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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">c6mQDzHQ8qvsh6zhySp7Zhh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000600775</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005008102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190067</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Olympic Experimental Gymnasium Program and its Association with the Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scherr</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6900-7185</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Helal</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6929-8392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bel&#233;m</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Jua&#231;aba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fabiano</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Correa Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ludmila Talita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">8</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Pr&#243;-Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Pr&#243;-Cora&#231;&#227;o, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares - Faculdade de Medicina - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia do Exerc&#237;cio (LaFiEx) do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio (CardioEx) - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Divis&#227;o de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Medicina Interna - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Vitta Centro de Bem-Estar F&#237;sico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Vitta Centro de Bem-Estar F&#237;sico, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ricardo Stein &#8226;</bold> Rua Jo&#227;o Caetano 20, apt 402. Postal Code 90470-260, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>rstein@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Scheer C, Bel&#233;m LJ, Fabiano LCC, Pinheiro LT; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Scheer C, Helal L, Bel&#233;m LJ, Fabiano LCC, Pinheiro LT, Stein R; Statistical analysis: Scheer C, Helal L, Bel&#233;m LJ, Fabiano LCC, Pinheiro LT; Obtaining financing: Scheer C, Stein R; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Scheer C, Ferrari F, Helal L, Stein R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>775</fpage>
      <lpage>781</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Physical activity (PA) and appropriate diet, if adopted in childhood and adolescence, may reduce the CVD burden in later life. The Olympic Experimental Gymnasium (OEG) project was implemented to increase the PA levels of students by means of regular physical exercise and healthy eating habits.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To estimate and compare the prevalence of CVD risk factors in OEG schools versus regular schools (RSch) and to examine associations between the school environment and CVD risk factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>In this cross-sectional study with a comparator group, adolescents aged 12-13 years attending three OEG schools (n = 719) and three RSch (n = 394) were evaluated after one year of the ongoing program to estimate the prevalence of overweight, pre-hypertension/hypertension, altered glycemia, and lipid profile. An &#945; level of 0.05 was set for statistical analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>RSch students had higher odds to have high blood pressure (OR 1.86, 1.36-2.54) and to be overweight (OR 1.49, 1.13-1.98) than OEG students. Glucose levels were not altered in most cases regardless of school type, and no differences were found in lipid profile. In the sensitivity analysis stratified by gender, girls from RSch were more likely to have high body mass index than boys.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Exposure of adolescents to the OEG policies was positively associated with an important reduction in CVD risk factors, including high blood pressure and overweight.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Overweight</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Life Style</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Diet</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The attributable fraction of deaths due to physical inactivity can reach values around five million persons in the world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Among adolescents, the prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle is also high. The Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) found a frequency of 54% of physical inactivity, which was more prevalent in girls.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The same study, when considering approximately 37,000 subjects, found that higher physical activity (PA) levels were independently associated with cardiovascular risk and with sedentary time. Interestingly, PA levels do not appear to change the association between body mass index (BMI) and cardiovascular risk. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Lifestyle patterns related to eating habits and PA practices established in the school environment can have potential consequences in adulthood. There is evidence that atherosclerosis begins in early life, progressing slowly into elderliness. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Scherr et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> stated that it is important to consider the presence of cardiovascular risk factors in school children and that they may be related to lifestyle behaviors.</p>
      <p>Given that young people spend most of their time in school, the role of school programs cannot be underestimated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In this respect, the most common ways to increase PA through the school system have been based on engagement in physical education classes and extracurricular physical activities. However, those are often underused.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>School-based interventions to increase PA seem to be feasible as a strategy to reduce risk factors. Knox et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> reported a decrease in cardiovascular risk factors among 115 participants aged 12 years-old after an 18-week intervention in a secondary school. Similarly, the ACORDA project found a reduction of obesity in adolescents after increasing PA levels with and without dietary advice after an 8-month interdisciplinary approach.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In 2012, Rio de Janeiro&#8217;s city government initiated a project integrating academic and sports training: the Olympic Experimental Gymnasium (OEG).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Emphasis was given to sports practice (two hours a day, five times a week), and five healthy meals were provided to students every day. Conversely, in regular schools (RSch), PA practice is limited (once a week) and students have only one meal per day.</p>
      <p>In this context, we aimed to examine potential associations between the school environment in OEG schools versus RSch and important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in adolescents. We hypothesized that the adolescents attending RSch would be more likely to have risk factors than those attending OEG schools.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This article was written according to the standards of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement for cross-sectional studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>A cross-sectional study with a comparator group was conducted at six public schools in Rio de Janeiro: three OEG schools and three RSch. Data collection was carried out in the schools from 2013 to 2015. Data were always collected in the mornings, on the same day of the week by the same trained investigator. To draw association inferences, we considered the school type (ER or OEG) as the exposure, and important CVD risk factors as the outcome, treated as categorical variables. A total of 1,113 students were included in a 2:1 allocation ratio to exposure (719 attending OEG schools) and non-exposure (394 attending RSch).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eligibility criteria and participant selection</title>
        <p>Eligible participants were all regularly enrolled sixth- to ninth-grade students attending the same school for at least one year. Students attending OEG schools needed to comply with the OEG policy of engaging in PA with energy expenditure &gt; 5 metabolic equivalents (METs) five times a week. Attendance at PA sessions was self-reported by the students or their parents.</p>
        <p>When selecting participants for the comparator group, efforts were made to match the students as closely as possible to avoid potential confounding factors. Thus, a match for chronological age, sex, and grade was made. In RSch, students spent about one hour weekly in PA.</p>
        <p>At the time of data collection, four OEG schools were operating in Rio de Janeiro, but only three of them had been operating for at least one year. Therefore, all of the OEG schools were enrolled with no <italic>a priori</italic> sample size planning. RSch, selected by convenience sampling, were located in the same geographic region of the OEG schools, to avoid discrepancies especially due to socioeconomic status. Both OEG and RSch were public schools, attended by students from all regions of the city.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection</title>
        <p>Written informed consent was obtained from all students and their parents/guardians prior to inclusion in the study. The first school visit was then scheduled, and we performed the following procedures: capillary blood collection, medical interview, physical examination and blood pressure (BP) measurement. All data were collected following a circuit format, in which students passed by each station where the measurements were performed.</p>
        <p>A trained medical staff interviewed the students and their parents/guardians using a structured questionnaire designed specifically for this study, in which data of sex and age, in addition to past medical history and current relevant health information were obtained. The medical staff also evaluated adolescents, including anthropometric assessment, measurement of BP and blood sample collection.</p>
        <p>Capillary blood samples were collected after a 12-hour overnight fasting to determine glucose levels, total cholesterol, and triglycerides (Roche AccuTrend Plus Kits&#174;). Altered glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides levels were considered as results greater than 99 mg/dL, 170 mg/dL and 130 mg/dL, respectively. Height and weight were measured using a Filizola&#174; scale, with maximum capacity of 150 kg, and a coupled vertical stadiometer of 220 cm. Based on BMI values, individuals were classified as eutrophic, overweight or obese, according to the percentiles of height and age for each individual subject. Office BP was measured three times in sitting position, using a calibrated aneroid sphygmomanometer in millimeters of mercury. Students with systolic and diastolic BP above the 95th percentile for their respective gender, age and height were considered hypertensive, while students with systolic and diastolic BP values between their 90th and 95th percentiles were classified as pre-hypertensive. All participants included in the analysis had participated in the PA program for at least one year. This was planned to minimize the risk of reverse causality. Reference values were based on the Brazilian Pediatric Society standards.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>A descriptive analysis was conducted, and data were expressed as mean and standard deviation for baseline characteristics and continuous variables, and as absolute frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. In the inferential analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of data distribution. Groups were then compared by an independent sample two-tailed Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> test for continuous variables, and by the &#967;<sup>2</sup> test for categorical variables.</p>
        <p>Association of school exposure with health status outcomes was assessed by a binomial logistic regression, and its diagnostic was performed to support the analysis. The health status outcomes regarding altered triglycerides, cholesterol, overweight/obesity (regarded as one variable), and pre-hypertension/hypertension were dichotomized into &#8216;YES&#8217; and &#8216;NO&#8217; according to the thresholds recommended by the Brazilian Pediatric Society.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Point estimates for the associations were expressed as odds ratio (OR) with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and all analyses were adjusted for sex and age. An exploratory sensitivity analysis was planned in cases of disagreement between matching variables. &#8216;OEG School&#8217; was chosen as the reference group for all analyses. No imputation for potential missing data was planned, and all available data for each analysis were used. All statistical analyses were conducted in the StataSE package v. 14.0. An &#945; level of 0.05 was set for statistical inferences.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 1,113 students were screened, included, and evaluated. Of these, 719 were attending OEG schools and 394 were attending RSch.<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows comparative data between OEG and RSch students as well as the number of students analyzed for each category.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of demographic characteristics, anthropometric data and cardiovascular risk factors between students from regular schools (RSch) and Olympic Experimental Gymnasiums (OEG)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">OEG</th>
              <th align="center">RSch</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">12.6 &#177; 1.2 (n = 719)</td>
              <td align="center">13.3 &#177; 1.5 (n = 394)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">20.5 &#177; 4.3(n = 716)</td>
              <td align="center">21.4 &#177; 4.4 (n = 394)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overweight</td>
              <td align="center">191/716 (26.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">133/394 (33.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Altered glycemia</td>
              <td align="center">1/700 (0.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">0/393 (0.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Altered total cholesterol</td>
              <td align="center">270/714 (37.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">152/393 (38.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Altered triglycerides</td>
              <td align="center">403/624 (64.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">253/387 (65.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pre-hypertension/hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">116/712 (16.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">112/393 (28.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Data are reported as mean &#177; standard deviation or absolute number (percentage). BMI: body mass index; NA: not applicable; p-value obtained by chi-square test or Student's t test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>RSch students had a higher BMI than OEG students (21.4 &#177; 4.4 vs 20.5 &#177; 4.3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, p &lt; 0.001), and overweight was also more prevalent in RSch students (33.8% vs 26.7%, p = 0.001). The prevalence of high BP was higher in RSch students than in OEG students (28.5% vs 16.3%, p = 0.013). RSch and OEG schools did not differ in the frequency of altered glycemia, total cholesterol or triglycerides.</p>
      <p>Despite our efforts to match the groups for sex, the &#967;<sup>2</sup> test indicated differences between groups, with a higher proportion of girls in RSch than in OEG schools (64.0% vs 49.4%, p &lt; 0.001). Due to this difference, we performed a sensitivity analysis stratified by sex and the results are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of demographic characteristics, anthropometric data and cardiovascular risk factors between students from RSch and OEG schools, stratified by sex</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Girls</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Boys</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>OEG</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>RSch</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>OEG</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>RSch</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Students</td>
              <td align="center">354 (49.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">252 (64.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">362 (50.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">142 (36.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">12.6 &#177; 1.2 (n = 354)</td>
              <td align="center">13.4 &#177; 1.4 (n = 252)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">12.6 &#177; 1.1 (n = 362)</td>
              <td align="center">13.2 &#177; 1.6 (n = 142)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">20.6 &#177; 4.3 (n = 354)</td>
              <td align="center">21.9 &#177; 4.5 (n = 252)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">20.3 &#177; 4.2 (n = 362)</td>
              <td align="center">20.6 &#177; 3.9 (n = 142)</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overweight</td>
              <td align="center">86/354 (24.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">90/252 (35.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
              <td align="center">105/362 (29.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">43/142 (30.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Altered glycemia</td>
              <td align="center">1/348 (0.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0/252 (0.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
              <td align="center">0/352 (0.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">0/141 (0.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Altered total cholesterol</td>
              <td align="center">146/355 (41.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">107/252 (42.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.74</td>
              <td align="center">124/359 (34.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">45/141 (31.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Altered triglycerides</td>
              <td align="center">226/321 (70.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">162/247 (65.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
              <td align="center">177/303 (58.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">91/140 (65.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pre-hypertension/ hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">61/352 (17.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">67/251 (26.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
              <td align="center">55/360 (15.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">45/142 (31.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Data are reported as mean &#177; standard deviation or absolute number (percentage). OEG: Olympic Experimental Gymnasium project; RSch: regular schools; BMI: body mass index; NA: not applicable; p-value obtained by chi-square test or Student's t test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The difference observed in BMI between RSch and OEG students was limited to girls (21.9 &#177; 4.5 vs 20.6 &#177; 4.3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0.001), with no difference when only boys were compared (20.6 &#177; 3.9 vs 20.3 &#177; 4.2 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0.564). There was a difference in the prevalence of overweight between RSch and OEG girls (35.7% vs 24.3%, p = 0.002), but not among boys (30.3% vs 29.0%, p = 0.777). There was no difference in any other parameter assessed.</p>
      <p>To provide estimates based on associations, a binary logistic regression model was used for each health marker, adjusted for age and sex, and the results are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Binary logistic regression models using cardiovascular risk factors as independent variables, adjusted for age and sex</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Overweight</th>
              <th align="center">Pre/Hyp</th>
              <th align="center">Altered TC</th>
              <th align="center">Altered TGL</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overall<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">(n = 1010)</td>
              <td align="center">(n = 1105)</td>
              <td align="center">(n = 1104)</td>
              <td align="center">(n = 1010)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RSch</td>
              <td align="center">1.49 [1.13 - 1.98]<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">1.86 [1.36 - 2.54]<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">1.01 [0.77 - 1.31]</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 [0.66 - 1.16]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Girls<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">(n = 606)</td>
              <td align="center">(n = 603)</td>
              <td align="center">(n = 606)</td>
              <td align="center">(n = 567)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RSch</td>
              <td align="center">1.89 [1.30 - 2.75]<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">1.66 [1.10 - 2.51]<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">1.03 [0.73 - 1.45]</td>
              <td align="center">0.69 [0.48 - 1.01]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Boys<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">(n = 404)</td>
              <td align="center">(n = 502)</td>
              <td align="center">(n = 498)</td>
              <td align="center">(n = 443)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RSch</td>
              <td align="center">1.09 [0.71 - 1.69]</td>
              <td align="center">2.20 [1.37 - 3.54]<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.95 [0.62 - 1.46]</td>
              <td align="center">1.19 [0.78 - 1.82]</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Data are reported as odds ratio and 95% confidence interval: OR [95%: lower - upper limit]. Pre/Hyp: pre-hypertensive/hypertensive; TC: total cholesterol; TGL: triglycerides; RSch: regular schools.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>adjusted for age,</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>adjusted for sex,</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>After adjusting for sex and age, RSch students were more likely to be overweight (OR 1.49, 1.13-1.98) and to have pre-hypertension and hypertension (OR 1.86, 1.36-2.34), while no differences were observed for altered total cholesterol or triglycerides.</p>
      <p>After stratifying by sex, due to the previously found gender differences between schools, the girls attending RSch had higher odds to be overweight (OR 1.89, 1.30-2.75) and pre-hypertensive/hypertensive (OR 1.66, 1.10-2.51), with no association with altered total cholesterol and triglycerides. For boys, only the association between attending RSch and being pre-hypertensive/hypertensive was found to be significant (OR 2.20, 1.37-3.54).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this cohort study, we confirmed our primary hypothesis that students attending OEG schools had lower cardiovascular risk prevalence than students attending RSch. Our results are important because they highlight the association between a healthy school policy and reduction of CVD risk factors in adolescent students.</p>
      <p>A proportion-difference test showed that overweight and pre-hypertension/hypertension were less frequent in OEG schools. The prevalence of overweight students in OEG schools was approximately 11% lower. The difference was even lower for pre-hypertension/hypertension (approximately 13%). Glucose levels were not altered in most cases. Although no differences were found between schools, the lipid profile was altered in almost half of the students.</p>
      <p>The 2016 ERICA study, the largest cross-sectional study involving all regions of Brazil to assess the frequency of cardiovascular risk factors in students, also evaluated individuals of the same age as ours (12-14 years old) and of the same geographic region (southeast).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> It should be noted that the ERICA study found a lower rate of pre-hypertension/hypertension (6.5%, 5.5-7.8%) and a lower overall prevalence of overweight (18.4%, 15.5-21.6%) in the subgroup of individuals of the same age range and residents of the same geographic region than those observed in our study. Conversely, Cureau et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> reported a prevalence of 31.3% for high BP and 23.9% for overweight in a similar group. Several reasons may account for these differences, mostly regarding the criteria used to define pre-hypertension/hypertension and overweight, in addition to the use of different methodology, including the measurements obtained by aneroid and oscillometric devices.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> As for the differences between OEG schools and RSch, Cureau et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> provide useful findings to explain them, since the prevalence of physical inactivity in their cohort was estimated around 51%.</p>
      <p>Considering the attributable risk fraction of physical inactivity to develop hypertension and obesity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> it seems reasonable to hypothesize that the differences in health status between OEG and RSch students can result from the PA policy implemented in the OEG. The time course for weight changes and BP control by non-pharmacological intervention,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and the association between school PA policy and CVD risk factors <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> could support our hypothesis. As for lipid profile, the absence of differences was not a surprise, once PA is known to have only a slight effect on lipid content.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> However, the high prevalence of dyslipidemia needs to be addressed.</p>
      <p>In the whole sample, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was almost two times greater in RSch than OEG (38.1% vs 64.9%). In the ERICA study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> the frequency of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia was 20.1% and 7.8%, respectively, in a sample of 38,069 adolescents aged 12-17 years. A possible explanation for the discrepancy between our data and that of literature is that the age of 12-13 years corresponds to the pubertal spurt period in boys and girls, and hormonal and other biological interactions may influence biological markers, making it difficult to correctly quantify them.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is also important to point out the association between obesity and hypertension. Bloch et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> reported a higher prevalence of hypertension in obese adolescents (28.4%) than in overweight (15.4%) and eutrophic (6.3%) adolescents. The fraction of hypertension attributable to obesity was 17.8%, which raises the hypothesis that about one-fifth of hypertensive patients would not have high BP if they were not obese. This seems important and could serve as a basis for decision-makers of the potential benefits of increasing school-based PA interventions, including intermediate outcomes as control of hypertension, a major cause of cardiovascular mortality in later life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Interestingly, while both boys and girls attending RSch were less physically active and had a higher frequency of pre-hypertension/hypertension, only girls appeared to benefit more from attending OEG schools when the goal was control of body weight. A possible explanation for this finding is that boys are usually more active than girls and more frequently engaged in non-scheduled PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding our exploratory binomial logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for age and sex, RSch students had higher odds to be overweight and to have pre-hypertension/hypertension than OEG students, supporting the rationale and results described above.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Actually, no differences were found for altered glycemia or lipid profile. The results of the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE), a large multicenter cross-sectional study, demonstrated a positive association between sedentary behavior and obesity, even in the cluster analysis of 6,000 students from 12 countries <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and in the evaluation of those meeting the recommendations for 24-hour movement guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding our sensitivity analysis in the logistic regression model, it is important to note that the magnitude of association between the school policy and being overweight increased for girls (OR: from 1.49 [1.13-1.98] to 1.89 [1.13-2.75]) and decreased for boys (OR: from 1.49 [1.13-1.98] to 1.09 [0.71-1.69]), when compared to that of the fully adjusted model. With respect to the association between the school policy and pre-hypertension/hypertension, the magnitude of association slightly decreased for girls (OR: from 1.86 [1.36-2.54] to 1.66 [1.10-2.51]) and increased for boys (OR: from 1.86 [1.36-2.54] to 2.20 [1.37-3.54]), with no difference in lipid profile.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite the imbalance between the sexes, which motivated the sensitivity analysis, there may be a rationale to explain the changes in the magnitude of the point-estimation. Previous findings support that, overall, girls are more likely to be overweight than boys - perhaps because boys are more physically active and less sedentary.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Nevertheless, data from NHANES revealed that the prevalence of risk factors for CVD and metabolic syndrome was higher in boys than in girls,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> which is in line with he statement that boys are more likely to be pre-hypertensive/hypertensive than girls.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> This apparently counterintuitive fact could be supported by the present experiment. Among girls, 606 were overweight, and 603 were diagnosed with pre- or hypertension. Among boys, 404 were overweight and 502 were pre-hypertensive or hypertensive. These numbers indicate that other risk factors, such as family history, may be associated with elevated BP - since at least 98 boys had this condition despite the absence of overweight. Therefore, the interactions between school environment and sex are not sufficient to explain the differences in both overweight and pre-hypertension/hypertension observed in the fully adjusted model and in the model stratified by sex. However, this analysis supports the fact that sex may explain the prevalence of overweight and pre-hypertension/hypertension in adolescents regardless of PA status.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations and future directions</title>
        <p>The results of this study need to be interpreted in light of some limitations. First, because of the cross-sectional design, we cannot establish a causal relationship between school environment (i.e., school PA policy) and the development of CVD risk factors. Second, we did not measure the level of PA of the participants to verify whether they met the PA recommendations of the school policy - this is why we chose school, instead of PA level, as the exposure. Third, no adjustment was made for socioeconomic status, parental influence, or dietary intake, which might have some influence on the development of CVD risk factors. Finally, the categorization of some continuous variables for analysis cannot be disregarded as a limitation, even though we used thresholds commonly reported in the literature.</p>
        <p>On the other hand, the hypothesis raised by our study needs to be addressed in intervention-based studies, like multicenter, cluster randomized controlled trials. We addressed, with a valuable sample size, the prevalence of some CVD risk factors in the school environment of a middle-income country in a chronological age-homogeneous sample. The use of higher PA doses, like that of the OEG policy, need to be tested and confirmed in future experiments.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The prevalence of pre-hypertension/hypertension and overweight differed between schools, and students attending OEG had lower proportion and odds of developing CVD risk factors.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o Pr&#243;-Cora&#231;&#227;o and partially funded by Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa e Eventos (FIPE/HCPA).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Brasileiro de Cardiologia under the protocol number CAAE 14549513.1.0000.5272. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Erratum</label>
        <p>In original article &#8220;The Olympic Experimental Gymnasium Program and its Association with the Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study&#8221;, consider Carlos Scherr as the correct form for the name of the author Carlos Scheer.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Programa do Gin&#225;sio Experimental Ol&#237;mpico e sua Associa&#231;&#227;o com a Preval&#234;ncia de Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular em Adolescentes: Estudo Transversal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scherr</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6900-7185</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Helal</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6929-8392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bel&#233;m</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Jua&#231;aba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fabiano</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Correa Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ludmila Talita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">7</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">8</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Pr&#243;-Cora&#231;&#227;o, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares - Faculdade de Medicina - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia do Exerc&#237;cio (LaFiEx) do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio (CardioEx) - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Medicina Interna - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Vitta Centro de Bem-Estar F&#237;sico, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Stein &#8226;</bold> Rua Jo&#227;o Caetano 20, apt 402. CEP 90470-260, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>rstein@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Scheer C, Bel&#233;m LJ, Fabiano LCC, Pinheiro LT; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Scheer C, Helal L, Bel&#233;m LJ, Fabiano LCC, Pinheiro LT, Stein R; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Scheer C, Helal L, Bel&#233;m LJ, Fabiano LCC, Pinheiro LT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Scheer C, Stein R; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Scheer C, Ferrari F, Helal L, Stein R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) &#233; a principal causa de morte em todo o mundo. A atividade f&#237;sica (AF) e uma dieta adequada, quando adotadas na inf&#226;ncia e na adolesc&#234;ncia, podem reduzir a carga da DCV na fase adulta. O projeto &#8220;Gin&#225;sio Experimental Ol&#237;mpico (GEO)&#8221; foi implementado para aumentar os n&#237;veis de AF dos estudantes por meio de AF regular e h&#225;bitos alimentares saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>estimar e comparar a preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para DCV em GEOs versus escolas regulares (ERs), e avaliar associa&#231;&#245;es entre o meio escolar e os fatores de risco cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Neste estudo transversal que incluiu um grupo de compara&#231;&#227;o, estudantes com idade entre 12 e 13 anos de tr&#234;s GEOs (n = 719) e tr&#234;s ERs (n = 394) foram avaliados ap&#243;s um ano de participa&#231;&#227;o no programa para estimar a preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso, pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/hipertens&#227;o, e de glicemia e perfil lip&#237;dico alterados. Um &#945; de 0,05 foi usado para infer&#234;ncias estat&#237;sticas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Estudantes de ERs apresentaram maior chance de serem hipertensos (OR 1,86; 1,36-2,54) e apresentarem sobrepeso (OR 1,49; 1,13-1,98) que estudantes de GEOs. A glicemia n&#227;o estava alterada na maioria dos casos, independentemente do tipo da escola, e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as quanto ao perfil lip&#237;dico. Na an&#225;lise de sensibilidade estratificada por g&#234;nero, estudantes do sexo feminino das ERs apresentaram maior probabilidade de apresentarem &#237;ndice de massa corporal elevado que os do sexo masculino.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A exposi&#231;&#227;o dos adolescentes &#224;s pol&#237;ticas adotadas pelos GEOs associou-se positivamente com uma importante redu&#231;&#227;o nos fatores de risco para DCV, incluindo hipertens&#227;o e sobrepeso.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobrepeso</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Estilo de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O n&#250;mero de mortes atribu&#237;das ao sedentarismo pode atingir valores pr&#243;ximos a cinco milh&#245;es de pessoas no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Entre os adolescentes, a preval&#234;ncia de um estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio tamb&#233;m &#233; alta. O Estudo dos Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA) encontrou uma frequ&#234;ncia de 54% de sedentarismo, o qual foi ainda mais prevalente entre as adolescentes do sexo feminino.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O mesmo estudo, ao considerar cerca de 37 mil indiv&#237;duos, relatou que n&#237;veis maiores de atividade f&#237;sica (AF) associaram de maneira independente com risco cardiovascular e com tempo de inatividade f&#237;sica. Um dado interessante foi que os n&#237;veis de AF parecem n&#227;o mudar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Padr&#245;es de estilo de vida relacionados a h&#225;bitos alimentares e pr&#225;ticas de AF estabelecidos no meio escolar podem ter consequ&#234;ncias potenciais na vida adulta. Existem evid&#234;ncias de que a aterosclerose se inicia em fases precoces da vida, evoluindo lenta e progressivamente at&#233; idades avan&#231;adas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Scherr et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> afirmaram que &#233; importante considerar a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovascular em escolares e que esses fatores podem estar relacionados com o estilo de vida.</p>
        <p>Considerando que os jovens passam a maior parte do seu tempo na escola, o papel dos programas escolares n&#227;o pode ser subestimado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Nesse sentido, as formas mais comuns de aumentar AF por meio da escola baseiam-se em aulas de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica e atividades f&#237;sicas extracurriculares. No entanto, essas atividades s&#227;o geralmente pouco aplicadas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Interven&#231;&#245;es escolares para aumentar a pr&#225;tica de AF parece uma estrat&#233;gia vi&#225;vel para reduzir fatores de risco. Knox et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> relataram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o nos fatores de risco cardiovasculares em 115 alunos de 12 anos de idade ap&#243;s uma interven&#231;&#227;o na escola durante 18 semanas. O projeto ACORDA tamb&#233;m relatou uma redu&#231;&#227;o na obesidade em adolescentes ap&#243;s aumentarem os n&#237;veis de AF com e sem orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre a alimenta&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s uma abordagem durante um per&#237;odo de oito meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em 2012, o governo da cidade do Rio de Janeiro iniciou um projeto que integrou treinamento acad&#234;mico e esportivo, o Gin&#225;sio Experimental Ol&#237;mpico (GEO).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O projeto deu &#234;nfase &#224; pr&#225;tica de esportes (duas horas por dia, cinco vezes por semana), e foram fornecidas cinco refei&#231;&#245;es saud&#225;veis para os estudantes diariamente. Nas escolas regulares (ERs), por outro lado, a pr&#225;tica de AF &#233; limitada (uma vez por semana), e os estudantes recebem somente uma refei&#231;&#227;o por dia.</p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, nosso objetivo foi avaliar poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es entre o ambiente escolar nos GEOs versus ERs e importantes fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) em adolescentes. Nossa hip&#243;tese foi a de que os adolescentes que frequentam as ERs estariam mais propensos a apresentarem fatores de risco que aqueles frequentando escolas do projeto GEO.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este artigo foi escrito de acordo com os padr&#245;es estabelecidos no <italic>Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology</italic> (STROBE) para estudos transversais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
          <p>Foi realizado um estudo transversal que incluiu um grupo de compara&#231;&#227;o em seis escolas p&#250;blicas do Rio de Janeiro - tr&#234;s GEOs e tr&#234;s ERs. A coleta de dados foi realizada nas escolas entre 2013 e 2015. Os dados foram sempre coletados pelas manh&#227;s, no mesmo dia da semana, por um mesmo pesquisador treinado. Para infer&#234;ncias de associa&#231;&#227;o, consideramos o tipo da escola (ER ou GEO) como exposi&#231;&#227;o, e importantes fatores de risco cardiovasculares como desfecho, tratados como vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Um total de 1113 alunos foram inclu&#237;dos em uma raz&#227;o de aloca&#231;&#227;o 2:1 para exposi&#231;&#227;o (719 alunos frequentando GOEs) e n&#227;o exposi&#231;&#227;o (394 alunos frequentando ERs).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e sele&#231;&#227;o dos participantes</title>
          <p>Foram considerados eleg&#237;veis estudantes regularmente matriculados do sexto ao nono ano, que frequentaram a mesma escola por pelo menos um ano. Os alunos dos GEOs deveriam estar ativamente envolvidos em AFs com gasto energ&#233;tico &gt; 5 equivalentes metab&#243;licos (METs) cinco vezes por semana, seguindo a pol&#237;tica do GEO. A participa&#231;&#227;o nas atividades f&#237;sicas era relatada pelos pr&#243;prios estudantes ou seus pais.</p>
          <p>Na sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes para o grupo de compara&#231;&#227;o, tentou-se parear os estudantes o mais pr&#243;ximo poss&#237;vel para evitar potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o. Portanto, foi realizado um pareamento quanto &#224; idade cronol&#243;gica, sexo e ano escolar. Nas ERs, os estudantes praticavam AF por cerca de uma hora por semana.</p>
          <p>No momento da coleta de dados, havia quatro GEOs em funcionamento no Rio de Janeiro, mas somente tr&#234;s deles em funcionamento por um ano ou mais. Assim, todos os GEOs foram inclu&#237;dos sem que houvesse um planejamento pr&#233;vio do tamanho amostral. As ERs, selecionadas por conveni&#234;ncia, estavam localizadas na mesma regi&#227;o geogr&#225;fica que os GEOs, para evitar discrep&#226;ncias, especialmente socioecon&#244;micas. Tanto GEOs como ERs eram escolas p&#250;blicas, frequentadas por estudantes de todas as regi&#245;es da cidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de dados</title>
          <p>Foi obtido consentimento informado de todos os estudantes participantes bem como de seus pais ou respons&#225;veis. A primeira visita na escola foi agendada, e os seguintes procedimentos foram realizados: coleta de amostra de sangue perif&#233;rico, entrevista m&#233;dica, exame f&#237;sico, e medida da press&#227;o arterial (PA).</p>
          <p>Uma equipe m&#233;dica entrevistou todos os estudantes e seus pais ou respons&#225;veis, utilizando um question&#225;rio estruturado desenvolvido especificamente para o estudo. No question&#225;rio, informa&#231;&#245;es quanto ao sexo, idade, hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e dados atuais de sa&#250;de relevantes foram coletados. A equipe m&#233;dica tamb&#233;m avaliou adolescentes, incluindo avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica, medida da PA, e coleta de amostra sangu&#237;nea.</p>
          <p>As amostras de sangue capilar foram coletadas ap&#243;s jejum de doze horas para medidas dos n&#237;veis de glicose, colesterol total, e triglicer&#237;deos (Roche AccuTrend Plus Kits&#174;). N&#237;veis alterados de glicose, colesterol total e triglicer&#237;deos foram considerados como resultados acima de 99 mg/dL, 170 mg/dL e 130 mg/dL, respectivamente. A altura e o peso corporal foram medidos usando uma balan&#231;a da marca Filizola&#174; (capacidade m&#225;xima de 150 Kg) com estadi&#244;metro vertical (220 cm). Com base no IMC, os indiv&#237;duos foram classificados como eutr&#243;fico, sobrepeso e obeso, de acordo com percentis de altura e idade para cada indiv&#237;duo. A PA foi medida tr&#234;s vezes na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, usando um esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide calibrado, em mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio. Os alunos com PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica acima do percentil 95 para o sexo, idade e altura, foram considerados hipertensos, enquanto que os alunos com valores de PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica entre os percentis 90 e 95 foram classificados como pr&#233;-hipertensos. Todos os estudantes inclu&#237;dos nas an&#225;lises haviam participado do programa de AF por pelo menos um ano. Essa medida foi tomada para minimizar o risco de causalidade reversa. Os valores de refer&#234;ncia utilizados foram baseados nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Foi conduzida uma an&#225;lise descritiva, e os dados foram expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o para caracter&#237;sticas basais e vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, e como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e porcentagens para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Na an&#225;lise inferencial, o teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para avaliar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados. Os grupos foram comparados quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas usando o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student bicaudal para amostras independentes e quanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas usando o teste do qui-quadrado.</p>
          <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre exposi&#231;&#227;o (escola) e desfechos em sa&#250;de foi avaliada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica binominal, e seu diagn&#243;stico realizado para corroborar a an&#225;lise. Os desfechos em sa&#250;de em rela&#231;&#227;o a n&#237;veis alterados de triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol, sobrepeso/obesidade (considerados como uma &#250;nica vari&#225;vel), e pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/hipertens&#227;o foram dicotomizados em &#8220;SIM&#8221; e &#8220;N&#195;O&#8221; de acordo com os limiares recomendados pela Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Estimativas pontuais para as associa&#231;&#245;es foram expressas em odds ratio (OR) e respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%), e todas as an&#225;lises foram ajustadas por sexo e idade. Uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade explorat&#243;ria seria realizada em caso de discord&#226;ncia entre as vari&#225;veis pareadas. Os GEOs foram escolhidos como grupo de refer&#234;ncia em todas as an&#225;lises. N&#227;o foi realizada imputa&#231;&#227;o de dados faltantes, e foram usados todos os dados dispon&#237;veis para cada an&#225;lise. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram conduzidas usando o programa estat&#237;stico StataSE vers&#227;o 14.0. Um valor de a de 0,05 foi usado para infer&#234;ncias estat&#237;sticas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Um total de 1113 estudantes foram rastreados, inclu&#237;dos e avaliados. Desses, 719 frequentavam GEOs e 394 frequentavam ERs. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta dados comparativos entre alunos de GEOs e ERs, bem como o n&#250;mero de alunos analisados para cada categoria.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e antropom&#233;tricas, e fatores de risco cardiovascular entre estudantes de Escolares Regulares (ERs) e Gin&#225;sios Experimentais Ol&#237;mpicos (GEOs)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">GEOs</th>
                <th align="center">ERs</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">12,6 &#177; 1,2 (n = 719)</td>
                <td align="center">13,3 &#177; 1,5 (n = 394)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">20,5 &#177; 4,3 (n = 716)</td>
                <td align="center">21,4 &#177; 4,4 (n = 394)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">191/716 (26,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">133/394 (33,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia alterada</td>
                <td align="center">1/700 (0,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0/393 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total alterado</td>
                <td align="center">270/714 (37,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">152/393 (38,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deo alterado</td>
                <td align="center">403/624 (64,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">253/387 (65,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/ hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">116/712 (16,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">112/393 (28,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou n&#250;meros absolutos (porcentagem). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; NA: n&#227;o aplic&#225;vel; valor p obtido pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou teste t de Student.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os alunos das ERs apresentaram maior IMC que alunos de GEOs (21,4 &#177; 4,4 <italic>vs</italic> 20,5 &#177; 4,3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, p &lt; 0,001), e sobrepeso tamb&#233;m foi mais prevalente nos alunos de ERs (33,8% vs 26,7%, p = 0,001). A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o foi mais alta nos alunos de ERs que de GEOs (28,5% <italic>vs</italic>. 16,3%, p = 0,013). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as escolas na frequ&#234;ncia de estudantes com glicemia, ou n&#237;veis de colesterol total e triglicer&#237;deos alterados.</p>
        <p>Apesar dos nossos esfor&#231;os para parear os grupos quanto ao sexo, o teste do qui-quadrado apontou diferen&#231;as entre os grupos, com uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de estudantes do sexo feminino nas ERs que nos GEOs (64,0% <italic>vs</italic>. 49,4%, p &lt; 0,001). Por esse motivo, realizamos uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade estratificada por sexo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e antropom&#233;tricas, e fatores de risco cardiovascular entre estudantes de Escolares Regulares (ERs) e Gin&#225;sios Experimentais Ol&#237;mpicos (GEOs), estratificada por sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Feminio</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Maculino</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">GEOs</th>
                <th align="center">ERs</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">GEOs</th>
                <th align="center">ERs</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estudantes </td>
                <td align="center">354 (49,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">252 (64,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">362 (50,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">142 (36,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">12,6 &#177; 1,2 (n = 354)</td>
                <td align="center">13,4 &#177; 1,4 (n = 252)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">12,6 &#177; 1,1 (n = 362)</td>
                <td align="center">13,2 &#177; 1,6 (n = 142)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">20,6 &#177; 4,3 (n = 354)</td>
                <td align="center">21,9 &#177; 4,5 (n = 252)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">20,3 &#177; 4,2 (n = 362)</td>
                <td align="center">20,6 &#177; 3,9 (n = 142)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">86/354 (24,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">90/252 (35,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">105/362 (29,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">43/142 (30,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia alterada</td>
                <td align="center">1/348 (0,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0/252 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">0/352 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0/141 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total alterado</td>
                <td align="center">146/355 (41,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">107/252 (42,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
                <td align="center">124/359 (34,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">45/141 (31,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deo alterado</td>
                <td align="center">226/321 (70,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">162/247 (65,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
                <td align="center">177/303 (58,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">91/140 (65,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/ hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">61/352 (17,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">67/251 (26,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
                <td align="center">55/360 (15,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">45/142 (31,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou n&#250;mero absoluto (porcentagem); IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; NA: n&#227;o aplic&#225;vel; valor p obtido pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou teste t de Student</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A diferen&#231;a de IMC encontrada entre os alunos de ERs e GEOs limitou-se &#224;s adolescentes do sexo feminino (21,9 &#177; 4,5 <italic>vs</italic>. 20,6 &#177; 4,3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,001), n&#227;o se observando diferen&#231;as quando somente os alunos do sexo masculino foram comparados (20,6 &#177; 3,9 <italic>vs</italic>. 20,3 &#177; 4,2 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,564). Observou-se uma diferen&#231;a na preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso entre alunas do sexo feminino de ERs e GEOs (35,7% <italic>vs</italic>. 24,3%, p = 0,002), mas n&#227;o entre os do sexo masculino 30,3% <italic>vs</italic>. 29,0%, p = 0,777). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a em nenhum outro par&#226;metro avaliado.</p>
        <p>Para estimativas baseadas em associa&#231;&#245;es, utilizou-se um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria para cada marcador de sa&#250;de, ajustado para idade e sexo, e os resultados apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria usando fatores de risco cardiovascular como vari&#225;veis independentes, ajustados por idade e sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Sobrepeso</th>
                <th align="center">Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/hipertens&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Colesterol total alterado</th>
                <th align="center">Triglicer&#237;deo alterado</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">(n = 1010)</td>
                <td align="center">(n = 1105)</td>
                <td align="center">(n = 1104)</td>
                <td align="center">(n = 1010)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ER</td>
                <td align="center">1,49 [1,13 - 1,98]<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,86 [1,36 - 2,54]<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,01 [0,77 - 1,31]</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 [0,66 - 1,16]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Meninas<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">(n = 606)</td>
                <td align="center">(n = 603)</td>
                <td align="center">(n = 606)</td>
                <td align="center">(n = 567)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ER</td>
                <td align="center">1,89 [1,30 - 2,75]<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,66 [1,10 - 2,51]<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,03 [0,73 - 1,45]</td>
                <td align="center">0,69 [0,48 - 1,01]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Meninos<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">(n = 404)</td>
                <td align="center">(n = 502)</td>
                <td align="center">(n = 498)</td>
                <td align="center">(n = 443)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ER</td>
                <td align="center">1,09 [0,71 - 1,69]</td>
                <td align="center">2,20 [1,37 - 3,54]<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,95 [0,62 - 1,46]</td>
                <td align="center">1,19 [0,78 - 1,82]</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>Dados expressos em odds ratio e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: OR [95%: limite inferior- limite superior]. ER: escola regular;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>ajustado para idade;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>ajustado para sexo,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ap&#243;s ajuste para sexo e idade, os alunos das ERs eram mais propensos a apresentarem sobrepeso (OR 1,49; 1,13-1,98), hipertens&#227;o e pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o (OR 1,86; 1,36-2,34), ao passo que n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos quanto &#224; frequ&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis alterados de colesterol total e triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s estratifica&#231;&#227;o por sexo, devido &#224; diferen&#231;a previamente encontrada quanto ao sexo entre as escolas, as estudantes do sexo feminino das ERs apresentaram maior chance de apresentarem sobrepeso (OR 1,89; 1,30-2,75) e pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/hipertens&#227;o (OR 1,66; 1,10-2,51), sem associa&#231;&#227;o com n&#237;veis alterados de colesterol total e triglicer&#237;deos. Para os alunos do sexo masculino, somente a associa&#231;&#227;o entre ser matriculado em ER e pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/hipertens&#227;o foi significativa (OR 2,20; 1,37-3,54).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo tipo coorte, confirmamos nossa hip&#243;tese de que o risco cardiovascular &#233; menos prevalente em estudantes de GEOs em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles de ERs. Nossos resultados s&#227;o importantes por destacar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a ado&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas saud&#225;veis na escola e fatores de risco para DCV em estudantes adolescentes.</p>
        <p>Uma an&#225;lise de diferen&#231;as entre propor&#231;&#245;es mostrou que o sobrepeso e a pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/hipertens&#227;o eram menos frequentes em GEOs. A preval&#234;ncia de alunos com sobrepeso nos GEOs foi aproximadamente 11% menor, e essa diferen&#231;a foi ainda maior para a preval&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/hipertens&#227;o (aproximadamente 13%) entre as escolas. Os n&#237;veis de glicose n&#227;o estavam alterados na maioria dos casos. O perfil lip&#237;dico encontrava-se alterado em quase metade dos estudantes, embora n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre as escolas.</p>
        <p>O estudo ERICA de 2016, o maior estudo transversal envolvendo todas as regi&#245;es do Brasil para avaliar a frequ&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular nos estudantes, tamb&#233;m avaliou indiv&#237;duos da mesma idade que nosso estudo (12-14 anos), e da mesma regi&#227;o geogr&#225;fica (sudeste).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Vale destacar que o estudo ERICA relatou menor taxa de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/hipertens&#227;o (6,5%; 5,5-7,8%) e uma menor preval&#234;ncia global de sobrepeso (18,4%; 15,5-21,6%) no subgrupo de indiv&#237;duos da mesma faixa et&#225;ria e residentes da mesma regi&#227;o geogr&#225;fica em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s encontradas em nosso estudo. Por outro lado, Cureau et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> relataram uma preval&#234;ncia de 31,3% para hipertens&#227;o e 23,9% para sobrepeso em um grupo similar. V&#225;rias raz&#245;es podem explicar essas diferen&#231;as, a maioria em rela&#231;&#227;o ao crit&#233;rio usado para definir pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/hipertens&#227;o e sobrepeso, al&#233;m de diferentes m&#233;todos, incluindo as medidas obtidas por aparelhos oscilom&#233;tricos e aneroides.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Quanto &#224;s diferen&#231;as entre os GEOs e as ERs, Cureau et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> fornecem achados importantes para explic&#225;-los, j&#225; que a preval&#234;ncia de sedentarismo em sua coorte era de aproximadamente 51%.</p>
        <p>Considerando o risco atribu&#237;vel ao sedentarismo no desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o e obesidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> parece plaus&#237;vel a hip&#243;tese de que as diferen&#231;as no estado de sa&#250;de entre alunos de GEO e ERs podem ser resultantes da pol&#237;tica de AF adotada na GEO. O per&#237;odo de tempo para as mudan&#231;as de peso e o controle da PA por meio de interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gicas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a pol&#237;tica de AF e os fatores de risco cardiovasculares <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> podem apoiar essa hip&#243;tese. Para o perfil lip&#237;dico, a aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os estudantes das duas escolas n&#227;o foi um resultado surpreendente, j&#225; que a AF sabidamente exerce somente um pequeno efeito sobre os n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Contudo, a alta preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia deve ser investigada.</p>
        <p>Na amostra total, a preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia foi quase duas vezes maior na ER que nos GEOs (38,1% <italic>vs</italic>. 64,9%). No estudo ERICA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> a frequ&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com hipercolesterolemia e com hipertrigliceridemia foi de 20,1%, e 7,8%, respectivamente, em uma amostra de 38 069 adolescentes com idade entre 12 e 17 anos. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para a discrep&#226;ncia entre nossos dados e os dados da literatura &#233; a de que a faixa et&#225;ria de 12-13 anos corresponde ao per&#237;odo de estir&#227;o de crescimento em meninos e meninas, em que ocorrem intera&#231;&#245;es hormonais e biol&#243;gicas que podem afetar os marcadores biol&#243;gicos, o que torna dif&#237;cil sua quantifica&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante destacar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade e hipertens&#227;o. Bloch et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> relataram uma maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o em adolescentes obesos (28,4%) que em adolescentes com sobrepeso (15,4%) e eutr&#243;ficos (6,3%). A fra&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o atribu&#237;vel &#224; obesidade foi 17,8%, o que aumenta a hip&#243;tese de que cerca de um quinto de pacientes hipertensos n&#227;o seriam hipertensos se n&#227;o fossem obesos. Tal fato &#233; importante e poderia ser usado como refer&#234;ncia aos tomadores de decis&#245;es sobre os potenciais benef&#237;cios de se aumentarem interven&#231;&#245;es de pr&#225;tica de AF nas escolas, incluindo desfechos intermedi&#225;rios, tal como o controle da hipertens&#227;o, a qual &#233; considerada a principal causa de mortalidade cardiovascular na vida adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um dado interessante foi que, apesar de que estudantes de ambos os sexos das ERs eram mais sedent&#225;rios e hipertensos/pr&#233;-hipertensos, somente as do sexo feminino pareciam se beneficiarem mais do fato de frequentarem os GEOs considerando o controle de peso corporal. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esse achado &#233; a de que os meninos s&#227;o geralmente mais fisicamente ativos que as meninas, e frequentemente mais envolvidos em AF n&#227;o regular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica binominal explorat&#243;ria usada em nosso estudo, ap&#243;s ajuste quanto &#224; idade e sexo, os alunos de ERs apresentaram maior chance de apresentarem sobrepeso e pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/hipertens&#227;o que os alunos de GEOs, corroborando o racional e os resultados descritos acuma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Na realidade, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos quanto &#224; frequ&#234;ncia de estudantes com glicemia ou perfil lip&#237;dico alterado. Os resultados do <italic>International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment</italic> (ISCOLE), um amplo estudo transversal multic&#234;ntrico, mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o comportamento sedent&#225;rio e a obesidade, mesmo em an&#225;lise de agrupamento com 6000 estudantes de 12 pa&#237;ses,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e na avali&#231;&#227;o daqueles que seguiam as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes sobre pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sica nas 24 horas do dia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; nossa an&#225;lise de sensibilidade no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, &#233; importante destacar que a magnitude da associa&#231;&#227;o entre a pol&#237;tica escolar e apresentar sobrepeso aumentou para estudantes do sexo feminino [OR: de 1,49 [1,13-1,98] para 1,89 [1,13-2,75]) e diminuiu nos do sexo masculino [OR: de 1,49 [1,13-1,98] para 1,09 [0,71-1,69]), quando comparada ao modelo todo ajustado. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre a pol&#237;tica da escola e a presen&#231;a de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/hipertens&#227;o, a magnitude da associa&#231;&#227;o diminuiu ligeiramente para estudantes do sexo feminino [OR: de 1,86 (1,36-2,54) para 1,66 (1,10-2,51)] e aumentou para estudantes do sexo masculino (OR: de 1,86 [1,36-2,54] para 2,20 [1,37-3,54]), sem diferen&#231;a no perfil lip&#237;dico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar do desequil&#237;brio entre os sexos, o qual motivou a an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, deve existir uma explica&#231;&#227;o para as mudan&#231;as na magnitude das estimativas pontuais. Estudos pr&#233;vios indicam que, em geral, adolescentes do sexo feminino t&#234;m maior probabilidade de apresentar sobrepeso que os do sexo masculino, possivelmente por esses serem mais fisicamente ativos e menos sedent&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> No entanto, dados do NHANES revelaram que a preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para DCV e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica era maior em meninos que em meninas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> o que est&#225; de acordo com a afirmativa que meninos t&#234;m mais chance de apresentar pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/hipertens&#227;o que as meninas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Esse fato aparentemente inesperado &#233; corroborado pelo presente estudo. Entre as adolescentes, 606 apresentavam sobrepeso, e 603 tinham o diagn&#243;stico de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o ou hipertens&#227;o. Esses n&#250;meros indicam que outros fatores de risco, tais como hist&#243;ria familiar, podem estar associadas com PA elevada - uma vez que pelo menos 98 adolescentes do sexo masculino apresentavam essa condu&#231;&#227;o apesar da aus&#234;ncia de sobrepeso. Portanto, as intera&#231;&#245;es entre o ambiente escolar e o sexo n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientes para explicar as diferen&#231;as observadas para sobrepeso e pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/hipertens&#227;o no modelo ajustado e no modelo estratificado por sexo. No entanto, essa an&#225;lise corrobora o fato de que o sexo pode influenciar a preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/hipertens&#227;o em adolescentes, independentemente da pr&#225;tica ou n&#227;o de AT.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es e dire&#231;&#245;es futuras</title>
          <p>Os resultados deste estudo precisam ser interpretados considerando algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, devido ao delineamento transversal, n&#227;o podemos estabelecer uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre o meio escolar (isto &#233;, ado&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas de AF) e o desenvolvimento de fatores de risco para DCV. Segundo, n&#227;o medidos o n&#237;vel de AF dos participantes para assegurar se eles cumpriam as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das pol&#237;ticas implementadas pela escola - o que explica o fato por que escolhemos a escola, e n&#227;o o n&#237;vel de AF, como exposi&#231;&#227;o. Terceiro, n&#227;o foi feito nenhum ajuste quanto ao status socioecon&#244;mico, influ&#234;ncia dos pais, ou dieta, os quais podem exercer alguma influ&#234;ncia no desenvolvimento dos fatores de risco cardiovascular. Finalmente, a categoriza&#231;&#227;o de algumas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas para an&#225;lise n&#227;o pode ser desconsiderada, apesar de termos utilizado limiares comumente usados na literatura.</p>
          <p>Por outro lado, a hip&#243;tese levantada em nosso estudo necessita ser avaliada em estudos baseados em interven&#231;&#245;es, como ensaios multic&#234;ntricos, controlados, randomizados por agrupamento. N&#243;s avaliamos, por meio de uma amostra de tamanho consider&#225;vel, e homog&#234;nea quanto &#224; idade cronol&#243;gica, a preval&#234;ncia de alguns fatores de risco para DCV no meio escolar em um pa&#237;s de renda m&#233;dia. O uso de maiores doses de AF, tal como a adotada nos GEOs, necessita ser testado e confirmado em estudos futuros.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o/hipertens&#227;o e sobrepeso foi diferente entre as escolas. Os alunos dos GEOs apresentaram menor propor&#231;&#227;o e menor chance de desenvolverem fatores de risco para DCV.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Pr&#243;&#8209;Cora&#231;&#227;o e parcialmente financiado pelo Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa e Eventos (FIPE/HCPA).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Brasileiro de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 14549513.1.0000.5272. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Errata</label>
          <p>No artigo original &#8220;Programa do Gin&#225;sio Experimental Ol&#237;mpico e sua Associa&#231;&#227;o com a Preval&#234;ncia de Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular em Adolescentes: Estudo Transversal&#8221;, considerar como correta a grafia Carlos Scherr para o nome do autor Carlos Scheer.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
