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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MhXHgpbsVdK7LTDTydwhxyj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000600739</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005008101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190061</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sympatho-Vagal Imbalance is Associated with Sarcopenia in Male Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6477-8741</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Wesley Peixoto da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2926-1311</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Rodrigues dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8709-8706</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Francis Ribeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Marcel Jose A. da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9818-042X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Haehling</surname>
            <given-names>Stephan von</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5845-4230</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Takayama</surname>
            <given-names>Liliam</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3723-5028</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Rosa Maria R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4652-1226</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3331-7314</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Anker</surname>
            <given-names>Stefan D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3207-623X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Janieire de Nazar&#233; Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of G&#246;ttingen Medical Centre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology and Pneumology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>G&#246;ttingen</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology and Pneumology - University of G&#246;ttingen Medical Centre, G&#246;ttingen - Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Metabolismo &#211;sseo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Reumatologia - Laborat&#243;rio de Metabolismo &#211;sseo da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria Janieire de Nazar&#233; Nunes Alves &#8226;</bold> Avenida Doutor En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, Jardim Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>janieire.ja@gmail.com</email>, <email>guilhermefonseca@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Fonseca GWP, dos Santos MR, Alves MJNN; Acquisition of data: Fonseca GWP, dos Santos MR, Souza FR, Costa MJA, Takayama L, Pereira RMR, Alves MJNN; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Fonseca GWP, dos Santos MR, Costa MJA,Souza FR, Pereira RMR, Negr&#227;o CE, Alves MJNN; Statistical analysis: Fonseca GWP, dos Santos MR; Obtaining financing: Negr&#227;o CE, Alves MJNN; Writing of the manuscript: Fonseca GWP, Souza FR, Alves MJNN; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: dos Santos MR, von Haehling S, Pereira RMR, Negr&#227;o CE, Anker SD, Alves MJNN.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>739</fpage>
      <lpage>746</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Resting sympathetic hyperactivity and impaired parasympathetic reactivation after exercise have been described in patients with heart failure (HF). However, the association of these autonomic changes in patients with HF and sarcopenia is unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of autonomic modulation on sarcopenia in male patients with HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We enrolled 116 male patients with HF and left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 40%. All patients underwent a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Maximal heart rate was recorded and delta heart rate recovery (&#8710;HRR) was assessed at 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> minutes after exercise. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) was recorded by microneurography. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure body composition and sarcopenia was defined by the sum of appendicular lean muscle mass (ALM) divided by height in meters squared and handgrip strength.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Sarcopenia was identified in 33 patients (28%). Patients with sarcopenia had higher MSNA than those without (47 [41-52] vs. 40 [34-48] bursts/min, p = 0.028). Sarcopenic patients showed lower &#8710;HRR at 1<sup>st</sup> (15 [10-21] vs. 22 [16-30] beats/min, p &lt; 0.001) and 2<sup>nd</sup> min (25 [19-39] vs. 35 [24-48] beats/min, p = 0.017) than non-sarcopenic. There was a positive correlation between ALM and &#8710;HRR at 1<sup>st</sup> (r = 0.26, p = 0.008) and 2<sup>nd</sup> min (r = 0.25, p = 0.012). We observed a negative correlation between ALM and MSNA (r = -0.29, p = 0.003).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Sympatho-vagal imbalance seems to be associated with sarcopenia in male patients with HF. These results highlight the importance of a therapeutic approach in patients with muscle wasting and increased peripheral sympathetic outflow.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Sarcopenia</kwd>
        <kwd>Sympathetic Hyperactivity</kwd>
        <kwd>Blunted Vagal Reactivation.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2015/22814-5</award-id>
          <award-id>2016/24306-0</award-id>
          <award-id>2015/22814-5</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>148758/2016-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2015/22814-5</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP; 2015/22814-5). Fonseca GWP was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq; 148758/2016-9); Dos Santos MR by FAPESP (2016/24306-0); Negr&#227;o CE by FAPESP (2015/22814-5). All foundations are from S&#227;o Paulo-SP, Brazil.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Changes in body composition play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of chronic heart failure (HF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Sarcopenia, which is characterized by a decrease in skeletal muscle mass and strength, affects 19.5% of ambulatory patients with HF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and is associated with several alterations such as impaired endothelial function, reduced 6-minute walking distance, and attenuated peak VO<sub>2</sub>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Although sarcopenia has been frequently described in elderly patients as a consequence of the ageing process, it can also be present in younger patients with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Resting sympathoexcitation is a hallmark in chronic HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In addition, accumulated evidence shows that this autonomic dysregulation is highly associated with increased morbidity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In normal conditions, sympathetic nervous system exerts anabolic action via &#946;<sub>2</sub>-adrenoceptors on skeletal muscle,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> but in experimental model of HF, the exacerbated sympathetic nervous activity contributes to downregulation of &#946;<sub>2</sub>-adrenoceptors favoring skeletal muscle atrophy and weight loss.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Reduced parasympathetic activity has also been reported in patients with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Binkley and colleagues <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> showed impaired parasympathetic activity in patients with HF evaluated by heart rate variability. Moreover, heart rate recovery (HRR), an important cardiac deceleration mechanism after maximum effort, can also be used to assess parasympathetic activity immediately after maximal exercise testing.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Furthermore, HRR is an easy, low-cost, and clinical assessment of vagal reactivation, and provides additional prognostic information.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and HRR, as measures of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, respectively, have not been studied in sarcopenic patients with HF. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of autonomic modulation assessed by MSNA (by microneurography technique) and HRR immediately after maximal exercise testing in patients with HF and sarcopenia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>Between May 1, 2016 and December 31, 2017, we prospectively enrolled 116 male outpatients with stable chronic HF. Inclusion criteria were: (1) age between 18 and 65 years old; (2) at least 1 year of HF diagnosis; (3) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) lower than 40% measured by echocardiography; (4) non-ischemic and ischemic etiologies; (5) compensated HF with optimal medication for at least three months prior the study; and (6) New York Heart Association (NYHA) class I to IV.</p>
        <p>Patients with autonomic diabetic neuropathy, chronic renal failure with haemodialysis, heart transplantation, pacemaker, muscular dystrophy (i.e. Duchenne muscular dystrophy), any hormonal treatment, history of cancer, ongoing infection, and myocardial infarction with percutaneous coronary intervention or revascularization up to 6 months prior to the study entry, were not included.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Muscle sympathetic nerve activity</title>
        <p>MSNA was directly recorded from the peroneal nerve using the microneurography technique.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Multiunit post-ganglionic muscle sympathetic nerve recordings were made using a tungsten microelectrode placed in the peroneal nerve near the fibular head. Nerve signals were amplified by a factor of 50,000 to 100,000 and band-pass filtered (700 to 2000 Hz). For recording and analysis, nerve activity was rectified and integrated (time constant 0.1 second) to obtain a mean voltage display of sympathetic nerve activity. MSNA was expressed as burst frequency (bursts per minute).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test</title>
        <p>All patients underwent symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test (Vmax Encore 29 System; VIASYS Healthcare Inc., Palm Springs, California, USA) performed on a cycle ergometer (Ergometer 800S; SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, California, USA), using a ramp protocol with workload increments of 5 or 10 Watts per minute. Oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>) and carbon dioxide output (VCO<sub>2</sub>) were measured by means of gas exchange on a breath-by-breath basis and expressed as 30-s averages. The patients were initially monitored for 2 minutes at rest when seated on the ergometer; then they were instructed to pedal at a pace of 60-70 rpm and the completion of the test occurred when, in spite of verbal encouragement, the patient reached maximal volitional fatigue. A respiratory exchange ratio (RER) higher than 1.10 was reached for all patients. Heart rate (HR) was monitored continuously at rest, during the test and recovery phase, using a 12-lead digital electrocardiogram (CardioSoft 6.51 ECG/CAM-14, GE Medical Systems Information Technologies, Wisconsin, USA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>After achieving peak workload, the patients continued to pedal at 10 watts for 2 minutes, followed by 4 minutes seated on the ergometer, this 6-min period was considered the recovery phase. Delta (&#8710;) HRR was calculated by subtracting the HR values at 1<sup>st</sup> (&#8710;HRR1) and 2<sup>nd</sup> (&#8710;HRR2) minutes of the recovery phase from the peak HR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Body composition and muscle strength</title>
        <p>Body composition measurements - total lean and fat mass - were performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Lunar iDXA; GE Medical Systems Lunar, Madison, USA). Then, skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was calculated as the sum of appendicular lean muscle mass of both arms and legs divided by height in meters squared.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>After adjusting handle position, muscle strength was assessed by handgrip dynamometer (Model J00105; Jamar Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer) using the dominant hand in a supinated position with elbow flexed at 90&#186;. There was 1-min rest interval between efforts and the maximum value of three attempts was used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sarcopenia was defined as SMI and muscle strength lower than 7.26 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and 30 kg, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory Measurements</title>
        <p>Blood samples were drawn in the morning after 12h overnight fasting. The laboratory tests included B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP; pg/mL) plasma level, serum sodium (mEq/L), serum potassium (mEq/L), creatinine (mg/dL), haemoglobin level (g/dL), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP; mg/L), lipid profile (triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein; mg/dL), and fasting glucose (mg/dL).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation and median with lower and upper quartile (95%CI). One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the distribution normality of the studied variables. Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare parametric and nonparametric variables, respectively. Chi-square test and Spearman's correlation were used as appropriate. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used to perform all the statistical analysis. P value lower than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical-demographic data</title>
        <p>We prospectively enrolled 116 male patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) with stable chronic HF, 33 of whom were identified to have sarcopenia (28%). Patients with sarcopenia were older, had higher BNP concentration, and lower hemoglobin compared with patients without sarcopenia. No difference was found between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic patients regarding the dosage of &#946;-blocker medication (20 &#177; 9.6 vs. 23 &#177; 10.5 mg b.i.d., p = 0.39; respectively) and medication in general (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">All patients (n = 116)</th>
                <th align="center">Patients with sarcopenia (n = 33)</th>
                <th align="center">Patients without sarcopenia (n = 83)</th>
                <th align="center">P value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (y)</td>
                <td align="center">55 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">54 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">71.1 &#177; 14.4</td>
                <td align="center">59.4 &#177; 7.4</td>
                <td align="center">75.8 &#177; 13.8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Height (m)</td>
                <td align="center">1.67 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">1.66 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">1.67 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">0.401</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">25.5 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">21.6 &#177; 2.5</td>
                <td align="center">27.1 &#177; 4.2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aetiology (Ischaemic/non-ischaemic)</td>
                <td align="center">30/86</td>
                <td align="center">8/25</td>
                <td align="center">22/61</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA class (I/II/III/IV)</td>
                <td align="center">40/41/28/7</td>
                <td align="center">9/11/11/2</td>
                <td align="center">31/30/17/5</td>
                <td align="center">0.500</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0.124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BNP (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">773 &#177; 877</td>
                <td align="center">1159 &#177; 924</td>
                <td align="center">621 &#177; 816</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">139 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">138 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">139 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">0.383</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Potassium (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4.6 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">4.6 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">4.6 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.535</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1.24 &#177; 0.39</td>
                <td align="center">1.27 &#177; 0.47</td>
                <td align="center">1.23 &#177; 0.35</td>
                <td align="center">0.568</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Haemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">13.9 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">13.3 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">14.1 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">hs-CRP (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">8.96 &#177; 16.0</td>
                <td align="center">12.4 &#177; 13.6</td>
                <td align="center">7.6 &#177; 16.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.147</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglyceride (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">118 &#177; 68</td>
                <td align="center">96 &#177; 38</td>
                <td align="center">127 &#177; 75</td>
                <td align="center">0.031</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">170 &#177; 45</td>
                <td align="center">159 &#177; 37</td>
                <td align="center">174 &#177; 48</td>
                <td align="center">0.111</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">44 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">47 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">44 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">0.306</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">103 &#177; 35</td>
                <td align="center">95 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">106 &#177; 38</td>
                <td align="center">0.155</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fasting glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">108 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">106 &#177; 24</td>
                <td align="center">109 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">0.510</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medication</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#946;-blocker</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">33 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (94)</td>
                <td align="center">0.319</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Statins</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">18 (55)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (59)</td>
                <td align="center">0.682</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACEI/ARB</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">31 (94)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (92)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">26 (79)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (75)</td>
                <td align="center">0.811</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anticoagulants</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">12 (36)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (39)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hydralazine</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">6 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">0.802</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Isosorbide</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">6 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">0.802</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Spironolactone</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">24 (73)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">0.824</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; SD or %. P value referred to Student's t-test and Chi-square test for medication. ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI: body mass index; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Muscle sympathetic nerve activity, heart rate recovery and functional capacity</title>
        <p>Patients with sarcopenia had higher MSNA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) and lower &#8710;HRR1 and &#8710;HRR2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) when compared with non-sarcopenic patients. There was no statistical difference in resting HR and peak HR between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic patients.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in bursts/min. Values are presented as medians with lower and upper quartiles (CI 95%). Note that sarcopenic patients showed an increase of 18% in MSNA.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0739-90061-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Delta heart rate recovery at 1st (&#8710;HRR1) and 2nd (&#8710;HRR2) minutes immediately after maximal exercise testing. Values are presented as medians with lower and upper quartiles (CI 95%). Note that sarcopenic patients showed a lower HRR at 1st (47% difference) and 2nd minutes (40% difference).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0739-90061-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Spearman&#8217;s correlation showed a positive correlation between appendicular lean muscle mass and &#8710;HRR1 and &#8710;HRR2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 3A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3B</xref>, respectively). In addition, we observed a negative correlation between appendicular lean muscle mass and MSNA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3C</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>(A) Spearman&#8217;s correlation between appendicular lean muscle mass and delta heart rate recovery at 1st minute (&#8710;HRR1). (B) Spearman&#8217;s correlation between appendicular lean muscle mass and delta heart rate recovery at 2nd minute (&#8710;HRR2). (C) Spearman&#8217;s correlation between appendicular lean muscle mass and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0739-90061-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Absolute VO<sub>2peak</sub>, relative VO<sub>2peak</sub>, and peak workload were significantly lower in patients with sarcopenia than those without. Sarcopenic patients also showed higher ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>) slope and dead space to tidal volume (VD/VT<sub>peak</sub>) than non-sarcopenic patients, whereas VE<sub>peak</sub> was lower in patients with sarcopenia than those without (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiopulmonary, body composition and strength variables of the patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">All patients (n = 116)</th>
                <th align="center">Patients with sarcopenia (n = 33)</th>
                <th align="center">Patients without sarcopenia (n = 83)</th>
                <th align="center">P value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Absolute VO<sub>2peak</sub> (L/min)</td>
                <td align="center">1.43 &#177; 0.48</td>
                <td align="center">1.09 &#177; 0.31</td>
                <td align="center">1.58 &#177; 0.47</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Relative VO<sub>2peak</sub> (ml/(kg/min))</td>
                <td align="center">20.1 &#177; 6.3</td>
                <td align="center">18.3 &#177; 5.3</td>
                <td align="center">21.0 &#177; 6.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak workload (Watts)</td>
                <td align="center">103 &#177; 47</td>
                <td align="center">77 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">115 &#177; 51</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resting HR (beats/min)</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">75 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0.254</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR<sub>peak</sub> (beats/min)</td>
                <td align="center">134 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">130 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">135 &#177; 28</td>
                <td align="center">0.323</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">37 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">33 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">0.015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VD/VT<sub>peak</sub></td>
                <td align="center">0.17 &#177; 0.02</td>
                <td align="center">0.19 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center">0.16 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE<sub>peak</sub> (L/min)</td>
                <td align="center">62.5 &#177; 18.3</td>
                <td align="center">53.5 &#177; 14.1</td>
                <td align="center">66.4 &#177; 18.4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Body composition and strength</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total LM (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">49.6 &#177; 8.4</td>
                <td align="center">43.0 &#177; 5.2</td>
                <td align="center">52.5 &#177; 8.0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ALM (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">22.2 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">18.3 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">23.9 &#177; 3.8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">7.97 &#177; 1.21</td>
                <td align="center">6.63 &#177; 0.58</td>
                <td align="center">8.54 &#177; 0.92</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fat mass (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">18.2 &#177; 8.5</td>
                <td align="center">12.9 &#177; 4.9</td>
                <td align="center">20.5 &#177; 8.8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fat (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">22 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Handgrip strength (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">33 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">36 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation or %. P value referred to Student's t-test. ALM: appendicular lean muscle mass; HR: heart rate; LM: lean mass; SMI: skeletal muscle mass index; VE: ventilation; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>: ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide; VD/VT: dead space to tidal volume; VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen consumption.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Body composition and muscle strength characteristics</title>
        <p>Body mass index was lower in sarcopenic patients when compared with non-sarcopenic, with a significant reduction in appendicular lean muscle mass, total lean mass, fat mass, and fat percentage (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). SMI and muscle strength assessed by handgrip dynamometer were also lower in patients with sarcopenia compared with those without sarcopenia.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main and new findings of this study are that sarcopenic patients with HF have increased resting MSNA and blunted vagal reactivation after maximal exercise testing when compared with patients without sarcopenia. Moreover, the appendicular lean muscle mass seems to be associated with higher MSNA and blunted HRR. Additionally, as previously demonstrated,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> we also confirmed the reduction in exercise tolerance (decreased peak VO<sub>2</sub> and peak workload) in patients with HF and muscle wasting.</p>
      <p>HF is a complex disease associated with several comorbidities. One of the major co-morbidities observed in patients with advanced chronic HF is sarcopenia, which is associated with poor prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Although the aetiology of sarcopenia is multifactorial, several mechanisms have been suggested to explain this decrease in muscle mass in patients with HF, such as increased inflammatory profile,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> increased oxidative stress,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> overactivation of ubiquitin-proteasome system,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and increased C-terminal agrin fragment (CAF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> These alterations, acting independently or in combination, may lead to excessive muscle protein degradation and reduced muscle protein synthesis.</p>
      <p>Besides the mechanisms mentioned above, exacerbated sympathetic nerve activity seems to be an important pathophysiological feature in HF leading to the loss of skeletal muscle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In an experimental model of HF, Bacurau and colleagues <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> showed that sympathetic hyperactivity contributes to the development of skeletal myopathy by changing muscle morphology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> &#946;<sub>2</sub>-adrenoceptors play a key role in regulating skeletal muscle mass in both anabolic and catabolic state.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> However, chronic sympathetic hyperactivity may be toxic to skeletal muscle,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> which favors weight loss and sarcopenia in patients with HF. Moreover, increased sympathetic outflow is associated with higher chance of arrhythmias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> and adverse remodeling of the heart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Interestingly, pharmacological treatment of HF is focused on blocking sympathetic activity, mainly by using cardio-selective and non-selective &#946;-blockers. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Treatment with &#946;-blockers can increase total body fat mass and total body fat content in patients with HF, without apparent improvement in muscle mass.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> In this study, we did not observe differences between groups in &#946;-blocker treatment and dosage. In this context, future randomized clinical trials are required to assess the real impact of &#946;-blocker therapy on skeletal muscle mass in patients with HF.</p>
      <p>Previous studies showed that HRR has an important prognostic value in the general population <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and in patients with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> In addition, HRR is a very simple and easy way to indirectly evaluate the reactivation of the parasympathetic nervous system immediately after maximum effort in cardiopulmonary exercise testing.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Several investigators showed that the kinetic of HRR in a 6-min recovery period was reduced in patients with HF <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and this reduction seems to be independent of b-adrenergic blocker therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Ushijima et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> showed an association between norepinephrine and HRR in patients with myocardial infarction, arguing that increased sympathetic excitation at maximum exercise may suppress the parasympathetic reactivation leading to HRR attenuation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Taken together, the sympathovagal impairment in patients with HF is associated with poor outcome, and this autonomic imbalance may worsen the loss of muscle mass in these patients. In fact, we showed greater MSNA and lower decrease in HRR at 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> minutes post-exercise in sarcopenic patients with HF. Furthermore, reduced appendicular lean muscle mass was correlated with lower HRR1 (r = 0.26), HRR2 (r = 0.25) and greater MSNA (r = -0.29).</p>
      <p>We recognize limitations in our study. The present study included only male patients, so we are not able to generalize these results to female patients with HF. Further studies are necessary to investigate the influence of sarcopenia on gender-related differences. The date when HF was diagnosed was not available in patients&#8217; medical records, and to compensate for this missing information, we included only patients with at least one year of diagnosis. We assessed parasympathetic activity using the HRR as a marker of vagal reactivation. Although our study has a clinical applicability, more studies using HR variability should clarify the role of cardiac autonomic control on sarcopenia in patients with HF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Sympatho-vagal imbalance seems to be associated with sarcopenia in male patients with HF. These results highlight the importance of a therapeutic approach in patients with muscle wasting and increased peripheral sympathetic outflow.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP; 2015/22814-5). Fonseca GWP was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq; 148758/2016-9); Dos Santos MR by FAPESP (2016/24306-0); Negr&#227;o CE by FAPESP (2015/22814-5). All foundations are from S&#227;o Paulo-SP, Brazil.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Guilherme Wesley Peixoto da Fonseca, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the CAPPesq under the protocol number 0892/07. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desequil&#237;brio Simp&#225;tico-Vagal est&#225; Associado com Sarcopenia em Pacientes do Sexo Masculino com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6477-8741</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Wesley Peixoto da</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2926-1311</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Rodrigues dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8709-8706</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Francis Ribeiro de</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Marcel Jose A. da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9818-042X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Haehling</surname>
            <given-names>Stephan von</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5845-4230</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Takayama</surname>
            <given-names>Liliam</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3723-5028</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Rosa Maria R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4652-1226</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3331-7314</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Anker</surname>
            <given-names>Stefan D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3207-623X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Janieire de Nazar&#233; Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology and Pneumology - University of G&#246;ttingen Medical Centre, G&#246;ttingen - Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Reumatologia - Laborat&#243;rio de Metabolismo &#211;sseo da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Janieire de Nazar&#233; Nunes Alves &#8226;</bold> Avenida Doutor En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, Jardim Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>janieire.ja@gmail.com</email>, <email>guilhermefonseca@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Fonseca GWP, dos Santos MR, Alves MJNN; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Fonseca GWP, dos Santos MR, Souza FR, Costa MJA, Takayama L, Pereira RMR, Alves MJNN; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Fonseca GWP, dos Santos MR, Souza FR, Costa MJA, Pereira RMR, Negr&#227;o CE, Alves MJNN; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Fonseca GWP, dos Santos MR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Negr&#227;o CE, Alves MJNN; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Fonseca GWP, Souza FR, Alves MJNN; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: dos Santos MR, von Haehling S, Pereira RMR, Negr&#227;o CE, Anker SD, Alves MJNN.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Hiperatividade simp&#225;tica de repouso e uma reativa&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica diminu&#237;da p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio t&#234;m sido descritas em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). No entanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o dessas altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas em pacientes com IC sarcop&#234;nicos ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica sobre sarcopenia em pacientes com IC do sexo masculino.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 116 pacientes com IC e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda inferior a 40%. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar m&#225;ximo. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima foi registrada, e o delta de recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (&#8710;RFC) foi avaliado no primeiro e no segundo minuto ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio. A atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica muscular (ANSM) foi registrada por microneurografia. A Absorciometria Radiol&#243;gica de Dupla Energia foi usada para medir composi&#231;&#227;o cpororal, e a sarcopenia definida como a soma da massa muscular apendicular (MMA) dividida pela altura em metros ao quadrado e for&#231;a da m&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A sarcopenia foi identificada em 33 pacientes (28%). Os pacientes com sarcopenia apresentaram maior ANSM que aqueles sem sarcopenia - 47 (41-52) vs. 40 (34-48) impulsos (<italic>bursts</italic>)/min, p = 0,028). Pacientes sarcop&#234;nicos apresentaram &#8710;RFC mais baixo no primeiro [15 (10-21) vs. 22 (16-30) batimentos/min, p &lt; 0,001) e no segundo [25 (19-39) vs. 35 (24-48) batimentos/min, p = 0,017) minuto que pacientes n&#227;o sarcop&#234;nicos. Observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a MMA e a ANSM (r = -0,29; p = 0,003).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Um desequil&#237;brio simp&#225;tico-vagal parece estar associado com sarcopenia em pacientes com IC do sexo masculino. Esses resultados destacam a import&#226;ncia de uma abordagem terap&#234;utica em pacientes com perda muscular e fluxo simp&#225;tico perif&#233;rico aumentado.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Sarcopenia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperatividade Simp&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Reativa&#231;&#227;o Vagal Embotada</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2015/22814-5</award-id>
          <award-id>2016/24306-0</award-id>
          <award-id>2015/22814-5</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>148758/2016-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2015/22814-5</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP; 2015/22814-5). Fonseca GWP foi apoiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq; 148758/2016-9); Dos Santos MR pela FAPESP (2016/24306-0); Negr&#227;o CE pela FAPESP (2015/22814-5). Todas as funda&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Mudan&#231;as na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal t&#234;m um papel importante na patog&#234;nese e na progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A sarcopenia, caracterizada por uma redu&#231;&#227;o na massa e na for&#231;a muscular esquel&#233;tica, afeta 19,5% dos pacientes ambulatoriais com IC, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e est&#225; associada com v&#225;rias altera&#231;&#245;es tais como disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, redu&#231;&#227;o na dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de seis minutos de caminhada, e atenua&#231;&#227;o no pico de VO<sub>2</sub>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Apesar de a sarcopenia ter sido frequentemente descrita em pacientes idosos, como consequ&#234;ncia do processo de envelhecimento, ela tamb&#233;m pode estar presente em pacientes mais jovens com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A simpatoexcita&#231;&#227;o de repouso &#233; um marco da IC cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Al&#233;m disso, evid&#234;ncias mostram que essa desregula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica est&#225; altamente associada com maior morbidade e mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Em condi&#231;&#245;es normais, o sistema nervoso exerce a&#231;&#227;o anab&#243;lica sobre o m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico via receptores adren&#233;rgicos beta 2,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> mas em modelo experimental da IC, a atividade exacerbada do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico contribui para a diminui&#231;&#227;o dessa a&#231;&#227;o, favorecendo a atrofia do m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico e a perda de peso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A atividade parassimp&#225;tica reduzida tamb&#233;m tem sido relatada em pacientes com IC. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Binkley et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> mostraram atividade parassimp&#225;tica reduzida, avaliada pela varia&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em pacientes com IC. Al&#233;m disso, a recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (RFC), um importante mecanismo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s um esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, tamb&#233;m pode ser usada para avaliar a atividade parassimp&#225;tica imediatamente ap&#243;s um teste de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Ainda, a RFC consiste em um m&#233;todo f&#225;cil, de baixo custo para a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da reativa&#231;&#227;o vagal, al&#233;m de fornecer informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica adicional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica muscular (ANSM) e a RFC, como medidas da atividade simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica, respectivamente, n&#227;o foram estudadas em pacientes com IC sarcop&#234;nicos. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o impacto da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica avaliado pela ANSM (pela t&#233;cnica de microneurografia) e RFC imediatamente ap&#243;s o teste m&#225;ximo de exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com IC e sarcopenia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Entre 01 de maio de 2016 e 31 de dezembro de 2017, 116 pacientes ambulatoriais com IC cr&#244;nica est&#225;vel foram recrutados prospectivamente. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: (1) idade entre 18 e 65 anos; (2) diagn&#243;stico de IC h&#225; pelo menos um ano; (3) fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) menor que 40% medida por ecocardiografia; (4) etiologia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica e isqu&#234;mica; (5) IC compensada recebendo tratamento otimizado h&#225; pelo menos tr&#234;s meses antes do estudo; e (6) <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) classe I a IV.</p>
          <p>N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com neuropatia diab&#233;tica auton&#244;mica, insufici&#234;ncia renal com hemodi&#225;lise, transplante card&#237;aco, marcapasso, distrofia muscular (i.e., distrofia muscular de Duchenne), paciente em qualquer tipo de tratamento hormonal, pacientes com hist&#243;ria de c&#226;ncer, infec&#231;&#227;o, e pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio no per&#237;odo de at&#233; seis meses antes de entrarem no estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica muscular</title>
          <p>A ANSM foi diretamente registrada a partir do nervo peroneal pela t&#233;cnica de microneurografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Registros da atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica p&#243;s-ganglionar de m&#250;sculo multiunit&#225;rio foram realizados utilizando um microeletrodo de tungst&#234;nio posicionado no nervo peroneal pr&#243;ximo &#224; extremidade fibular. Sinais nervosos foram amplificados por um fator de 50000 a 10000 e filtrado por um filtro passa-faixa (700 a 2000 Hz). Para registro e an&#225;lise, a atividade nervosa foi retificada e integrada (constante de tempo = 0,1 segundo) para obter uma m&#233;dia de voltagem da atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica. A ANSM foi expressa em frequ&#234;ncia de chegada de impulsos (<italic>bursts</italic>) por minuto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio limitado por sintoma (Vmax Encore 29 System; VIASYS Healthcare Inc., Palm Springs, Calif&#243;rnia, EUA) realizado utilizando um cicloerg&#244;metro (Ergometer 800S; SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, California, USA), protocolo de rampa e aumentos de carga de 5 a 10 Watts por minuto. O consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) e a produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VCO<sub>2</sub>) foram medidos por troca gasosa a cada respira&#231;&#227;o e expressos em m&#233;dias (a cada 30 segundos). Incialmente, os pacientes foram monitorados por 2 minutos em repouso, sentados no cicloerg&#244;metro. Em seguida, foram orientados a pedalarem a 60-70 rpm, e o teste era conclu&#237;do quando atingissem o estado de fadiga, mesmo recebendo incentivo verbal para continuarem. Todos os pacientes alcan&#231;aram uma raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria (RER, do ingl&#234;s <italic>respiratory exchange ratio</italic>) maior que 1,10. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) foi monitorada continuamente durante a fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o, utilizando-se um eletrocardiograma digital de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es (CardioSoft 6,51 ECG/CAM-14, GE Medical Systems Information Technologies, Wisconsin, USA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s atingir a carga m&#225;xima, os pacientes continuaram a pedalar a 10 watts por 2 minutos, e em seguida permaneceram sentados por 4 minutos no cicloerg&#244;metro. Esse per&#237;odo de 6 minutos foi considerado como a fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o. O delta da RFC (&#8710;RFC) foi calculado subtraindo-se os valores da FC no primeiro (&#8710;RFC1) e no segundo (&#8710;RFC2) minuto da fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o do pico de FC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e for&#231;a muscular</title>
          <p>As medidas de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal - massa magra e massa gorda - foram avaliadas por Absorciometria Radiol&#243;gica de Dupla Energia (DXA) (Lunar iDXA; GE Medical Systems Lunar, Madison, EUA). Em seguida, o &#237;ndice de massa muscular esquel&#233;tica (IMME) foi calculado como a soma da massa muscular apendicular de ambos os bra&#231;os e ambas as pernas, dividido pela altura em metros quadrados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A for&#231;a muscular foi avaliada pela for&#231;a da m&#227;o, usando um dinam&#244;metro (Model J00105; Jamar Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer), ap&#243;s o ajuste da sua posi&#231;&#227;o. A avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada da m&#227;o dominante, em posi&#231;&#227;o de supina&#231;&#227;o, com o cotovelo flexionado a 90 graus. Houve um intervalo de 1 minuto entre as medidas, e o valor m&#225;ximo das tr&#234;s tentativas foi usado nas an&#225;lises.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Sarcopenia foi definida como um IMME e for&#231;a muscular inferiores a 7,26kg/m<sup>2</sup> e 30 kg, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas laboratoriais</title>
          <p>As amostras de sangue foram coletadas pela manh&#227; ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas. As medidas inclu&#237;ram n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo-B (BNP; pg/mL) plasm&#225;tico, s&#243;dio s&#233;rico (mEq/L), pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico (mEq/L), creatinina (mg/dL), hemoglobina (g/dL), prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (PCR-us; mg/L), perfil lip&#237;dico (triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol total, lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; mg/dL), e glicose de jejum (mg/dL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados est&#227;o apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e mediana com quartil inferior e quartil superior (IC 95%). O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov de uma amostra foi usado para avaliar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis estudadas. O teste t de Student e o teste Mann-Whitney foram usados para comparar vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas e n&#227;o param&#233;tricas, respectivamente. O teste de qui-quadrado e a correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foram usados conforme apropriado. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando o programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic>, vers&#227;o 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, EUA). Um valor de p menor que 0,05 foi considerado como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados cl&#237;nico-demogr&#225;ficos</title>
          <p>Inclu&#237;mos prospectivamente 116 pacientes do sexo masculino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>) com IC cr&#244;nica est&#225;vel, 33 (28%) com sarcopenia. Os pacientes sarcop&#234;nicos apresentaram idade mais avan&#231;ada, maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de BNP e menor de hemoglobina em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes sem sarcopenia. N&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a entre pacientes com e sem sarcopenia quanto &#224; dosagem de betabloqueadores (20 &#177; 9,6 <italic>vs</italic>. 23 &#177; 10,5 mg b.i.d., p = 0,39; respectivamente) e medicamentos em geral (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Todos os pacientes (n = 116)</th>
                  <th align="center">Pacientes com sarcopenia (n = 33)</th>
                  <th align="center">Pacientes sem sarcopenia (n = 83)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">54 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,1 &#177; 14,4</td>
                  <td align="center">59,4 &#177; 7,4</td>
                  <td align="center">75,8 &#177; 13,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Altura (m)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,67 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">1,66 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">1,67 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,401</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,5 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">21,6 &#177; 2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">27,1 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Etiologia (Isqu&#234;mica /n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica)</td>
                  <td align="center">30/86</td>
                  <td align="center">8/25</td>
                  <td align="center">22/61</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Classe NYHA (I/II/III/IV)</td>
                  <td align="center">40/41/28/7</td>
                  <td align="center">9/11/11/2</td>
                  <td align="center">31/30/17/5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,500</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">26 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">29 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,124</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">773 &#177; 877</td>
                  <td align="center">1159 &#177; 924</td>
                  <td align="center">621 &#177; 816</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">139 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">138 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">139 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,383</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,535</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,24 &#177; 0,39</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27 &#177; 0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23 &#177; 0,35</td>
                  <td align="center">0,568</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Haemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,9 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">13,3 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">14,1 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PCR-us (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,96 &#177; 16,0</td>
                  <td align="center">12,4 &#177; 13,6</td>
                  <td align="center">7,6 &#177; 16,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,147</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 &#177; 68</td>
                  <td align="center">96 &#177; 38</td>
                  <td align="center">127 &#177; 75</td>
                  <td align="center">0,031</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">170 &#177; 45</td>
                  <td align="center">159 &#177; 37</td>
                  <td align="center">174 &#177; 48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,111</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">47 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">44 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,306</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 &#177; 35</td>
                  <td align="center">95 &#177; 25</td>
                  <td align="center">106 &#177; 38</td>
                  <td align="center">0,155</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Glicose de jejum (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">108 &#177; 21</td>
                  <td align="center">106 &#177; 24</td>
                  <td align="center">109 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,510</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Medica&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#946;-bloqueadores</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (94)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,319</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estatinas</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (55)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (59)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,682</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IECA/BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (94)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (92)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (79)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,811</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anticoagulantes</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (36)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (39)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hidralazina</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,802</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Isossorbida</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,802</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Espironolactona</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (73)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,824</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; SD ou %. Os valores de P referem-se ao teste t de Student e teste qui-quadrado para o uso de medicamentos. IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores de receptores de angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; PCR-us: prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel; LDL, lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica muscular, recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e capacidade funcional</title>
          <p>Os pacientes com sarcopenia apresentaram maior ANSM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>) e &#8710;RFC1 e &#8710;RFC2 mais baixos comparados aos pacientes n&#227;o sarcop&#234;nicos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na FC de repouso e no pico da FC entre pacientes sarcop&#234;nicos e n&#227;o sarcop&#234;nicos.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica muscular (ANSM) em impulsos (bursts)/minuto. Os valores est&#227;o apresentados em mediana e intervalores inferiores e superiores (IC 95%). Os pacientes sarcop&#234;nicos mostraram um aumento de 18% na ANSM.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0739-90061-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a massa muscular apendicular e &#8710;RFC1 e &#8710;RFC2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figuras 3A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3B</xref>, respectivamente). Ainda, observamos uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a massa muscular apendicular a ANSM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3C</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Delta da recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no primeiro (&#8710;RFC1) e no segundo (&#8710;RFC) minuto imediatamente ap&#243;s o teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo. Os valores est&#227;o apresentados em mediana e intervalores inferiores e superiores (IC 95%). Os pacientes sarcop&#234;nicos apresentaram um RFC mais baixo no primeiro (diferen&#231;a de 47%) e no segundo minuto (diferen&#231;a de 40%).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0739-90061-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>(A) Correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman entre a massa muscular apendicular e o delta de recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no primeiro minuto (&#8710;RFC1). (B) Correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman entre a massa muscular apendicular e o delta de recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no segundo minuto (&#8710;RFC2). (C) Correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman entre a massa muscular apendicular e a atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica muscular (ANSM).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0739-90061-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Os valores absolutos e relativos do pico de VO<sub>2</sub> e pico de carga de trabalho foram significativamente mais baixos em pacientes com sarcopenia que em pacientes sem sarcopenia. Os pacientes sarcop&#234;nicos tamb&#233;m apresentaram maior inclina&#231;&#227;o do equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de CO<sub>2</sub> (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>), e maior espa&#231;o morto e volume corrente (pico de VD/VT) em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes sem sarcopenia, ao passo que o pico de VE foi mais baixo em pacientes com sarcopenia que naqueles n&#227;o sarcop&#234;nicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e for&#231;a muscular</title>
          <p>O &#237;ndice de massa corporal foi mais baixo nos pacientes sarcop&#234;nicos que nos n&#227;o sarcop&#234;nicos, com redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da massa muscular apendicular, massa magra total, massa gorda, porcentagem de gordura (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). O IMME e a for&#231;a muscular da m&#227;o avaliada pelo dinam&#244;metro foram mais baixos em pacientes sarcop&#234;nicos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos sem sarcopenia.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vari&#225;veis cardiopulmonares, de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e de for&#231;a dos pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Todos os pacientes (n = 116)</th>
                  <th align="center">Pacientes com sarcopenia (n = 33)</th>
                  <th align="center">Pacientes sem sarcopenia (n = 83)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pico de VO<sub>2</sub> absoluto(L/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,43 &#177; 0,48</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09 &#177; 0,31</td>
                  <td align="center">1,58 &#177; 0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pico de VO<sub>2</sub> <sup>relativo</sup>(mL/(kg/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,1 &#177; 6,3</td>
                  <td align="center">18,3 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">21,0 &#177; 6,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,036</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pico de carga de trabalho (Watts)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 &#177; 47</td>
                  <td align="center">77 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">115 &#177; 51</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC de repouso (batimentos /min)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">75 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">71 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,254</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pico de FC (batimentos /min)</td>
                  <td align="center">134 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">130 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">135 &#177; 28</td>
                  <td align="center">0,323</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">37 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">33 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pico VD/VT</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pico de VE(L/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,5 &#177; 18,3</td>
                  <td align="center">53,5 &#177; 14,1</td>
                  <td align="center">66,4 &#177; 18,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e for&#231;a</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">MM Total (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,6 &#177; 8,4</td>
                  <td align="center">43,0 &#177; 5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">52,5 &#177; 8,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">MMA (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,2 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">18,3 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">23,9 &#177; 3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMME (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,97 &#177; 1,21</td>
                  <td align="center">6,63 &#177; 0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">8,54 &#177; 0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Massa gorda (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,2 &#177; 8,5</td>
                  <td align="center">12,9 &#177; 4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">20,5 &#177; 8,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gordura (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">22 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">27 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">For&#231;a da m&#227;o (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">26 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">36 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou %; valores de p referem-se ao teste t de Student; MMA: massa muscular apendicular; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; MM: massa magra; IMME: &#237;ndice da massa muscular esquel&#233;tica; VE: ventila&#231;&#227;o; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>: equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de CO<sub>2</sub>; VD/VT espa&#231;o morto e volume corrente; VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os principais e novos achados deste estudo &#233; o fato de que pacientes sarcop&#234;nicos com IC apresentam ANSM de repouso aumentada e reativa&#231;&#227;o vagal ap&#243;s o teste de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes sem sarcopenia. Al&#233;m disso, a massa apendicular parece estar associada com maior ANSM e discreta RFC. Ainda, similar ao demonstrado previamente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> nossos resultados tamb&#233;m confirmaram a redu&#231;&#227;o na toler&#226;ncia do exerc&#237;cio (pico de VO<sub>2</sub> e pico de carga de trabalho reduzidos) em pacientes com IC e perda de massa muscular.</p>
        <p>A IC &#233; uma doen&#231;a complexa associada a v&#225;rias comorbidades. Uma das principais comorbidades observadas em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica avan&#231;ada &#233; a sarcopenia, a qual est&#225; associada com baixo progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Apesar de a etiologia da sarcopenia ser multifatorial, v&#225;rios mecanismos t&#234;m sido sugeridos para explicar tal redu&#231;&#227;o na massa muscular dos pacientes com IC , tais como perfil inflamat&#243;rio <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> e estresse oxidativo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> aumentados, superativa&#231;&#227;o da via da ubiquitina-proteossoma,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e aumento do fragmento C-terminal da agrina (CAF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Essas altera&#231;&#245;es, atuando de maneira independente ou combinada, pode levar &#224; degrada&#231;&#227;o muscular excessiva e s&#237;ntese reduzida de prote&#237;na muscular.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m dos mecanismos mencionados acima, a atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica exacerbada parece ser uma caracter&#237;stica fisiopatol&#243;gica importante na IC, levando &#224; perda de m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Em um modelo experimental da IC, Bacurau et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> demonstraram que a hiperatividade simp&#225;tica contribui para o desenvolvimento de miopatia esquel&#233;tica pela mudan&#231;a na morfologia muscular. Receptores adren&#233;rgicos beta 2 exercem um importante papel na regula&#231;&#227;o da massa muscular esquel&#233;tica tanto no estado anab&#243;lico como catab&#243;lico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Contudo, a hiperatividade simp&#225;tica cr&#244;nica pode ser t&#243;xica ao m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> o que favorece a perda de peso e a sarcopenia em pacientes com IC. Al&#233;m disso, um fluxo simp&#225;tico aumentado est&#225; associado com maior chance de arritimias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> e remodelamento adverso do cora&#231;&#227;o. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Vale destacar que o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da IC baseia-se no bloqueio da atividade simp&#225;tica, principalmente utilizando betabloqueadores cardiosseletivos e n&#227;o seletivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Tratamentos com betabloqueadores podem aumentar a massa corporal de gordura e a porcentagem de gordura corporal em pacientes com IC, sem melhora aparente na massa muscular. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Neste estudo, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as entre os grupos quanto ao tratamento com betabloqueadores e dosagem. Neste contexto, ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar o real impacto da terapia com betabloqueador sobre a massa de m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico em pacientes om IC.</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram que a RFC tem um importante valor progn&#243;stico na popula&#231;&#227;o geral <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e em pacientes com IC. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a RFC &#233; uma maneira muito simples e f&#225;cil para avaliar indiretamente a reativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico imediatamente ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo no teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Muitos pesquisadores mostraram que a cin&#233;tica da RFC em um per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o de 6 minutos estava reduzida em pacientes com IC <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e essa redu&#231;&#227;o parece ser independente da terapia com bloqueador beta-adren&#233;rgico. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Ushijima et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a noradrenalina e a RFC em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, afirmando que uma excita&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica aumentada no exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo pode suprimir a reativa&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica m&#225;xima, levando &#224; atenua&#231;&#227;o da RFC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, a disfun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tico-vagal em pacientes com IC est&#225; associada com pior desfecho, e esse desequil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico pode agravar a perda da massa muscular nesses pacientes. De fato, mostramos maior ANSM e menor diminui&#231;&#227;o na RCF no primeiro e no segundo minuto p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com IC sarcop&#234;nicos. Al&#233;m disso, uma massa muscular apendicular reduzida correlacionou-se com menor RFC1 (r = 0,26), RFC2 (r = 0,25) e maior SNSM (r = 0,29).</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo teve limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser reconhecidas. O estudo incluiu somente pacientes do sexo masculino, de modo que n&#227;o podemos generalizar esses resultados a pacientes com IC do sexo feminino. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para investigar a influ&#234;ncia da sarcopenia sobre as diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo. Como n&#227;o tivemos acesso &#224; data quando a IC foi diagnosticada nos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos dos pacientes, inclu&#237;mos somente pacientes com pelo menos um ano de diagn&#243;stico. N&#243;s avaliamos a atividade parassimp&#225;tica usando a RFC como marcador da reativa&#231;&#227;o vagal. Apesar de nosso estudo ter uma aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica, mais estudos utilizando a varia&#231;&#227;o da FC contribuiriam para esclarecer o papel do controle auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco na sarcopenia em pacientes com IC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Um desequil&#237;brio simp&#225;tico-vagal parece estar associado &#224; sarcopenia em pacientes do sexo masculino com IC. Esses resultados destacam a import&#226;ncia de uma abordagem terap&#234;utica em pacientes com perda muscular e fluxo simp&#225;tico perif&#233;rico aumentado.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP; 2015/22814-5). Fonseca GWP foi apoiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq; 148758/2016-9); Dos Santos MR pela FAPESP (2016/24306-0); Negr&#227;o CE pela FAPESP (2015/22814-5). Todas as funda&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Guilherme Wesley Peixoto da Fonseca, pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica DA CAPPesq sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 0892/07. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
