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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nrxLb3kZDPS3dfWLYyt9Rbj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000600756</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190108</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Lifestyle and Medication Costs May Be Associated with Consequences for Adult Patient Health</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9469-1097</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Afiune</surname>
            <given-names>Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Goi&#226;nia</city>
          <state>GO</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Unievang&#233;lica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>An&#225;polis</city>
          <state>GO</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Unievang&#233;lica, An&#225;polis, GO - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Abrah&#227;o Afiune Neto,</bold> Rua T-38, 917. Postal Code 74223-045, Setor Bueno, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil. E-mail: <email>aafiune@arh.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>756</fpage>
      <lpage>757</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Health Education</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug Costs</kwd>
        <kwd>Life Style</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Tobacco and Disorders</kwd>
        <kwd>Alcoholism</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug Utilization/economics</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The increase in health costs can be explained by several factors, such as the aging of the population, changes in the morbidity and mortality structures of the population and the introduction of new medical technologies in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Moreover, the guarantee of the appropriate and safe use of the medications also covers clinical, economic, legal, regulatory, and cultural aspects that must be taken into account in the decision-making process in the health sector. The first study on the economic analysis of medications was published in 1979 by Bootman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In recent years, drug costs have become a threat to the sustainability of public health systems in many countries. These costs have affected other major priorities in the health sector, and these costs have not resulted in significant health indicator improvements. Medication-related economic expenses involve not only the cost of treatments resulting from inappropriate drug use but also the purchase of prescription or non-prescription drugs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>According to the World Health Organization (WHO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> lifestyle is the set of habits and customs that can be influenced, modified, encouraged or inhibited by the prolonged process of socialization. These habits and customs include the use of substances such as coffee, alcohol, tobacco or tea, dietary and exercise habits. These substances are important and have consequences for health and are often investigated through epidemiological studies.</p>
    <p>Unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, such as alcohol consumption, smoking, sleep disorders, and sedentary individuals, have been responsible for the development of several diseases. On the other hand, medical, diagnostic advances and modern therapeutics have been responsible for improving quality of life and longevity. Unlike lifestyle, the term &#8220;quality of life&#8221; involves physical and mental well-being.</p>
    <p>Recent studies have shown that lifestyle interventions are as effective as evidence-based medical therapies in reducing mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The reduction in mortality in the USA attributed to the decrease in risk factors, as a result of the improvement in the environmental lifestyle, reached 44%, while those related to medication use were 47%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>There is strong evidence that lifestyle changes have a major impact on the quality of life of individuals and of the population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Lifestyle is considered fundamental and determinant for health, mainly related to individual behavior (eating habits, stress management, preventive behavior and physical activity).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Regarding physical activity, the WHO states that physical inactivity is among the four main causes of mortality worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The article by Fernandes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> published in 2018 in <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, evaluated the association of some quality of life-related items with medication costs, an idea that has validity, as it is currently thought-provoking. However, even though a multivariate analysis was performed, it is difficult to establish a causal association. Issues such as quality of sleep and alcohol consumption were associated with costs, while physical activity and smoking did not show an independent association.</p>
    <p>The balance of positive and negative variables makes an overall conclusion regarding lifestyle and cost of medications indeterminate. Since it is difficult to mechanistically justify the association with some variables, but not with others, we conclude these associations may result from a residual confounding effect.</p>
    <p>Therefore, we consider this article<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> brings reflections, but this question cannot be defined, leaving it in the open for future studies. It is important to have monetary costs in mind in relation to decision-making. But whether lifestyle is the focus to rationalize the system has yet to be defined. First, this causal association is doubtful; second, there are more direct and predictable ways of reducing costs; and, finally, the economic reasoning will not be a determinant of the lifestyle recommendation or quality of life, which should be sought regardless of the costs.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: The Relationship between Lifestyle and Costs Related to Medicine Use in Adults.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Vida e Custo de Medicamentos em Adultos pode Haver uma Rela&#231;&#227;o com Repercuss&#227;o na Sa&#250;de do Paciente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9469-1097</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Afiune</surname>
            <given-names>Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Unievang&#233;lica, An&#225;polis, GO - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Abrah&#227;o Afiune Neto,</bold> Rua T-38, 917. CEP 74223-045, Setor Bueno, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil. E-mail: <email>aafiune@arh.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Avalia&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Custos de Medicamentos</kwd>
        <kwd>Estilo de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Tabagismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Alcoolismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Uso de Medicamentos/economia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o dos gastos com sa&#250;de pode ser explicada por v&#225;rios fatores, dentre os quais se destacam o envelhecimento populacional, as transforma&#231;&#245;es nas estruturas de morbimortalidade da popula&#231;&#227;o e a introdu&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias m&#233;dicas no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento das doen&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Ademais a garantia do uso apropriado e seguro dos medicamentos abrange tamb&#233;m aspectos cl&#237;nicos, econ&#244;micos, jur&#237;dicos regulat&#243;rios e culturais que devem ser levados em considera&#231;&#227;o no processo decis&#243;rio no setor de sa&#250;de. O primeiro trabalho de an&#225;lise econ&#244;mica de medicamentos foi publicado em 1979 por Bootman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos os custos com medicamentos v&#234;m se tornando uma amea&#231;a a sustentabilidade dos sistemas p&#250;blicos de sa&#250;de de muitos pa&#237;ses, estes gastos t&#234;m comprometido outras grandes prioridades no setor de sa&#250;de, sendo que estes gastos n&#227;o t&#234;m correspondido a melhorias significativas nos indicadores de sa&#250;de. Os custos econ&#244;micos relacionados ao uso de medicamentos envolve al&#233;m do custo de tratamentos resultantes de uso inadequado de medicamentos bem como compra de medicamentos prescritos ou n&#227;o prescritos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> o estilo de vida &#233; o conjunto de h&#225;bitos e costumes que s&#227;o influenciados, modificados, encorajados ou inibidos pelo prolongado processo de socializa&#231;&#227;o. Estes h&#225;bitos e costumes incluem o uso de subst&#226;ncias como caf&#233;, &#225;lcool, fumo ou ch&#225;, h&#225;bitos diet&#233;ticos e de exerc&#237;cios. Estas condi&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m import&#226;ncia e implica&#231;&#245;es para a sa&#250;de e s&#227;o frequentemente investigadas, atrav&#233;s de estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos.</p>
      <p>Comportamentos de estilo n&#227;o saud&#225;veis, como consumo de &#225;lcool, tabagismo, dist&#250;rbios de sono e pessoas sedent&#225;rias, t&#234;m sido respons&#225;veis pelo desenvolvimento de v&#225;rias doen&#231;as. Por outro lado, os avan&#231;os da medicina, no diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;uticas modernas t&#234;m sido respons&#225;veis pela melhora da qualidade de vida e longevidade. Diferentemente de estilo de vida, o termo qualidade de vida envolve o bem-estar f&#237;sico e mental.</p>
      <p>Recentes estudos, t&#234;m demonstrado que interven&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida s&#227;o t&#227;o eficazes quanto a terapias m&#233;dicas baseadas em evid&#234;ncias em rela&#231;&#227;o a redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade nos EUA atribu&#237;da a redu&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco, em fun&#231;&#227;o da melhora no estilo de vida ambientais alcan&#231;aram 44%, enquanto as relacionadas a uso de medica&#231;&#227;o 47%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Existem s&#243;lidas evid&#234;ncias de que a mudan&#231;a no estilo de vida tem grande impacto sobre a qualidade de vida individual e da popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O estilo de vida &#233; considerado fundamental e determinante para a sa&#250;de, principalmente relacionado ao comportamento individual (alimenta&#231;&#227;o, controle de estresse, comportamento preventivo e atividade f&#237;sica).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Em rela&#231;&#227;o a atividade f&#237;sica a OMS afirma que a inatividade f&#237;sica est&#225; entre as quatro principais causas de mortalidade no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>No artigo de Fernandes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> publicado em 2018 no Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, avaliou-se a associa&#231;&#227;o de alguns itens relacionados a qualidade de vida com custo medicamentoso, uma ideia que tem validade por ser atualmente provocativa. No entanto, mesmo tendo sido realizada an&#225;lise multivariada, &#233; dif&#237;cil estabelecer rela&#231;&#227;o de causalidade. Quest&#245;es como qualidade de sono e consumo de &#225;lcool foram associadas a custo, enquanto atividade f&#237;sica e tabagismo n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o independente.</p>
      <p>O equil&#237;brio de vari&#225;veis positivas e negativas torna indefinida uma conclus&#227;o geral a respeito de estilo de vida e custo de medicamentos. Sendo dif&#237;cil justificar mecanisticamente a associa&#231;&#227;o com algumas vari&#225;veis, e n&#227;o com outras, conclu&#237;mos que estas associa&#231;&#245;es podem decorrer de efeito de confus&#227;o residual.</p>
      <p>Consideramos, portanto, que este artigo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> traz reflex&#245;es, por&#233;m n&#227;o podemos definir estas rela&#231;&#245;es, deixando-a em aberto para estudos futuros. Em processo de decis&#227;o, &#233; importante ter custo monet&#225;rio em mente. Mas n&#227;o se tem definido se o enfoque para racionalizar o sistema seja o estilo de vida. Primeiro devido esta rela&#231;&#227;o causal &#233; duvidosa, segundo h&#225; formas mais diretas e previs&#237;veis de reduzir custos e finalmente o racioc&#237;nio econ&#244;mico n&#227;o ser&#225; determinante da recomenda&#231;&#227;o de estilo de vida ou qualidade de vida, que devem ser almejadas independente dos custos.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Rela&#231;&#227;o entre o estilo de vida e custos relacionados ao uso de medicamento em adultos.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
