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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bNDJx3dy634cQqjCpb3fmWm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000600782</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190099</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Physical Activity and Healthy Eating Patterns in Public Schools in Brazil: A Strategy to Avert Risk Factors in Adulthood</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9911-4598</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Antonio Helfenstein</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria Cristina Izar,</bold> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina - Rua Loefgren, 1350. Postal Code 04040-001, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mcoizar@cardiol.br</email>, <email>fahfonseca@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>782</fpage>
      <lpage>783</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Healthy Diet</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors/prevention and control</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death globally, however, 80% of premature heart disease, stroke and diabetes can be prevented.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) can begin in youth, exacerbated by exposure to factors associated with increased cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> There are interventions to prevent risk factors onset (primordial prevention), to identify and treat risk factors in childhood and adolescence (primary prevention) and to address the risk of additional events in those who already have ASCVD or other CVDs (secondary prevention) at a young age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Adolescence presents a prime opportunity to assess risk factors for CVD and to intervene to prevent its development.</p>
    <p>The manuscript by Scherr et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> highlights the importance of a school-based program including physical activity (PA) and healthy eating patterns in adolescence for the prevention of cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
    <p>The Olympic Experimental Gymnasium (OEG) is a project initiated by Rio de Janeiro&#8217;s city government integrating academic and sports training. The schools participating in the OEG project provide sports practice (two hours a day, five times a week), and five healthy meals to students every day. In this article, the authors evaluate the influence of sports practice and healthy eating habits in OEG schools compared with PA once a week and one meal per day, in regular schools (RSch). The students had to be exposed to the interventions for one year prior to data collection. The authors aimed to examine potential associations between the school environment in OEG schools versus RSch and important CVD risk factors in adolescents. They hypothesized that the adolescents attending RSch would be more likely to have risk factors than those attending OEG schools.</p>
    <p>In this cross-sectional study, a total of 1,113 students, from the same geographic region were included in a 2:1 allocation ratio to exposure (719 attending OEG schools) and non-exposure (394 attending RSch).</p>
    <p>Although the study was cross-sectional, the students were included if they had participated in the OEG or RSch program for at least one year. Association between exposure and health status was addressed by a binomial logistic regression. The results of this program showed that the prevalence of prehypertension/hypertension and overweight differed among schools and that students attending OEG schools had lower proportion and odds of developing CVD risk factors. Higher body mass index, prehypertension/hypertension and overweight were more prevalent among RSch students. However, when analyzed by gender, girls had higher BMI and prevalence of overweight. After adjusting for sex and age, RSch students were more likely to have overweight (OR 1.49; 95%CI 1.13-1.98) or to be pre-hypertensive/hypertensive (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.36-2.34). No differences were found for total cholesterol, glycemia or triglycerides, according to school exposure.</p>
    <p>As this study was cross-sectional, causality could not be inferred. Evaluation of exposure, but not the level of PA, baseline status of participants, and not only the effects of exposure are limitations of this study. Prospective studies, with cluster randomization of interventions, should be done to assess lifestyle modification in adolescence and the association with risk factors.</p>
    <p>Recently, the American Heart Association issued a statement to guide cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk pediatric patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Although there are recommendations for high, moderate and at-risk categories, general strategies for lifestyle improvement are recommended for blood pressure, lipids (LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides), blood glucose, PA, diet, weight, and smoking in those who yet did not present these risk factors.</p>
    <p>The major modifiable risk factors for CVD (smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and obesity) often begin in early life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Several studies have found that the number of CVD risk factors present in individuals correlates with the severity of atherosclerosis in both children and young adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Initiatives to promote a better lifestyle must be encouraged in schools and adopted by policymakers, educators and stakeholders. In addition, in those at risk, an adequate risk stratification<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> should be performed to avert the onset of cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: The Olympic Experimental Gymnasium Program and its Association with the Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atividade F&#237;sica e Alimenta&#231;&#227;o Saud&#225;vel nas Escolas P&#250;blicas do Brasil: Estrat&#233;gia para Preven&#231;&#227;o de Fatores de Risco na Fase Adulta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9911-4598</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Antonio Helfenstein</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Cristina Izar,</bold> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina - Rua Loefgren, 1350. CEP 04040-001, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mcoizar@cardiol.br</email>, <email>fahfonseca@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta Saud&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs) continuam sendo a principal causa de morte em todo o mundo. No entanto, 80% das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas prematuras, acidente vascular cerebral e diabetes poderiam ser prevenidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA) pode ter in&#237;cio na juventude, e exacerbada pela exposi&#231;&#227;o a fatores associados a um risco cardiovascular aumentado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Existem interven&#231;&#245;es para prevenir o in&#237;cio dos fatores de risco (preven&#231;&#227;o primordial), para identificar e tratar fatores de risco na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia (preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria), e para a abordagem do risco de outros eventos em indiv&#237;duos j&#225; com DCVA ou outras DCVs (preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria) em idade jovem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A adolesc&#234;ncia representa a melhor oportunidade de se avaliar os fatores de risco para DCV e para se intervir visando prevenir seu desenvolvimento.</p>
      <p>O artigo de Scherr et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> enfatiza a import&#226;ncia de um programa escolar que inclui a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica (AF) e a ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos alimentares saud&#225;veis na adolesc&#234;ncia para a preven&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>O Gin&#225;sio Experimental Ol&#237;mpico (GEO) &#233; um projeto iniciado pelo governo da cidade do Rio de Janeiro que integra desenvolvimento acad&#234;mico e esportivo. As escolas participantes do projeto oferecem pr&#225;tica esportiva (duas horas por dia, cinco vezes por semana), e cinco refei&#231;&#245;es saud&#225;veis para os estudantes diariamente. Nesse artigo, os autores avaliam a influ&#234;ncia da pr&#225;tica esportiva e a ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos alimentares saud&#225;veis nas escolas participantes do projeto GEO em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; oferta de pr&#225;tica de AF uma vez por semana e uma refei&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria nas escolas regulares (ERs). Os alunos tinham que ser expostos &#224;s interven&#231;&#245;es por um ano antes da coleta de dados. O objetivo dos autores foi avaliar poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es entre o meio escolar nos GEOs versus ERs e importantes fatores de riscos para DCVs em adolescentes. Sua hip&#243;tese foi de que os adolescentes que frequentavam as ERs apresentariam maior probabilidade de apresentarem fatores de risco em compara&#231;&#227;o aos alunos dos GEOs.</p>
      <p>Nesse estudo transversal, 1113 estudantes de uma mesma regi&#227;o geogr&#225;fica foram inclu&#237;dos e alocados (propor&#231;&#227;o 2:1) para exposi&#231;&#227;o (719 em escolas GEOs) e sem exposi&#231;&#227;o (394 em ERs).</p>
      <p>Apesar de se tratar de um estudo transversal, os alunos foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo caso tivessem participado do programa GEO ou frequentado ERs por pelo menos um ano. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre exposi&#231;&#227;o e estado de sa&#250;de foi avaliada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica binominal. Os resultados do programa mostraram que a preval&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/hipertens&#227;o e sobrepeso foi diferente entre as escolas, e que os alunos de GEOs apresentaram menor propor&#231;&#227;o e menor chance de desenvolverem fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Os alunos de ERs apresentaram maior &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/hipertens&#227;o e sobrepeso. No entanto, na an&#225;lise por sexo, estudantes do sexo feminino apresentaram maior IMC e maior preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso. Ap&#243;s ajuste por sexo e idade, os estudantes de ERs apresentaram maior probabilidade de apresentaram sobrepeso (OR 1,49; IC95% 1,13-1,98) ou pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/hipertens&#227;o (OR 1,86; IC95% 1,36-2,34). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as quanto aos n&#237;veis de colesterol total, glicemia, e triglicer&#237;deos entre alunos de GEOs e ERs.</p>
      <p>Pela natureza do estudo (transversal), n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel inferir causalidade. Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo incluem a avalia&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o em vez do n&#237;vel de AF, e avalia&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas basais dos participantes em vez dos efeitos da exposi&#231;&#227;o somente. Estudos prospectivos, com randomiza&#231;&#227;o por cluster das interven&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida na adolesc&#234;ncia e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco.</p>
      <p>Recentemente, a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> emitiu uma diretriz visando a redu&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos de alto risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Apesar de existirem recomenda&#231;&#245;es para as categorias alto risco, risco moderado e em risco, s&#227;o recomendadas estrat&#233;gias gerais para melhorar o estilo de vida, quanto a press&#227;o arterial, perfil lip&#237;dico (LDL-colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos), glicemia, AF, alimenta&#231;&#227;o, peso corporal e tabagismo nos indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o apresentam esses fatores de risco.</p>
      <p>A maioria dos fatores de risco modific&#225;veis para DCV (tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o, hipercolesterolemia, diabetes e obesidade) inicia-se precocemente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> V&#225;rios estudos mostraram que o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco para DCV correlaciona-se com a gravidade da aterosclerose tanto em crian&#231;as como em jovens adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Iniciativas para promover um melhor estilo de vida devem ser incentivadas e adotadas por pol&#237;ticos, educadores e p&#250;blico de interesse. Ainda, nos indiv&#237;duos em risco de desenvolverem DCVs, deve-se realizar uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco adequada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> para se prevenir o in&#237;cio dos fatores de risco.</p>
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      <fn-group>
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          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Programa do Gin&#225;sio Experimental Ol&#237;mpico e sua Associa&#231;&#227;o com a Preval&#234;ncia de Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular em Adolescentes: Estudo Transversal</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
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