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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qvF5ggV5CJhy94Hx6CzPtwx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000600721</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005005103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190046</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Behavioral Influence of Known Prognostic Markers on the Cardiologist's Decision following Acute Coronary Syndrome: the GRACE Score Paradox</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1397-0471</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalhal</surname>
            <given-names>Manuela Campelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1229-4355</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Menezes Barbosa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3535-8956</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Suerdieck</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4224-2628</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0311-7899</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Calixto de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7545-212X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Yasmin Falcon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6873-8739</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Nicole de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0320-6031</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sodr&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriella Sant'Anna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6800-8100</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Maria Noya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6910-1366</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Funda&#231;&#227;o Monte Tabor</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Funda&#231;&#227;o Monte Tabor, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Lu&#237;s Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia,</bold> Av. Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402. Posyal Code 40150-080, Gra&#231;a, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Carvalhal MC, Souza TMB, Suerdieck J, Lopes F, Correia VCA, Lacerda YF, S&#225; N, Sodr&#233; GS, Rabelo MMN, Correia LCL; Acquisition of data: Carvalhal MC, Souza TMB, Suerdieck J, Lopes F, Correia VCA, Lacerda YF, S&#225; N, Sodr&#233; GS, Correia LCL; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Correia LCL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>721</fpage>
      <lpage>726</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Behavioral scientists consistently point out that knowledge does not influence decisions as expected. GRACE Score is a well validated risk model for predicting death of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). However, whether prognostic assessment by this Score modulates medical decision is not known.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To test the hypothesis that the use of a validated risk score rationalizes the choice of invasive strategies for higher risk patients with non-ST-elevation ACS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>ACS patients were consecutively included in this prospective registry. GRACE Score was routinely used by cardiologists as the prognostic risk model. An invasive strategy was defined as an immediate decision of the coronary angiography, which in the selective strategy was only indicated in case of positive non-invasive test or unstable course. Firstly, we evaluated the association between GRACE and invasiviness; secondly, in order to find out the actual determinants of the invasive strategy, we built a propensity model for invasive decision. For this analysis, a p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered as significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In a sample of 570 patients, an invasive strategy was adopted for 394 (69%). GRACE Score was 118 &#177; 38 for the invasive group, similar to 116 &#177; 38 for the selective group (p = 0.64). A propensity score for the invasive strategy was derived from logistic regression: positive troponin and ST-deviation (positive associations) and hemoglobin (negative association). This score predicted an invasive strategy with c-statistics of 0.68 (95%CI: 0.63-0.73), opposed to GRACE Score (AUC 0.51; 95%CI: 0.47-0.57).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The dissociation between GRACE Score and invasive decision in ACS suggests that the knowledge of prognostic probabilities might not determine medical decision.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The risk-treatment paradox is a common phenomenon in which, contrary to what is expected, patients with higher risk receive less aggressive treatment as compared with individuals with lower risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> One of the causes of this paradox is an equivocal risk evaluation based on the physician's intuitive impression. Probabilistic risk models have shown to be more accurate than intuitive judgment, suggesting that the use of such models theoretically facilitates prognosis-based treatment choice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, behavioral scientists have demonstrated that knowledge does not modulate decisions as expected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In economy, people tend to make irrational decisions, which is not different in health-related issues. For example, it is well known smoking or obesity are risk factors for serious diseases, but habits of smoking, or eating improperly are common. Therefore, whether the use of a risk score actually modulates the physician's decision is unknown.</p>
      <p>Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (ACS) present with a wide spectrum of risks, and patients can be treated in a conservative or aggressive manner.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> This is one of the main clinical scenarios in which the risk-treatment paradox has been described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Even though GRACE Score is a well-validated risk model for patients with ACS, its actual impact on providing a more reasonable approach according to risk, and on its relationship with medical judgment, has yet to be demonstrated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Our aim was to test the hypothesis that the utilization of a risk score rationalizes the choice for invasive strategies towards higher risk patients with with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample selection</title>
        <p>Patients consecutively admitted to the coronary care unit (CCU) of a tertiary-care hospital due to non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes between August 2007 and October 2014 were included in the study. Inclusion criteria was typical chest discomfort plus at least 1 of the 3 objective criteria: electrocardiographic changes consisting of transient ST-segment depression (0.05 mV), or T wave inversion (0.1 mV); troponin change to a level beyond the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile threshold of a healthy reference population, with 10% coefficient of variability;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> or previous documentation of coronary artery disease, defined as a definitive history of myocardial infarction, or coronary obstruction &#8805; 50% at angiography. Patient's option not to participate in the Registry was the sole exclusion criteria. All participants provided written informed consent.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study protocol</title>
        <p>Patients included were classified as for invasive or selective strategies according to medical decision. Management strategy was decided by the cardiology team in the CCU and was not influenced by the study protocol. Invasive strategy was prospectively defined by a decision to perform invasive coronary angiography, followed by a revascularization procedure if anatomically indicated. Selective strategy was defined as an indication of angiography conditioned to a positive non-invasive test, or clinical instability.</p>
        <p>GRACE Score was used for evaluation of baseline risk, defined by tertiles of the original study (low risk: 1-108; intermediate risk: 109-140; high risk: 141-372). Death during hospitalization was the outcome of interest.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>In order to evaluate whether baseline risk influenced the physician's decision regarding management strategy, GRACE Score was compared between the groups undergoing invasive versus selective strategy by the Mann-Whitney statistic. Secondly, in order to understand the determinants of medical decision, logistic regression was utilized to assess independent predictors of the invasive strategy. The selection of variables for this analysis was based on their univariate association with the invasive strategy (p &lt; 0.10). A propensity score for the invasive strategy was derived from the logistic regression. Thirdly, in order to evaluate whether medical decision was correctly driven by prognosis, the value of the propensity score for predicting death during hospitalization was tested by the C-statistics (area under the ROC curve). C-statistics of the propensity score was compared with the c-statistics of GRACE Score by Hanley-Mcneil's test. </p>
        <p>The analysis of normality was done through the combination of histogram and Q-Q plots visualization, description of skewness and kurtosis with confidence intervals and normality tests (Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov). Numeric variables were expressed by means (standard deviation) or medians (interquartile range), and compared by unpaired student's t test or Mann-Whitney test. Categorical variables were described by frequencies and compared by Pearson's chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test. SPSS Statistical Software (Version 21, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) was utilized for data analysis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A sample of 570 consecutive patients admitted with non-ST-segment elevation ACS was studied, aged 69 &#177; 14 years, 50% males. GRACE Score had a normal distribution, with mean of 118 &#177; 38. According to GRACE definition, 46% of patients were defined as low risk, 30% as intermediate risk, and 24% as high risk. Management through an invasive strategy took place in 69% of the patients.</p>
      <p>GRACE Score of patients who underwent an invasive strategy was 118 &#177; 38, similar to patients managed conservatively (116 &#177; 38; p = 0.64). Seemingly, the area under the ROC curve for GRACE Score predicting an invasive strategy was not significant (0.51; 95% CI = 0.47 - 0.57; p = 0.51) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>. There was no difference in the frequency of invasive strategy among patients with low, intermediate and high risk according to GRACE (68%, 77%, 73%, respectively; p = 0.48).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>According to the area under the curve, GRACE Score does not predict an invasive strategy, as opposed to the propensity score (Panel A, p &lt; 0.001 for curve comparison). Conversely, GRACE Score is better than the propensity Score for the prediction of mortality (Panel B, p &lt; 0.001).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0721-90046-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> depicts univariate association between patients' characteristics and management strategies. Among GRACE variables, Killip class, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and creatinine did not have any association with the strategy chosen. On the contrary, positive troponin (OR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.8 - 3.8; p &lt; 0.001), ST-deviation (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.2 - 3.2; p = 0.006), and the numeric value of hemoglobin at admission (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 1.1 - 1.4; p &lt; 0.001) predicted an invasive strategy. Conversely, age as a numeric variable had an inverse relationship with invasive strategy (OR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.97 - 0.99; p &lt; 0.013). Finally, the risk of bleeding according to CRUSADE Score was protective against invasive strategy (OR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.97 - 0.99; p &lt; 0.018).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Exploratory analysis of variable associates with strategy</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Chosen Strategy</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Invasive</th>
              <th align="center">Selective</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sample Size</td>
              <td align="center">394</td>
              <td align="center">176</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male Gender</td>
              <td align="center">204 (52%)</td>
              <td align="center">82 (47%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">66 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">69 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Positive Troponin</td>
              <td align="center">249 (63%)</td>
              <td align="center">69 (39%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ST Depression</td>
              <td align="center">94 (24%)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (14%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.005<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Killip &gt; 1</td>
              <td align="center">57 (15%)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (14%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.81<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV Ejection Fraction &lt; 45%</td>
              <td align="center">26 (7.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (7.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.84<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">154 &#177; 28</td>
              <td align="center">155 &#177; 33</td>
              <td align="center">0.68<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart Rate (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">79 &#177; 20</td>
              <td align="center">77 &#177; 16</td>
              <td align="center">0.30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.84</td>
              <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.35<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">143 (36%)</td>
              <td align="center">62 (35%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.79<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">33 (8.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (6.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.38<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of Risk Factors</td>
              <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">2.1 &#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Known Coronary Artery Disease</td>
              <td align="center">209 (53%)</td>
              <td align="center">104 (59%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin</td>
              <td align="center">13.4 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">12.7 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRUSADE Bleeding Score</td>
              <td align="center">38 &#177; 15</td>
              <td align="center">41 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Known Coronary Artery Disease =Definitive history of myocardial infarction or coronary obstruction &#8805;50% at angiography; LV: left ventricle. BP: blood pressure.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Pearson's chi-square test p-values;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Unpaired Student's T test p-values.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A logistic regression model was used to build a propensity score for invasive strategy. The 5 variables associated with the invasive strategy in a univariate analysis were included. Positive troponin (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.7 - 3.7; p &lt; 0.001), ST-deviation (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.1 - 3.1; p = 0.026), and hemoglobin on admission remained positively associated (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 1.1 - 1.4; p &lt; 0.001). Age and CRUSADE Score lost statistical significance (p = 0.09 and 0.29, respectively) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. This propensity model was statistically significant (chi-square = 48; p &lt; 0.001; R<sup>2</sup> = 0.2), calibrated (H-L c<sup>2</sup> = 12; p = 0.17), and had an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.68 (95% CI = 0.63 - 0.73; p &lt; 0.001) for predicting an invasive strategy. This AUC was significantly better than GRACE Score area for the strategy prediction (p &lt; 0.001) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Logistic regression univariate and multivariate associations between the candidate's predictive variables and invasive strategy</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Univariate Analysis</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Multivariate Analysis</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Model 1</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Model 2</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">OR (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p Value</th>
              <th align="center">OR (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p Value</th>
              <th align="center">OR (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p Value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Positive Tn</td>
              <td align="center">2.7 (1.8 - 3.8)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">2.5 (1.7 - 3.7)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">2.6 (1.8 - 3.8)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ST-deviation</td>
              <td align="center">2.0 (1.2 - 3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
              <td align="center">1.8 (1.1 - 3.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.026</td>
              <td align="center">1.8 (1.1 - 2.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.026</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin</td>
              <td align="center">1.2 (1.1 - 1.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.2 (1.1 - 1.4)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 (0.97-0.99)</td>
              <td align="center">0.013</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 (0.96 - 0.99)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRUSADE</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 (0.97-0.99)</td>
              <td align="center">0.018</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">--</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>The 5 variables on this table are the ones that reached statistical significance in univariate analysis. Model was derived by the initial inclusion of all 5 variables (full model) and Model 2 only included typical risk prediction variables (did not include hemoglobin and CRUSADE Score). Positive Tn = Troponin change to a level beyond the 99th percentile.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A secondary model was built only with variables commonly utilized as part of a risk profile in ACS patients. In this model, hemoglobin and CRUSADE were not included, making age an inversely associated independent predictor of invasive strategy, and positive troponin and ST-deviation positively associated with invasive strategy - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>The incidence of death during hospitalization was 5.1% (29 individuals). GRACE Score accurately predicted mortality, with an AUC of 0.87 (95% CI = 0.80 - 0.94; p &lt; 0.001). The propensity score for invasive strategy also predicted mortality (AUC = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.56 - 0.72), but had a lower accuracy in comparison with GRACE Score (p &lt; 0.001) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study found a dissociation between the risk predicted by a probabilistic model and the physician's choice towards invasive strategy in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. GRACE Score was the probabilistic model utilized in this analysis, a well-validated and accurate tool for prediction of death in ACS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The study took place in an environment whose team of physicians has the duty to calculate GRACE Score for risk stratification and decision making. In spite of that, GRACE Score was not higher in individuals who underwent an invasive strategy, in comparison with patients of a selective strategy. Our findings reproduce behavioral science experiments where decisions are not well driven by knowledge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Contrary to GRACE Score, some patients' characteristics were independently associated with decision and were utilized to build a propensity score for invasive strategy. This score had a prognostic value lower than GRACE Score. Therefore, we found a paradox in which the variables that determined an invasive approach had a weaker association with prognosis in comparison with a true prognostic model that was not related to this decision.</p>
      <p>Our findings are in line with previous evidences of dissociation between risk and intensity of treatment, the so-called risk-treatment paradox.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> This phenomenon takes place when management has a risk/benefit trade-off, and the size of beneficial effect correlates with risk of unintended consequences. In this case, individuals who mostly need the treatment are the ones who most discourage the physician's decision .<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> For example, older ages were associated with a more conservative strategy, despite being the most important risk predictors in GRACE Score.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Traditionally, medical judgment is based on intuition and experience, the so-called <italic>gestalt.</italic> This non-structured method of decision is vulnerable to cognitive bias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Possibly, in elderly patients, a kind of nihilistic view makes the sense of risk surpass the sense of beneficial effect, while there is more enthusiasm towards young individuals, making the sense of benefit surpass the sense of risk. The utilization of a probabilistic model tends to avoid under- or overestimation of probabilities due to cognitive bias. Instead, it allows the quantification and balance of the risk/benefit ratio. Secondly, it is proved in different scenarios that the estimation of probabilities under uncertainty is more accurate when a probabilistic model is utilized instead of gestalt.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Indeed, in acute coronary syndromes, GRACE Score has shown to have better accuracy than the physician's opinion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Our data validates this concept, since GRACE Score was more accurate in relation to the propensity score for invasiveness.</p>
      <p>However, a mental reluctance of specialists to utilize a mathematical model, at the expense of unstructured judgment, has been reported.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Our observation is peculiar because it arises from an environment in which GRACE Score is systematically calculated and registered in the chart. In spite of that, physicians did not seem to be influenced by the predictive model, a phenomenon illustrated by GRACE Score being virtually identical in invasive and non-invasive groups. One could find only natural that physicians sometimes overrule GRACE Score based on patients' individualities and preferences. However, this should not be frequent enough to totally blunt the contrast of risk between the selective and invasive groups.</p>
      <p>In our observations, positive troponin and ST-deviation were independent predictors of invasive strategy. They are both part of the 8 variables in GRACE Score, which were not associated with decision. This may be an indication that medical decision tends to be more univariate than multivariate, more deterministic than probabilistic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Probably, either a positive troponin or an ST-deviation would lead them to opt for the invasive strategy, as opposed to a multivariable probabilistic approach. Also, in our first model, low hemoglobin was independently associated with a more conservative strategy. Considering that hemoglobin is not a traditional prognostic marker, it may be acting as a proxy to a more fragile patient or one with more co-morbidities.</p>
      <p>The limitation of our study is the generalization from a single CCU. Actually, we utilized our Unit as a model to test the hypothesis that the use of GRACE Score influences decision towards a more aggressive approach. While our study should not be generalized as a demonstration that decision-making has not been properly based on risk, it is an evidence that the utilization of a risk model does not guarantee risk-based decision. Moreover, our observation is in line with previous evidences of risk-treatment paradox.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Finally, our findings only generate hypotheses to be further validated by a clinical trial, in which individuals would be allocated to utilization or no utilization of GRACE Score, and the frequency of the invasive strategy would be compared between the groups.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, the dissociation between GRACE Score and invasive decision in ACS suggests that the utilization of a prognostic model does not guarantee a risk-based decision.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hospital S&#227;o Rafael under protocol number 35/11. All procedures involved in this study are in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia comportamental da predi&#231;&#227;o de risco no processo de decis&#227;o do cardiologista: o paradoxo do Escore GRACE</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1397-0471</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalhal</surname>
            <given-names>Manuela Campelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1229-4355</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Menezes Barbosa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3535-8956</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Suerdieck</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4224-2628</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0311-7899</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Calixto de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7545-212X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Yasmin Falcon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6873-8739</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Nicole de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0320-6031</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sodr&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriella Sant'Anna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6800-8100</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Maria Noya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6910-1366</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Funda&#231;&#227;o Monte Tabor, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lu&#237;s Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia,</bold> Av. Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402. CEP 40150-080, Gra&#231;a, Salvador, BA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Carvalhal MC, Souza TMB, Suerdieck J, Lopes F, Correia VCA, Lacerda YF, S&#225; N, Sodr&#233; GS, Rabelo MMN, Correia LCL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Carvalhal MC, Souza TMB, Suerdieck J, Lopes F, Correia VCA, Lacerda YF, S&#225; N, Sodr&#233; GS, Correia LCL; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Correia LCL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Cientistas behavioristas ressaltam consistentemente que conhecimento n&#227;o influencia decis&#227;o como esperado. O escore GRACE &#233; um modelo de risco bem validado para prever morte de pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA). Todavia, n&#227;o se sabe se a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica pelo GRACE modula decis&#227;o m&#233;dica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Testar a hip&#243;tese de que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de escore de risco validado racionaliza a escolha de estrat&#233;gias invasivas para pacientes de alto risco com SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com SCA foram consecutivamente inclu&#237;dos neste registro prospectivo. O escore GRACE foi rotineiramente utilizado pelos cardiologistas como modelo de risco progn&#243;stico. Estrat&#233;gia invasiva foi definida como decis&#227;o imediata de cinecoronariografia, que na conservadora s&#243; era indicada se teste n&#227;o invasivo positivo ou curso inst&#225;vel. Primeiro, avaliamos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre GRACE e invasividade; segundo, a fim de descobrir atuais determinantes da estrat&#233;gia invasiva, constru&#237;mos um modelo de propens&#227;o para ela. Foi considerado significante um valor de p &lt; 0,05 para esta an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Em amostra de 570 pacientes, estrat&#233;gia invasiva foi adotada para 394 (69%). O escore GRACE foi de 118 &#177; 38 para o grupo invasivo, semelhante a 116 &#177; 38 do conservador (p = 0,64). O escore de propens&#227;o para estrat&#233;gia invasiva foi derivado da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica: troponina positiva e desvio de ST (associa&#231;&#245;es positivas) e hemoglobina (associa&#231;&#227;o negativa). Esse escore predisse estrat&#233;gia invasiva com estat&#237;stica-c de 0,68 (IC95%: 0,63-0,73), contrariando o Escore GRACE (AUC 0,51; IC95%: 0,47-0,57).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A dissocia&#231;&#227;o observada entre o valor do Escore GRACE e decis&#227;o invasiva em SCA sugere que o pensamento probabil&#237;stico pode n&#227;o ser um importante determinante da decis&#227;o m&#233;dica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio Sem Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O paradoxo risco-tratamento &#233; um fen&#244;meno comum em que, ao contr&#225;rio do que se espera, pacientes com maior risco recebem tratamento menos agressivo quando comparados com indiv&#237;duos de menor risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Uma das causas desse paradoxo &#233; uma avalia&#231;&#227;o equivocada do risco baseada na impress&#227;o intuitiva do m&#233;dico. Os modelos de risco probabil&#237;stico mostraram-se mais precisos que o julgamento intuitivo, sugerindo que o uso desses modelos teoricamente facilita a escolha do tratamento baseado no progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, cientistas comportamentais demonstraram que o conhecimento n&#227;o modula as decis&#245;es como esperado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Em economia, as pessoas tendem a tomar decis&#245;es irracionais, o que n&#227;o &#233; diferente em quest&#245;es relacionadas com a sa&#250;de. Por exemplo, sabe-se bem que o tabagismo ou a obesidade s&#227;o fatores de risco para doen&#231;as graves, mas h&#225;bitos de fumar ou comer de maneira inadequada s&#227;o comuns. Portanto, n&#227;o se sabe se o uso de um escore de risco realmente modula a decis&#227;o do m&#233;dico.</p>
        <p>As s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST apresentam um amplo espectro de riscos, e os pacientes podem ser tratados de maneira conservadora ou agressiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Esse &#233; um dos principais cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos em que o paradoxo risco-tratamento foi descrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Embora o Escore GRACE seja um modelo de risco bem validado para pacientes com SCA, seu impacto real em fornecer uma abordagem mais razo&#225;vel de acordo com o risco, e em sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o julgamento m&#233;dico, ainda n&#227;o foi demonstrado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Nosso objetivo foi testar a hip&#243;tese de que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um escore de risco racionaliza a escolha de estrat&#233;gias invasivas para pacientes de alto risco com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de amostra</title>
          <p>Pacientes internados consecutivamente na unidade coronariana (UCC) de um hospital terci&#225;rio devido a s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo entre agosto de 2007 e outubro de 2014. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram desconforto tor&#225;cico t&#237;pico associado a pelo menos 1 dos 3 crit&#233;rios objetivos: altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas que consistiam em depress&#227;o transit&#243;ria do segmento ST (0,05 mV) ou invers&#227;o da onda T (0,1 mV); altera&#231;&#227;o da troponina para um n&#237;vel acima do limite do percentil 99 de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia saud&#225;vel, com coeficiente de variabilidade de 10%;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> ou documenta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, definida como hist&#243;ria definitiva de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana &#8805; 50% na angiografia. A escolha do paciente por n&#227;o participar do Registro foi o &#250;nico crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o. Todos os participantes forneceram consentimento informado por escrito.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de estudo</title>
          <p>Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos foram classificados como estrat&#233;gias invasivas ou seletivas de acordo com a decis&#227;o m&#233;dica. A estrat&#233;gia de manejo foi decidida pela equipe de cardiologia na UCC e n&#227;o foi influenciada pelo protocolo do estudo. A estrat&#233;gia invasiva foi definida prospectivamente pela decis&#227;o de realizar cinecoronariografia invasiva, seguida de procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, se anatomicamente indicado. A estrat&#233;gia seletiva foi definida como uma indica&#231;&#227;o de angiografia condicionada a um teste n&#227;o invasivo positivo ou instabilidade cl&#237;nica.</p>
          <p>O Escore GRACE foi utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco basal, definido pelos tercis do estudo original (baixo risco: 1-108; risco intermedi&#225;rio: 109-140; alto risco: 141-372). Morte durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi o desfecho de interesse.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A fim de avaliar se o risco em momento basal influenciou a decis&#227;o do m&#233;dico em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estrat&#233;gia de manejo, o Escore GRACE foi comparado entre os grupos submetidos &#224; estrat&#233;gia invasiva versus estrat&#233;gia seletiva pela estat&#237;stica de Mann-Whitney. Em segundo lugar, a fim de compreender os determinantes da decis&#227;o m&#233;dica, a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi utilizada para avaliar os preditores independentes da estrat&#233;gia invasiva. A sele&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis para essa an&#225;lise baseou-se na associa&#231;&#227;o univariada com a estrat&#233;gia invasiva (p &lt; 0,10). Um escore de propens&#227;o para a estrat&#233;gia invasiva foi derivado da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Em terceiro lugar, para avaliar se a decis&#227;o m&#233;dica foi corretamente impulsionada pelo progn&#243;stico, o valor do escore de propens&#227;o para predizer morte durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi testado pela estat&#237;stica-C (&#225;rea sob a curva ROC). A estat&#237;stica-C do escore de propens&#227;o foi comparada com a estat&#237;stica-c do Escore GRACE pelo teste de Hanley-Mcneil.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da normalidade foi realizada por meio da combina&#231;&#227;o de histograma e visualiza&#231;&#227;o de gr&#225;ficos Q-Q, descri&#231;&#227;o de assimetria e curtose com intervalos de confian&#231;a e testes de normalidade (Shapiro-Wilk e Kolmogorov-Smirnov). As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram expressas por m&#233;dias (desvio padr&#227;o) ou medianas (intervalo interquart&#237;lico) e comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado ou teste de Mann-Whitney. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por frequ&#234;ncia e comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson, ou teste exato de Fisher. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica final foi definida por um p &lt; 0,05. O SPSS Statistical Software (Version 21, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise de dados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foi estudada uma amostra de 570 pacientes consecutivos internados com SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, com idade de 69 &#177; 14 anos, sendo 50% do sexo masculino. O Escore GRACE apresentou distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, com m&#233;dia de 118 &#177; 38. De acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o do GRACE, 46% dos pacientes foram definidos como de baixo risco, 30% como risco intermedi&#225;rio e 24% como de alto risco. O manejo por meio de uma estrat&#233;gia invasiva ocorreu em 69% dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>O escore GRACE de pacientes submetidos &#224; estrat&#233;gia invasiva foi de 118 &#177; 38, semelhante aos pacientes tratados de maneira conservadora (116 &#177; 38; p = 0,64). Aparentemente, a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC para o escore GRACE que prev&#234; uma estrat&#233;gia invasiva n&#227;o foi significativa (0,51; IC95% = 0,47 - 0,57; p = 0,51) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1A</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na frequ&#234;ncia da estrat&#233;gia invasiva entre os pacientes com risco baixo, intermedi&#225;rio e alto de acordo com o GRACE (68%, 77%, 73%, respectivamente; p = 0,48).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>De acordo com a &#225;rea sob a curva, o Escore GRACE n&#227;o prev&#234; uma estrat&#233;gia invasiva, ao contr&#225;rio do escore de propens&#227;o (Painel A, p &lt; 0,001 para compara&#231;&#227;o de curvas). Por outro lado, o escore GRACE &#233; melhor do que o Escore de propens&#227;o para a predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade (Painel B, p &lt; 0,001).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-06-0721-90046-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> mostra a associa&#231;&#227;o univariada entre as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes e as estrat&#233;gias de manejo. Entre as vari&#225;veis do GRACE, a classe de Killip, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a creatinina n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com a estrat&#233;gia escolhida. Ao contr&#225;rio, troponina positiva (OR = 2,7; IC 95% = 1,8 - 3,8; p &lt; 0,001), desvio de ST (OR = 2,0; IC 95% = 1,2 - 3,2; p = 0,006), e o valor num&#233;rico de hemoglobina na admiss&#227;o (OR = 1,2; IC95% = 1,1 - 1,4; p &lt; 0,001) predisseram uma estrat&#233;gia invasiva. Por outro lado, a idade como vari&#225;vel num&#233;rica teve rela&#231;&#227;o inversa com a estrat&#233;gia invasiva (OR = 0,98; IC95% = 0,97-0,99; p &lt; 0,013). Finalmente, o risco de sangramento de acordo com o Escore CRUSADE foi protetor contra estrat&#233;gia invasiva (OR = 0,98; IC95% = 0,97-0,99; p &lt; 0,018).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria de vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; estrat&#233;gia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Estrat&#233;gia escolhida</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Invasiva</th>
                <th align="center">Seletiva</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tamanho da amostra</td>
                <td align="center">394</td>
                <td align="center">176</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">204 (52%)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (47%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">69 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troponina positiva</td>
                <td align="center">249 (63%)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (39%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Depress&#227;o do ST</td>
                <td align="center">94 (24%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Killip &gt; 1</td>
                <td align="center">57 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,81<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de VE &lt; 45%</td>
                <td align="center">26 (7,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (7,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">154 &#177; 28</td>
                <td align="center">155 &#177; 33</td>
                <td align="center">0,68<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">79 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">77 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">0,30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,84</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,35<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">143 (36%)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">33 (8,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (6,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,38<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de fatores de risco</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana conhecida</td>
                <td align="center">209 (53%)</td>
                <td align="center">104 (59%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina</td>
                <td align="center">13,4 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">12,7 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore de sangramento CRUSADE</td>
                <td align="center">38 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">41 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana Conhecida = Hist&#243;ria definitiva de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana &#8805; 50% na angiografia; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PA: press&#227;o arterial.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valores de p do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Valoresde p do teste t de Student n&#227;o-pareado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi usado para construir um escore de propens&#227;o para a estrat&#233;gia invasiva. As 5 vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; estrat&#233;gia invasiva em uma an&#225;lise univariada foram inclu&#237;das. Troponina positiva (OR = 2,5; IC95% = 1,7 - 3,7; p &lt; 0,001), desvio do ST (OR = 1,8; IC 95% = 1,1 - 3,1; p = 0,026) e hemoglobina na admiss&#227;o permaneceram positivamente associados (OR = 1,2; IC de 95% = 1,1 - 1,4; p &lt; 0,001). Idade e Escore CRUSADE perderam signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,09 e 0,29, respectivamente) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>. Este modelo de propens&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativo (qui-quadrado = 48; p &lt; 0,001; R2 = 0,2), calibrado (H-L c<sup>2</sup> = 12; p = 0,17), e teve uma &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (AUC) de 0,68 (IC 95% = 0,63 - 0,73; p &lt; 0,001) para predizer uma estrat&#233;gia invasiva. Esta AUC foi significativamente melhor que a &#225;rea do Escore GRACE para a previs&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia (p &lt; 0,001) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1A</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica: associa&#231;&#245;es univariadas e multivariadas entre as vari&#225;veis preditivas do candidato e a estrat&#233;gia invasiva</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">An&#225;lise Univariada</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">An&#225;lise Multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo 1</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo 2</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tn positiva</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 (1,8 - 3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 (1,7 - 3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,6 (1,8 - 3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desvio de ST</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (1,2 - 3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 (1,1 - 3,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,026</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 (1,1 - 2,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 (1,1 - 1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 (1,1 - 1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,97-0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,96 - 0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRUSADE</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,97-0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">--</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>As 5 vari&#225;veis nesta tabela s&#227;o aquelas que alcan&#231;aram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise univariada. O modelo foi derivado da inclus&#227;o inicial de todas as 5 vari&#225;veis (modelo completo) e o Modelo 2 incluiu apenas as vari&#225;veis t&#237;picas de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco (n&#227;o incluiu hemoglobina e Escore CRUSADE). Tn positiva = Troponina muda para um n&#237;vel al&#233;m do percentil 99.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Um modelo secund&#225;rio foi constru&#237;do apenas com vari&#225;veis comumente utilizadas como parte de um perfil de risco em pacientes com SCA. Neste modelo, hemoglobina e CRUSADE n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos, tornando a idade um preditor independente associado de estrat&#233;gia invasiva e troponina positiva e desvio de ST positivamente associados &#224; estrat&#233;gia invasiva - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de morte durante a interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 5,1% (29 indiv&#237;duos). O Escore GRACE previu mortalidade com precis&#227;o, com uma AUC de 0,87 (IC 95% = 0,80 - 0,94; p &lt; 0,001). O escore de propens&#227;o para estrat&#233;gia invasiva tamb&#233;m predisse mortalidade (AUC = 0,64; IC95% = 0,56 - 0,72), mas teve uma acur&#225;cia menor em compara&#231;&#227;o com o escore GRACE (p &lt; 0,001) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1B</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo encontrou uma dissocia&#231;&#227;o entre o risco previsto por um modelo probabil&#237;stico e a escolha do m&#233;dico em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estrat&#233;gia invasiva em pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. O Escore GRACE foi o modelo probabil&#237;stico utilizado nesta an&#225;lise, uma ferramenta bem validada e acurada para a predi&#231;&#227;o de morte em SCA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O estudo ocorreu em um ambiente cuja equipe de m&#233;dicos tem o dever de calcular o Escore GRACE para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e tomada de decis&#227;o. Apesar disso, o Escore GRACE n&#227;o foi maior em indiv&#237;duos submetidos a uma estrat&#233;gia invasiva, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes de estrat&#233;gia seletiva. Nossas descobertas reproduzem experimentos cient&#237;ficos comportamentais em que as decis&#245;es n&#227;o s&#227;o bem orientadas pelo conhecimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ao contr&#225;rio do Escore GRACE, algumas caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes foram independentemente associadas &#224; decis&#227;o e foram utilizadas para construir um escore de propens&#227;o para a estrat&#233;gia invasiva. Este escore teve valor progn&#243;stico menor que o Escore GRACE. Portanto, encontramos um paradoxo em que as vari&#225;veis que determinaram uma abordagem invasiva tiveram uma associa&#231;&#227;o mais fraca com o progn&#243;stico em compara&#231;&#227;o com um modelo progn&#243;stico real que n&#227;o estava relacionado com essa decis&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Nossos achados est&#227;o de acordo com evid&#234;ncias anteriores de dissocia&#231;&#227;o entre risco e intensidade de tratamento, o chamado paradoxo risco-tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Esse fen&#244;meno ocorre quando o manejo tem uma rela&#231;&#227;o risco/benef&#237;cio, e o tamanho do efeito ben&#233;fico correlaciona-se com o risco de consequ&#234;ncias n&#227;o intencionais. Nesse caso, os indiv&#237;duos que mais necessitam do tratamento s&#227;o aqueles que mais desencorajam a decis&#227;o do m&#233;dico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Por exemplo, idades mais avan&#231;adas foram associadas a uma estrat&#233;gia mais conservadora, apesar de serem os preditores de risco mais importantes no Escore GRACE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Tradicionalmente, o julgamento m&#233;dico baseia-se na intui&#231;&#227;o e na experi&#234;ncia, a chamada <italic>gestalt</italic>. Esse m&#233;todo n&#227;o estruturado de decis&#227;o &#233; vulner&#225;vel ao vi&#233;s cognitivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Possivelmente, em pacientes idosos, um tipo de vis&#227;o niilista faz com que o sentido de risco ultrapasse o sentido do efeito ben&#233;fico, ao mesmo tempo em que h&#225; mais entusiasmo em rela&#231;&#227;o aos jovens, o que faz com que o sentido de benef&#237;cio supere o sentido de risco. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um modelo probabil&#237;stico tende a evitar sub ou superestimativa de probabilidades devido ao vi&#233;s cognitivo. Em vez disso, possibilita quantificar e equilibrar a rela&#231;&#227;o risco/benef&#237;cio. Em segundo lugar, est&#225; comprovado em diferentes cen&#225;rios que a estimativa de probabilidades sob incerteza &#233; mais precisa quando se utiliza um modelo probabil&#237;stico em vez de <italic>gestalt</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Na verdade, nas SCA, o Escore GRACE mostrou ter maior precis&#227;o do que a opini&#227;o do m&#233;dico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Nossos dados validam esse conceito, uma vez que o Escore GRACE foi mais preciso em rela&#231;&#227;o ao escore de propens&#227;o para invasividade. </p>
        <p>No entanto, uma relut&#226;ncia mental de especialistas em utilizar um modelo matem&#225;tico, em detrimento do julgamento n&#227;o estruturado, foi relatada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Nossa observa&#231;&#227;o &#233; peculiar porque surge de um ambiente no qual o Escore GRACE &#233; sistematicamente calculado e registrado no prontu&#225;rio. Apesar disso, os m&#233;dicos n&#227;o parecem ser influenciados pelo modelo preditivo, um fen&#244;meno ilustrado pelo Escore GRACE, sendo praticamente id&#234;ntico em grupos invasivos e n&#227;o invasivos. Pode-se achar natural que os m&#233;dicos, por vezes, rejeitem o Escore GRACE com base nas individualidades e prefer&#234;ncias dos pacientes. Entretanto, isso n&#227;o deve ser frequente o suficiente para atenuar totalmente o contraste de risco entre os grupos seletivo e invasivo.</p>
        <p>Em nossas observa&#231;&#245;es, troponina positiva e desvio de ST foram preditores independentes de estrat&#233;gia invasiva. Ambos fazem parte das 8 vari&#225;veis do Escore GRACE, que n&#227;o foram associadas &#224; decis&#227;o. Isso pode ser uma indica&#231;&#227;o de que a decis&#227;o m&#233;dica tende a ser mais univariada do que multivariada, mais determinista do que probabil&#237;stica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Provavelmente, uma troponina positiva ou um desvio de ST os levaria a optar pela estrat&#233;gia invasiva, ao contr&#225;rio de uma abordagem probabil&#237;stica multivariada. Al&#233;m disso, em nosso primeiro modelo, a baixa hemoglobina foi independentemente associada a uma estrat&#233;gia mais conservadora. Considerando que a hemoglobina n&#227;o &#233; um marcador progn&#243;stico tradicional, ela pode estar atuando como um representante para um paciente mais fr&#225;gil ou com mais comorbidades.</p>
        <p>A limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo &#233; a generaliza&#231;&#227;o de uma &#250;nica UCC. Na verdade, utilizamos nossa Unidade como modelo para testar a hip&#243;tese de que o uso do Escore GRACE influencia a decis&#227;o em dire&#231;&#227;o a uma abordagem mais agressiva. Embora nosso estudo n&#227;o deva ser generalizado como uma demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que a tomada de decis&#227;o n&#227;o foi adequadamente baseada em risco, ele &#233; uma evid&#234;ncia de que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um modelo de risco n&#227;o garante uma decis&#227;o baseada em risco. Al&#233;m disso, nossa observa&#231;&#227;o est&#225; de acordo com evid&#234;ncias anteriores de paradoxo risco-tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Finalmente, nossos achados apenas geram hip&#243;teses a serem mais validadas por um ensaio cl&#237;nico, no qual os indiv&#237;duos seriam alocados para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Escore GRACE e a frequ&#234;ncia da estrat&#233;gia invasiva seria comparada entre os grupos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A dissocia&#231;&#227;o observada entre o valor do Escore GRACE e decis&#227;o invasiva em SCA sugere que o pensamento probabil&#237;stico pode n&#227;o ser um importante determinante da decis&#227;o m&#233;dica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital S&#227;o Rafael sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 35/11. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo".</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
