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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LNwThSFy3DM85MnpGcHQLPF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000600793</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190105</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Correlation</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 3/2019 - Young Male with Intense Dyspnea, Pulmonary Infiltrate, Normal Cardiac Area and Obliteration of the Apical Portion of the Left Ventricle</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9351-8949</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Sarli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5673-165X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p><bold>Section Editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (ajmansur@incor.usp.br)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn2">
          <label><bold>Associated Editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (dclfavarato@incor.usp.br)</label>
          <p> Vera Demarchi Aiello (anpvera@incor.usp.br)</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>793</fpage>
      <lpage>802</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Young Adult</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/physiopatology</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypothyroidism</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Tobacco and Disorder</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypercholesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Pneumonia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A 25-year-old male patient was hospitalized for severe dyspnea, even at rest, and with productive cough. The patient had been seen a week before with a complaint of back pain that irradiated to the precordial region triggered by exertion, such as climbing stairs and walking a block, which had started two weeks before.</p>
    <p>The patient was a smoker (8-pack-years) and reported having hypothyroidism after treatment with radioactive iodine. Previous examinations were carried out for him to be cleared for exercise practice.</p>
    <p>The electrocardiogram (ECG) (November 24, 2010) showed left atrial overload and a left ventricular strain pattern. There was an accentuation of ST-depression in the stress test.</p>
    <p>At admission (October 14, 2011), heart rate was 100 bpm, blood pressure was 100/70 mmHg, and the physical examination was normal.</p>
    <p>The ECG (October 14, 2011) revealed sinus tachycardia (101 bpm), PR interval of 144 ms, QRS duration 103 ms, QTc of 451 ms, left chamber overload and secondary alterations in ventricular repolarization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The chest X-ray (October 14, 2011) was normal. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>)</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG: Sinus tachycardia, left chamber overload, intraventricular conduction disturbance of the stimulus, ventricular repolarization secondary alterations.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>PA Chest X-ray: normal</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>The laboratory tests (October 14, 2011) showed: red blood cells, 4,600,000/mm&#179;; hemoglobin; 14 g/dL, hematocrit; 39%, MCV 85 fL, RDW-CV 12.9%; leukocytes, 11,110/mm&#179; (72% neutrophils, 7% eosinophils, 17% lymphocytes and 4% monocytes); platelets, 185,000 / mm&#179;; sodium, 138 mEq/L; potassium, 4.5 mEq/L; PT, (INR) 1; APTT (rel), 0.93; D-dimer, 485 ng/mL; CK-MB, 0.94 ng/mL; troponin I, 0.535 ng/mL; urea, 35 mg/dL; and creatinine, 0.94 mg/dL. On the following day, CK-MB was 0.71 ng/mL; troponin I, 0.511 ng/mL; total cholesterol, 219 mg/dL, HDL-c, 25 mg/dL; LDL-c, 171 mg/dL; triglycerides, 116 mg/dL; glucose, 92 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>The echocardiogram (October 17, 2011) disclosed diameters of the aorta 27 mm, of the left atrium 43 mm, septum thickness of 11 mm, posterior wall of 10 mm, normal right ventricular diameter, and left ventricular diameters (diastole/systole) of 54/34 mm, ejection fraction of 65%; marked hypertrophy in the mid-apical region, pseudonormal filling pattern. There was no left ventricular outflow tract obstruction or valve alterations.</p>
    <p>The coronary angiotomography (October 18, 2011) did not disclose coronary calcifications or lesions. However, left atrial dilation and obliteration of the apical portion of the left ventricle were observed.</p>
    <p>Diagnoses of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hypercholesterolemia were made. He was prescribed 50 mg of atenolol, 100 &#181;g of levothyroxine and 20 mg of omeprazole and was referred for outpatient follow-up (October 18, 2011).</p>
    <p>Four days after hospital discharge (October 22, 2011), the patient sought emergency medical care for severe dyspnea, even at rest and in decubitus, in addition to productive cough.</p>
    <p>The physical examination (October 22, 2011) disclosed a heart rate of 101 bpm, blood pressure of 112/70 mmHg, pulmonary auscultation showing diffuse crackling rales, cardiac auscultation and abdomen without alterations, and mild edema of legs and feet, without any suggestive signs of deep venous thrombosis.</p>
    <p>The ECG (October 22, 2011) was similar to the previous one, with sinus tachycardia, left chamber overload and ST-segment depression with a superior concavity and accentuation of T-wave negativity in leads V<sub>3</sub> to V<sub>6</sub>. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG: sinus tachycardia, left chamber overload, and ST-segment depression with superior concavity from V<sub>3</sub> to V<sub>6</sub>.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A bilateral diffuse alveolar infiltrate was observed on the chest X-ray (October 23, 2011). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>)</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>PA Chest X-ray PA: bilateral alveolar infiltrate.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>The laboratory tests (October 22, 2011) showed: erythrocytes, 3700000/mm&#179;; hemoglobin, 11.6 g/dL; hematocrit, 31%; MCV, 84 fL; RDW-CV 13.2%; leukocytes, 4100/mm&#179; (18% band cells; 67% segmented; 2% eosinophils; 11% lymphocytes; and 2% monocytes), platelets, 207000/mm&#179;; creatinine, 1.06 mg/dL; urea, 35 mg/dL; BNP, 1296 pg/mL; potassium, 4 mEq/L; sodium, 132 mEq / L; arterial lactate, 7 mg/dL; urine type I: density 1.009, ph = 5.5, proteins 0.5 g/L, leukocytes 2000/mL, erythrocytes 79000/mL and presence of severe hemoglobinuria.</p>
    <p>The pulmonary angiotomography (October 24, 2012) showed no alterations in vascular and mediastinal structures or signs of pulmonary thromboembolism; there was a confluent, diffuse, centrolobular micronodular infiltrate, in some areas with a tree-in-bud pattern, with a predominantly bronchocentric distribution, associated with areas of ground-glass opacity attenuation, more evident in the apices and posterior basal segments. These findings were considered compatible with an inflammatory or infectious process. There was bilateral pleural effusion, moderate to the right and small to left. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>)</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figure 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Pulmonary angiotomography showing no signs of thromboembolism.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>The high-resolution chest tomography (November 1, 2011) disclosed lymphadenomegaly of para-aortic (2.7 x 1.3 cm) and right subcarinal (1.9 x 1.5 cm) chains; there were no tracheal and bronchial alterations; there was a predominantly centrolobular diffuse interstitial and alveolar infiltrate, at times confluent with interlobular thickening, more evident at the bases. There was also bilateral pleural effusion, moderate to the right. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>)</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f6">
        <label>Figure 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest CT: diffuse interstitial and alveolar infiltrate.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>The echocardiogram (November 03, 2011) showed left atrial dilation and left ventricular mid-apical hypertrophy (18 mm), with intense trabeculation and obliteration of its tip, suggestive of endocardial fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>), and moderate mitral regurgitation, with signs of papillary muscle fibrosis and hypertrophy, with a left intraventricular gradient of 30 mmHg.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f7">
        <label>Figure 7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Parasternal, long-axis transthoracic echocardiogram: left atrium (short arrow) dilation and amputation of the left ventricular apex (long arrow).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A new echocardiogram (November 11, 2011) disclosed left ventricular mid-apical hypertrophy, with intense trabeculation and obliteration of its tip, suggestive of endocardial fibrosis; ejection fraction subjectively estimated at 50% due to discrete apical hypokinesia. Mitral regurgitation was quantified as minimal in this echocardiogram and in subsequent ones (November 16 and 23, 2011).</p>
    <p>The bronchial lavage (November 11, 2011) did not disclose the presence, by PCR, of <italic>Pneumocystis carinii</italic>, <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic>, <italic>Legionella sp</italic>., Adenovirus, Herpes simplex or Cytomegalovirus. The cytology showed 115 cells/mm&#179; (leukocytes 9% - 87% polymorphonuclear, 10% lymphocytes, 3% monocytes, 29% macrophages, 62% epithelial cells (7% flat, 21% cylindrical goblet, 72% cylindrical ciliated cells), and absence of bacteria and fungi.</p>
    <p>The transesophageal echocardiography (November 23, 2011) did not disclose any new alterations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <label>Table 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Echocardiograms at the last hospitalization</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <colgroup>
          <col width="50%"/>
          <col width="12%"/>
          <col width="12%"/>
          <col width="12%"/>
          <col width="12%"/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th align="left">
						</th>
            <th align="center">Nov 3, 2011</th>
            <th align="center">Nov 11, 2011</th>
            <th align="center">Nov 23 (TE)</th>
            <th align="center">Dec 7, 2011</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Aorta (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">25</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">32</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Left atrium (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">48</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">47</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Right ventricle (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">24</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Septum (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">10</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">12</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Posterior wall (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">10</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">10</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">LV diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">60</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">60</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">LV systolic diameter (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">40</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">42</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">LV ejection fraction VE (%)</td>
            <td align="center">61</td>
            <td align="center">50</td>
            <td align="center">55</td>
            <td align="center">35%</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (mmHg)</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">30</td>
            <td align="center">40</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
      <table-wrap-foot>
        <fn id="TFN1">
          <p>
            <italic>LV: left ventricle; TE: Transesophageal.</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </table-wrap-foot>
    </table-wrap>
    <p>A new echocardiogram (December 07, 2011) disclosed a left ventricle with moderate to severe systolic function impairment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>), and a hyperrefringent image was observed in the left ventricle, probably corresponding to the apical hypertrophy of the ventricular septum.</p>
    <p>Due to lowering of consciousness level, a lumbar puncture was performed (June 29, 2004); the CSF analysis showed ADA (adenosine deaminase) of 2.5 U/L. Tests for Adenovirus, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex, <italic>Cryptococcus sp</italic>, <italic>Toxoplasma sp</italic> and resistant acid-fast bacilli were negative and there was no growth of bacteria or fungi in the cultures. The cell count was 11 cells /mm<sup>3</sup> - 31% lymphocytes, 66% monocytes and 3% macrophages; protein level was 475 mg/dL; glycorrhachia was 105 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>Skull (November 29, 2011) and abdomen CT (November 30, 2011) showed normal results.</p>
    <p>A new high-resolution chest tomography (November 30, 2011) disclosed persistence of the diffuse and symmetrical interstitial-alveolar infiltrate, characterized by diffuse ground-glass parenchymal attenuation and multiple nodular and micronodular opacities, predominantly centrilobular, sometimes confluent and delineating a tree-in-bud pattern, with a predominant distribution in the pulmonary medulla, compatible with alveolar filling. Further findings suggestive of inflammatory or infectious processes associated with edema or alveolar hemorrhage were described. There was no pleural effusion.</p>
    <p>Blood culture was positive for <italic>Staphylococcus haemolyticus</italic>, sensitive to vancomycin and teicoplanin, and urine culture was positive for <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>, sensitive to piperacillin /tazobactam. A subsequent culture of urine disclosed growth of <italic>Candida</italic> non-albicans.</p>
    <p>He was initially treated with vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam and, subsequently, imipenem and meropenem, teicoplanin, amphotericin, fluconazole, caspofungin, and acyclovir.</p>
    <p>Due to the presence of signs suggestive of pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and hematuria, there was a diagnostic suspicion of Goodpasture Syndrome and the investigation was initiated.</p>
    <p>The search for neoplastic markers (July 10, 2004) disclosed - alpha-fetoprotein = 1.9 ng/mL, CA-125 = 401.4 U/mL, CA-15.3 = 14.9 U/mL, CA-19.9 = 20.1, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) = 2.7 ng/mL. The search for antinuclear and antimitochondrial antibodies, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antigen (ANCA) was negative. The C3 fraction of the complement was 18 mg/dL, and the C4 fraction was 10 mg/dL. The evolutive results of the laboratory tests are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <label>Table 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Laboratory evolution</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <colgroup>
          <col width="50%"/>
          <col width="12%"/>
          <col width="12%"/>
          <col width="12%"/>
          <col width="12%"/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th align="left">
						</th>
            <th align="center">30 Oct</th>
            <th align="center">15 Nov</th>
            <th align="center">30 Nov</th>
            <th align="center">6 Dec</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Red blood cells (millions/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
            <td align="center">4.3</td>
            <td align="center">2.8</td>
            <td align="center">2.2</td>
            <td align="center">3.1</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">12</td>
            <td align="center">7.9</td>
            <td align="center">6.4</td>
            <td align="center">9.3</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Hematocrit (%)</td>
            <td align="center">37%</td>
            <td align="center">26</td>
            <td align="center">22</td>
            <td align="center">29</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Leukocytes/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
            <td align="center">26,210</td>
            <td align="center">9,650</td>
            <td align="center">9,210</td>
            <td align="center">26,970</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Neutrophils (%)</td>
            <td align="center">91</td>
            <td align="center">97</td>
            <td align="center">87</td>
            <td align="center">78</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Eosinophils (%)</td>
            <td align="center">0</td>
            <td align="center">0</td>
            <td align="center">0</td>
            <td align="center">0</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Lymphocytes (%)</td>
            <td align="center">6</td>
            <td align="center">2</td>
            <td align="center">11</td>
            <td align="center">20</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Monocytes (%)</td>
            <td align="center">3</td>
            <td align="center">1</td>
            <td align="center">2</td>
            <td align="center">2</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Platelets/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
            <td align="center">276,000</td>
            <td align="center">69,000</td>
            <td align="center">101,000</td>
            <td align="center">83,000</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">1.36</td>
            <td align="center">2.98</td>
            <td align="center">4.94</td>
            <td align="center">2.64</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Urea (mg/dL0</td>
            <td align="center">68</td>
            <td align="center">189</td>
            <td align="center">256</td>
            <td align="center">120</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
            <td align="center">135</td>
            <td align="center">146</td>
            <td align="center">155</td>
            <td align="center">139</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Potassium (mEq/L)</td>
            <td align="center">4.2</td>
            <td align="center">4.4</td>
            <td align="center">5.1</td>
            <td align="center">4.8</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Lactate (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">23</td>
            <td align="center">37</td>
            <td align="center">11</td>
            <td align="center">35</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">PT (INR)</td>
            <td align="center">1.2</td>
            <td align="center">1.1</td>
            <td align="center">1.3</td>
            <td align="center">1.2</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">APTT (rel)</td>
            <td align="center">0.86</td>
            <td align="center">0.85</td>
            <td align="center">1.04</td>
            <td align="center">0.98</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">CRP (mg/L)</td>
            <td align="center">15.90</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">124</td>
            <td align="center">109</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">AST (U/L)</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">90</td>
            <td align="center">37</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">ALT (U/L)</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
            <td align="center">211</td>
            <td align="center">359</td>
            <td align="center">
						</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
      <table-wrap-foot>
        <fn id="TFN2">
          <p>
            <italic>PT: prothrombin time; APPT: partially activated thromboplastin time; CRP: C-reactive protein; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase.</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </table-wrap-foot>
    </table-wrap>
    <p>The patient developed worsening of the pulmonary and hemodynamic picture, anemia (received packed red blood cell transfusion), thrombocytopenia and renal failure (was submitted to dialysis) and underwent a cardiorespiratory arrest with pulseless electrical activity; initially, he was successfully resuscitated, but had a recurrence and died (December 7, 2011).</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>This is the case of a young, male patient, smoker, who had hypothyroidism post-treatment with radioactive iodine, who sought medical care due to symptoms of dyspnea and cough for a week; these complaints had been preceded by chest pain at exertion two weeks before. The medical evaluation at the first consultation was notable for the presence of tachycardia and mild leukocytosis in the whole blood count.</p>
      <p>The chest X-ray was normal despite the presence of dyspnea at rest. Interestingly, the ECG performed during a routine medical evaluation 11 months before symptom onset showed signs suggestive of heart disease, with left chamber overload.</p>
      <p>If we evaluate the present case based on the analysis of the possible diagnostic hypotheses at the time of the first consultation, we can observe that the main clinical elements on this occasion are: chest pain and dyspnea. There are several causes of chest pain and dyspnea in young individuals, which include diseases of the cardiovascular system, as well as of other organs and systems such as the digestive and musculoskeletal systems.</p>
      <p>In the present case, the following can be considered: as non-cardiac causes, spontaneous pneumothorax, pneumonia and pulmonary embolism. The clinical and radiological presentation was not compatible with the first two hypotheses, whereas pulmonary embolism is a hypothesis compatible with the initial clinical presentation, especially if we take into account the discrepancy between symptom intensity and the radiological findings and the presence of persistent tachycardia; in spite of the fact that pulmonary embolism is a rare event in young patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> in this case ,there were risk factors such as history of smoking, as well as the presence of possible cardiopathy (as suggested by the ECG performed 11 months before symptom onset).</p>
      <p>A complementary investigation was performed for the presence of pulmonary embolism through D-dimer measurement, and pulmonary artery angiotomography. However, after obtaining a D-dimer value &lt; 500 in association with absence of suggestive radiological findings at the angiotomography made the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism very unlikely.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> If we consider cardiac causes for chest pain and dyspnea in young individuals, myocarditis and non-atherosclerotic coronary disease should be seen as noteworthy. In spite of the fact that myocarditis is able to result in a clinical picture compatible with that of the patient's presentation, pre-existing electrocardiographic findings did not support these possibilities.</p>
      <p>We can evaluate the present case based not only on the analysis of the symptoms that led the patient to the hospital, but also taking into consideration the interesting electrocardiographic findings recorded 11 months before symptom onset; thus, we are led to consider the case from the perspective of the diagnostic possibilities of asymptomatic cardiopathy in a young individual, and which may have left chamber overload as its electrocardiographic manifestation. We can presume the possibility of diseases with primary myocardial involvement (cardiomyopathies), as well as diseases that determine secondary myocardial involvement, such as arterial hypertension and valvular diseases. However, the blood pressure measurement on arrival, as well as the cardiac semiology, did not indicate these possibilities. Regarding the cardiomyopathies, those of familial origin should be considered mainly in this context and may include both hypertrophy (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) and dilation (dilated cardiomyopathy) or restriction (restrictive cardiomyopathy) as the myocardial phenotypic expression.</p>
      <p>In this respect, the morphological and functional findings provided by the echocardiogram are of interest. In the present case, the findings of October 17, 2011 indicate a slight increase in the interventricular septal thickness, with hypertrophy of the mid-apical portions of the left ventricle, determining LV filling impairment, but without determining ventricular dilatation or systolic function impairment. These findings might be compatible with the presence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a genetic disease that affects young male and female patients; it is usually asymptomatic during the first decades of life and is commonly diagnosed during routine physical examinations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Chest pain at exertion and dyspnea are common symptoms. Genetic studies indicate that the hypertrophy is caused by dominant mutations in more than 11 genes encoding sarcomere or adjacent Z-disk protein components. Of the patients who were successfully genotyped, approximately 70% had mutations in two genes: the myosin heavy chain (MYH7) gene and the myosin-binding protein C (MYBPC3) gene; more than 1,400 mutations have been described, most of them restricted to family groups. In patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the left ventricular wall thickness may vary in intensity, ranging from mild (13-15 mm) to very intense (&gt; 50 mm).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Asymmetric patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy, including noncontiguous areas of hypertrophy, can occur. Although diffuse thickening of the left ventricular wall is evident in approximately 50% of patients, a minority (10-20%) may present hypertrophy confined to small portions of the left ventricle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Moreover, patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may have unusual patterns of hypertrophy (e.g., apical hypertrophy), which is associated with giant T-wave inversion on the ECG and is typically caused by sarcomeric mutations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another possibility to be considered - especially if we take into account the mild ventricular overload in the ECG, the presence of apical obliteration, the absence of hypertrophy greater than 14mm at the echocardiogram and the presence of atrial dilatation - is that of endomyocardial fibrosis. This is a cardiac disease of uncertain etiology. Its distinctive morphological characteristic is the obliteration of the ventricular apices, ventricular filling impairment and great dilation of the atria. However, its clinical presentation is usually that of a chronic disease, with signs of predominantly right heart failure and large dilation of the atria, often with intracavitary thrombi, findings that were absent in the present case. Although its etiology is still unknown, it is suggested to be associated with three basic conditions: eosinophilia and parasitic diseases, nutritional patterns (excess of vitamin D, toxic agents found in contaminated foods and magnesium deficiency have been reported) and genetic susceptibility.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In cases where there is an association with pulmonary cycle parasitic agents, there may be involvement of the lungs, with non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, pneumonitis, and alveolar infiltrate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A hallmark of this condition is hypereosinophilia in the peripheral blood, a manifestation that was absent in the present case. Cardiac involvement has also been described in other hypereosinophilic syndromes, such as Churg-Strauss Syndrome (characterized by asthma or allergic rhinitis and necrotizing vasculitis).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In the present case, the possibility of Goodpasture syndrome, a specific autoimmune disease of the lungs and kidneys, was considered and is characterized by the occurrence of antibodies against the basement membrane of these organs. Cardiac involvement has not been yet described in this disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite the initial diagnostic and therapeutic approach, the patient's symptoms intensified, and he once again sought medical care due to dyspnea worsening and the appearance of productive cough. On physical examination, tachycardia persisted and pulmonary crepitations with discreet edema of the legs and feet appeared.</p>
      <p>The chest X-ray, as well as the first chest tomography, suggested the presence of alveolar infiltrate. The laboratory evaluation is notable for the decrease in hemoglobin and sodium, and BNP elevation. Taken together, the clinical findings indicate that the patient had started a picture of heart failure (presence of lower limb edema, anemia - possibly dilutional - hyponatremia, elevation of BNP and distribution of infiltrate at the apices and posterior portions of the lungs, in association with right pleural effusion). Moreover, the finding of young leukocyte forms in peripheral blood, of leukocyturia, hematuria and hemoglobinuria indicate the existence of an inflammatory and/or infectious process.</p>
      <p>The presence of the association of heart failure with inflammatory signs in a patient with underlying heart disease led us to consider the possibility of infective endocarditis. The diagnosis of endocarditis is based on the presence of predisposing heart disease (more commonly a valvulopathy), findings of an inflammatory process and persistent bacteremia; from the clinical-morphological viewpoint, the characteristic lesion is of vegetation detected by the echocardiogram. Despite the findings of underlying heart disease and progressive inflammatory/infectious process, there was no finding of vegetation by the echocardiography; additionally, the finding of <italic>Staphylococcus haemolyticus in</italic> blood culture only has diagnostic value when recovered in multiple cultures collected at different times, because it is a skin-colonizing agent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Finally, it should be noted that the use of multiple antibiotic agents may reduce the chance of recovery of infectious agents in blood cultures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>From a clinical and epidemiological point of view, one of the main causes of infection and septicemia in patients with heart disease is pneumonia, of which clinical and radiological characteristics are compatible with the clinical evolution of the present case. As there was recent hospital admission, it is possible to consider the possibility of acquired pneumonia caused by nosocomial bacterial flora. In this regard, a study of necropsies performed in patients with heart disease found pneumonia as the most commonly found infectious diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Moreover, in a study of 1,989 patients hospitalized for heart failure, the presence of pneumonia was a factor related to a worse prognosis, as was the intensity of the inflammatory process measured by the Protein C level in peripheral blood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><bold>(Dr. Victor Sarli Issa)</bold></p>
      <p><bold>Diagnostic hypotheses:</bold> Restrictive cardiomyopathy, smoking, hypothyroidism, acute decompensated heart failure, pneumonia, multiple organ dysfunction. <bold>(Dr. Victor Sarli Issa)</bold></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Necropsy</title>
      <p>The heart weighed 516 g. The cross-section of the ventricles showed marked concentric myocardial hypertrophy and fibrous obliteration of the left ventricular cavity apex (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 8</xref>). The hypertrophic process predominated in the apical portion, with extensive organized and organizing thrombosis, which impaired both the left ventricular inflow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 9</xref>) and outflow tracts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>), leading to marked reduction in the cavity volume. There was no subaortic obstructive septal hypertrophy. In the basal portion of the inflow tract, the left ventricular free wall measured 2.0-cm thick and the ventricular septum, 2.5 cm. In the mid-apical portion the left ventricular free wall measured 2.5 cm. The mitral valve showed cusps and chordae tendineae of normal aspect, but its papillary muscles were surrounded by the ventricular cavity thrombosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figures 9</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">10</xref>). The histological analysis of the myocardium showed focal areas of cardiomyocyte disarray and thick-walled arterioles in the left ventricle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 11</xref>). There was irregular fibrous thickening of the tip of the endocardium and mid-apical left ventricular region, with underlying myocardial penetration, as well as an extensive organized and organizing thrombosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 12</xref>). The endocardium close to the myocardium consisted of looser collagen, with neovascularization foci, hemosiderin deposition, and discrete mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate. Eosinophils were not detected. The lungs weighed 1,134 g together and showed marked chronic passive congestion, with septal thickening and hemosiderin deposition, as well as foci of fibrin extravasation into the alveolar spaces, rare fibrin thrombi in the parenchymal arterioles and extensive recent bilateral alveolar hemorrhage. There was no vasculitis. The kidneys showed acute tubular necrosis, with no glomerular lesions, thrombi or vasculitis. The thyroid weighed 8g, showing extensive atrophy with fibrous replacement of the parenchyma; the remaining follicles showed variable sizes and there were rare foci of lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrate. Other necropsy findings were steatonecrosis of abdominal fat and centrilobular hepatic necrosis with cholestasis. <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cross section of the ventricles, showing the evident left ventricular concentric hypertrophy and the fibrous obliteration of the cavity apex (arrow).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figure 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Longitudinal section of the heart, disclosing the ventricular inflow tract. The left cavity has decreased volume due to extensive organizing thrombosis, which surrounds the papillary muscles (asterisks).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figure 10</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Extensive thrombosis in the left ventricular cavity (double asterisk) extending to the outflow tract. Note the whitish, fibrous thickening of the endocardium (arrow) and absence of hypertrophic obstruction of the subaortic region (asterisk).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf10.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f11">
          <label>Figure 11</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left ventricular cardiomyocyte disarray. Hematoxylin-eosin, X100.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf11.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f12">
          <label>Figure 12</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histological constitution of the affected endocardium, compatible with endomyocardial fibrosis. There is luminal thrombosis (arrow), superficial area of dense fibrosis (asterisk) and underlying area of loose fibrosis with neoformed vessels and foci of discrete inflammatory infiltrate (double asterisk). Hematoxylin-eosin, X 25</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf12.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Anatomopathological diagnoses:</bold> Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy/endomyocardial fibrosis; chronic passive congestion of the lungs; thyroid fibrosis and atrophy; alterations secondary to cardiogenic hemodynamic shock (cause of death). <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>This is an interesting case of a 25-year-old male patient with a history of hypothyroidism after treatment with radioactive iodine at an unspecified date, who developed congestive heart failure and died after a year of clinical follow-up. Imaging tests disclosed significant hypertrophy of the left ventricular mid-apical region, with obliteration of the tip of the cavity, and the hypotheses of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and endocardial fibrosis were suggested. The presence of suggestive signs of pulmonary hemorrhage and hematuria raised the suspicion of Goodpasture syndrome, but the complementary exams were not suggestive of this entity.</p>
      <p>The necropsy showed it was a case of cardiomyopathy of unusual pattern, characterized by the superposition of findings of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and endomyocardial fibrosis. On the other hand, the findings were not typical of any of these diseases alone. Although there was marked left ventricular wall concentric hypertrophy, with apical and mid-mural predominance related to the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the areas of cardiomyocyte disarray, which constitute the most significant finding of the disease, did not occur in extensive areas, as usual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Regarding the endomyocardial fibrosis, there was fibrous obliteration of the left ventricular apex, the typical histopathological constitution of the affected endocardium, and cavity thrombosis at different development stages, both the left ventricular inflow and outflow tracts were affected, which is not described in endomyocardial fibrosis and typically affects only the ventricular apex and inflow tract.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> It is noteworthy that we have previously reported the simultaneous occurrence of both cardiomyopathies, with typical findings, in a patient who underwent surgical resection of endomyocardial fibrosis and subsequently died.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The present case illustrates the difficulty to classify the cardiomyopathy into one of the four traditional basic types, namely: dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and arrhythmogenic,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and there is a current trend towards a purely descriptive classification, i.e., the MOGE(S) classification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding the suspected Goodpasture syndrome, the necropsy did not show lesions in the renal glomeruli or evidence of vasculitis in the lungs or other organs, and the alveolar pulmonary hemorrhage can be explained by the heart failure and terminal cardiogenic shock, which is the cause of death. Therefore, there are no anatomopathological elements to allow the diagnosis of Goodpasture syndrome, which is in line with the results of the performed complementary tests. The thyroid atrophy corresponds to the sequela of the radioactive iodine treatment of the patient&#8217;s hyperthyroidism. <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
    </sec>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 3/2019 - Homem Jovem com Quadro de Dispneia Intensa, Infiltrado Pulmonar, &#193;rea Card&#237;aca Normal e Oblitera&#231;&#227;o da Ponta do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9351-8949</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Sarli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5673-165X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (ajmansur@incor.usp.br)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (dclfavarato@incor.usp.br)</label>
          <p> Vera Demarchi Aiello (anpvera@incor.usp.br)</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Adulto Jovem</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipotireodismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Tabagismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Pneumonia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Homem de 25 anos de idade foi internado por dispneia intensa, mesmo no repouso e com tosse produtiva.</p>
      <p>O paciente foi atendido uma semana antes com queixa de dor dorsal com irradia&#231;&#227;o para regi&#227;o precordial desencadeada por esfor&#231;os, como subir escadas e caminhar um quarteir&#227;o que se iniciaram duas semanas antes desse atendimento.</p>
      <p>O paciente era fumante (8 anos-ma&#231;o) e informou ser portador de hipotireoidismo ap&#243;s tratamento com iodo radioativo.</p>
      <p>Exames pr&#233;vios foram feitos para libera&#231;&#227;o de pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) (24 de novembro de 2010) mostrou sobrecarga de &#225;trio esquerdo e de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com <italic>strain</italic>. Houve acentua&#231;&#227;o do infradesnivelamento de ST no teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
      <p>Na interna&#231;&#227;o (14 de outubro de 2011) havia frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 100 bpm, press&#227;o arterial 100/70 mmHg, e exame f&#237;sico normal.</p>
      <p>O ECG (14 de outubro de 2011) revelou taquicardia sinusal (101 bpm), intervalo PR 144 ms, dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS 103 ms, QTc 451 ms, sobrecarga de c&#226;maras esquerdas e altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f13">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG: Taquicardia sinusal, sobrecarga de c&#226;maras esquerdas, dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular do est&#237;mulo, altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax (14 de outubro de 2011) foi normal. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 2</xref>)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f14">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax em PA: normal</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (14 de outubro de 2011) revelaram: hem&#225;cias 4.600.000/mm&#179;, hemoglobina 14 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 39%, VCM 85 fL, RDW-CV 12,9%, leuc&#243;citos 11.110/mm&#179; (72% neutr&#243;filos, 7% eosin&#243;filos, 17% linf&#243;citos e 4% mon&#243;citos), plaquetas 185000/mm&#179;, s&#243;dio 138 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 4,5 mEq/L, TP (INR) 1, TTPA (rel) 0,93, d&#237;mero D 485 ng/mL, CK-MB 0,94 ng/mL, toponina I 0,535 ng/mL, ur&#233;ia 35 mg/dL, creatinina 0,94 mg/dL. No dia seguinte - CK-MB 0,71 ng/mL, troponina I 0,511 ng/mL; colesterol total 219 mg/dL, HDL-c 25 mg/dL, LDL-c 171 mg/dL, triglic&#233;rides 116 mg/dL, glicose 92 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (17 de outubro de 2011) revelou di&#226;metros de aorta 27 mm, de &#225;trio esquerdo 43 mm, espessura de septo 11 mm, parede posterior 10 mm, di&#226;metros de ventr&#237;culo direito normais e do esquerdo (di&#225;stole/s&#237;stole) 54/34 mm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 65%; hipertrofia de grau acentuado em toda sua regi&#227;o m&#233;dio apical, padr&#227;o enchimento pseudonormal. N&#227;o havia altera&#231;&#227;o valvar ou obstru&#231;&#227;o em via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      <p>A angiotomografia coron&#225;ria (18 de outubro de 2011) n&#227;o revelou calcifica&#231;&#245;es ou les&#245;es coron&#225;rias. Contudo, foram observadas dilata&#231;&#227;o de &#225;trio esquerdo e oblitera&#231;&#227;o da por&#231;&#227;o apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      <p>Foram feitos os diagn&#243;sticos de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e hipercolesterolemia. Foram prescritos 50 mg de atenolol, 100 &#181;g de levotiroxina e 20 mg de omeprazol e encaminhado para seguimento ambulatorial (18 de outubro de 2011).</p>
      <p>Quatro dias ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar (22 de outubro de 2011) o paciente procurou atendimento m&#233;dico de emerg&#234;ncia por dispneia intensa, mesmo no repouso e no dec&#250;bito, al&#233;m de tosse produtiva.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico (22 de outubro de 2011) revelou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 101 bpm, press&#227;o arterial 112/70 mmHg, ausculta pulmonar com estertores crepitantes difusos, ausculta card&#237;aca sem altera&#231;&#245;es, abdome sem altera&#231;&#245;es e discreto edema de pernas e p&#233;s, sem sinais sugestivos de trombose venosa profunda.</p>
      <p>O ECG (22 de outubro de 2011) foi semelhante ao anterior com taquicardia sinusal, sobrecarga de c&#226;maras esquerdas e com infradesnivelamento de segmento ST com concavidade superior e acentua&#231;&#227;o da negatividade de onda T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V<sub>3</sub> a V<sub>6</sub>. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f15">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG: taquicardia sinusal, sobrecarga de c&#226;maras esquerdas e infradesnivelamento de segmento ST com concavidade superior de V3 a V6.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na radiografia de t&#243;rax (23 de outubro de 2011) observou-se infiltrado alveolar difuso bilateral. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 4</xref>)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f16">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax PA: infiltrado alveolar bilateral.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (22 de outubro de 2011) mostraram: hem&#225;cias 3700000/mm&#179;, hemoglobina 11,6 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 31%, VCM 84 fL, RDW-CV 13,2%, leuc&#243;citos 4100/mm&#179; (18% bast&#245;es, 67% segmentados, 2% eosin&#243;filos, 11% linf&#243;citos e 2% mon&#243;citos), plaquetas 207000/mm&#179;, creatinina 1,06 mg/dL, ureia 35 mg/dL, BNP 1296 pg/mL, pot&#225;ssio 4 mEq/L, s&#243;dio 132 mEq/L, lactato arterial 7 mg/dL, urina I: densidade 1, 009, ph = 5,5, prote&#237;nas 0,5 g/L, leuc&#243;citos 2000/mL, hem&#225;cias 79000/mL e presen&#231;a de hemoglobin&#250;ria intensa.</p>
      <p>A angiotomografia pulmonar (24 de outubro de 2012) n&#227;o revelou altera&#231;&#245;es das estruturas vasculares e mediastinais ou sinais de tromboembolismo pulmonar; havia infiltrado micronodular centrolobular, confluente, difuso, em algumas &#225;reas com aspecto de &#225;rvore em brotamento de distribui&#231;&#227;o predominante broncoc&#234;ntrica associados a &#225;reas de atenua&#231;&#227;o em vidro fosco mais evidentes nos &#225;pices e segmentos basais posteriores. Tais achados foram considerados compat&#237;veis com processo inflamat&#243;rio ou infeccioso. Havia derrame pleural bilateral, moderado &#224; direita e pequeno &#224; esquerda. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figura 5</xref>)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f17">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angiotomografia pulmonar- sem sinais de tromboembolismo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A tomografia de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o do t&#243;rax (01 de novembro de 2011) revelou linfoadenomegalia das cadeias para-a&#243;rtica (2,7 x 1,3 cm) e subcarinal (1,9 x 1,5 cm) direitas; n&#227;o havia altera&#231;&#245;es de traqueia e br&#244;nquios, havia infiltrado intersticial e alveolar difuso predominantemente centrolobular e, &#224;s vezes, confluentes com espessamento interlobulares mais evidentes em bases. Havia, tamb&#233;m, derrame pleural bilateral, moderado &#224; direita. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figura 6</xref>)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f18">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tomografia de t&#243;rax: infiltrado intersticial e alveolar difuso.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (03 de novembro de 2011) revelou dilata&#231;&#227;o de &#225;trio esquerdo e hipertrofia m&#233;dio-apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (18 mm) e intensa trabecula&#231;&#227;o e oblitera&#231;&#227;o de sua ponta, sugestiva de fibrose endoc&#225;rdica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f19">Figura 7</xref>), e insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada, com sinais de fibrose e hipertrofia de m&#250;sculo papilar e havia gradiente intraventricular esquerdo de 30 mmHg.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f19">
          <label>Figura 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, paraesternal eixo longo: dilata&#231;&#227;o de &#225;trio esquerdo e amputa&#231;&#227;o de ponta de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Um novo ecocardiograma (11 de novembro de 2011) revelou hipertrofia m&#233;dio-apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com intensa trabecula&#231;&#227;o e oblitera&#231;&#227;o de sua ponta, sugestiva de fibrose endoc&#225;rdica; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o estimada subjetivamente em 50%, devido &#224; discreta hipocinesia apical. A insufici&#234;ncia mitral foi quantificada como m&#237;nima nesse e nos ecocadiogramas posteriores (16 e 23 de novembro de 2011).</p>
      <p>O lavado br&#244;nquico (11 de novembro de 2011) n&#227;o revelou, por PCR, <italic>Pneumocystis carinii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Legionella sp.</italic>, Adenov&#237;rus, Herpes simplex ou Citomegalovirus. A citologia revelou 115 c&#233;lulas/mm&#179; (leuc&#243;citos 9% - 87% polimorfonucleares, 10% linf&#243;citos, 3% mon&#243;citos; macr&#243;fafos 29%; c&#233;lulas epiteliais 62% (planas 7%, cil&#237;ndricas caliciformes 21%, cil&#237;ndricas ciliadas 72%), n&#227;o havia bact&#233;rias ou fungos.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (23 de novembro de 2011) n&#227;o revelou novas altera&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ecocardiogramas na &#250;ltima interna&#231;&#227;o</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">3 nov 11</th>
              <th align="center">11 nov 11</th>
              <th align="center">23 nov (TE)</th>
              <th align="center">07 dez 11</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aorta (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">32</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#193;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">47</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ventr&#237;culo direito (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Septo (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Parede posterior (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico VE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico VE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">42</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE (%)</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">55</td>
              <td align="center">35%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica Art. pulmonar (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>
              <italic>VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TE: transesof&#225;gico.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Um novo ecocardiograma (07 de dezembro de 2011) revelou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com comprometimento sist&#243;lico moderado a acentuado da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (Tabela 1), e continuou sendo observada imagem hiperrefringente em ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, provavelmente correspondente &#224; hipertrofia apical do septo ventricular</p>
      <p>Como havia rebaixamento de consci&#234;ncia foi realizada pun&#231;&#227;o lombar (29 de junho de 2004); o exame do l&#237;quor revelou ADA (adenosina deaminase) 2,5 U/L. As pesquisas de Adenov&#237;rus, Citomegalov&#237;rus, Herpes simplex, <italic>Criptococcus sp</italic>, <italic>Toxoplasma sp</italic> e de bacilos &#225;lcool-&#225;cidos resistentes foram negativas e n&#227;o houve crescimento de bact&#233;rias ou fungos nas culturas. A contagem de c&#233;lulas foi 11 c&#233;lulas/mm&#179; - linf&#243;citos 31%, mon&#243;citos 66% e macr&#243;fagos 3%; a proteinorraquia foi 475 mg/dL, glicorraquia 105 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>As tomografias de cr&#226;nio (29 de novembro de 2011) e a de abdome (30 de novembro de 2011) foram normais.</p>
      <p>Nova tomografia de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o do t&#243;rax (30 de novembro de 2011) revelou persist&#234;ncia do infiltrado interst&#237;cio-alveolar difuso e sim&#233;trico, caracterizado por atenua&#231;&#227;o em vidro fosco difusa do par&#234;nquima e m&#250;ltiplas opacidades nodulares e micronodulares, predominantemente centrolobulares, por vezes confluentes e esbo&#231;ando imagens de &#225;rvore em brotamento com predomin&#226;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o na medular pulmonar compat&#237;veis com preenchimento alveolar. Foram descritos ainda achados sugestivos de processos inflamat&#243;rios ou infecciosos associados a edema ou a hemorragia alveolar. N&#227;o havia derrame pleural.</p>
      <p>A cultura de sangue foi positiva para <italic>Staphylococcus haemoliticus,</italic> sens&#237;vel &#224; vancomicina e teicoplatina, e a cultura de urina foi positiva para <italic>Pseudomonas aeroginosa,</italic> sens&#237;vel a piperacilina/tazobactam. Cultura posterior de urina revelou crescimento de Candida n&#227;o albicans.</p>
      <p>Recebeu inicialmente vancomicina e piperacilina/tazobactam, depois, imipinem e meropenen, teicoplatina, anfotericina, fluconazol, caspofungina, aciclovir.</p>
      <p>Pela presen&#231;a de sinais sugestivos de hemorragia alveolar pulmonar e hemat&#250;ria foi feita a suspeita diagn&#243;stica de S&#237;ndrome de Good Pasture e foi iniciada a investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A pesquisa de marcadores neopl&#225;sicos (10 de julho de 2004) revelou - alfafetoprote&#237;na 1,9 ng/mL, CA-125 401,4 U/mL, CA-15.3 14,9 U/mL, CA-19.9 20,1, ant&#237;geno carcinoembrion&#225;rio 2,7 ng/mL. A pesquisa de anticorpos antinucleares, antimitoc&#244;ndrias e anticitoplasma de neutr&#243;filos (ANCA) foi negativa. A fra&#231;&#227;o C3 do complemento foi 18 mg/dL, a C4 foi 10 mg/dL. Os resultados evolutivos dos exames laboratoriais est&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o laboratorial</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">30 out</th>
              <th align="center">15 nov</th>
              <th align="center">30 nov</th>
              <th align="center">6 dez</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hem&#225;cias (milh&#245;es/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">4,3</td>
              <td align="center">2,8</td>
              <td align="center">2,2</td>
              <td align="center">3,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">7,9</td>
              <td align="center">6,4</td>
              <td align="center">9,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemat&#243;crito (%)</td>
              <td align="center">37%</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Leuc&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">26210</td>
              <td align="center">9650</td>
              <td align="center">9210</td>
              <td align="center">26970</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Neutr&#243;filos (%)</td>
              <td align="center">91</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
              <td align="center">87</td>
              <td align="center">78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Eosin&#243;filos (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Linf&#243;citos (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mon&#243;citos (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Plaquetas/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">276000</td>
              <td align="center">69000</td>
              <td align="center">101000</td>
              <td align="center">83000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">1,36</td>
              <td align="center">2,98</td>
              <td align="center">4,94</td>
              <td align="center">2,64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ureia (mg/dL0</td>
              <td align="center">68</td>
              <td align="center">189</td>
              <td align="center">256</td>
              <td align="center">120</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">135</td>
              <td align="center">146</td>
              <td align="center">155</td>
              <td align="center">139</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">4,2</td>
              <td align="center">4,4</td>
              <td align="center">5,1</td>
              <td align="center">4,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lactato (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TP (INR)</td>
              <td align="center">1,2</td>
              <td align="center">1,1</td>
              <td align="center">1,3</td>
              <td align="center">1,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TTPA (rel)</td>
              <td align="center">0,86</td>
              <td align="center">0,85</td>
              <td align="center">1,04</td>
              <td align="center">0,98</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PCR (mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">15,90</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">124</td>
              <td align="center">109</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AST (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">90</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ALT (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">211</td>
              <td align="center">359</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>
              <italic>TP: tempo de protrombina; TTPA: tempo de tromboplastina parcialmente ativado; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; ALT: alanina aminotransferase.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O paciente evoluiu com piora do quadro pulmonar e hemodin&#226;mico, anemia (recebeu transfus&#227;o concentrado de hem&#225;cias), plaquetopenia e insufici&#234;ncia renal (submetido &#224; di&#225;lise), e apresentou parada em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso, inicialmente ressuscitado com sucesso, contudo houve recorr&#234;ncia e faleceu (7 de dezembro de 2011).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Trata-se do caso de paciente jovem, masculino, fumante e portador de hipotireoidismo p&#243;s-tratamento com iodo radioativo que procurou atendimento m&#233;dico por sintoma de dispneia e tosse h&#225; uma semana; estas queixas haviam sido antecedidas por dor tor&#225;cica aos esfor&#231;os h&#225; duas semanas. A avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica no primeiro atendimento era not&#225;vel pela presen&#231;a de taquicardia e discreta leucocitose no hemograma. A radiografia de t&#243;rax era normal apesar do sintoma de dispneia em repouso. Curiosamente, o ECG realizado em avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica de rotina h&#225; 11 meses antes do in&#237;cio dos sintomas, mostrava sinais sugestivos de cardiopatia, com sobrecarga de c&#226;maras esquerdas.</p>
        <p>Se examinarmos o presente caso a partir da an&#225;lise das poss&#237;veis hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas no momento do primeiro atendimento, notamos que os principais elementos cl&#237;nicos nesta ocasi&#227;o s&#227;o: a dor tor&#225;cica e a dispneia. S&#227;o v&#225;rias as causas de dor tor&#225;cica aos esfor&#231;os e dispneia em indiv&#237;duos jovens, e incluem afec&#231;&#245;es do sistema cardiovascular, bem como de outros &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas como o digestivo e osteomuscular. No presente caso, podem ser cotejadas como: causas n&#227;o card&#237;acas, o pneumot&#243;rax espont&#226;neo, a pneumonia e a embolia pulmonar. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e radiol&#243;gica n&#227;o era compat&#237;vel com as duas primeiras hip&#243;teses; j&#225; a embolia pulmonar &#233; hip&#243;tese compat&#237;vel com a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicial, especialmente se levarmos em conta a discord&#226;ncia entre a intensidade dos sintomas e os achados radiol&#243;gicos e a presen&#231;a de taquicardia persistente; em que pese o fato da embolia de pulm&#227;o ser evento raro em pacientes jovens,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> neste caso podem ser encontrados fatores de risco, a saber, o antecedente de tabagismo, bem como a presen&#231;a de poss&#237;vel cardiopatia (como sugerido pelo ECG realizado 11 meses antes do in&#237;cio dos sintomas). Houve investiga&#231;&#227;o complementar para presen&#231;a de embolia pulmonar com dosagem de D&#237;mero D, e realiza&#231;&#227;o de angiotomografia de art&#233;rias pulmonares. Entretanto, a obten&#231;&#227;o de valor de D&#237;mero D inferior a 500 em associa&#231;&#227;o com aus&#234;ncia de achados radiol&#243;gicos sugestivos na angiotomografia tornam muito improv&#225;vel o diagn&#243;stico de embolia pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Se tomarmos em considera&#231;&#227;o as causas card&#237;acas para dor tor&#225;cica e dispneia em indiv&#237;duos jovens, merecem nota a miocardite e a doen&#231;a coronariana n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica. Em que pese o fato da miocardite ser capaz de promover quadro cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel com o da apresenta&#231;&#227;o do paciente em quest&#227;o, os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos pr&#233;-existentes n&#227;o d&#227;o maior subst&#226;ncia a estas possibilidades.</p>
        <p>Podemos examinar o presente caso n&#227;o somente a partir da an&#225;lise dos sintomas que levaram o paciente ao hospital, mas tamb&#233;m tomando em considera&#231;&#227;o o interessante achado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico obtido em registro 11 meses antes do in&#237;cio dos sintomas; desta forma, somos levados a considerar o caso sob a perspectiva das possibilidades diagn&#243;sticas de cardiopatia assintom&#225;tica em indiv&#237;duo jovem, e que podem ter como manifesta&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica a sobrecarga de c&#226;maras esquerdas. Podemos cotejar a possibilidade de doen&#231;as com acometimento prim&#225;rio do mioc&#225;rdio (miocardiopatias) bem como de doen&#231;as que determinam acometimento mioc&#225;rdico secund&#225;rio, como a hipertens&#227;o arterial e as valvopatias. Entretanto, a medida da press&#227;o arterial na chegada, bem como semiologia card&#237;aca, n&#227;o apontam para estas possibilidades. No que tange &#224;s miocardiopatias, devem ser consideradas, neste contexto fundamentalmente, as miocardiopatias de origem gen&#233;tico-familiar e que podem ter como express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica mioc&#225;rdica tanto a hipertrofia (miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica), como a dilata&#231;&#227;o (miocardiopatia dilatada) ou restri&#231;&#227;o (miocardiopatia restritiva).</p>
        <p>Neste aspecto, s&#227;o de interesse os achados morfol&#243;gicos e funcionais fornecidos pelo ecocardiograma. No caso em quest&#227;o, os achados em 17 de outubro de 2011 indicam discreto aumento da espessura do septo interventricular, com hipertrofia das por&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dio apicais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo determinando preju&#237;zo de seu enchimento, mas sem determinar dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou preju&#237;zo da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Estes achados podem ser compat&#237;veis com a presen&#231;a de miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica que acomete indiv&#237;duos jovens tanto do g&#234;nero masculino como feminino; &#233; em geral assintom&#225;tica durante as primeiras d&#233;cadas de vida, sendo comumente diagnosticada em exames para avalia&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica de rotina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> S&#227;o sintomas comuns a dor tor&#225;cia aos esfor&#231;os e a dispneia. Estudos gen&#233;ticos indicam que a hipertrofia seja causada por muta&#231;&#245;es dominantes em mais de 11 genes que codificam componentes proteicos do sarc&#244;mero ou do disco Z adjacente. Dos pacientes que puderam ser genotipados com sucesso, cerca de 70% tiveram muta&#231;&#245;es em dois genes: da cadeia pesada da miosina (MYH7) e da prote&#237;na C ligadora da miosina (MYBPC3); mais de 1400 muta&#231;&#245;es j&#225; foram descritas, a maioria delas restritas a grupos familiares. Em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica a espessura da parede ventricular esquerda pode variar de intensidade, desde leve (13-15 mm) a muito intensa (&gt; 50 mm).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Podem ocorrer padr&#245;es assim&#233;tricos de hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, incluindo &#225;reas n&#227;o cont&#237;guas de hipertrofia. Embora o espessamento difuso da parede ventricular esquerda seja evidente em cerca de 50% dos pacientes, uma minoria (10-20%) pode apresentar hipertrofia confinada a pequenas por&#231;&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica podem ter padr&#245;es incomuns de hipertrofia (por exemplo, hipertrofia apical), o que est&#225; associado com invers&#227;o gigante da onda T no ECG e &#233; tipicamente causado por muta&#231;&#245;es sarcom&#233;ricas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outra possibilidade a ser considerada - especialmente se tomarmos em conta a sobrecarga ventricular pouco exuberante no ECG, a presen&#231;a de oblitera&#231;&#227;o apical, a aus&#234;ncia de hipertrofia superior a 14mm pelo ecocardiograma e a presen&#231;a de dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial - &#233; a de endomiocardiofibrose. Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca de etiologia incerta, tem como caracter&#237;stica morfol&#243;gica marcante a oblitera&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;pices dos ventr&#237;culos, preju&#237;zo do enchimento ventricular e grande dilata&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;trios. Entretanto, sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica costuma ser de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, com sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca predominantemente direita e grande dilata&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;trios, frequentemente com trombos intracavit&#225;rios, achados ausentes no presente caso. Apesar de sua etiologia ser ainda desconhecida, sugere-se que esteja associada a tr&#234;s condi&#231;&#245;es b&#225;sicas: eosinofilia e doen&#231;as parasit&#225;rias, padr&#245;es nutricionais (excesso de vitamina D, agentes t&#243;xicos encontrados em alimentos contaminados e defici&#234;ncia de magn&#233;sio foram reportados) e susceptibilidade gen&#233;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Nos casos em que h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o com agentes parasit&#225;rios de ciclo pulmonar, pode haver comprometimento dos pulm&#245;es com edema pulmonar n&#227;o cardiog&#234;nico, pneumonite e infiltrado alveolar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Uma caracter&#237;stica marcante desta condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; a hipereosinifilia no sangue perif&#233;rico, manifesta&#231;&#227;o ausente no presente caso. O acomentimento card&#237;aco tamb&#233;m tem sido descrito em outras s&#237;ndromes hipereosinof&#237;licas como a S&#237;ndrome de Churg-Straus (caracterizada por asma ou rinite al&#233;rgica e vasculite necrotizante).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> No presente caso, foi considerada a possibilidade de S&#237;ndrome de Goodpasture, uma doen&#231;a autoimune espec&#237;fica dos pulm&#245;es e rins, e caracterizada pela ocorr&#234;ncia de anticorpos contra a membrana basal destes &#243;rg&#227;os. N&#227;o tem sido descrito o acometimento card&#237;aco nesta doen&#231;a<italic>.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar da abordagem diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica inicial, os sintomas do paciente se intensificaram e houve nova procura a atendimento m&#233;dico por acentua&#231;&#227;o da dispneia e surgimento de tosse produtiva. No exame f&#237;sico persiste a taquicardia e h&#225; surgimento de crepita&#231;&#245;es pulmonares e edema discreto de pernas e p&#233;s. A radiografia de t&#243;rax bem como a primeira tomografia do t&#243;rax sugerem infiltrado alveolar. A avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial &#233; not&#225;vel por queda da hemoglobina, queda do s&#243;dio, eleva&#231;&#227;o do BNP. Tomados em conjunto, os achados cl&#237;nicos indicam que o paciente tenha entrado em quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (presen&#231;a de edema de membros inferiores, surgimento de anemia - possivelmente dilucional - hiponatremia, eleva&#231;&#227;o do BNP e distribui&#231;&#227;o do infiltrado em &#225;pices e em por&#231;&#245;es posteriores dos pulm&#245;es, em associa&#231;&#227;o com derrame pleural direito). Ademais, o achado de formas jovens de leuc&#243;citos em sangue perif&#233;rico, de leucocit&#250;ria, hemat&#250;ria e de hemogloin&#250;ria indicam a exist&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m de processo inflamat&#243;rio e/ou infeccioso.</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a da associa&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com sinais inflamat&#243;rios em paciente com cardiopatia de base leva-nos a considerar a possibilidade de endocardite infecciosa. O diagn&#243;stico de endocardite fundamenta-se na presen&#231;a de cardiopatia predisponente (mais comumente uma valvopatia), achados de processo inflamat&#243;rio e de bacteremia persistente; do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico-morfol&#243;gico, a les&#227;o caracter&#237;stica &#233; de vegeta&#231;&#227;o detectada pelo ecocardiograma. Apesar dos achados de cardiopatia de base e de processo inflamat&#243;rio/infeccioso progressivo, n&#227;o houve achado de vegeta&#231;&#227;o pela ecocardiografia; ademais, o achado de <italic>Staphylococcus haemoliticus</italic> em hemocultura s&#243; tem valor diagn&#243;stico quando recuperado em m&#250;ltiplas culturas coletadas em momentos diferentes, por se tratar de agente colonizador da pele.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Deve-se notar, por fim, que o uso de m&#250;ltiplos antibi&#243;ticos pode reduzir a chance de recupera&#231;&#227;o de agentes infecciosos em hemoculturas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico e epidemiol&#243;gico, uma das principais causas de infec&#231;&#227;o e septicemia em pacientes cardiopatas &#233; a pneumonia, cujo quadros cl&#237;nico e radiol&#243;gico s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do presente caso. Como houve interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar recente, &#233; poss&#237;vel considerar a possibilidade de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de pneumonia causada por flora bacteriana nosocomial. Neste aspecto, estudo de necropsias feitas em cardiopatas, encontrou a pneumonia como o diagn&#243;stico infeccioso mais comumente encontrado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Ademais, em estudo com 1.989 pacientes com interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a presen&#231;a de pneumonia foi fator relacionado a pior progn&#243;stico, assim como a intensidade do processo inflamat&#243;rio medida pelo n&#237;vel da Prote&#237;na C em sangue perif&#233;rico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><bold>(Dr. Victor Sarli Issa)</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas:</bold> Miocardiopatia restritiva, tabagismo, hipotireoidismo, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada, pneumonia, disfun&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de &#243;rg&#227;os. <bold>(Dr. Victor Sarli Issa)</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necropsia</title>
        <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 516 g. O corte transversal dos ventr&#237;culos evidenciou acentuada hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica do mioc&#225;rdio e oblitera&#231;&#227;o fibrosa do &#225;pice da cavidade ventricular esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f20">Figura 8</xref>). O processo hipertr&#243;fico predominava na por&#231;&#227;o apical, com extensa trombose organizada e em organiza&#231;&#227;o, que comprometia tanto a via de entrada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Figura 9</xref>) como a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 3</xref>), acarretando acentuada diminui&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica da cavidade. N&#227;o havia hipertrofia septal obstrutiva suba&#243;rtica. Na por&#231;&#227;o basal da via de entrada a parede livre do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mediu 2,0 cm de espessura e o septo ventricular 2,5 cm. Na por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio-apical a parede livre do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mediu 2,5 cm. A valva mitral apresentava c&#250;spides e cordas tend&#237;neas de aspecto normal, mas tinha seus m&#250;sculos papilares englobados pela trombose da cavidade ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Figuras 9</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f22">10</xref>). Estudo histol&#243;gico do mioc&#225;rdio revelou &#225;reas focais de desarranjo dos cardiomi&#243;citos e arter&#237;olas de parede espessada no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f23">Figura 11</xref>). Havia espessamento fibroso irregular do endoc&#225;rdio da ponta e regi&#227;o m&#233;dio-apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com penetra&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio subjacente, al&#233;m de extensa trombose organizada e em organiza&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f24">Figura 12</xref>). O endoc&#225;rdio junto ao mioc&#225;rdio era constitu&#237;do por col&#225;geno mais frouxo, apresentando focos de neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o, deposi&#231;&#227;o de pigmento hemosider&#243;tico e discreto infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio mononuclear, n&#227;o sendo detectado eosin&#243;filos. Os pulm&#245;es pesaram 1.134 g em conjunto e evidenciavam acentuada congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica, com espessamento septal e deposi&#231;&#227;o de pigmento hemosider&#243;tico, al&#233;m de focos de extravasamento de fibrina para os espa&#231;os alveolares, raros trombos de fibrina em arter&#237;olas parenquimatosas e extensa hemorragia alveolar bilateral recente. N&#227;o havia vasculite. Os rins exibiam necrose tubular aguda, n&#227;o havendo les&#245;es glomerulares, trombos ou vasculite. A tireoide pesou 8 g, exibindo extensa atrofia com substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrosa do par&#234;nquima; os fol&#237;culos remanescentes apresentavam tamanho vari&#225;vel e havia raros focos de infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio linfohistiocit&#225;rio. Outros achados da necropsia foram focos de esteatonecrose da gordura abdominal e necrose hep&#225;tica centrolobular com colestase. <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f20">
            <label>Figura 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte transversal dos ventr&#237;culos. &#201; evidente a hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a oblitera&#231;&#227;o fibrosa do &#225;pice da cavidade (seta).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f21">
            <label>Figura 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte longitudinal do cora&#231;&#227;o expondo a via de entrada dos ventr&#237;culos. A cavidade esquerda tem volume diminu&#237;do &#224; custa de extensa trombose em organiza&#231;&#227;o, que engloba os m&#250;sculos papilares (asteriscos).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf09-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f22">
            <label>Figura 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A extensa trombose da cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (duplo asterisco) estende-se para a via de sa&#237;da. Repare no espessamento fibroso, esbranqui&#231;ado, do endoc&#225;rdio (seta) e na aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o hipertr&#243;fica da regi&#227;o suba&#243;rtica (asterisco).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf10-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f23">
            <label>Figura 11</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Desarranjo dos cardiomi&#243;citos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Hematoxilina-eosina, X 100.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf11-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f24">
            <label>Figura 12</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Constitui&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica do endoc&#225;rdio acometido, compat&#237;vel com endomiocardiofibrose. H&#225; trombose luminal (seta), &#225;rea superficial de fibrose densa (asterisco) e &#225;rea subjacente de fibrose frouxa com vasos neoformados e focos de discreto infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio (duplo asterisco). Hematoxilina-eosina, X 25</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0793-90105-gf12-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos:</bold> Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica/endomiocardiofibrose; congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica pulmonar; fibrose e atrofia da tireoide; altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias a choque hemodin&#226;mico cardiog&#234;nico (causa do &#243;bito). <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Coment&#225;rios</title>
        <p>Interessante caso de homem jovem, de 25 anos de idade, apresentando hist&#243;ria de hipotireoidismo ap&#243;s tratamento com iodo radioativo em data n&#227;o especificada, que evoluiu com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e &#243;bito ap&#243;s um ano de seguimento cl&#237;nico. Exames de imagem revelaram hipertrofia importante da regi&#227;o m&#233;dio-apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com oblitera&#231;&#227;o da ponta da cavidade, sendo aventadas as hip&#243;teses de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e fibrose endoc&#225;rdica. A presen&#231;a de sinais sugestivos de hemorragia pulmonar e hemat&#250;ria levantou a suspeita de s&#237;ndrome de Goodpasture, por&#233;m os exames complementares n&#227;o foram sugestivos dessa entidade.</p>
        <p>A necropsia mostrou tratar-se de cardiomiopatia de padr&#227;o n&#227;o usual, caracterizada pela superposi&#231;&#227;o de achados da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e da endomiocardiofibrose. Por outro lado, os achados n&#227;o eram t&#237;picos de nenhuma dessas doen&#231;as isoladamente. Se da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica t&#237;nhamos a acentuada hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica da parede ventricular esquerda, com predom&#237;nio apical e m&#233;dio-mural, as &#225;reas de desarranjo dos cardiomi&#243;citos, que constituem o achado mais significativo da doen&#231;a, n&#227;o ocorriam em extensas &#225;reas como habitual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Se da endomiocardiofibrose t&#237;nhamos a oblitera&#231;&#227;o fibrosa do &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, a t&#237;pica constitui&#231;&#227;o histopatol&#243;gica do endoc&#225;rdio acometido e a trombose da cavidade em diferentes fases evolutivas, havia acometimento tanto da via de entrada como da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o que n&#227;o &#233; descrito na endomiocardiofibrose, que tipicamente acomete apenas o &#225;pice e via de entrada ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Destaca-se que relatamos previamente a ocorr&#234;ncia simult&#226;nea de ambas cardiomiopatias, com achados t&#237;picos, em um paciente que foi submetido a ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da endomiocardiofibrose e faleceu posteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> O presente caso ilustra a dificuldade que por vezes h&#225; de se classificar a cardiomiopatia num dos quatro tipos b&#225;sicos tradicionais, quer seja: dilatada, hipertr&#243;fica, restritiva e arritmog&#234;nica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> destacando-se uma tend&#234;ncia atual de se proceder a uma classifica&#231;&#227;o puramente descritiva, i.e., a classifica&#231;&#227;o MOGE(S).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No que se refere &#224; suspeita de s&#237;ndrome de Goodpasture, a necropsia n&#227;o evidenciou les&#245;es dos glom&#233;rulos renais ou evid&#234;ncias de vasculite pulmonar ou em outro &#243;rg&#227;o, e a hemorragia pulmonar alveolar pode ser explicada pela insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e choque cardiog&#234;nico terminal, causa do &#243;bito. Portanto, n&#227;o h&#225; elementos anatomopatol&#243;gicos que permitam o diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome de Goodpasture, o que vai ao encontro do resultado dos exames complementares realizados. A atrofia da tireoide corresponde a sequela do tratamento com iodo radioativo do referido hipertireoidismo que o paciente apresentava. <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
