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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3LKcBmGR35yMVWQcBSRBybS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000600769</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005008104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190070</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Surgical Site Infection Prevention Bundle in Cardiac Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9947-8148</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Lilian Silva de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1092-0308</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siliprandi</surname>
            <given-names>Erci Maria Onzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5639-3646</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Karsburg</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7156-6501</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Berlesi</surname>
            <given-names>Francine Possebon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8898-4929</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio Luiz da Fontoura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6390-9164</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Darlan Sebasti&#227;o da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Pires dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Porto Alegre</city>
            <state>RS</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Lilian de Andrade &#8226;</bold> Avenida Princesa Isabel, 395, setor SCIH. Postal Code 90040-371, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>lilianandrade16@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Andrade L, Siliprandi EMO, Pires R; Acquisition of data: Andrade L, Siliprandi EMO, Karsburg LL, Berlesi FP, Carvalho OLF, Rosa DS, Pires R; nalysis and interpretation of the data and Obtaining financing: Andrade L, Pires R; Statistical analysis: Andrade L, Karsburg LL, Berlesi FP, Pires R; Writing of the manuscript: Andrade L, Siliprandi EMO, Carvalho OLF, Rosa DS, Pires R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>769</fpage>
      <lpage>774</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Surgical site infections (SSI) are among the most prevalent infections in healthcare institutions, attributing a risk of death which varies from 33% to 77% and a 2- to 11-fold increase in risk of death. Patients submitted to cardiac surgery are more susceptible to SSI, accounting for 3.5% to 21% of SSI. The mortality rate attributable to these causes is as high as 25%. Prevention of SSI in cardiac surgery is based on a bundle of preventive measures, which focus on modifiable risks.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The objective of this study was to identify SSI risk factors in clean cardiac surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A retrospective cohort study analyzed 1,846 medical records from patients who underwent clean cardiac surgery. Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used for bivariate comparison, and Poisson regression was used for independent analysis of SSI risk, considering a significance level of p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The results of the study comprised a multivariate analysis. The variables that were associated with the diagnosis of SSI were: surgical risk index (OR: 2.575; CI: 1.224-5.416), obesity (OR: 2.068; CI: 1.457-2.936), diabetes mellitus (OR: 1,678; CI: 1.168-2.409), and blood glucose level (OR: 1.004; CI: 1.001-1.007).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>This study evidenced that complete adherence to the bundle was not associated with a reduction in the risk of surgical infections. Diabetes mellitus, obesity, and surgical risk index assessment were, however, identified to increase association and consequently risk of SSI in cardiac surgery.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiac Surgical Procedures</kwd>
        <kwd>Adult</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Care Bundles</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Infective Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Surgical Wound Infection</kwd>
        <kwd>Cross Infection</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Healthcare associated infections (HAI) are defined as any infection that occurs in a patient during the process of care in a health facility within 48 to 72 hours of initial contact with the healthcare system. Infection rates are higher in developing countries and in intensive care units.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Surgical site infections (SSI) are among the most prevalent in health institutions. In the United States, in the year 2011, SSI affected an average of 157,500 patients. The risk of death attributable to this type of infection is high, varying from 33% to 77%, and SSI are associated with a 2- to 11-fold increase in risk of death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Patients who undergo cardiac surgery are particularly susceptible to hospital infections and SSI, which result in further interventions and additional costs for the health institution. SSI rates can vary from 3.5% to 21%, and the mortality rate due to these causes can reach 25%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Various risk factors are associated with SSI in cardiac surgery, including: age, nutritional status, diabetes mellitus, tobacco use, obesity, coexistence of infections in other sites, length of preoperative stay, skin preparation, mechanical ventilation, failure to comply with aseptic techniques, inadequate hand hygiene, distractions in the operating area, number of times doors are opened, and other environment-related factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>&#8220;Bundles&#8221; of preventive measures applied to surgical procedures have been effective in reducing infection rates. These measures include: delivering antibiotic prophylaxis within 1 hour before incision, discontinuing antibiotic use within 48 hours after cardiac surgery, performing hair removal during the immediate preoperative period, maintaining intraoperative normothermia of 35.5&#186;C or more, and blood glucose control during the immediate postoperative period, extended for 48 hours after the procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for SSI in major clean cardiac surgery procedures in a cardiology referral center.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a retrospective cohort study, conducted in the Instituto de Cardiologia (Cardiology Institute), a hospital with 250 beds for cardiology patients in the South of Brazil. The study evaluated patients who underwent major surgical procedures with and without the use of extracorporeal circulation during the period from January 2013 to December 2014. The study included all major surgeries in adults (age 18 or over). The following were excluded: pediatric patients, patients with incomplete medical records data, patients who died during immediate pre-, intra-, or postoperative, and patients who were hospitalized for less than 48 hours.</p>
      <p>The epidemiological diagnosis of infections followed the North American Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria. Infections were classified as superficial, deep, or organ/space. The institution has used a protocol for the prevention of SSI since 2003.</p>
      <p>The bundle of preventive measures at the institution includes the following 6 items to be executed throughout the pre- and postoperative periods: preoperative bath with 2% chlorhexidine, 24 hours before the procedure; hair removal with electric clippers, within 2 hours prior to the start of surgery; maintenance of normothermia, at least 36&#186;C, during the immediate postoperative period; controlling blood glucose below 200 mg/dl, measured at 6:00 am on the first postoperative day; infusion of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis with anesthetic induction within 60 minutes prior to incision; and additional doses if the procedure lasts more than 4 hours, with a maximum use time of 24-48 hours.</p>
      <p>The risks scores considered were the ASA classification developed by the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) risk index. The NNIS risk index ranges from 0 to 3, taking the following items into account: contamination potential, procedure duration, and ASA classification. Each item is worth either 0 or 1 points in the score.<sup>24</sup></p>
      <p>Data collection made use of the Brazilian Hospital Infection Control Service (SCIH) information system. Additionally, patients&#8217; medical records were reviewed using the Brazilian Medical and Statistical Archive Service (SAME). The medical records were reviewed in the second semester of 2015.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>Sample size calculation considered the rates of infection between 2003 and 2012. Considering a number of 900 procedures per year in the hospital and an average SSI rate of 3.23% for the period between 2003 and 2012 and that the complete application of the prevention bundle reduces the infection rate by 60%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> a sample of 1.846 medical records was calculated, with an alpha error of 5% and a beta error of 20%.</p>
        <p>Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used for bivariate comparison. Poisson regression was used for multivariate analysis which included variables with p &lt; 0.20 from the bivariate analysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A significance level of p &lt; 0.05 was considered.</p>
        <p>The data collected were codified and inserted into a table using the program Microsoft Office Excel 2007, thus creating a databank. Complementary analyses were carried out using the program SPSS, version 18.0.</p>
        <p>This study was approved by the research ethics committee of the Instituto de Cardiologia of the Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, on September 17, 2014, under certificate number 4997/14, being accredited by the Brazilian National Commission of Ethics in Research (CONEP), with the Term of Confidentiality for Data Use attached.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>One thousand, eight hundred, and forty-six medical records of patients who underwent major surgical procedures were analyzed, 138 of which were excluded from the study for the following reasons: 23 pediatric patients, 85 deaths or hospitalizations lasting less than 48 hours, and 30 records with incomplete data which did not meet study inclusion criteria. The period studied, thus, included a total of 1,708 major cardiac surgery procedures in 1,708 patients.</p>
      <p>One hundred and forty-two (8.3%) procedures developed SSI, of which 48.0% (n = 69) were thoracic site infections (13.3% superficial incisional; 24.5% deep incisional; 11.2% organ/space); 40.6% (n = 58) were saphenous vein infections; 7.7% (n = 9) were thoracic site and saphenous vein infections; and 3.0% (n = 4) were endocarditis. In heart transplant procedures, 1 in 4 became infected.</p>
      <p>The demographic data of patients with and without the presence of SSI are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sociodemographic data associated with SSI</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">SSI (N/%)</th>
              <th align="center">No infection (N/%)</th>
              <th align="center">Total (N)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex</td>
              <td align="center">92 (64.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">1,057 (67.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">1,149</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Type of procedure</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Myocardial revascularization</td>
              <td align="center">85 (8.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">923 (91.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">1,008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Valve replacement</td>
              <td align="center">49 (34.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">545 (35.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">594</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Aortic dissection</td>
              <td align="center">8 (5.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">88 (5.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">96</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">133 (94.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">1,345 (87.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">1,478</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tobacco use</td>
              <td align="center">63 (44.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">620 (40.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">683</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">75 (53.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">484 (31.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">559</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">58 (41.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">504 (32.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">562</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">38 (27.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">169 (11.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">207</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COPD</td>
              <td align="center">7 (5.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">70 (4.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">77</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Renal insufficiency</td>
              <td align="center">9 (6.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">84 (5.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">93</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Public healthcare</td>
              <td align="center">112 (78.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">1,061 (68.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">1,173</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ASA class III</td>
              <td align="center">111 (78.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">1,282 (82.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">1,393</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adequate use of antibiotic bundle</td>
              <td align="center">33 (23.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">332 (21.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">365</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Complete adherence to total bundle</td>
              <td align="center">6 (4.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (3.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Death</td>
              <td align="center">11 (7.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">165 (10.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">176</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>SSI: surgical site infection; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The following variables correlated with infection in bivariate analysis: arterial hypertension (p = 0.01), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.001), dyslipidemia (p = 0.05), obesity (p = 0.001), blood glucose level &#8805; 200 mg/dl (p = 0.03), public or private hospitalization (p = 0.008), surgical risk index (p = 0.001). The following variables were associated with the diagnosis of SSI in multivariate analysis: surgical risk index, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and blood glucose level (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Multivariate Analysis. Poisson Regression</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Risk Factor</th>
              <th align="center">Odds Ratio (OR)</th>
              <th align="center">Confidence Interval (IC)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Surgical risk index</td>
              <td align="center">2.575</td>
              <td align="center">1.224-5416</td>
              <td align="center">0.013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Public vs. private healthcare</td>
              <td align="center">1.473</td>
              <td align="center">0.974-2.229</td>
              <td align="center">0.067</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">1.770</td>
              <td align="center">0.877-3.573</td>
              <td align="center">0.111</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">1.678</td>
              <td align="center">1.168-2.409</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">1.083</td>
              <td align="center">0.777-1.510</td>
              <td align="center">0.637</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">2.068</td>
              <td align="center">1.457-2.936</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adequate glycemia (&lt; 200 mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">1.077</td>
              <td align="center">0.724-1.601</td>
              <td align="center">0.715</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Blood glucose level</td>
              <td align="center">1.004</td>
              <td align="center">1.001-1.007</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The SSI rate in our study was 8.3%. In developed countries, the SSI rate varies from 1.2% to 5.2%, whereas, in developing countries, it may be as high as 11.8%. Our rate was, therefore, higher than the general SSI rate in developed countries (1.2-5.2%), but lower than the rate in developing countries (11.8%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>SSI rates following cardiac surgery in developing countries may vary from 3.5% to 21.0%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus, blood glucose level, obesity, and surgical risk index are factors associated with SSI, in accordance with the latest World Health Organization report (WHO, 2016), which underlines these factors in relation to risks that affect HAI. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>SSI risk factors are complex, and their prevention requires the integration of a range of measures, before, during, and after surgery. Prevention is the principal focus of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) and the Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) in the USA, both of which recommend a group of preventive measures to be taken.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> These measures, called a &#8220;bundle,&#8221; are carried out together to obtain better results than would be obtained by individual application. SSI prevention bundles in cardiac surgery involve the use of prophylactic antibiotics during the immediate pre-and postoperative period (up to 48 hours following incision); blood glucose level control during the first and second postoperative period; temperature and oxygenation control; decolonization of patients with intra-nasal mupirocin, and preoperative chlorhexidine bath.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, adherence to surgical prophylaxis protocol was not associated with a reduction in SSI rates. Studies in surgical procedures indicate that antimicrobial use within 60 minutes before the procedure has been associated with reduced infection rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, 96% of patients used either a first or second-generation cephalosporin. Meta-analysis evidenced that the use of cefuroxime as a cardiac surgery prophylaxis demonstrated better protection against respiratory infections in the immediate preoperative period. Although our study did not evaluate this type of outcome, there was no difference in the comparison between cefazolin (institutional protocol effective before May 2014) and cefuroxime (institution recommendation as of June 2014) for SSI (data not shown).</p>
      <p>The prevention bundle used at our research institution included six preventive measures. Complete adherence to the bundle was not associated with reduced risk of surgical infections. Regarding the CDC&#8217;s bundle of measures, it establishes the following preventive measures with respect to the perioperative period: surgical antibiotic prophylaxis during the pre-, intra-, and postoperative periods; performing hair removal when necessary, without the use of razors; blood glucose level control during the pre- and postoperative periods; normothermia throughout the perioperative period; optimization of tissue oxygenation; skin preparation with alcoholic solutions; and finally the use of the Surgical Safety Checklist.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Blood glucose level alone was associated with a reduced surgical infection risk. Nonetheless, dichotomized levels below 200 mg/dl were not associated with reduced infection rates. Various studies have associated blood glucose level with risk of infection in cardiac surgery. There is recent evidence that strict blood glucose control (levels below 180 mg/dl) can reduce SSI rates in patients who undergo surgical procedures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Furthermore, confirming the findings of our study, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, regardless of blood glucose level, increases the risk of SSI in cardiac surgery. The SCIP, which was founded in 2003 as a national-level partnership of organizations committed to improving surgical care safety by reducing postoperative complications, developed a core measure to maintain blood glucose level at &#8804; 180mg/dL during the perioperative and postoperative periods, based on evidence that this reduces SSI in cardiac surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) also recommend blood glucose level goal of &#8804; 180 mg/dL during the immediate postoperative period. According to a study conducted by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons, it has been demonstrated that maintaining blood glucose levels between 150 mg/dL and 180 mg/dL reduces the risk of SSI in cardiac surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A randomized controlled study of 5,510 diabetic cardiac surgery patients, with an intravenous insulin protocol used to maintain blood glucose at &#8804; 150 mg/dL, demonstrated that the use of this protocol is safe and that it led to a 77% reduction in SSI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Obesity is a risk factor for SSI in cardiac, colorectal, orthopedic, caesarean section, and general surgery, as the procedure becomes more complex and increases the duration of surgical stay, causing tissue hypoxia and hyperglycemia related to the obese patients&#8217; insulin resistance, thus, contributing to the risk of SSI. Obese patients have a higher risk of acquiring infections, especially when they are exposed to surgical procedures and hospitalization in intensive care units.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A study conducted in the USA demonstrated that risk of infection was 4.7 times higher in obese surgery patients and 6 times higher in surgery patients with morbid obesity, in comparison with normal-weight surgery patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Furthermore, a recent study followed up 33,936 patients after myocardial revascularization surgery, showing that the factors that determined high risk of surgical infection included female sex, obesity, unplanned reoperations, and longer hospital stays.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In our study, the risk of infection related to obesity was 1.8 times higher.</p>
      <p>The surgical risk index is a good predictor of risk in surgeries. In one study, the use of NNIS risk index contributed to the stratification of SSI incidence rates in cardiac surgery. In this study, the incidence of mediastinitis was 0% when the patient&#8217;s score was 0, 1.2% when it was 1, and 2.3% when it was 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Our study demonstrated that in clean surgeries, the component related to base pathologies, patient&#8217;s physical state (ASA class), and procedure duration, as measured by NNIS risk index, was associated with a higher risk of infection.</p>
      <p>Although obesity and diabetes mellitus are modifiable factors in most cases, these pathologies may signal greater risks. Healthcare professionals may then take greater care with the patient, for example, with strict attention to the surgical technique, dead space reduction, tissue circulation, and postoperative care.</p>
      <p>There are some limitations to our study. It is a retrospective study of only one cardiology center. Although we assessed the patients&#8217; physical state and risk factors (ASA class) and procedural risks (length of surgical stay), the final analysis did not include some risk factors, such as patient skin antisepsis (preoperative); the surgical team&#8217;s abilities and operating room assistants&#8217; behavior (intraoperative); surgical sterilization practices; the use of invasive procedures during the postoperative period, such as catheters, probes, or mechanical ventilation; and other risk factors related to infection.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Obesity, diabetes, and blood glucose level were independent factors associated with SSI in patients who underwent major cardiac surgery procedures. Surgical risk index was a good predictor score for SSI in cardiac surgery. Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis and adherence to the SSI prevention bundle for cardiac surgery were not associated with a decrease in SSI risk.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Lilian Silva de Andrade, from Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Unidade de Pesquisa under the protocol number 4997/14. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#8220;Bundle&#8221; de Preven&#231;&#227;o de S&#237;tio Cir&#250;rgico em Cirurgia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9947-8148</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Lilian Silva de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1092-0308</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siliprandi</surname>
            <given-names>Erci Maria Onzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5639-3646</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Karsburg</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7156-6501</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Berlesi</surname>
            <given-names>Francine Possebon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8898-4929</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio Luiz da Fontoura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6390-9164</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Darlan Sebasti&#227;o da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Pires dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lilian de Andrade &#8226;</bold> Avenida Princesa Isabel, 395, setor SCIH. CEP 90040-371, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>lilianandrade16@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Andrade L, Siliprandi EMO, Pires R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Andrade L, Siliprandi EMO, Karsburg LL, Berlesi FP, Carvalho OLF, Rosa DS, Pires R; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Andrade L, Pires R; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Andrade L, Karsburg LL, Berlesi FP, Pires R; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Andrade L, Siliprandi EMO, Carvalho OLF, Rosa DS, Pires R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As infec&#231;&#245;es de s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico (ISC) est&#227;o entre as mais prevalentes nas institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de, atribuindo um risco de morte, variando de 33 a 77%, sendo associado a um aumento de 2 a 11 vezes para o desfecho de &#243;bito. Os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca s&#227;o mais suscet&#237;veis &#224;s ISC&#180;s, correspondendo entre as taxas de ISC&#180;s de 3,5% a 21%, e a taxa de mortalidade atribu&#237;vel a estas causas chegam a 25%. A preven&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico em cirurgia card&#237;aca est&#225; baseada em medidas preventivas conhecidas como &#8220;bundle&#8221;, focados nos fatores de risco modific&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os fatores de risco para ISC&#180;s em cirurgia card&#237;aca limpa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo de Coorte analisando 1846 prontu&#225;rios de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca limpa. Foi utilizado o teste exato de Fischer para a compara&#231;&#227;o bivariada e regress&#227;o de Poisson para an&#225;lise independente de risco para infec&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico. Foi considerado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O resultado do estudo compreendeu a uma an&#225;lise multivariada, e as vari&#225;veis que se associaram com o diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico foram: &#237;ndice de risco cir&#250;rgico (OR 2,575 IC 1,224-5,416), obesidade (OR 2,068 IC 1,457-2,936), diabete mellitus (OR 1,678 1,168-2,409); n&#237;vel de glicemia (OR 1,004 IC 1,001-1,007).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Foi evidenciado no estudo que a ades&#227;o completa ao &#8220;bundle&#8221; n&#227;o se associou com a redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de infec&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas. Entretanto, foi identificado que o fato de ter diabetes mellitus, a obesidade e a avalia&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do &#237;ndice de risco cir&#250;rgico aumentam a associa&#231;&#227;o e consequentemente ao risco de ISC em cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>Adulto</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacotes de Assist&#234;ncia ao Paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Infecciosos</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#227;o da Ferida Cir&#250;rgica</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As infec&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de (IRAS) s&#227;o definidas como toda infec&#231;&#227;o que ocorre no paciente durante o processo de atendimento em algum estabelecimento de sa&#250;de, no per&#237;odo de 48 a 72 horas do primeiro contato com o sistema de sa&#250;de. As taxas de infec&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o maiores em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento e em unidades de terapia intensiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As infec&#231;&#245;es de sitio cir&#250;rgico (ISC) est&#227;o entre as mais prevalentes nas institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de. No ano de 2011 nos EUA, as ISC acometeram em m&#233;dia 157.500 mil pacientes. O risco de morte atribu&#237;vel a este tipo de infec&#231;&#227;o &#233; alto, variando de 33 a 77%, sendo associado a um aumento de 2 a 11 vezes para o desfecho de &#243;bito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca s&#227;o particularmente suscet&#237;veis a infec&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e as ISC, acarretando interven&#231;&#245;es e custos adicionais &#224; institui&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de. As taxas de infec&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico podem variar de 3,5% a 21%, e a taxa de mortalidade pelas mesmas causas pode chegar a 25%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios fatores de risco est&#227;o associados &#224;s ISC em cirurgia card&#237;aca, entre eles: idade, estado nutricional, diabetes mellitus, tabagismo, obesidade, infec&#231;&#245;es coexistentes em outro s&#237;tio, tempo de perman&#234;ncia no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, preparo da pele, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, quebra de t&#233;cnicas ass&#233;pticas, a inadequa&#231;&#227;o da higiene das m&#227;os, distra&#231;&#245;es no campo operat&#243;rio, n&#250;mero de abertura de portas, ou outros fatores relacionados ao ambiente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Medidas preventivas &#8220;bundle&#8221; aplicadas aos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos t&#234;m sido efetivos na redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de infec&#231;&#227;o. Dentre elas: o uso de antibi&#243;tico profil&#225;tico at&#233; 1 hora antes da incis&#227;o, e a suspens&#227;o do antibi&#243;tico at&#233; 48 horas de cirurgia card&#237;aca, remo&#231;&#227;o dos pelos no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio imediato, temperatura at&#233; 36,5&#186;C no intra-operat&#243;rio e o controle glic&#234;mico no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e estendendo-se ap&#243;s 48 horas do procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar fatores de risco para ISC em grandes procedimentos de cirurgia card&#237;aca limpa em um centro de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo de Coorte, realizado no Instituto de Cardiologia, um hospital de 250 leitos para pacientes de cardiologia no sul do Brasil. O estudo avaliou pacientes submetidos a grandes procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos com e sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea no per&#237;odo entre Janeiro de 2013 a Dezembro de 2014. Foram inclu&#237;das todas as cirurgias de grande porte em adultos (maiores de 18 anos). Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes pedi&#225;tricos, dados incompletos no prontu&#225;rio, pacientes com &#243;bito no pr&#233;, intra e/ou no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e interna&#231;&#245;es com menos de 48 horas.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico epidemiol&#243;gico das infec&#231;&#245;es seguiu os crit&#233;rios do Centro de Controle de Doen&#231;as americano (CDC). As infec&#231;&#245;es foram classificadas conforme o n&#237;vel superficial, profundo ou &#243;rg&#227;o-espa&#231;o. Desde o ano de 2003 &#233; utilizado um protocolo de preven&#231;&#227;o de ISC na institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O &#8220;bundle&#8221; de medidas preventivas da institui&#231;&#227;o inclui 6 itens de execu&#231;&#227;o entre os per&#237;odos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios. Entre eles inclui-se: banho pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio com clorexidina 2%, 24 horas antes do procedimento; tricotomia com tricotomizador el&#233;trico, at&#233; duas horas antes do in&#237;cio da cirurgia; normotermia, manuten&#231;&#227;o da temperatura maior ou igual a 36&#186;C, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato; glicemia menor que 200 mg/dl mensurado &#224;s 06 horas do primeiro dia p&#243;s operat&#243;rio; antibioticoprofilaxia cir&#250;rgica, infundida na indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica em at&#233; 60 minutos antes da incis&#227;o; e dose adicional se o procedimento durar mais de 4 horas e tempo m&#225;ximo de uso por 24-48 horas.</p>
        <p>Foi considerado como escore de risco o A.S.A. que segue os padr&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Anestesiologia e o &#205;ndice de Risco de Infec&#231;&#227;o Cir&#250;rgica (IRIC).</p>
        <p>Para coleta de dados foi utilizado sistema de informa&#231;&#245;es do Servi&#231;o de Controle de Infec&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar (SCIH). Al&#233;m disso, foi revisado o prontu&#225;rio dos pacientes no Servi&#231;o de Arquivo M&#233;dico e Estat&#237;stica (SAME). A revis&#227;o dos prontu&#225;rios foi realizada no segundo semestre de 2015.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>Para o c&#225;lculo amostral foi considerado as taxas de infec&#231;&#227;o dos per&#237;odos entre 2003 a 2012. Considerando um n&#250;mero de 900 procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos ano no hospital e uma taxa m&#233;dia de ISC de 3,23%, no per&#237;odo de 2003 at&#233; 2012 e, que pelo menos a aplica&#231;&#227;o de um &#8220;bundle&#8221; de preven&#231;&#227;o reduza as taxas de infec&#231;&#227;o em 60%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Calculou-se uma amostra de 1846 prontu&#225;rios de pacientes, com um erro alfa de 5%, beta de 20%.</p>
          <p>O teste exato de Fischer foi utilizado para a compara&#231;&#227;o bivariada. Na an&#225;lise multivariada foi utilizada regress&#227;o de Poisson e inclu&#237;das vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,20 na an&#225;lise bivariada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Foi considerado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p &lt; 0,05.</p>
          <p>Os dados coletados foram codificados e digitados em uma tabela do programa Microsoft Office Excel 2007 criando um banco de dados, ap&#243;s as an&#225;lises complementares foram realizadas utilizando o programa SPSS vers&#227;o 18.0.</p>
          <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa do Instituto Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria Cardiologia, no dia 17 de setembro de 2014, sob o n&#250;mero de registro 4997/14, sendo credenciado junto &#224; CONEP, e em anexo o Termo de Confiabilidade para Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de Dados</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Mil oitocentos e quarenta e seis prontu&#225;rios de pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos de grande porte foram analisados, destes, 138 foram exclu&#237;dos da pesquisa. Ainda destes, 23 eram pacientes pedi&#225;tricos, 85 &#243;bitos ou interna&#231;&#245;es com menos de 48 horas e 30 prontu&#225;rios com dados incompletos, n&#227;o atendendo os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o do estudo. No periodo estudado foram inclu&#237;dos um total de 1846 grandes procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos card&#237;acos, de 1708 pacientes.</p>
        <p>Cento e quarenta e dois (8,3%) procedimentos desenvolveram infec&#231;&#227;o de sitio cir&#250;rgico. Destes 48,0% (n = 69) foram infec&#231;&#227;o de sitio tor&#225;cico (13,3% incisional superficial; 24,5% incisional profunda; 11,2% &#243;rg&#227;o-espa&#231;o); 40,6% (n = 58) foram de infec&#231;&#227;o safena; 7,7% (n = 9) foram de sitio tor&#225;cico e infec&#231;&#227;o de safena; e 3,0% (n = 4) foram endocardite. Um em cada quatro procedimentos de transplantes card&#237;acos infectaram.</p>
        <p>Os dados s&#243;ciodemogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes que apresentaram infec&#231;&#227;o e sem infec&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados s&#243;ciodemogr&#225;ficos associados &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">ISC (N/%)</th>
                <th align="center">Sem infec&#231;&#227;o (N/%)</th>
                <th align="center">Total (N)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">92 (64,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1057 (67,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">1149</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tipo de procedimento</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">85 (8,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">923 (91,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">1008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar</td>
                <td align="center">49 (34,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">545 (35,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">594</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta</td>
                <td align="center">8 (5,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (5,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">133 (94,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1345 (87,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1478</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">63 (44,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">620 (40,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">683</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">75 (53,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">484 (31,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">559</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">58 (41,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">504 (32,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">562</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">38 (27,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">169 (11,0%%)</td>
                <td align="center">207</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (4,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia Renal</td>
                <td align="center">9 (6,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (5,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atendimento pelo SUS</td>
                <td align="center">112 (78,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">1061 (68,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1173</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A.S.A III</td>
                <td align="center">111 (78,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1282 (82,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1393</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">"Bundle" do uso de antibi&#243;tico adequado</td>
                <td align="center">33 (23,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">332 (21,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">365</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">"Bundle" Total de adequa&#231;&#227;o completo</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (3,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">11 (7,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">165 (10,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">176</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>ISC: infec&#231;&#245;es de s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; SUS: Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise bivariada as vari&#225;veis que se correlacionaram com infec&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico foram: hipertens&#227;o arterial (p = 0,01), diabete mellitus (p = 0,001), dislipidemia (p = 0,05), obesidade (p = 0,001), glicemia maior ou igual a 200 mg/dl (p = 0,03), tipo de interna&#231;&#227;o SUS ou conv&#234;nio (p = 0,008), &#237;ndice de risco cir&#250;rgico (p = 0,001). Na an&#225;lise multivariada as vari&#225;veis que se associaram com o diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico foram: &#237;ndice de risco cir&#250;rgico, obesidade, diabete mellitus e n&#237;vel de glicemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise Multivariada. Regress&#227;o de Poisson</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Fator de Risco</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#227;o de Chances (OR)</th>
                <th align="center">Intervalo de Confian&#231;a (IC)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de Risco Cir&#250;rgico</td>
                <td align="center">2,575</td>
                <td align="center">1,224-5416</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SUS x Conv&#234;nio</td>
                <td align="center">1,473</td>
                <td align="center">0,974-2,229</td>
                <td align="center">0,067</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">1,770</td>
                <td align="center">0,877-3,573</td>
                <td align="center">0,111</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabete mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">1,678</td>
                <td align="center">1,168-2,409</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">1,083</td>
                <td align="center">0,777-1,510</td>
                <td align="center">0,637</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">2,068</td>
                <td align="center">1,457-2,936</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia adequada (&lt; 200 mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1,077</td>
                <td align="center">0,724-1,601</td>
                <td align="center">0,715</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#237;vel de Glicemia</td>
                <td align="center">1,004</td>
                <td align="center">1,001-1,007</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>SUS: Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A taxa de infec&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico em nosso estudo foi de 8,3%. Nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos a taxa de infec&#231;&#227;o de sitio cir&#250;rgico variam de 1,2-5,2%. Enquanto que em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento esta taxa pode chegar a 11,8%. &#205;ndice superior &#224;s taxas de infec&#231;&#227;o geral em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos que variam de 1,2 a 5,2%, mas abaixo das taxas de pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento (11,8%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As ISC p&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento podem variar de 3,5% a 21,0%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diabetes mellitus, n&#237;vel de glicemia, obesidade e &#237;ndice de risco cir&#250;rgico s&#227;o fatores associados com ISC, conforme o &#250;ltimo relat&#243;rio mundial da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS, 2016) que refor&#231;a estes fatores em rela&#231;&#227;o aos riscos que afetam as IRAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os fatores de risco para as ISC s&#227;o complexos, e a preven&#231;&#227;o requer a integra&#231;&#227;o de uma s&#233;rie de medidas antes, durante e depois da cirurgia. A preven&#231;&#227;o &#233; o principal foco do <italic>Institute for Healthcare Improvement</italic> (IHI) e do Projeto de Melhoria do Cuidado (SCIP) realizados nos EUA, onde recomendam um pacote de medidas preventivas para serem realizadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Estas medidas chamadas de &#8220;bundle&#8221; s&#227;o realizadas em conjunto para obtermos melhores resultados do que quando aplicadas individualmente. Os &#8220;bundles&#8221; de preven&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o de sitio cir&#250;rgico em cirurgia card&#237;aca, envolvem o uso profil&#225;tico de antibi&#243;ticos no pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (at&#233; 48 horas da incis&#227;o); controle do n&#237;vel glic&#234;mico no primeiro e segundo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio; contorle de temperatura e oxigena&#231;&#227;o; e descolonia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com mupirocina intra-nasal e banho com clorexidina no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, a adequa&#231;&#227;o ao protocolo de profilaxia cir&#250;rgica n&#227;o se associou com redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de infec&#231;&#227;o de sitio cir&#250;rgico. Estudos em procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos indicam que o uso de antimicrobianos em at&#233; 60 minutos do in&#237;cio do procedimento tem se associado com a redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de infec&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, 96% dos pacientes fizeram uso de uma cefalosporina de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o ou uma cefalosporina de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o. Meta an&#225;lise evidenciou que o uso de cefuroxima como profilaxia de cirurgia card&#237;aca, demonstrou uma melhor prote&#231;&#227;o contra infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio imediato. Apesar de o nosso estudo n&#227;o ter avaliado este tipo de desfecho, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na compara&#231;&#227;o de cefazolina (protocolo institucional vigente antes de maio de 2014) e cefuroxima (recomenda&#231;&#227;o da institui&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s junho de 2014) para a infec&#231;&#227;o de sitio cir&#250;rgico - dado n&#227;o demonstrado.</p>
        <p>O &#8220;bundle&#8221; de preven&#231;&#227;o utilizado em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o de pesquisa incluiu seis medidas preventivas. A ades&#227;o completa ao &#8220;bundle&#8221; n&#227;o se associou com redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de infec&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#8220;bundle&#8221; de medidas do CDC, onde este estabelece medidas preventivas no que acerca o per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio, estas sendo: a antibi&#243;ticoprofilaxia nos per&#237;odos, pr&#233;, trans e p&#243;s operat&#243;rio; a realiza&#231;&#227;o de tricotomia quando necess&#225;rio, e sem o uso de l&#226;minas; a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados com n&#237;vel de glicemia no per&#237;odo pr&#233; e p&#243;s operat&#243;rio; a normoterapia no que tange o perioperat&#243;rio; a otimiza&#231;&#227;o de oxigena&#231;&#227;o tecidual; a prepara&#231;&#227;o da pele com solu&#231;&#245;es alco&#243;licas; e por fim a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da Lista de Verifica&#231;&#227;o de Seguran&#231;a Cir&#250;rgica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O n&#237;vel de glicemia isoladamente se associou com redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de infec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, apesar disso, n&#237;veis dicotomizados abaixo de 200 mg/dl n&#227;o se associaram com redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de infec&#231;&#227;o. Diversos estudos t&#234;m associado o n&#237;vel de glicemia com o risco de infec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica em cirurgia card&#237;aca. Existem evid&#234;ncias recentes de que com o rigoroso controle glic&#234;mico (n&#237;veis menores que 180 mg/dl) pode se reduzir as taxas de ISC em pacientes que se submetem a procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Al&#233;m disso, confirmando achado do nosso estudo o diagn&#243;stico de diabetes mellitus, independente no n&#237;vel de glicemia, aumenta o risco de ISC em cirurgia card&#237;aca. O Projeto de Melhoria do Cuidado Cir&#250;rgico (SCIP), que foi desenvolvido em 2003 como uma parceria de qualidade nacional de organiza&#231;&#245;es comprometidas com a melhoria da seguran&#231;a da assist&#234;ncia cir&#250;rgica atrav&#233;s da redu&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, desenvolveu uma medida de n&#250;cleo para manter a glicose no sangue em um n&#237;vel &#8804; 180mg/dL durante o per&#237;odo peri-operat&#243;rio e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com base em evid&#234;ncias de diminui&#231;&#227;o de ISC em cirurgia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A Sociedade Americana de Epidemiologia Hospitalar (SHEA) e a Sociedade Americana de Doen&#231;as (IDSA) tamb&#233;m recomendam uma meta de &#8804; 180 mg/dL de glicemia no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato. Demonstrando que mantendo os n&#237;veis de glicemia a partir de 150 mg/dL a &#8804; 180mg/dL h&#225; uma redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de infec&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico em cirurgia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Em um estudo controlado randomizado, com um protocolo de insulina intravenosa utilizado para manter a glicemia &#8804; 150 mg/dL, em 5510 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca e com patologia de base de Diabetes Mellitus, demonstrou que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o deste protocolo &#233; seguro e levou a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 77% das infec&#231;&#245;es do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Obesidade &#233; um fator de risco para infec&#231;&#227;o de sitio cir&#250;rgico em cirurgia card&#237;aca, colo-retal, ortop&#233;dica, cesarianas e cirurgia geral, pois o procedimento torna-se mais complexo e aumenta o tempo de permanencia cir&#250;rgico, causando hipoxia tecidual, e hiperglicemia relacionada com a resist&#234;ncia a insulina do paciente obeso, contribuindo para o risco em ISC. Pacientes obesos tem maior risco de adquirir infec&#231;&#245;es, principalmente quando expostos a procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos e interna&#231;&#227;o em unidades de terapia intensiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Em um estudo nos EUA avaliou que pacientes cirurgicos obesos tem 4,7 vezes maior chance de risco de infec&#231;&#227;o e pacientes com obesidade m&#243;rbida apresentavam 6 vezes mais risco de infec&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes de peso normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Ainda, estudo recente acompanhou 33.936 mil pacientes ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do miocardio, e mostrou que os fatores que determinaram de alto risco de infec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica inclu&#237;ram mulheres, obesidade, reopera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o planejadas e pacientes que permaneceram mais tempo internados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Em nosso estudo o risco de infec&#231;&#227;o relacionado &#224; obesidade foi de 2 vezes maior.</p>
        <p>O &#237;ndice de risco cir&#250;rgico &#233; um bom preditor de risco em cirurgias. Em um estudo, o uso do IRIC contribuiu para estratificar as taxas de incid&#234;ncias de ISC em cirurgia cardiaca. Neste estudo a incid&#234;ncia de mediastinite foi de 0% quando o paciente teve uma pontua&#231;&#227;o de zero; 1,2%, o escore era de 1; e 2,3% quando era 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Nosso estudo demonstrou que em cirurgias limpas, o componente relacionado &#224;s patologias de base e estado f&#237;sico do paciente (ASA) e o tempo de procedimento, mensurado pelo IRIC foi associado a um risco maior de infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Embora a obesidade e a diabetes mellitus sejam fatores n&#227;o modific&#225;veis na maioria das vezes, estas patologias podem sinalizar riscos maiores em que o profissional de sa&#250;de possa assumir um maior cuidado com o paciente, como por exemplo, cuidado estrito com a t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica, redu&#231;&#227;o do espa&#231;o morto, circula&#231;&#227;o tecidual, cuidados no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es. &#201; um estudo retrospectivo a partir de um &#250;nico centro de cardiologia. Embora tenhamos usado a avalia&#231;&#227;o de estado fisico do paciente e seus fatores de risco (ASA) e os riscos do procedimento (tempo de permanencia cirurgica), n&#227;o inclu&#237;mos na an&#225;lise final alguns fatores de risco, tais como: antisepsia da pele do paciente (pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio), habilidades da equipe cir&#250;rgica e comportamente dos profissionais da assist&#234;ncia no teatro operat&#243;rio (intra-operat&#243;rio), pr&#225;ticas material de esteriliza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, e outros fatores de risco relacionados a infec&#231;&#227;o como uso de procedimentos invasivos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio como cateteres, sondas, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Obesidade, diabetes e n&#237;vel de glicemia foram fatores independentes que se associaram com ISC em pacientes submetidos a grandes procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos card&#237;acos. O &#237;ndice de risco cir&#250;rgico foi um bom escore preditor para ISC em cirurgia card&#237;aca. Profil&#225;xia cir&#250;rgica com antibi&#243;ticos ou ades&#227;o ao &#8220;bundle&#8221; de preven&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o em cirurgia card&#237;aca n&#227;o foram associados com a diminui&#231;&#227;o de risco de ISC.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Lilian Silva de Andrade pelo Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Unidade de Pesquisa sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 4997/14. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
