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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qzZ8JrdXrvrHbFDq9s4HTyt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000600758</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005004105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190037</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction was not Associated with Cardiac Arrhythmias in a Cross-Sectional Analysis of the ELSA-Brasil Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3463-0951</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Raj&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Kamilla Maria Ara&#250;jo Brand&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2829-5798</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Passos</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria Maria Azeredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6723-5678</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bense&#241;or</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Judith Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8035-1350</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vidigal</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Guatimosim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8653-0031</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camacho</surname>
            <given-names>Cleber Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9146-5003</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Diniz</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de F&#225;tima Haueisen Sander</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Endocrinologia e Metabologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Endocrinologia e Metabologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (FM-UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Proped&#234;utica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Proped&#234;utica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Kamilla Maria Ara&#250;jo Brand&#227;o Raj&#227;o</bold>, Rua Rubens Carvalho de Andrade, 60/502. Postal Code 30575-810, Buritis, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>kamillarajao@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Ribeiro ALP, Raj&#227;o KMAB, Passos VMA, Bense&#241;or IJM, Diniz MFHS; Acquisition of data: Ribeiro ALP, Passos VMA, Bense&#241;or IJM, Vidigal PG; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ribeiro ALP, Raj&#227;o KMAB, Passos VMA, Bense&#241;or IJM, Vidigal PG, Camacho CP, Diniz MFHS; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Raj&#227;o KMAB, Passos VMA, Camacho CP, Diniz MFHS; Obtaining financing: Passos VMA, Bense&#241;or IJM,.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>758</fpage>
      <lpage>766</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The association of subclinical thyroid dysfunction (STD) with cardiac arrhythmias remains controversial, particularly in the non-elderly population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate whether STD was associated with cardiac arrhythmias in a cohort of middle-aged and older adults.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Baseline data of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health, ELSA-Brasil (35-74 years) were collected from 2008 to 2010. After exclusion of clinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, participants were categorized as euthyroidism (TSH = 0.4-4.0 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL), subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH &gt; 4.0 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL; FT4 = 0.8-1.9 ng/dL), and subclinical hyperthyroidism (TSH &lt; 0.4 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL; FT4 = 0.8-1.9 ng/dL). The prevalence rates of tachycardia (HR &gt; 100) and bradycardia (HR &lt; 60), atrial fibrillation/flutter, conduction disorders, extrasystoles, low QRS voltage, prolonged QT intervals, and persistent supraventricular rhythms were compared between groups after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, lifestyle, body mass index and medications.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The HR data of 13,341 participants (52% female; median age, 51 years) and the electrocardiogram readings of 11,795 were analyzed; 698 participants (5.23%) were classified as subclinical hypothyroidism, 193 (1.45%) as subclinical hyperthyroidism, and 12,450 (93.32%) as euthyroidism. The prevalence of rhythm and conduction disorders was similar, as were HR medians, even in the subgroups with TSH &lt; 0.01 UI/mL or &gt; 10.0 UI/mL or in older adults. Conduction disorders were less prevalent in older adults with subclinical hypothyroidism (adjusted OR = 0.44; 95% CI 0.24 to 0.80).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In this large, multicenter and cross-sectional study, STD was not associated with cardiac arrhythmias, but a longitudinal assessment is necessary.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Thyroid Diseases/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Pathologic Processes</kwd>
        <kwd>Thyroropin (TSH)</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Adults</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Subclinical thyroid dysfunctions (STD), which include subclinical hypothyroidism (SCHypoTh) and subclinical hyperthyroidism (SCHyperTh), are characterized by elevated or suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), without clinical alterations or abnormalities in thyroid hormone levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Diagnosis of STD has been increasing with the dissemination of ultrasensitive TSH assays; however, the clinical repercussions of STD and the benefits associated with thyroid dysfunction screening are still the object of scientific debate, and further research is needed.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of SCHyperTh ranges from 1% to 16% in large population-based studies, while that of SCHypoTh varies from 4% to 20%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Those prevalence rates can vary according to sex, age, degree of iodine sufficiency, and the TSH reference values adopted in each study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In Brazil, population-based studies have shown prevalence rates of SCHyperTh ranging from 2.4% in older adults<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> to 6.2% in Japanese Brazilians aged &gt; 30 years,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> while SCHypoTh varied from 6.5% among older adults<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> to 12.3% in women aged &gt; 35 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There is no consistent evidence of the clinical relevance of STD, particularly regarding the cardiovascular system. Although some meta-analyses and population-based cohort studies have indicated a higher cardiovascular risk and mortality associated with STD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> other studies do not corroborate those results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Regarding arrhythmias, SCHyperTh has been associated with a two- to three-fold risk of tachyarrhythmias, especially sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter, extrasystoles, supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and prolonged QT intervals (QTi).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Fewer studies have explored the relationship between SCHypoTh and cardiac arrhythmias. Weak evidence, mostly in the form of case reports, suggests that SCHypoTh can lead to bradyarrhythmias, including sinus bradycardia and atrioventricular blocks, atrial arrhythmias, prolonged QTi, and severe ventricular arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Most of the related studies have focused on older adults.</p>
      <p>The aim of the present study was to investigate whether STD was associated with cardiac arrhythmias in a cohort of middle-aged and older adults in the baseline of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), the largest cohort of a Brazilian adult population to date.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>The present investigation is a subproject of ELSA-Brasil, in which the baseline cohort comprised 15,105 civil servants aged 35-74 years from six Brazilian cities, who were enrolled between August 2008 and December 2010. The majority of participants were young adults (78% aged &lt; 60 years), with 54% female. The ELSA-Brasil protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the research ethics committees at all six centers. All participants provided a written informed consent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Participants were excluded if they were using any drugs that could interfere with TSH or free thyroxine (FT4) laboratory assays (levodopa, carbidopa, metoclopramide, haloperidol, valproic acid, propranolol, heparin, prazosin, rifampicin, carbamazepine, primidone, phenytoin, and furosemide).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Participants with serum TSH and FT4 alterations indicating clinical thyroid dysfunction, including those with normal serum FT4 levels and TSH &gt; 20 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL, or if they were using levothyroxine or antithyroid agents (thiamazole or propylthiouracil) were excluded. All participants who did not present exclusion criteria were included.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study protocol</title>
        <p>Standardized interviews were conducted with participants at their workplaces and at the research center. Clinical examinations and laboratory tests were performed according to standardized protocols developed for the study. Participants were instructed to present all medical prescriptions and medications they had used in the preceding month.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Skin color was self-reported. Anthropometric parameters, including height and weight, were measured using standardized techniques and materials. Resting heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were measured three times, with the mean values for the second and third measurements considered for analysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Standard 12-lead resting electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded and analyzed according to the Minnesota code criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> using a digital device (Atria 6100, Burdick, Cardiac Science Corporation, Bothel, WA, USA) with automated readings of HR; duration, range, and axes of P, QRS, and T waves; QT intervals, and QTc (Bazett&#8217;s correction). The ECG tracings were analyzed at the ECG Reading Center of ELSA-Brasil in Minas Gerais. In total, 11,795 ECGs were available for analysis.</p>
        <p>Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast. Participants were instructed to reschedule their appointment at the research center if they had a fever or developed any acute disease symptoms. All laboratory analyses were centralized in a single research center (University of S&#227;o Paulo).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The quality and management of data collection and storage were ensured through training sessions, certifications, and renewal of certifications of the interviewers and technicians in charge of the clinical examinations and laboratory tests of the study protocol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The methods, reagents, and equipment used in the assays conducted at the central laboratory were as follows: 1) TSH: immunoenzymatic bead-based technique, Siemens reagent L2KTS2, analytical sensitivity of 0.004 mU/L, conducted for all participants; 2) FT4: immunoenzymatic bead-based technique, analytical sensitivity of 0.3 ng/dL, only for those patients with abnormal TSH levels (both the TSH and FT4 assays were performed using a Siemens IMMULITE 2000 Immunoassay System<sup>&#174;</sup> - Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Deerfield, IL, USA); 3) Total cholesterol: enzymatic colorimetric method, Siemens reagent (code 99301390); 4) Triglycerides: enzymatic colorimetric method with glycerol phosphate peroxidase according to Trinder; 5) HDL cholesterol: homogeneous enzymatic colorimetric method without precipitation; 6) LDL cholesterol: Friedewald equation for triglycerides &lt; 400 mg/dL; otherwise, measured directly using a homogeneous enzymatic colorimetric assay without precipitation; 7) Serum blood sugar: enzymatic hexokinase method; 8) Hemoglobin A1C: high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), Bio-Rad D-10 Hemoglobin A1c Program (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). All biochemical tests were analyzed using the ADVIA 1200 Chemistry System (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Deerfield, IL, USA); and 9) Chagas disease serology: ELISA method using a solid-phase microplate (CHAGATEST, Wiener Laboratorios S.A.I.C., Rosario, Argentina).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definition of cases</title>
        <p>Participants were allocated into one of three groups: euthyroidism (TSH = 0.4-4.0 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL), SCHypoTh (TSH &gt; 4.0 and &#8804; 20 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL with FT4 = 0.8-1.9 ng/dL), and SCHyperTh (TSH &lt; 0.4 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL and FT4 = 0.8-1.9 ng/dL). =</p>
        <p>Abnormalities on ECG were categorized into rhythm disorders (AF and flutter: Minnesota codes 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.3.3, 8.3.4; supraventricular extrasystoles (SVES): 8.1.1; ventricular extrasystoles (VES): 8.1.2; persistent supraventricular rhythm: 8.4.1) and blocks or conduction disorders (complete right and left bundle branch block: 7.2.1, 7.2.2, 7.1.1, 7.1.2; incomplete right and left bundle branch block: 7.3 and 7.6; nonspecific intraventricular block: 7.4, and atrioventricular blocks: 6.1; 6,2,1; 6.2.2; 6.2.3; 6.3). The presence of long QTi (&gt; 115%) and low QRS complex voltage (9.1) was also investigated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Abnormalities on heart rate measured by clinical examination were classified as bradycardia (HR &lt; 60 or &lt; 50 beats per minute [bpm]) and tachycardia (HR &gt; 100 or &gt;110 bpm).</p>
        <p>Diabetes mellitus was defined by abnormal laboratory findings according to American Diabetes Association criteria (fasting blood glucose &#8805; 126 mg/dL, blood glucose levels two hours after a 75 g load of anhydrous glucose &#8805; 200 mg/dL, or hemoglobin A1c &#8805; 6.5%) or the use of insulin or oral/subcutaneous hypoglycemic drugs. Arterial hypertension was defined by a self-reported medical diagnosis of hypertension, use of anti-hypertensive agents, or blood pressure &#8805; 140/90 mmHg. Dyslipidemia was defined as total serum cholesterol &#8805; 200 mg/dL or triglycerides &#8805; 150 mg/dL or LDL cholesterol &#8805; 130 mg/dL, or the use of hypolipidemic medication. Congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were defined by a self-reported medical diagnosis. Chagas disease was defined by positive serology in the Chagas test - ELISA assay. Excessive alcohol use was defined as the intake of more than 140 g of alcohol per week for women and more than 210 g of alcohol per week for men.</p>
        <p>Medications considered for statistical adjustments were those that could interfere with thyroid or cardiac function and included antiarrhythmic drugs, &#946;-blockers other than propranolol (which had been excluded previously), &#946;2-agonists, adrenergic agonists and nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, lithium carbonate, potassium iodide, amiodarone, interferon-&#945;, systemic glucocorticoids, dopaminergic agonists, carbamazepine, and oxcarbazepine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The statistical analysis was performed using the STATA&#8482; software, v. 12.0. The data are described as medians and interquartile ranges or proportions, since they did not present a normal distribution, according to test of Shapiro-Wilk. The nonparametric tests of Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis were used to compare medians, Pearson&#8217;s chi-squared and Fisher&#8217;s exact tests to compare proportions, and Spearman's correlation coefficient to estimate correlations between continuous variables. Logistic regression analysis was delineated between SCHyperTh or SCHypoTh and serum TSH and FT4 levels and the presence of arrhythmias/electrocardiographic abnormalities. Age, sex, skin color, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, excessive alcohol use, comorbidities (dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, coronary disease, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and Chagas disease), and medication use were considered for adjustment. The p value &lt; 0.20 was considered for the multivariate model, and statistical significance was p &lt; 0.05. Subgroup analyses were performed for older individuals (age 65-74 years) and those with extreme TSH values (&lt; 0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL or &gt; 10 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>This study included 13,341 (88.32%) of the 15,105 participants enrolled at the baseline of the ELSA-Brasil study. The 1,764 excluded participants are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Inclusion of participants from the ELSA-Brasil study baseline, 2008-2010. TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; FT4: free thyroxine; ECG: electrocardiogram.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0758-90037-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The profile of the participants for the overall study population categorized by thyroid function group is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of participants categorized by thyroid function group, Longitudinal Study of Adult Health, ELSA-Brasil, 2008-2010</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Subclinical hypothyroidism</th>
              <th align="center">Euthyroidism</th>
              <th align="center">Subclinical hyperthyroidism</th>
              <th align="center">Total</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">N (%)</td>
              <td align="center">698 (5.23%)</td>
              <td align="center">12,450 (93.32%)</td>
              <td align="center">193 (1.45%)</td>
              <td align="center">13,341 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, y <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">54 (47-61) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">51 (45-58)</td>
              <td align="center">53 (46-59) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">51 (45-58)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female sex (%)</td>
              <td align="center">381 (54.58%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">6,433 (51.67%)</td>
              <td align="center">123 (63.73%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">6,937 (52.00%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">26.80 (24.03-29.96) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">26.27 (23.63-29.48)</td>
              <td align="center">26.16 (23.55-29.39) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">26.30 (23.65-29.52)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Education &#8805; completed secondary education (%)</td>
              <td align="center">589 (84.38%)</td>
              <td align="center">10,887 (87.45%)</td>
              <td align="center">163 (84.46%)</td>
              <td align="center">11,639 (87.24%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Skin color (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">white</td>
              <td align="center">426 (61.03%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">6,283 (50.47%)</td>
              <td align="center">72 (37.30%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">6,781 (50.82%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">brown</td>
              <td align="center">177 (25.36%)</td>
              <td align="center">3,547 (28.49%)</td>
              <td align="center">54 (27.98%)</td>
              <td align="center">3,778 (28.32%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">black</td>
              <td align="center">60 (8.60%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2,032 (16.32%)</td>
              <td align="center">54 (27.98%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2,146 (16.09%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">others</td>
              <td align="center">35 (5.01%)</td>
              <td align="center">588 (4.72%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (6.74%)</td>
              <td align="center">636 (4.77%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">243 (34.81%)</td>
              <td align="center">4,258 (34.20%)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (45.08%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">4,588 (34.39%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
              <td align="center">145 (20.77%)</td>
              <td align="center">2,493 (20.02%)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (23.83%)</td>
              <td align="center">2,684 (20.12%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">547 (78.37%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">9,338 (75.00%)</td>
              <td align="center">138 (71.50%)</td>
              <td align="center">10,023 (75.13%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL &gt; 130</td>
              <td align="center">395 (56.59%)</td>
              <td align="center">7,059 (56.70%)</td>
              <td align="center">112 (58.03%)</td>
              <td align="center">7,566 (56.71%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TGC &gt; 150</td>
              <td align="center">254 (36.39%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">3,850 (30.92%)</td>
              <td align="center">58 (30.05%)</td>
              <td align="center">4,162 (31.20%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Coronary artery disease (%)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (6.30%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">531 (4.27%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (5.18%)</td>
              <td align="center">585 (4.39%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CHF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (2.01%)</td>
              <td align="center">170 (1.37%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (2.07%)</td>
              <td align="center">188 (1.41%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COPD (%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (2.44%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">241 (1.94%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (3.11%)</td>
              <td align="center">264 (1.98%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chagas' disease (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (1.29%)</td>
              <td align="center">112 (0.90%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.00%)</td>
              <td align="center">121 (0.91%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Excessive alcohol (%)</td>
              <td align="center">43 (6.16%)</td>
              <td align="center">992 (7.97%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (5.18%)</td>
              <td align="center">1,045 (7.83%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Smoking status</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current smoker</td>
              <td align="center">66 (9.46%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,689 (13.56%)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (19.69%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,793 (13.43%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Former smoker</td>
              <td align="center">247 (35.39%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">3,639 (29.23%)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (33.16%)</td>
              <td align="center">3,950 (29.61%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No smoking</td>
              <td align="center">385 (55.16%)</td>
              <td align="center">7,122 (57.21%)</td>
              <td align="center">91 (47.15%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">7,598 (56.96%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TSH (&#181;U/mL) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">5.065 (4.43-6.26) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.48 (1.04-2.18)</td>
              <td align="center">0.28 (0.17-0.34) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.53 (1.04-2.32)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FT4 (ng/dl) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.10 (1.0-1.2)</td>
              <td align="center">1.145 (1.05-1.235)</td>
              <td align="center">1.20 (1.10-1.40) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.10 (1.00-1.24)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; LDL: lipoprotein low density; TGC: triglycerides; CHF: congestive heart failure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Chagas disease: positive serology in the Chagatest - ELISA assay; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; FT4: free thyroxine;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Median (Interquartile range);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) without adjustment, compared to the euthyroidism;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 after adjustment by age;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 after adjustment by age and sex.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>STD was found in 891 (6.68%) participants, with a greater prevalence of SCHypoTh (5.23%) over SCHyperTh (1.45%). SCHypoTh was slightly associated with older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.04), female sex (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.01- 1.38), higher BMI (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.04), and white skin color (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.10-1.55) when compared to the euthyroidism. Black skin color (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.41- 0.75) and smoking (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.56-0.94) were independently and negatively correlated with SCHypoTh.</p>
      <p>SCHyperTh was slightly associated with older age (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.04), female sex (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.26- 2.31), and black skin color (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.11- 2.33). White skin color (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.50-0.99) and non-smoking (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.49-0.88) were independently and negatively associated with SCHyperTh. Increased BMI was associated with SCHyperTh only in the univariate analysis (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.04) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>There were no significant differences in the HR medians of participants with normal thyroid function (35-130 bpm, median 70), SCHypoTh (42.5-111 bpm, median 70; p = 0.087) and SCHyperTh (42-104 bpm, median 71.5, p = 0.084).</p>
      <p>No correlation was found between HR and serum TSH or FT4 values, whether for the total study population or within each STD group. The multivariate linear regression indicated a relationship between TSH levels and HR in the participants with SCHypoTh (p = 0.001, after adjustment). No relationship was found between TSH levels and HR in the SCHyperTh group, or between FT4 levels and HR in any of the groups.</p>
      <p>Tachycardia was found in 3.10% of the participants and was not associated with STD, even among older adults or in those with extreme TSH values, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Likewise, bradycardia (14,72%) was not significantly associated with STD, even in those subgroups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association between Heart Rate and Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction, ELSA-Brasil, 2008-2010</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Subclinical Hypothyroidism</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Euthyroidism</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Subclinical Hyperthyroidism</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Prevalence N (%)</th>
              <th align="center">OR (CI 95%)</th>
              <th align="center">"p"</th>
              <th align="center">Prevalence N (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Prevalence N (%)</th>
              <th align="center">OR (CI 95%)</th>
              <th align="center">"p"</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tachycardia &gt; 100 bpm 413 (3.10%)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (3.76%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.04 (0.67-1.59)</td>
              <td align="center">0.874</td>
              <td align="center">385 (3.63%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (2.89%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.79 (0.32-1.93)</td>
              <td align="center">0.604</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 110 bpm 344 (2.58%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (2.81%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.91 (0.56-1.50)</td>
              <td align="center">0.715</td>
              <td align="center">323 (3.07%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (2.33%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.75 (0.28-2.04)</td>
              <td align="center">0.576</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bradycardia &lt; 60 bpm 1,964 (14.72%)</td>
              <td align="center">86 (12.74%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 (0.64-1.01)</td>
              <td align="center">0.062</td>
              <td align="center">1,858 (15.40%)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (10.64%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.65 (0.41-1.04)</td>
              <td align="center">0.074</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 50 bpm 211 (1.58%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (2.00%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.07 (0.59-1.92)</td>
              <td align="center">0.830</td>
              <td align="center">195 (1.87%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (2.33%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.25 (0.46-3.39)</td>
              <td align="center">0.667</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The relationship between TSH and FT4 levels and heart rate is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. Median TSH levels were significantly higher for individuals with tachycardia compared to those with normal HR, even after adjustments, and medians for FT4 levels were significantly higher in individuals with tachycardia.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Relationship between Heart Rate and TSH and FT4 Levels, ELSA-Brasil, 2008 2010</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">TSH</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">FT4</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Median (&#181;U/ml)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">Median (ng/dl)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tachycardia (&gt; 100 bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">1.63</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">1.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.021</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal HR (60-100bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">1.52</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.10</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bradycardia (&lt; 60 bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">1.54</td>
              <td align="center">0.311</td>
              <td align="center">1.10</td>
              <td align="center">0.233</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; FT4: free thyroxine; HR: heart rate;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>after adjustment.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Considering the 11,795 ECGs analyzed in this study, no abnormality was associated with STD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>), even in the subgroup of older adults or those with extreme TSH values. The only correlation found was a lower frequency of branch blocks in older adults with SCHypoTh compared to those who were euthyroid (14.29% vs. 26.13%; adjusted OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.24-0.80; p = 0.007).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association between Abnormalities on the ECGs and Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction, ELSA-Brasil, 2008-2010</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Subclinical Hypothyroidism (615 ECGs)</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Euthyroidism (11,003 ECGs)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Subclinical Hyperthyroidism (177 ECGs)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Prevalence N (%)</th>
              <th align="center">OR (CI 95%)</th>
              <th align="center">"p"</th>
              <th align="center">Prevalence N (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Prevalence N (%)</th>
              <th align="center">OR (CI 95%)</th>
              <th align="center">"p"</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AF/Flutter 42 (0.36%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.33%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.89 (0.22-3.70)</td>
              <td align="center">0.878</td>
              <td align="center">40 (0.36%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">------------------</td>
              <td align="center">0.422</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Persistent supraventricular rhythm 89 (0.75%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (0.81%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.08 (0.44-2.67)</td>
              <td align="center">0.870</td>
              <td align="center">83 (0.75%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (1.69%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.75 (0.10-5.40)</td>
              <td align="center">0.773</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Extrasystole 94 (0.80%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (0.65%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.82 (0.30-2.25)</td>
              <td align="center">0.701</td>
              <td align="center">87 (0.79%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1.69%)</td>
              <td align="center">2.16 (0.68-6.90)</td>
              <td align="center">0.193</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Long QT interval 334 (2.83%)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (2.15%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.85 (0.50-1.43)</td>
              <td align="center">0.532</td>
              <td align="center">315 (2.53%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (2.07%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.82 (0.30-2.21)</td>
              <td align="center">0.688</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV QRS 166 (1.41%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (1.63%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.16 (0.61-2.22)</td>
              <td align="center">0.644</td>
              <td align="center">154 (1.40%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1.13%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.81 (0.20-3.27)</td>
              <td align="center">0.762</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Conduction disorders 2,067 (17.52%)</td>
              <td align="center">101 (16.42%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.92 (0.74-1.14)</td>
              <td align="center">0.437</td>
              <td align="center">1,942 (17.65%)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (13.56%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.73 (0.47-1.13)</td>
              <td align="center">0.158</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; LV QRS: Low QRS voltage; ECGs: electrocardiograms.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A sensitivity analysis was performed excluding all participants in use of antiarrhythmic drugs, &#946;-blockers, &#946;2-agonists, adrenergic agonists and nondihydropyridine, calcium channel blockers, lithium carbonate, potassium iodide, amiodarone, interferon-&#945;, systemic glucocorticoids, dopaminergic agonists, carbamazepine, and oxcarbazepine, and most of the results were the same, without any association between STD and abnormalities in ECG, and no correlation or relationship was found between HR and serum TSH or FT4 values, whether for the total study population or within each STD group. The only association found was the lower frequency of bradycardia (HR &lt; 60 bpm) in participants with SCHyperTh compared to those who were euthyroid (8,23% vs. 13,54%; adjusted OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.41-0.93; p = 0.021).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This cross-sectional analysis of 13,341 individuals of this Brazilian cohort found no association of STD with HR, rhythm alterations, or conduction disorders, which suggests a limited influence of STD on cardiac rhythm and conduction. The only association found was an unexpected lower frequency of conduction disorders among the older participants with SCHypoTh compared to euthyroid participants, and it may be due to some unknown confounding factor not estimated or controlled for.</p>
      <p>Of note, no population-based study has assessed the association between electrocardiographic abnormalities such as conduction disorders, low QRS complex voltage, prolonged QTi, and persistent supraventricular rhythms and the presence of STD, particularly SCHypoTh. Most of the studies on this subject are case reports or relate those abnormalities to clinical, rather than subclinical, hypothyroidism.</p>
      <p>There is a paucity of studies on the prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias in the general population, without known heart disease or comorbidities, and most of those available address older individuals in developed countries. This prevalence varies according to the type of arrhythmia, age, sex, presence of structural heart disease or cardiovascular risk factors, and the diagnostic method employed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> AF was found in 0.35% of the participants in the present study, which is a similar result to those of population-based studies showing prevalence rates of 0.2% to 1.0%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> However, considering that the prevalence of AF can be as high as 10% in individuals aged 70 years or older,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> the frequency of AF and flutter was low (1.32%) among older adults in this study.</p>
      <p>Most longitudinal studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> but not all,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> have found AF to be associated with SCHyperTh. However, that association differs between cross-sectional studies. Interestingly, no participant with SCHyperTh in the present study manifested AF/atrial flutter. In line with this study, Cappola et al. showed no association between AF and STD at the baseline assessment of a community cohort of 2,639 older adults (mean age, 72.7 years).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In contrast, Auer et al. reviewed the data of 23,838 individuals admitted to a hospital in Austria and found a prevalence rate of 12.7% for AF among the 613 patients (mean age, 67.9 years) with SCHyperTh (adjusted OR, 2.8; 95% CI 1.3-5.8), but the tests were not performed at a single laboratory.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In a study by Gammage et al., the prevalence of AF was 9.5% among individuals with SCHyperTh in a cohort of 5,860 primary care patients with a median age of 72 years (adjusted OR, 1.89; 95% CI 1.01-3.57), however, the TSH levels adopted to define euthyroidism were higher (5.5 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence of extrasystoles in the present study was also low (0.66% for SVES and 0.13% for VES), compared to the prevalence of VES in the HCHS/SOL study (0.98% in men and 0.53% in women).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> In general, the prevalence rates of the other arrhythmias were similar to those found in the aforementioned studies. No association was noted between SVES or VES and STD, and no differences were detected in HR means between the groups in the present study. Vadiveloo et al. demonstrated in baseline data a greater prevalence of arrhythmias among the participants with SCHyperTh (2.7% vs. 1.4%, p &lt; 0.001), although there was a higher frequency of preexisting cardiovascular disease in their cohort.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study, higher FT4 medians were identified in participants with tachycardia, albeit still within the normal range, which could be explained by the physiological effect of the thyroid hormone on cardiac chronotropism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Gammage et al. found similar results, with a positive and direct correlation between FT4 levels and a tachyarrhythmia (AF) in their cross-sectional study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Surprisingly, higher TSH medians were also associated with tachycardia after adjustment for potential confounding factors, but the probable mechanism for this association is unknown.</p>
      <p>It can be speculated that STD may result in greater electrocardiographic repercussions only in specific populations with more severe comorbidities. In the ELSA population, a lower median age (51 years) and the smaller prevalence of comorbidities than in the populations recruited in cardiology or emergency services, can explain the discrepancies in relation to previous studies, which may also be due to the different TSH thresholds used to define SCHypoTh (4.5 to 5.5 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL vs. 4.0 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The findings of the most relevant studies reporting concordant or discordant results with those of the present study are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison between Previous Studies and ELSA-Brasil Results, 2008-2010</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <th align="center" colspan="6">Consistent Findings</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <th align="center" colspan="6">Cross-Sectional Analysis:</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Study/Author</th>
              <th align="center">Population</th>
              <th align="center">Design/enrollment</th>
              <th align="center">TSH level (&#181;U/mL)</th>
              <th align="center">Ascertainment of Events</th>
              <th align="center">Results</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cappola 2006 (Cardiovascular Health Study, USA)</td>
              <td align="center">3,233 elderly people (mean age 72.7 years)</td>
              <td align="center">Population-based prospective cohort study</td>
              <td align="center">0.45 - 4.5</td>
              <td align="center">ECG</td>
              <td align="center">No difference in AF prevalence between SCHyperTh and euthyroidism groups (8.5% vs. 5.2%. p &gt; 0.05)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left" colspan="6">
                <bold>Longitudinal analysis:</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nanchen 2012 (PROSPER Trial, Netherlands, Scotland and Ireland)</td>
              <td align="center">5,316 elderly people (mean age 75 years)</td>
              <td align="center">prospective cohort study;outpatients of centers study</td>
              <td align="center">0.45 - 4.5</td>
              <td align="center">ECG</td>
              <td align="center">No difference in AF incidence between SCHypoTh, SCHyperTh and euthyroidism groups in 3.5 years follow-up</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="center" colspan="6">
                <bold>DISCORDANT FINDINGS</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="center" colspan="6">
                <bold>Cross-sectional analysis</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Auer 2001 (Austria)</td>
              <td align="center">23,838 patients (median 67.9 years old)</td>
              <td align="center">Cross-sectional Patients admitted in a hospital</td>
              <td align="center">0.4 - 4.0</td>
              <td align="center">ECG</td>
              <td align="center">Higher AF prevalence in SCHyperTh (12.7% vs. 2.3%. OR adjusted 2.8 CI95% 1.3-5.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gammage 2007 (England)</td>
              <td align="center">5,860 elderly people (median 72 years old)</td>
              <td align="center">Cross-sectional; Primary care service</td>
              <td align="center">0.4 - 5.5</td>
              <td align="center">ECG</td>
              <td align="center">Higher AF prevalence in SCHyperTh (9.5% vs. 4.7%. OR adjusted 1.89 CI95% 1.01-3.57)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vadiveloo 2011 (TEARS, Scotland)</td>
              <td align="center">2,004 cases (mean age 66.5 years) and 10,111 controls</td>
              <td align="center">Retrospective; Tayside health registry</td>
              <td align="center">0.4 - 4.0</td>
              <td align="center">ECG/ Holter</td>
              <td align="center">Higher arrhythmia frequency in SCHyperTh (2.7% vs. 1.4%. p &lt; 0.001)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <p>TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; ECG: electrocardiogram; SCHyperTh: subclinical hyperthyroidism; SCHypoTh: subclinical hypothyroidism; AF: atrial fibrillation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In line with previous studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> SCHypoTh was more frequent than SCHyperTh in the current study (5.23% vs. 1.45%). As expected, SCHypoTh was more frequent with increasing age, female sex, higher BMI, and white skin color. In contrast, SCHypoTh was negatively associated with black skin color and current smoking.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> SCHyperTh showed a positive and independent association with increasing age, female sex, and black skin color, which are also consistent with population-based studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The strengths of the present study were the large multicenter samples, the methodological rigor in recruiting and data collection, and the centralized analysis of the laboratory tests and ECGs. The cohort was composed of volunteers, mostly middle-aged individuals, recruited outside of the hospital and evaluated in the absence of any acute illness, which most likely excluded non-thyroid diseases. The limitations of this study include the following: TSH was measured only once; FT4 concentrations were measured only for those participants with abnormal TSH levels, and a single ECG was used for the diagnosis of arrhythmias; and no other laboratory, clinical, or ecographic data were available to assess whether the laboratory test abnormalities indeed correspond to STD. This limitation should be kept in mind, especially considering the TSH medians that indicated mild STD. Not all of the ECGs were available for analysis, however the mean age of the participants whose ECGs were analyzed was greater than that of the total cohort sample, which might in fact overestimate the overall prevalence of arrhythmias e corroborates the lack of association with STD. Only 33 of the participants had TSH &gt; 10 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL (4.73% of SCHypoTh) while 35 showed TSH &lt; 0.1 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL (18.13% of SCHyperTh). Moreover, some ECG abnormalities were rather uncommon, as rhythm disorders, with a prevalence of less than 1%. Therefore, the statistical power to identify associations between those subgroups and rhythm and conduction alterations may have been insufficient. A longitudinal assessment is needed to determine the incidence of arrhythmias as well as their relative risk for each of the STD groups.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The present study provides contrary evidence to the association between electrocardiographic changes and STD in a seemingly healthy non-elderly population. Although, given the limitations inherent to a cross-sectional analysis, the lack of this association cannot be definitively excluded at this point, and a longitudinal assessment is needed.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil (Decit); Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o; CNPq e FINEP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Kamilla Maria Ara&#250;jo Brand&#227;o, from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of theFaculdade Federal de Minas Gerais under the protocol number ETIC 186/06. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Tireoidiana Subcl&#237;nica n&#227;o foi Associada com Arritmias Card&#237;acas em An&#225;lise Transversal do Estudo ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3463-0951</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Raj&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Kamilla Maria Ara&#250;jo Brand&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2829-5798</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Passos</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria Maria Azeredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6723-5678</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bense&#241;or</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Judith Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8035-1350</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vidigal</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Guatimosim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8653-0031</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camacho</surname>
            <given-names>Cleber Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9146-5003</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Diniz</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de F&#225;tima Haueisen Sander</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Endocrinologia e Metabologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (FM-UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Proped&#234;utica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Kamilla Maria Ara&#250;jo Brand&#227;o Raj&#227;o,</bold> Rua Rubens Carvalho de Andrade, 60/502. CEP 30575-810, Buritis, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>kamillarajao@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ribeiro ALP, Raj&#227;o KMAB, Passos VMA, Bense&#241;or IJM, Diniz MFHS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Ribeiro ALP, Passos VMA, Bense&#241;or IJM, Vidigal PG; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ribeiro ALP, Raj&#227;o KMAB, Passos VMA, Bense&#241;or IJM, Vidigal PG, Camacho CP, Diniz MFHS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Raj&#227;o KMAB, Passos VMA, Camacho CP, Diniz MFHS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Passos VMA, Bense&#241;or IJM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana subcl&#237;nica (DST) com arritmias card&#237;acas permanece controversa, particularmente na popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o idosa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar se a DST est&#225; associada a arritmias card&#237;acas em uma coorte de adultos de meia-idade e idosos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Dados da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto, ELSA-Brasil (35-74 anos) foram coletados de 2008 a 2010. Ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o de hipo e hipertireoidismo cl&#237;nicos, os participantes foram categorizados como eutireoidismo (TSH = 0,4 a 4,0 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL), hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico (TSH &gt; 4,0 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL; T4L = 0,8-1,9 ng/dL) e hipertireoidismo subcl&#237;nico (TSH &lt;0,4 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL; T4L = 0,8 a 1,9 ng/dL). As preval&#234;ncias de taquicardia (Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca [FC] &gt; 100) e bradicardia (FC &lt; 60), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial/flutter, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, extrass&#237;stoles, baixa voltagem do QRS, intervalos QT prolongados e ritmo supraventricular persistente foram comparadas entre os grupos ap&#243;s ajuste por idade, sexo, comorbidades, estilo de vida, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e uso de medicamentos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram analisados os dados da FC de 13.341 participantes (52% do sexo feminino; idade m&#233;dia de 51 anos) e das leituras de 11.795 ECG; 698 participantes (5,23%) foram classificados como hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico, 193 (1,45%) como hipertireoidismo subcl&#237;nico e 12.450 (93,32%) como eutireoidismo. A preval&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios de ritmo e condu&#231;&#227;o foi semelhante, assim como as m&#233;dias de FC, mesmo nos subgrupos com TSH &lt; 0,01 UI/mL ou &gt; 10,0 UI/mL ou em idosos. Dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o foram menos prevalentes em idosos com hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico (OR ajustado = 0,44; IC95% 0,24-0,80).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Neste grande estudo multic&#234;ntrico e transversal, a DST n&#227;o foi associada a arritmias card&#237;acas, mas uma avalia&#231;&#227;o longitudinal &#233; necess&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as da Gl&#226;ndula Tireoide/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Processos Patol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Tireotropina (TSH)</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Adultos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As disfun&#231;&#245;es tireoidianas subcl&#237;nicas (DTS), que incluem hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico (HipoTS) e hipertireoidismo subcl&#237;nico (HiperTS), s&#227;o caracterizadas por uma eleva&#231;&#227;o ou supress&#227;o do horm&#244;nio estimulante da tireoide (TSH), sem altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas ou anormalidades nos n&#237;veis dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O diagn&#243;stico de DTS tem aumentado com a dissemina&#231;&#227;o de exames de TSH ultrassens&#237;veis; no entanto, as repercuss&#245;es cl&#237;nicas das DTS e os benef&#237;cios associados &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#245;es tireoidianas ainda s&#227;o objeto de debate cient&#237;fico, sendo necess&#225;rias novas pesquisas.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HiperTS varia de 1% a 16% em grandes estudos de base populacional, enquanto a de HipoTS varia de 4% a 20%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Essas taxas de preval&#234;ncia podem variar de acordo com o sexo, a idade, o grau de sufici&#234;ncia de iodo e os valores de refer&#234;ncia de TSH adotados em cada estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No Brasil, estudos populacionais mostraram taxas de preval&#234;ncia de HiperTS variando entre 2,4% em adultos idosos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e 6,2% em nipo-brasileiros com mais de 30 anos de idade, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> enquanto o HipoTS variou entre 6,5% em adultos idosos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e 12,3% em mulheres com mais de 35 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias consistentes da relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica das DTS, particularmente com rela&#231;&#227;o ao sistema cardiovascular. Embora algumas meta-an&#225;lises e estudos de coorte populacional tenham indicado um maior risco cardiovascular e mortalidade associados &#224;s DTS, outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> n&#227;o corroboram esses resultados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s arritmias, o HiperTS tem sido associado a um risco duas a tr&#234;s vezes maior de taquiarritmias, especialmente taquicardia sinusal, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e flutter atrial; extra-s&#237;stoles, arritmias supraventriculares e ventriculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e intervalo QT (iQT) prolongado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Ainda menos numerosos s&#227;o os estudos que exploraram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre HipoTS e arritmias card&#237;acas. Evid&#234;ncias fracas, principalmente na forma de relatos de casos, sugerem que o HipoTS pode levar a bradiarritmias, incluindo bradicardia sinusal e bloqueios atrioventriculares, arritmias atriais, intervalo QT prolongado e arritmias ventriculares graves.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A maioria dos estudos relacionados concentrou-se em adultos idosos.</p>
        <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar se a DTS estava associada a arritmias card&#237;acas em uma coorte de adultos de meia-idade e idosos na linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil), a maior coorte de popula&#231;&#227;o adulta brasileira realizada at&#233; o momento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>A presente investiga&#231;&#227;o &#233; um subprojeto do ELSA-Brasil, no qual a coorte de base compreendia 15.105 funcion&#225;rios p&#250;blicos com idades entre 35 e 74 anos, de seis cidades brasileiras, inscritos entre agosto de 2008 e dezembro de 2010. A maioria dos participantes eram adultos jovens (78% com menos de 60 anos), sendo 54% do sexo feminino. O protocolo do ELSA-Brasil segue as diretrizes &#233;ticas da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, e foi aprovado pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica em pesquisa de todos os seis centros. Todos os participantes forneceram um consentimento informado escrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os participantes eram exclu&#237;dos se estivessem usando medica&#231;&#245;es que pudessem interferir nas an&#225;lises laboratoriais de TSH ou tiroxina livre (T4L) (levodopa, carbidopa, metoclopramida, haloperidol, &#225;cido valpr&#243;ico, propranolol, heparina, prazosina, rifampicina, carbamazepina, primidona, fenito&#237;na e furosemida).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Participantes com altera&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de TSH e T4L, indicando disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana cl&#237;nica, incluindo aqueles que apresentavam n&#237;veis normais de T4L s&#233;rico e TSH &gt; 20 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL, ou se estivessem utilizando levotiroxina ou antitireoidianos (tiamazol ou propiltiouracil), foram exclu&#237;dos. Todos os participantes que n&#227;o apresentavam crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo do estudo</title>
          <p>Entrevistas padronizadas foram realizadas com os participantes em seus locais de trabalho e no centro de pesquisa. Exames cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais foram realizados conforme protocolos padronizados desenvolvidos para o estudo. Os participantes foram instru&#237;dos a apresentar todas as prescri&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas e medicamentos que haviam utilizado no m&#234;s anterior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A cor da pele foi autodeclarada. Os par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos, incluindo altura e peso, foram medidos por meio de t&#233;cnicas e materiais padronizados. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso (FCRep) e a press&#227;o arterial (PA) foram medidas tr&#234;s vezes, sendo os valores m&#233;dios da segunda e terceira medi&#231;&#227;o considerados para an&#225;lise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Eletrocardiogramas (ECGs) de repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o foram registrados e analisados segundo os crit&#233;rios do c&#243;digo de Minnesota,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> utilizando um dispositivo digital (Atria 6100, Burdick, Cardiac Science Corporation, Bothel, WA, EUA) com leituras automatizadas de FC; dura&#231;&#227;o, amplitude e eixos das ondas P, QRS e T; intervalos QT e QTc (corre&#231;&#227;o de Bazett). Os tra&#231;ados de ECG foram analisados no Centro de Leitura de ECG do ELSA-Brasil em Minas Gerais. No total, 11.795 ECGs foram disponibilizados para an&#225;lise.</p>
          <p>Amostras de sangue foram coletadas ap&#243;s jejum de uma noite. Os participantes eram instru&#237;dos a reagendar sua consulta no centro de pesquisa caso apresentassem febre ou desenvolvessem sintomas de doen&#231;as agudas. Todas as an&#225;lises laboratoriais foram centralizadas em um &#250;nico centro de pesquisa (Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A qualidade e o gerenciamento da coleta e armazenamento de dados foram assegurados por meio de treinamentos, certifica&#231;&#245;es e renova&#231;&#227;o de certifica&#231;&#245;es dos entrevistadores e t&#233;cnicos respons&#225;veis pelos exames cl&#237;nicos e testes laboratoriais do protocolo do estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os m&#233;todos, reagentes e equipamentos utilizados nos testes realizados no laborat&#243;rio central foram os seguintes: 1) TSH: t&#233;cnica imunoenzim&#225;tica com microesferas, Siemens L2KTS2, sensibilidade anal&#237;tica de 0,004 mU/L, realizada para todos os participantes; 2) T4L: t&#233;cnica imunoenzim&#225;tica com microesferas, sensibilidade anal&#237;tica de 0,3 ng/dL, somente para pacientes com n&#237;veis anormais de TSH (os testes de TSH e T4L foram realizados com o sistema de imunoensaios Siemens IMMULITE 2000 Immunoassay System<sup>&#174;</sup> - Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Deerfield, IL, USA); 3) Colesterol total: m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico enzim&#225;tico, reagente Siemens (c&#243;digo 99301390); 4) Triglic&#233;rides: m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico enzim&#225;tico com glicerol fosfato peroxidase conforme Trinder; colesterol HDL: m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico enzim&#225;tico homog&#234;neo sem precipita&#231;&#227;o; 6) colesterol LDL: equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald para triglicer&#237;deos &lt; 400 mg/dL; caso contr&#225;rio, medido diretamente, utilizando-se um ensaio colorim&#233;trico enzim&#225;tico homog&#234;neo sem precipita&#231;&#227;o; 7) glicose no sangue s&#233;rico: m&#233;todo de hexoquinase enzim&#225;tica; 8) Hemoglobina A1C: cromatografia l&#237;quida de alta press&#227;o (HPLC), Bio-Rad D-10 Hemoglobin A1c Program (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, EUA); e 9) sorologia para doen&#231;a de Chagas: m&#233;todo ELISA, utilizando-se uma microplaca em fase s&#243;lida (CHAGATEST, Wiener Laboratorios S.A.I.C., Ros&#225;rio, Argentina).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Todos os testes bioqu&#237;micos foram analisados utilizando-se o ADVIA 1200 Chemistry System (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Deerfield, IL, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de casos</title>
          <p>Os participantes foram alocados em um destes tr&#234;s grupos: eutireoidismo (TSH = 0,4-4,0 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL), HipoTS (TSH &gt; 4,0 e &#8804; 20 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL com T4L = 0,8-1,9 ng/dL) e HiperTS (TSH &lt; 0,4 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL e T4L = 0,8-1,9 ng/dL).</p>
          <p>As anormalidades no ECG foram categorizadas em dist&#250;rbios do ritmo card&#237;aco (FA e flutter: c&#243;digos de Minnesota 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.3.3, 8.3.4; extra-s&#237;stoles supraventriculares (ESV): 8.1.1; extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares (EV): 8.1.2 ritmo supraventricular persistente: 8.4.1) e bloqueios ou dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o (bloqueio completo dos ramos direito e esquerdo: 7.2.1, 7.2.2, 7.1.1, 7.1.2; bloqueio incompleto dos ramos direito e esquerdo: 7.3 e 7.6 bloqueio intraventricular inespec&#237;fico: 7,4; e bloqueios atrioventriculares: 6,1; 6,2,1; 6,2,2; 6,2,3; 6,3). Tamb&#233;m se investigou a presen&#231;a de iQT longo (&gt; 115%) e baixa voltagem do complexo QRS (9,1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
          <p>As anormalidades na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca medidas por exame cl&#237;nico foram classificadas como bradicardia (FC &lt; 60 ou &lt; 50 batimentos por minuto [bpm]) e taquicardia (FC &gt; 100 ou &gt; 110 bpm).</p>
          <p>O diabetes mellitus foi definido por achados laboratoriais anormais segundo os crit&#233;rios da American Diabetes Association (glicemia em jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dL, glicemia duas horas ap&#243;s sobrecarga de 75 g de glicose anidra &#8805; 200 mg/dL ou hemoglobina A1c &#8805; 6,5%) ou o uso de insulina ou hipoglicemiantes orais/subcut&#226;neos. A hipertens&#227;o arterial foi definida por diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico autodeclarado de hipertens&#227;o, uso de agentes anti-hipertensivos ou press&#227;o arterial &#8805; 140/90 mmHg. Dislipidemia foi definida como colesterol s&#233;rico total &#8805; 200 mg dL, ou triglic&#233;rides &#8805; 150 mg/dL, ou colesterol LDL &#8805; 130 mg/dL, ou pelo uso de medica&#231;&#227;o hipolipemiante. A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e a doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica foram definidas por diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico autodeclarado. A doen&#231;a de Chagas foi definida por sorologia positiva no teste de Chagas - ELISA. O uso excessivo de &#225;lcool foi definido como sendo a ingest&#227;o de mais de 140 g de &#225;lcool por semana para as mulheres e mais de 210 g de &#225;lcool por semana para os homens.</p>
          <p>Os medicamentos considerados para fins de ajustes estat&#237;sticos foram aqueles que poderiam interferir na fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana ou card&#237;aca, e inclu&#237;ram medica&#231;&#245;es antiarr&#237;tmicas, betabloqueadores diferentes do propranolol (que j&#225; havia sido exclu&#237;do anteriormente), beta-agonistas, agonistas adren&#233;rgicos e bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio n&#227;o-diidropirid&#237;nicos, carbonato de l&#237;tio, iodeto de pot&#225;ssio, amiodarona, interferon alfa, glicocorticoides sist&#234;micos, agonistas dopamin&#233;rgicos, carbamazepina e oxcarbazepina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o software STATA&#174;, v. 12.0. Os dados s&#227;o descritos como medianas e intervalos interquart&#237;licos ou propor&#231;&#245;es, uma vez que n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, segundo o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Os testes n&#227;o param&#233;tricos de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis foram utilizados para comparar as medianas, os testes do qui-quadrado de Pearson e o exato de Fisher para comparar propor&#231;&#245;es, e o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman para estimar as correla&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Foi delineada a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica entre HiperTS ou HipoTS e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TSH e T4L e a presen&#231;a de arritmias/anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas. Idade, sexo, cor da pele, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), tabagismo, uso excessivo de &#225;lcool, comorbidades (dislipidemia, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a coronariana, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e doen&#231;a de Chagas) e uso de medicamentos foram considerados para fins de ajuste. Considerou-se o valor de p &lt; 0,20 para o modelo multivariado, e a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi de p &lt; 0,05. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de subgrupos para indiv&#237;duos idosos (com idades entre 65 e 74 anos) e para aqueles com valores extremos de TSH (&lt; 0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL ou &gt; 10 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Este estudo incluiu 13.341 (88,32%) dos 15.105 participantes inscritos na linha de base do estudo ELSA-Brasil. Os 1.764 participantes exclu&#237;dos s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Inclus&#227;o de participantes da linha de base do estudo ELSA-Brasil, 2008-2010. TSH: horm&#244;nio estimulante da tireoide; T4L: tiroxina livre; ECG: eletrocardiograma.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0758-90037-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O perfil dos participantes da popula&#231;&#227;o geral do estudo, categorizados por grupo de fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana, &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes categorizados por grupo de fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana, Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto, ELSA&#8209;Brasil, 2008-2010</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico</th>
                <th align="center">Eutireoidismo</th>
                <th align="center">Hipertireoidismo subcl&#237;nico</th>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">698 (5,23%)</td>
                <td align="center">12.450 (93,32%)</td>
                <td align="center">193 (1,45%)</td>
                <td align="center">13.341 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, y <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">54 (47-61) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">51 (45-58)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (46-59) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">51 (45-58)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">381 (54,58%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6,433 (51,67%)</td>
                <td align="center">123 (63,73%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6,937 (52,00%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">26,80 (24,03-29,96) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">26,27 (23,63-29,48)</td>
                <td align="center">26,16 (23,55-29,39) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">26,30 (23,65-29,52)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escolaridade &#8805; segundo grau completo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">589 (84,38%)</td>
                <td align="center">10,887 (87,45%)</td>
                <td align="center">163 (84,46%)</td>
                <td align="center">11,639 (87,24%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cor da pele (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branco</td>
                <td align="center">426 (61,03%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6,283 (50,47%)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (37,30%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6,781 (50,82%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pardo</td>
                <td align="center">177 (25,36%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,547 (28,49%)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (27,98%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,778 (28,32%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Negro</td>
                <td align="center">60 (8,60%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,032 (16,32%)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (27,98%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,146 (16,09%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outros</td>
                <td align="center">35 (5,01%)</td>
                <td align="center">588 (4,72%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (6,74%)</td>
                <td align="center">636 (4,77%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">243 (34,81%)</td>
                <td align="center">4,258 (34,20%)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (45,08%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">4,588 (34,39%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                <td align="center">145 (20,77%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,493 (20,02%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (23,83%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,684 (20,12%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">547 (78,37%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">9,338 (75,00%)</td>
                <td align="center">138 (71,50%)</td>
                <td align="center">10,023 (75,13%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL &gt; 130</td>
                <td align="center">395 (56,59%)</td>
                <td align="center">7,059 (56,70%)</td>
                <td align="center">112 (58,03%)</td>
                <td align="center">7,566 (56,71%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TGC &gt; 150</td>
                <td align="center">254 (36,39%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">3,850 (30,92%)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (30,05%)</td>
                <td align="center">4,162 (31,20%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coronariopatia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (6,30%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">531 (4,27%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (5,18%)</td>
                <td align="center">585 (4,39%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (2,01%)</td>
                <td align="center">170 (1,37%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,07%)</td>
                <td align="center">188 (1,41%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPOC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (2,44%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">241 (1,94%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (3,11%)</td>
                <td align="center">264 (1,98%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a de Chagas (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (1,29%)</td>
                <td align="center">112 (0,90%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,00%)</td>
                <td align="center">121 (0,91%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool (%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (6,16%)</td>
                <td align="center">992 (7,97%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (5,18%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,045 (7,83%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fumante atual</td>
                <td align="center">66 (9,46%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,689 (13,56%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (19,69%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,793 (13,43%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ex-fumante</td>
                <td align="center">247 (35,39%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">3,639 (29,23%)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (33,16%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,950 (29,61%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o fumante</td>
                <td align="center">385 (55,16%)</td>
                <td align="center">7,122 (57,21%)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (47,15%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">7,598 (56,96%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TSH (&#181;U/mL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">5,065 (4,43-6,26) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,48 (1,04-2,18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,28 (0,17-0,34) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,53 (1,04-2,32)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T4L (ng/dl)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 (1,0-1,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,145 (1,05-1,235)</td>
                <td align="center">1,20 (1,10-1,40) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 (1,00-1,24)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TGC: triglic&#233;rides; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; Doen&#231;a de Chagas: sorologia positiva no teste de Chagatest - ELISA; TSH: horm&#244;nio estimulante da tireoide; T4L: tiroxina livre;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Mediana (intervalo interquartil);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (p &lt; 0,05) sem ajuste, em compara&#231;&#227;o com eutireoidismo;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 ap&#243;s ajuste pela idade;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 ap&#243;s ajuste por idade e sexo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Identificou-se DTS em 891 (6,68%) participantes, com maior preval&#234;ncia de HipoTS (5,23%) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao HiperTS (1,45%). O HipoTS foi ligeiramente associado &#224; idade avan&#231;ada (raz&#227;o de possibilidade [OR] 1,03, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC] = 1,02-1,04), sexo feminino (OR 1,18, IC 95% 1,01-1,38), IMC mais elevado (OR 1,03, IC 95% 1,01-1,04) e cor da pele branca (OR 1,30; IC 95% 1,10-1,55) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao eutireoidismo. A cor da pele negra (OR 0,56, IC 95% 0,41-0,75) e o tabagismo (OR 0,72, IC 95% 0,56-0,94) mostraram-se independentemente e negativamente correlacionados com HipoTS.</p>
        <p>O HiperTS mostrou-se ligeiramente associado &#224; idade avan&#231;ada (OR 1,02; IC95% 1,01-1,04), sexo feminino (OR 1,71, IC 95% 1,26-2,31) e cor da pele negra (OR 1,61; IC95% 1,11-2,33). A cor da pele branca (OR 0,71, IC 95% 0,50-0,99) e o n&#227;o-tabagismo (OR 0,65, IC 95% 0,49-0,88) mostraram-se independentemente e negativamente associados ao HiperTS. O aumento do IMC mostrou-se associado ao HiperTS apenas na an&#225;lise univariada (OR 1,03, IC 95% 1,01-1,04) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas nas medianas de FC dos participantes com fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana normal (35-130 bpm, mediana 70), HipoTS (42,5-111 bpm, mediana 70; p = 0,087) e HiperTS (42-104 bpm, mediana 71,5, p = 0,084).</p>
        <p>Nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada entre a FC e os valores s&#233;ricos de TSH ou T4L, quer para a popula&#231;&#227;o total do estudo ou dentro de cada grupo de DTS. A regress&#227;o linear multivariada indicou uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de TSH e a FC nos participantes com HipoTS (p = 0,001, ap&#243;s ajuste). N&#227;o foi encontrada rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de TSH e FC no grupo HiperTS, ou entre os n&#237;veis de TL4 e FC em nenhum dos grupos.</p>
        <p>Verificou-se taquicardia em 3,10% dos participantes, n&#227;o estando associada a DTS, mesmo entre idosos ou nos indiv&#237;duos com valores extremos de TSH, como mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>. Da mesma forma, n&#227;o se verificou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre bradicardia (14,72%) e DTS, mesmo nesses subgrupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Disfun&#231;&#227;o Tireoidiana Subcl&#237;nica, ELSA Brasil, 2008-2010</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Hipotireoidismo Subcl&#237;nico</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Eutireoidismo</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Hipertireoidismo Subcl&#237;nico</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Preval&#234;ncia N (%)</th>
                <th align="center">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">"p"</th>
                <th align="center">Preval&#234;ncia N (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Preval&#234;ncia N (%)</th>
                <th align="center">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">"p"</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taquicardia &gt; 100 bpm 413 (3,10%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (3,76%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 (0,67-1,59)</td>
                <td align="center">0,874</td>
                <td align="center">385 (3,63%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2,89%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 (0,32-1,93)</td>
                <td align="center">0,604</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 110 bpm 344 (2,58%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (2,81%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 (0,56-1,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,715</td>
                <td align="center">323 (3,07%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,33%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,75 (0,28-2,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,576</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bradicardia &lt; 60 bpm 1,964 (14,72%)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (12,74%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 (0,64-1,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,062</td>
                <td align="center">1,858 (15,40%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (10,64%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,65 (0,41-1,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,074</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 50 bpm 211 (1,58%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (2,00%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,07 (0,59-1,92)</td>
                <td align="center">0,830</td>
                <td align="center">195 (1,87%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,33%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,25 (0,46-3,39)</td>
                <td align="center">0,667</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de TSH e T4L e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; exibida na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>. Os n&#237;veis medianos de TSH mostraram-se significativamente mais elevados para indiv&#237;duos com taquicardia, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com FC normal, mesmo ap&#243;s ajustes, e as medianas dos n&#237;veis de T4L mostraram-se significativamente mais elevadas em indiv&#237;duos com taquicardia.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e os n&#237;veis de TSH e T4L, ELSA-Brasil, 2008-2010</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">TSH</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">T4L</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Mediana (&#181;U/ml)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor-p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Mediana (ng/dl)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor-p <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taquicardia (&gt; 100 bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">1,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC normal (60-100bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,52</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,10</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bradicardia (&lt; 60 bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,311</td>
                <td align="center">1,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,233</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <p>TSH: horm&#244;nio estimulante da tireoide; T4L: tiroxina livre; FC:frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>ap&#243;s o ajuste.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Considerando os 11.795 ECGs analisados neste estudo, n&#227;o se verificou nenhuma anormalidade associada a DTS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>), mesmo no subgrupo de idosos ou naqueles com valores extremos de TSH. A &#250;nica correla&#231;&#227;o encontrada foi uma frequ&#234;ncia menor de bloqueios de ramos em adultos mais velhos com HipoTS, em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos eutireoidianos (14,29% vs. 26,13%; OR ajustado 0,44, IC 95% 0,24-0,80; p = 0,007).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre anormalidades nos ECGs e disfun&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica da tireoide, ELSA-Brasil, 2008-2010</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico (615 ECGs)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Eutireoidismo (11.003 ECGs)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Hipertireoidismo subcl&#237;nico (177 ECGs)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Preval&#234;ncia N (%)</th>
                <th align="center">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">"p"</th>
                <th align="center">Preval&#234;ncia N (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Preval&#234;ncia N (%)</th>
                <th align="center">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">"p"</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FA/Flutter 42 (0,36%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,33%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 (0,22-3,70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,878</td>
                <td align="center">40 (0,36%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">------------------</td>
                <td align="center">0,422</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ritmo supraventricular persistente 89 (0,75%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (0,81%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 (0,44-2,67)</td>
                <td align="center">0,870</td>
                <td align="center">83 (0,75%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,69%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,75 (0,10-5,40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,773</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Extrass&#237;stole 94 (0,80%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (0,65%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82 (0,30-2,25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,701</td>
                <td align="center">87 (0,79%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,69%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,16 (0,68-6,90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,193</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intervalo QT longo 334 (2,83%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (2,15%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 (0,50-1,43)</td>
                <td align="center">0,532</td>
                <td align="center">315 (2,53%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,07%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82 (0,30-2,21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,688</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BV QRS 166 (1,41%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (1,63%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,16 (0,61-2,22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,644</td>
                <td align="center">154 (1,40%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,13%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,81 (0,20-3,27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,762</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o 2,067 (17,52%)</td>
                <td align="center">101 (16,42%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,92 (0,74-1,14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,437</td>
                <td align="center">1,942 (17,65%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (13,56%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,73 (0,47-1,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,158</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <p>ECGs: eletrocardiogramas; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; BV QRS: Baixa voltagem QRS.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Realizou-se uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, excluindo todos os participantes que faziam uso de medica&#231;&#245;es antiarr&#237;tmicas, betabloqueadores, beta 2 agonistas, agonistas adren&#233;rgicos e n&#227;o-diidropiridina, bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, carbonato de l&#237;tio, iodeto de pot&#225;ssio, amiodarona, interferon alfa, glicocorticoides sist&#234;micos, agonistas dopamin&#233;rgicos, carbamazepina e oxcarbazepina, e a maioria dos resultados foi a mesma, sem qualquer associa&#231;&#227;o entre DTS e anormalidades no ECG, e n&#227;o se verificou nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o ou rela&#231;&#227;o entre a FC e os valores s&#233;ricos de TSH ou T4L, seja para a popula&#231;&#227;o total do estudo ou dentro de cada grupo de DTS. A &#250;nica associa&#231;&#227;o encontrada foi uma menor frequ&#234;ncia de bradicardia (FC &lt;60 bpm) nos participantes com HiperTS, em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos eutireoidianos (8,23% vs. 13,54%; OR ajustado 0,62; IC95% 0,41-0,93; p = 0,021).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A presente an&#225;lise transversal de 13.341 indiv&#237;duos desta coorte brasileira n&#227;o encontrou qualquer associa&#231;&#227;o entre DTS e FC, altera&#231;&#245;es de ritmo ou dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, o que sugere uma influ&#234;ncia limitada das DTS no ritmo e condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acos. A &#250;nica associa&#231;&#227;o encontrada foi uma frequ&#234;ncia inesperadamente menor de dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o entre os participantes idosos com HipoTS em compara&#231;&#227;o com os participantes eutireoidianos, a qual pode ser devida a algum fator de confus&#227;o desconhecido n&#227;o estimado ou controlado.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que nenhum estudo de base populacional avaliou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, como dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, baixa voltagem do complexo QRS, iQT longo e ritmos supraventriculares persistentes e a presen&#231;a de DST, particularmente HipoTS. A maioria dos estudos sobre o assunto s&#227;o relatos de casos ou relacionam tais anormalidades ao hipotireoidismo cl&#237;nico, e n&#227;o ao subcl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>H&#225; uma escassez de estudos sobre a preval&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ou comorbidades conhecidas, e a maioria dos estudos dispon&#237;veis concentram-se em indiv&#237;duos idosos de pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. Tal preval&#234;ncia varia conforme o tipo de arritmia, a idade, o sexo, a presen&#231;a de cardiopatia estrutural ou fatores de risco cardiovascular e o m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico utilizado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Verificou-se FA em 0,35% dos participantes do presente estudo, resultado semelhante ao dos estudos de base populacional que apresentam preval&#234;ncias de 0,2% a 1,0%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Entretanto, considerando que a preval&#234;ncia de FA pode chegar a 10% em indiv&#237;duos com 70 anos ou mais, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> a frequ&#234;ncia de FA e flutter foi baixa (1,32%) entre os idosos deste estudo.</p>
        <p>A maioria dos estudos longitudinais, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> mas n&#227;o todos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> encontrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre FA e HiperTS. Entretanto, tal associa&#231;&#227;o apresenta-se diferentemente entre estudos transversais. Curiosamente, nenhum participante com HiperTS no presente estudo manifestou FA/flutter atrial. Assim como neste estudo, Cappola et al. n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o entre FA e DTS na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial de uma coorte comunit&#225;ria de 2.639 idosos (idade m&#233;dia de 72,7 anos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Em contraste, Auer et al. revisaram os dados de 23.838 indiv&#237;duos admitidos em um hospital na &#193;ustria e encontraram uma taxa de preval&#234;ncia de 12,7% para FA entre os 613 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia de 67,9 anos) com HiperTS (OR ajustado 2,8; IC 95% 1,3-5,8), mas os testes n&#227;o foram realizados em um &#250;nico laborat&#243;rio. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Em um estudo de Gammage et al., a preval&#234;ncia de FA foi de 9,5% entre indiv&#237;duos com HiperTS em uma coorte de 5.860 pacientes de cuidados prim&#225;rios com idade mediana de 72 anos (OR ajustado, 1,89; IC 95% 1,01-3,57), entretanto, os n&#237;veis de TSH adotados para definir o eutireoidismo eram mais elevados (5,5 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de extra-s&#237;stoles no presente estudo tamb&#233;m foi baixa (0,66% para ESV e 0,13% para EV), comparada &#224; preval&#234;ncia de EV no estudo HCHS/SOL (0,98% em homens e 0,53% em mulheres).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Em geral, as taxas de preval&#234;ncia das outras arritmias foram semelhantes &#224;s encontradas nos estudos supracitados. Nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o foi observada entre ESV ou EV e TDS, e n&#227;o foram detectadas diferen&#231;as nas m&#233;dias de FC entre os grupos do presente estudo. Vadiveloo et al. demonstraram, nos dados de linha de base, uma maior preval&#234;ncia de arritmias entre os participantes com HiperTS (2,7% vs. 1,4%, p &lt; 0,001), embora houvesse uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular preexistente em sua coorte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, foram identificadas medianas mais elevadas de T4L em participantes com taquicardia, embora ainda dentro dos limites da normalidade, o que poderia ser explicado pelo efeito fisiol&#243;gico do horm&#244;nio tireoidiano no cronotropismo card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Gammage et al. encontraram resultados semelhantes, com uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e direta entre os n&#237;veis de T4L e uma taquiarritmia (FA) em seu estudo transversal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Surpreendentemente, as maiores medianas de TSH tamb&#233;m foram associadas &#224; taquicardia ap&#243;s ajuste para potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o, embora o prov&#225;vel mecanismo desta associa&#231;&#227;o seja desconhecido.</p>
        <p>Pode-se especular que a DTS pode resultar em maiores repercuss&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas apenas em popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas com comorbidades mais graves. Na popula&#231;&#227;o do ELSA, a m&#233;dia de idade mais baixa (51 anos) e a menor preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades do que nas popula&#231;&#245;es recrutadas em servi&#231;os de cardiologia ou emerg&#234;ncia podem explicar as discrep&#226;ncias em rela&#231;&#227;o aos estudos anteriores, as quais tamb&#233;m podem ser devidas aos diferentes limiares de TSH utilizados para definir o HipoTS (4,5 a 5,5 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL vs. 4,0 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Os achados dos estudos mais relevantes relatando resultados concordantes ou discordantes com os do presente estudo est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre resultados de estudos anteriores e resultados do ELSA-Brasil, 2008-2010</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <th align="center" colspan="6">Achados concordantes</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <th align="center" colspan="6">
                  <bold>An&#225;lise transversal</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Estudo/autor</th>
                <th align="center">Popula&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Desenho/inscri&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">N&#237;vel de TSH (&#181;U/mL)</th>
                <th align="center">Determina&#231;&#227;o de eventos</th>
                <th align="center">Resultados</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cappola 2006 (Cardiovascular Health Study, EUA)</td>
                <td align="center">3.233 idosos (idade m&#233;dia: 72,7 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">Estudo prospectivo de coorte de base populacional</td>
                <td align="center">0,45 - 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">ECG</td>
                <td align="center">Sem diferen&#231;a na preval&#234;ncia de FA entre os grupos HiperTS e eutireoidismo (8,5% vs. 5,2%. p &gt; 0,05)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="center" colspan="6">
                  <bold>An&#225;lise longitudinal</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nanchen 2012 (PROSPER Trial, Pa&#237;ses Baixos, Esc&#243;cia e Irlanda)</td>
                <td align="center">5.316 idosos (idade m&#233;dia: 75 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">Estudo prospectivo de coorte;pacientes ambulatoriais dos centros de pesquisa</td>
                <td align="center">0,45 - 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">ECG</td>
                <td align="center">Sem diferen&#231;a na incid&#234;ncia de FA entre os grupos HipoTS, HiperTS e eutireoidismo em acompanhamento de 3,5 anos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="center" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Achados discordantes</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="center" colspan="6">
                  <bold>An&#225;lise transversal</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Auer 2001 (&#193;ustria)</td>
                <td align="center">23.838 pacientes (mediana: 67,9 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">Transversal Pacientes internados</td>
                <td align="center">0,4 - 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">ECG</td>
                <td align="center">Maior preval&#234;ncia de FA em HiperTS (12,7% vs. 2,3%. OR ajustado 2,8 IC 95% 1,3-5,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gammage 2007 (Inglaterra)</td>
                <td align="center">5.860 idosos (mediana: 72 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">Transversal; Cuidados de sa&#250;de prim&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">0,4 - 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">ECG</td>
                <td align="center">Maior preval&#234;ncia de FA em HiperTS (9,5% vs. 4,7%. OR ajustado 1,89 IC 95% 1,01-3,57)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vadiveloo 2011 (TEARS, Esc&#243;cia)</td>
                <td align="center">2.004 casos (idade m&#233;dia 66,5 anos) e 10.111 controles</td>
                <td align="center">Retrospectivo; Registro de sa&#250;de de Tayside</td>
                <td align="center">0,4 - 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">ECG/Holter</td>
                <td align="center">Maior frequ&#234;ncia de arritmia em HiperTS (2,7% vs. 1,4%. p &lt; 0,001)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <p>TSH: horm&#244;nio estimulante da tireoide; ECG: eletrocardiograma; HiperTS: hipertireoidismo subcl&#237;nico; HipoTS: hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em conson&#226;ncia com estudos anteriores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> o HipoTS mostrou-se mais frequente do que o HiperTS no presente estudo (5,23% vs. 1,45%). Conforme esperado, o HipoTS mostrou-se mais frequente com o aumento da idade, sexo feminino, IMC mais alto e cor da pele branca. Em contraste, o HipoTS foi negativamente associado &#224; cor da pele negra e ao status de &#8216;fumante atual&#8217;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> O HiperTS apresentou uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva e independente com o aumento da idade, sexo feminino e cor da pele negra, o que tamb&#233;m &#233; consistente com estudos de base populacional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os pontos fortes do presente estudo foram as grandes amostras multic&#234;ntricas, o rigor metodol&#243;gico no recrutamento e coleta de dados, e a an&#225;lise centralizada dos testes laboratoriais e ECGs. A coorte era composta por volunt&#225;rios, majoritariamente indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade, recrutados fora do hospital e avaliados na aus&#234;ncia de qualquer doen&#231;a aguda, o que provavelmente exclu&#237;a doen&#231;as n&#227;o-tireoidianas. As limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo incluem as seguintes: o TSH foi medido apenas uma vez; as concentra&#231;&#245;es de T4L foram medidas apenas para aqueles participantes com n&#237;veis anormais de TSH, e um &#250;nico ECG foi utilizado para o diagn&#243;stico de arritmias; e n&#227;o havia outros dados laboratoriais, cl&#237;nicos ou ecogr&#225;ficos dispon&#237;veis para avaliar se as anormalidades dos testes laboratoriais realmente correspondem a DTS. Essa limita&#231;&#227;o deve ser levada em conta, especialmente considerando-se as medianas de TSH que indicaram DTS leve. Nem todos os ECGs estavam dispon&#237;veis para an&#225;lise, por&#233;m, a idade m&#233;dia dos participantes cujos ECGs foram analisados era maior que a da amostra total, o que pode efetivamente superestimar a preval&#234;ncia geral de arritmias, e tamb&#233;m corrobora a falta de associa&#231;&#227;o com DTS. Somente 33 dos participantes apresentaram TSH &gt; 10 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL (4,73% de HipoTS) enquanto 35 apresentaram TSH &lt; 0,1 <italic>&#181;</italic>U/mL (18,13% de HiperTS). Al&#233;m disso, algumas anormalidades verificadas no ECG foram bastante incomuns, como dist&#250;rbios de ritmo, com uma preval&#234;ncia de menos de 1%. Portanto, o poder estat&#237;stico para identificar associa&#231;&#245;es entre esses subgrupos e altera&#231;&#245;es de ritmo e condu&#231;&#227;o pode ter sido insuficiente. Uma avalia&#231;&#227;o longitudinal &#233; necess&#225;ria para determinar a incid&#234;ncia de arritmias, bem como seu risco relativo para cada um dos grupos de DTS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo fornece evid&#234;ncias contr&#225;rias &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e DTS em uma popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-idosa aparentemente saud&#225;vel. Entretanto, dadas as limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes a uma an&#225;lise transversal, a falta dessa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o pode ser definitivamente exclu&#237;da neste momento, e uma avalia&#231;&#227;o longitudinal se faz necess&#225;ria.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil (Decit); Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o; CNPq e FINEP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Kamilla Maria Ara&#250;jo Brand&#227;o Raj&#227;o pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo ETIC 186/06. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
