletricamente inerte.</p>
          <p>Crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos aceitos para IA s&#227;o os propostos por Liu et al.:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
          <p>a) IA maior:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento PR &gt; 0,5 mm nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V<sub>3</sub> e V<sub>6</sub> com depress&#227;o rec&#237;proca de pequena amplitude nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V<sub>1</sub> e V<sub>2</sub>;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento PR &gt; 0,5 mm na deriva&#231;&#227;o I com depress&#245;es rec&#237;procas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es II-III;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Depress&#227;o do segmento PR &gt; 1,5 mm nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais, com depress&#245;es de 1,2 mm em I, II e III, associada com arritmia atrial.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>b) IA menor:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Onda P em forma de M, forma de W ou b&#237;fida (entalhada); depress&#227;o do segmento PR de pequena amplitude sem eleva&#231;&#227;o desse segmento em outras deriva&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o pode ser considerada, por si s&#243;, evid&#234;ncia positiva de IA.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com qualquer forma de arritmias supraventriculares, tais como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, <italic>flutter</italic> atrial, taquicardia atrial, marcapasso atrial migrat&#243;rio e bloqueios atrioventriculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o do IA, evid&#234;ncias na literatura s&#227;o limitadas e conflitantes. A frequ&#234;ncia de envolvimento do &#225;trio direito (AD) &#233; cinco vezes maior que a do AE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> As principais complica&#231;&#245;es do IA s&#227;o: arritmias supraventriculares, ruptura atrial, choque cardiog&#234;nico e fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos no c&#233;rebro ou pulm&#245;es. Atualmente, os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos incluem onda P com formato caracter&#237;stico, eventualmente s&#237;ndrome de Bay&#233;s - bloqueio interatrial total na regi&#227;o de Bachman, associado com arritmias supraventriculares).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Teoricamente, deslocamentos do segmento PR deveriam se correlacionar com &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o do IA, do mesmo modo que deslocamentos do segmento ST no infarto ventricular. Assim, o envolvimento da parede laterobasal (anteriormente parede dorsal), que correspondente ao AE, resultar&#225; na eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento PR nas deriva&#231;&#245;es II e III com rec&#237;proca depress&#227;o na deriva&#231;&#227;o I.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Do mesmo modo, o envolvimento da parede anterior ou anterolateral, que corresponde ao AE, resultar&#225; na eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento PR na deriva&#231;&#227;o I com depress&#227;o nas deriva&#231;&#245;es II, III e deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais anteriores V2-V4.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Contudo, n&#227;o existem crit&#233;rios universalmente aceitos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>An&#225;lise detalhada da ECG revelou deslocamento do segmento PR em v&#225;rias deriva&#231;&#245;es. A fim de esclarecer tal d&#250;vida, n&#243;s isolamos a al&#231;a P por VCG e aumentamos seu tamanho em 32 vezes. Encontramos que a al&#231;a P, pelo VCG, preencheu os crit&#233;rios de aumento biatrial (formato de um Erlenmeyer) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>) com fendas na por&#231;&#227;o central da al&#231;a, confirmando a suspeita do IA associado. A aparente contradi&#231;&#227;o de uma anormalidade atrial no VCG em conjunto com &#225;trios aparentemente normais na ECG poderia ser explicada pelo fato de que o ecocardiograma n&#227;o &#233; o melhor m&#233;todo para avaliar o tamanho do AE e do ventr&#237;culo, particularmente na aus&#234;ncia de aumento concomitante do ventr&#237;culo direito. Assim, um aumento no AE poderia passar despercebido. Por outro lado, a dilata&#231;&#227;o no AE &#233; de certa forma esperada em situa&#231;&#245;es de infarto anterior extenso, com aumento na press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final. No entanto, em fases iniciais ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, o tamanho do &#225;trio ainda pode ser normal, embora o VCG mostre uma al&#231;a P anormal; a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref> mostra uma compara&#231;&#227;o dessa al&#231;a P com uma al&#231;a P normal em tr&#234;s planos neste caso de IA com aumento biatrial.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre al&#231;as P normais e o presente caso. Plano frontal: no presente caso, a voltagem m&#225;xima do vetor foi &gt; 0,2 mV; morfologia ampla e uma fenda na parte medial (setas). Plano sagital direito: as for&#231;a m&#225;ximas anteriores foram &#8805;0,06 mV e as posteriores foram &gt; 0,04 mV: aumento biatrial. Plano horizontal: o vetor m&#225;ximo da al&#231;a P normal encontra-se localizado entre +50&#176; e -45&#176;; voltagem m&#225;xima no vetor foi &lt; 0,1 mV, for&#231;as m&#225;ximas anteriores &lt; 0,06 mV e for&#231;as m&#225;ximas posteriores &lt; 0,04 mV. No presente caso, as for&#231;as anteriores e posteriores excedem esses valores. Conclus&#227;o: aumento biatrial e suspeita de infarto atrial pela presen&#231;a de al&#231;a P b&#237;fida no plano frontal e no plano sagital direito. AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0803-90096-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O papel da perfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria atrial n&#227;o &#233; completamente compreendido. Uma das principais limita&#231;&#245;es para seu entendimento &#233; o fato de que a origem da irriga&#231;&#227;o coronariana no AE &#233; desconhecida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Tr&#234;s ramos da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria que fornecem sangue para os &#225;trios s&#227;o conhecidos:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>A art&#233;ria atrial anterior direita ou art&#233;ria do n&#243; sinoatrial, e outros pequenos ramos que se original da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, tal como a art&#233;ria atrial intermedi&#225;ria direita.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O <italic>ramutis ostii cavae superiores</italic> ou art&#233;ria atrial anterior esquerda que se origina na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda principal, na por&#231;&#227;o proximal da art&#233;ria circunflexa, art&#233;ria marginal obtusa, ou art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias diagonais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> No presente caso, a obstru&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ocorreu na por&#231;&#227;o proximal da art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda e, consequentemente, nas art&#233;rias diagonais que irrigam o AE, causando IA na estrutura.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>3. Os ramos da art&#233;ria circunflexa que irrigam o AE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar de o IA ter sido descrito pela primeira vez h&#225; 89 anos, sua identifica&#231;&#227;o continua elusiva. A suspeita de IA deveria existir em todos os pacientes que apresentem dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, n&#237;veis elevados de biomarcadores card&#237;acos, e altera&#231;&#245;es na ECG consistentes com IA: desvios do segmento PR (eleva&#231;&#227;o ou depress&#227;o), presen&#231;a de onda P com formato anormal (em forma de M, W, forma irregular ou b&#237;fida) e/ou presen&#231;a de taquiarritmias supraventriculares. A an&#225;lise da al&#231;a P pelo VCG parece ser uma ferramenta diagn&#243;stica valiosa.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
