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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">sG7GnzxHLcjn3TvLhqhfTKC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000600709</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190107</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ganglionated Plexi Ablation to Treat Patients with Refractory Neurally Mediated Syncope and Severe Vagal-Induced Bradycardia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5338-3242</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Mauricio Ibrahim Scanavacca,</bold> Av. Joaquim C. A. Marques, 1205. Postal Code 05688-021, Morumbi, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mibrahim@cardiol.br</email>, <email>mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>709</fpage>
      <lpage>712</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Ganglia, Autonomic</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Syncope,Vasovagal</kwd>
        <kwd>Bradycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Neurally mediated syndrome (NMS) is the most common cause of and transient loss of consciousness and usually causes anxiety and concerns for patients and their families. Clinical investigation and explanations about benignity, in association to lifestyle modifications and teaching methods to abort the vagal reflex are the initial and effective approaches to manage the majority of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>However, in some cases, the loss of consciousness occurs suddenly, without prodromal symptoms and the patient does not have the opportunity to prevent falls, which may lead to severe physical trauma. Specific medications have been proposed trying to control the symptoms and pacemaker implantation has been recommended in the refractory cases of cardioinhibitory reflexes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In 2005, Pach&#243;n et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> proposed using a catheter ablation technique to attenuate vagal activity on the sinus and AV nodes, through radiofrequency (RF) ablation of the sites related to vagal inputs to the atria. This procedure aimed to promote better quality of live for patients with refractory NMS and severe bradycardia, avoiding pacemaker implantation, especially in young individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Since that time, many reports have confirmed that atrial vagal modulation by catheter ablation is feasible in clinical settings, for patients with vagal induced marked and symptomatic bradycardia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
		</p>
    <p>However, those studies came from relatively few centers, such as case reports,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> or from non-randomized series involving a limited number of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Additionally, until now, there is no consensus about the criteria for patient selection, about how to perform an autonomic evaluation prior and post ablation, the best technique to be applied, the endpoints to conclude the procedure and what to expect during the outcome. These are the main reasons why vagal attenuation by catheter ablation has not been considered a possible treatment in the international guidelines of NMS management.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Almost 50 years ago, experimental studies demonstrated that the sinus and atrioventricular nodes receive specific autonomic innervation, which can be surgically destroyed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> However, current techniques to promote vagal denervation have been based on a more recent descriptions of atria innervation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> It has been demonstrated that cardiac parasympathetic neurons get together with postganglionic sympathetic fibers and fat tissue (fat pads), in specific areas of the epicardium, adjacent to the posterior walls of left and right atria. Such ganglionated plexi (GP), working together, coordinate a sophisticated network that regulates cardiac functions, and more precisely the cardiac rhythm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The Oklahoma group has worked intensively to understand GP functional activities and has observed, in experimental studies, that despite the intense interconnections among GP, the sinus node is mainly innervated by the plexi, anatomically situated in the superior portion of the posterior interatrial septum, between the superior vena cava and anterior to the right superior PV. The AV node is manly innervated by the right inferior plexi, located behind the coronary sinus ostium and between the inferior vena cava and right inferior PV. The sinus node and AV node still receive fiber connections from the left superior and left inferior GP located nearby the left pulmonary veins. However, these interconnections necessary cross the right superior and right inferior PV GP to reach the sinus and AV nodes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Additionally, extra GPs connections might influence the sinus and AV node innervation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> It has also been suggested that the intrinsic autonomic nervous system of the heart receives inputs from mechanical and chemosensory receptors located in both ventricles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Those autonomic nervous interconnections could have an important role in the pathophysiology of NMS and might explain some behaviors observed in patients submitted to GPs ablation, who showed additional improvement in the peripheral vasovagal reflex.</p>
    <p>Sinus node vagal denervation was a fortuitous observation detected by the occurrence of an augmented vagal response triggered during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation and also, the subsequent increase in heart rate observed soon after the procedure. Those findings were more evident when extensive ablation of the PV antrum, where GPs are frequently located, was performed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Autonomic tests performed after PV isolation confirmed an effect of the vagal denervation of the sinus node in many patients; however, a controversy still persists regarding the effect of persistent atrial vagal denervation on the long term outcome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Those serendipity findings opened a new possibility for the treatment of the negative effects of excessive vagal activity in some patients.</p>
    <p>Different techniques have been used for sinus and AV node vagal denervation: one is based on the hypothesis that autonomic innervation can be recognized by the characteristics of the endocardial fractionated electrograms (AF Nests), and detected by Fast-Fourier transform analysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The original report from Pach&#243;n et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> in 2005, described twenty-one patients with a mean age of 48 years, six with neurally mediated reflex syncope, and 15 with sinus node dysfunction or functional high-degree atrioventricular block, who underwent vagal denervation. In a mean follow-up of 9.2 months, no patient showed syncope recurrence, or complications. In 2011, the authors reported the late outcome of 43 patients with recurrent NMS, submitted to ablation. Forty patients remained asymptomatic during a mean follow-up of 45.1 &#177; 22 months and no significant complications were observed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>More recently, Yan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> performed vagal denervation in ten consecutive patients with a mean age of 50.4 &#177; 6.4 years and recurrent episodes of NMS, in which traditional therapies were not effective. The authors used the high-frequency stimulation (HFS) technique, described by the Oklahoma group, in order to locate GP based on induced vagal response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> The endpoint of the procedure was the inhibition of the vagal response at the target sites. During a mean follow-up of 30 &#177; 16 months, no patient had syncope episodes, but 5 patients reported transient symptoms. There were no complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Sun et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> reported the long-term outcome of 57 consecutive patients (aged 43.2 &#177; 13.4 years; 35 women) with refractory vasovagal syncope, who underwent left atrium GP ablation. The GP were located based on the combination of anatomic features obtained by the electroanatomic mapping and positive response (vagal hyperactivity) during HFS, on expected GP locations. During a mean follow-up of 36 &#177; 22 m, 52 (91.2%) patients had no syncope. However, 16 patients showed prodromal symptoms. Autonomic evaluation revealed reduced vagal activity, persistent for at least 12 months after the procedure. The only side effect was sinus tachycardia observed in one patient.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Zhao et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> performed catheter ablation in 11 patients (8 men, with mean age of 45 &#177; 10 years) with a long history of symptomatic bradycardia. All anatomic locations of the GP were confirmed by HF stimulation before ablation. The procedure endpoint was the elimination of vagal response at the ablation sites. During a mean follow-up of 18 &#177; 6 months, all patients reported significant symptom improvement. There was a significantly increase in the mean sinus heart rate, which persisted for 12 months.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The main limitations of these studies are the absence of control groups and randomization. The already known placebo effect of interventions in patients with NMS does not allow considering their good results as definitive to regularly apply the GP ablation in clinical practice.</p>
    <p>Despite such limitations many other authors have reported selected cases in which patients had advanced atrioventricular block induced by excessive vagal activity and had indication for pacemaker impantation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Although the GP mapping and ablation technique were not identical, no patient had complications and pacemaker implantation was avoided. Some authors delivered RF pulses guided by a positive vagal action induced by HFS. Others delivered RF pulses based on the characteristics of the electrograms, or at the anatomic sites where the presence of GP clusters was highly probable, based on previous anatomical reports. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
		</p>
    <p>We investigated the effectiveness of vagal ablation in 14 patients (7 men, mean age of 34 &#177; 13 years) with symptomatic cardioinhibitory syncope, severe sinus bradycardia or advanced AV block, no structural heart disease, and pacemaker indication. The GP were identified and ablated based on the anatomy obtained by the electroanatomical mapping analysis. During a mean follow-up period of 22 &#177; 11 months, 10 patients (71.4%) showed significant clinical and ECG improvement: no syncope recurrence or symptomatic bradycardia were observed at daytime Holter monitoring during the follow-up. However, transient second-degree atrioventricular block was still detected, exclusively at night. The remaining four patients (28.6%), despite showing acute vagal activity attenuation, had syncope recurrence or symptomatic bradycardia and underwent pacemaker implantation. No significant complications were observed during or after the procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Therefore, until now, no consensus has been achieved about the ideal electrophysiological technique to perform vagal activity attenuation: if through extensive ablation areas based on fragmented electrograms, or by anatomical landmarks; if ablating all right and left atrial GP areas, or those that directly innerve the sinus and AV nodes, in both sides of the septum; or only the right side of the septum, or even spots in the superior vena cava.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Another important controversial point is how to establish the procedure endpoint, whether reaching an expected heart rate elevation such as 20% of basal cardiac frequency, shortening the P-P interval &gt; 120 ms; eliminating prior vagal response induced by HFS on the target GP or absence of an additional heart rate elevation after GP ablation with the atropine test. Recently, an extracardiac vagal stimulation with high frequency pulses, performed directly on the right or left cervical vagal trunk through retrograde jugular vein catheterization was suggested to evaluate vagal response before, during and at the end of the procedure. This method has been proposed to obtain an objective, faster and reproducible evaluation of the ablation effect during the procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Finally, it is important to define a reproducible autonomic evaluation in patients considered for vagal denervation. The most frequent analysis prior to the procedure has been the analysis of time-domain and frequency-domain heart rate variability (HRV), during 24h Holter monitoring. Small segments of the ECG are also evaluated during the tilt table test, in the last 5 minutes of supine position and the first 5 minutes of orthostatic exposure. It is also important to identify patients with the vasodepressor component, in which prodromal symptoms will probably persist, even after effective sinus and/or AV node denervation. The atropine test (0.04 mg/Kg), complemented with exercise stress test, have been performed to evaluate the vagal reserve and to rule out a possible sinus node dysfunction. Such autonomic evaluation should be repeated during the follow-up aiming to identify the long-term outcome of the autonomic modulation. </p>
    <p>In summary, the experimental and clinical background suggest that RF ablation of GP may promote significant vagal withdrawal in the sinus and AV nodes, in patients with very symptomatic neurally mediated bradycardia syndromes. However, its effectiveness, safety and reproducibility need a more thorough evaluation. Different techniques have been proposed to successfully identify and ablate the sites of vagal inputs to the atria. Therefore, a randomized multicenter study is fundamental not just to establish the effectiveness of vagal denervation and the long-term clinical impact on symptoms and safety to the patient but also to identify the best techniques to obtain vagal response attenuation, with smaller areas of ablation.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o dos Plexos Ganglionares Atriais para tratar Pacientes com S&#237;ncope Cardioinibit&#243;ria e Bradicardia Mediada pela A&#231;&#227;o Vagal Excessiva</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5338-3242</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mauricio Ibrahim Scanavacca,</bold> Av. Joaquim C. A. Marques, 1205. CEP 05688-021, Morumbi, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mibrahim@cardiol.br</email>, <email>mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Ganglios Aut&#244;nomos</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope Vasovagal</kwd>
        <kwd>Bradicardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A s&#237;ncope neuromediada (SNM), a causa mais comum de perda s&#250;bita e transit&#243;ria da consci&#234;ncia, em geral, &#233; subdiagnosticada e de dif&#237;cil resolu&#231;&#227;o definitiva dos sintomas, o que causa grande ansiedade e preocupa&#231;&#227;o para os pacientes e seus familiares. A investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e a explica&#231;&#227;o sobre a benignidade dessa condi&#231;&#227;o, associadas com modifica&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida e ensino de como abortar o reflexo vagal no seu in&#237;cio, s&#227;o as abordagens preliminares e eficazes para conduzir a maioria dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em alguns casos, a perda de consci&#234;ncia ocorre subitamente, sem sintomas prodr&#244;micos e o paciente n&#227;o tem a oportunidade de prevenir quedas, o que pode levar a graves traumas f&#237;sicos. Medicamentos espec&#237;ficos s&#227;o indicados para tentar controlar os sintomas e o implante de marca-passo &#233; recomendado para esses grupos de pacientes refrat&#225;rios e com reflexos cardioinibit&#243;rios predominantes documentados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em 2005, Pach&#243;n et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> propuseram uma t&#233;cnica de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para atenuar a atividade vagal nos n&#243;dulos sinusal e atrioventricular (AV), por meio da abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) de locais relacionados &#224;s entradas da inerva&#231;&#227;o vagal nos &#225;trios. Esse procedimento visava promover melhor qualidade de vida para pacientes com SNM refrat&#225;ria e bradicardia grave, evitando o implante de marca-passo, especialmente em jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Desde ent&#227;o, muitos relatos t&#234;m confirmado que a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal atrial &#233; vi&#225;vel pela abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter nos pacientes que apresentam bradicardia acentuada e sintom&#225;tica induzida por a&#231;&#227;o vagal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em contrapartida, esses dados t&#234;m origem em estudos realizados por poucos centros, por meio de relatos de casos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> ou de s&#233;ries n&#227;o randomizadas envolvendo um n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Al&#233;m disso, at&#233; o momento, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre os crit&#233;rios para a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes; sobre como realizar avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica pr&#233;via e ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o; a melhor t&#233;cnica de abla&#231;&#227;o a ser aplicada; os marcadores de desfecho para concluir o procedimento e o que esperar durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico. Essas s&#227;o as principais raz&#245;es para que a atenua&#231;&#227;o vagal pela abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter n&#227;o seja considerada como um poss&#237;vel tratamento nas diretrizes internacionais do manejo de pacientes com SNM e bradicardias induzidas por a&#231;&#227;o vagal acentuada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>H&#225; quase 50 anos, estudos experimentais j&#225; demonstravam que os n&#243;dulos sinusal e AV recebem inerva&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, que podem ser interrompidas cirurgicamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> No entanto, descri&#231;&#245;es mais recentes da inerva&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;trios permitiram o desenvolvimento de v&#225;rias t&#233;cnicas que visam promover a denerva&#231;&#227;o vagal do n&#243; sinusal e n&#243; AV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Os neur&#244;nios parassimp&#225;ticos card&#237;acos s&#227;o envoltos por tecidos adiposo que se concentram em &#225;reas espec&#237;ficas do epic&#225;rdio adjacentes &#224;s paredes posteriores dos &#225;trios para onde confluem tamb&#233;m fibras simp&#225;ticas p&#243;s-ganglionares (coxins adiposos). Esses plexos ganglionares (PGs), trabalhando em conjunto, coordenam uma rede de informa&#231;&#245;es sofisticadas que regula as fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e, mais precisamente, o ritmo card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O grupo de Oklahoma trabalhou intensamente para compreender as atividades funcionais dos PGs e observou, em estudos experimentais, que apesar das intensas interconex&#245;es entre GPs, o n&#243; sinusal &#233; principalmente inervado pelo PG anatomicamente situado no septo interatrial entre a veia cava superior e anteriormente &#224; veia pulmonar (VP) superior direita. O n&#243;dulo AV &#233; inervado principalmente pelo PG inferior direito, posterior ao &#243;stio do seio coronariano e entre a veia cava inferior e VP inferior direita. O n&#243; sinusal e o n&#243; AV ainda recebem conex&#245;es de fibras dos PGs superior esquerdo e inferior esquerdo localizados nas proximidades das VPs esquerdas. Entretanto, essas interconex&#245;es dos PGs esquerdos cruzam necessariamente os PGs superior e inferior direitos para alcan&#231;ar, respectivamente, o n&#243;s sinusal e o n&#243; AV, sendo estes suas vias finais comuns.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Al&#233;m disso, conex&#245;es adicionais podem influenciar a inerva&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal e n&#243; AV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Observa&#231;&#245;es experimentais sugerem que o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo (SNA) intr&#237;nseco atrial recebe fibras aferentes de receptores mec&#226;nicos e qu&#237;micos dos ventriculos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Essas interconex&#245;es poderiam ter papel na fisiopatologia da SNM e explicar a eventual atenua&#231;&#227;o do reflexo perif&#233;rico vasovagal.</p>
      <p>A denerva&#231;&#227;o vagal do n&#243; sinusal foi uma observa&#231;&#227;o fortuita detectada pela ocorr&#234;ncia de reflexo vagal durante a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), e pelo subsequente aumento da FC logo ap&#243;s o procedimento. Esses achados foram mais evidentes quando a abla&#231;&#227;o envolvia os antro das VPs, local onde os GPs est&#227;o frequentemente localizados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Os testes auton&#244;micos realizados ap&#243;s o isolamento da VP confirmaram redu&#231;&#227;o expressiva da a&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica promovida pelo nervo vago no n&#243; sinusal; mas, h&#225; controv&#233;rsia em rela&#231;&#227;o a persist&#234;ncia e intensidade da denerva&#231;&#227;o atrial nos desfechos em longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Essas observa&#231;&#245;es abriram caminho para a possibilidade de atenuar os efeitos negativos da atividade vagal excessiva no sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Diferentes t&#233;cnicas t&#234;m sido propostas para promover denerva&#231;&#227;o vagal do n&#243; sinusal e do n&#243; AV com seguran&#231;a. Pach&#243;n et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> se baseiam na hip&#243;tese de que a inerva&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica dos &#225;trios pode ser reconhecida pelas caracter&#237;sticas dos eletrogramas fracionados endoc&#225;rdicos (Ninhos de FA) e detectada pela an&#225;lise da transformada de Fast-Fourier. Em 2005, esses autores relataram os resultados da denerva&#231;&#227;o vagal realizada em 21 pacientes com m&#233;dia de idade de 48 anos; 6 com s&#237;ncope reflexa neuromediada e 15 com disfun&#231;&#227;o sinusal ou bloqueio AV funcional de alto grau. Em seguimento m&#233;dio de 9,2 meses, nenhum paciente apresentou recidiva de s&#237;ncope ou complica&#231;&#245;es. Em 2011, os mesmos autores relataram o desfecho tardio de 43 pacientes com SNM recorrente, submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o. Quarenta pacientes mantiveram-se assintom&#225;ticos em seguimento m&#233;dio de 45 &#177; 22 meses e n&#227;o foram observadas complica&#231;&#245;es significativas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Mais recentemente, Yao et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> publicaram os resultados da denerva&#231;&#227;o vagal em 10 pacientes consecutivos, com m&#233;dia de idade de 50,4 &#177; 6,4 anos e epis&#243;dios recorrentes de SNM, nos quais as terapias tradicionais n&#227;o foram eficazes. Os autores utilizaram a t&#233;cnica de estimula&#231;&#227;o com alta frequ&#234;ncia, descrita pelo grupo de Oklahoma, para localizar os PGs com base na resposta vagal induzida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> O objetivo final do procedimento foi a inibi&#231;&#227;o da resposta vagal nos locais-alvo. Durante um seguimento m&#233;dio de 30 &#177; 16 meses, nenhum paciente teve epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope, mas 5 pacientes relataram pr&#243;dromos. N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Sun et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> relataram os resultados em longo prazo de 57 pacientes consecutivos (idade 43,2 + 13,4 anos; 35 mulheres) com s&#237;ncope vasovagal refrat&#225;ria, submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o dos PGs no &#225;trio esquerdo. Os PGs foram localizados com base na resposta positiva (resposta vagal) durante estimula&#231;&#227;o com alta frequ&#234;ncia, nos locais anat&#244;micos supostos dos PGs. Durante seguimento m&#233;dio de 36 &#177; 22 m, 52 (91,2%) pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam s&#237;ncope. No entanto, 16 pacientes apresentaram sintomas prodr&#244;micos. A avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica revelou redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade vagal, persistente por pelo menos 12 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento. O &#250;nico efeito colateral foi taquicardia sinusal inapropriada observada em um paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Zhao et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> realizaram abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter em 11 pacientes (8 homens, com m&#233;dia de idade de 45 &#177; 10 anos) com longa hist&#243;ria de bradicardia sintom&#225;tica. A localiza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica dos PGs foi confirmada pela estimula&#231;&#227;o com alta frequ&#234;ncia antes da abla&#231;&#227;o e o desfecho do procedimento foi a elimina&#231;&#227;o da resposta vagal nos locais de abla&#231;&#227;o. Durante um seguimento m&#233;dio de 18 &#177; 6 meses, todos os pacientes relataram melhora dos sintomas. Houve um aumento significativo na FC sinusal m&#233;dia, que persistiu por 12 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Apesar dos resultados favor&#225;veis, esses estudos apresentam limita&#231;&#245;es importantes como a aus&#234;ncia de grupo-controle e randomiza&#231;&#227;o. O efeito placebo promovido pelas interven&#231;&#245;es &#233; um fator importante e conhecido na redu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas em pacientes com SNM; dessa maneira, a aus&#234;ncia de grupo-controle reduz o n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia da efetividade desses procedimentos e dificulta a decis&#227;o para a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Apesar de tais limita&#231;&#245;es, muitos outros autores relataram casos selecionados em que os pacientes apresentavam bloqueio AV avan&#231;ado induzido por atividade vagal excessiva e tinham indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de marca-passo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Embora o mapeamento dos PGs e as t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o tenham sido id&#234;nticos nos diversos estudos, nenhum paciente apresentou complica&#231;&#245;es e o implante de marca-passo foi evitado. Nesses relatos, alguns autores realizaram abla&#231;&#227;o nos locais em que a estimula&#231;&#227;o com alta frequ&#234;ncia produzia reflexo vagal. Outros, com base nas caracter&#237;sticas dos eletrogramas locais, ou nos locais anat&#244;micos em que a presen&#231;a do PG era altamente prov&#225;vel, com base nas descri&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em nosso grupo, investigamos a efic&#225;cia da abla&#231;&#227;o vagal em 14 pacientes (7 homens, idade m&#233;dia de 34 &#177; 13 anos) apresentando s&#237;ncope cardioinibit&#243;ria sintom&#225;tica, bradicardia sinusal grave ou bloqueio AV avan&#231;ado, sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural e com indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de marca-passo. Os alvos para abla&#231;&#227;o (PGs) foram identificados com base na anatomia obtida pelo mapeamento eletro-anat&#244;mico. Durante um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 22 &#177; 11 meses, 10 pacientes (71,4%) apresentaram melhora cl&#237;nica e eletrocardiogr&#225;fica significativas, n&#227;o sendo observadas recidivas da s&#237;ncope ou bradicardia sintom&#225;tica. No entanto, o bloqueio AV transit&#243;rio de segundo grau ainda foi detectado, exclusivamente &#224; noite. Os quatro pacientes restantes (28,6%), apesar de apresentarem atenua&#231;&#227;o da atividade vagal nos testes realizados imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento, apresentaram recidiva de s&#237;ncope ou bradicardia sintom&#225;tica durante o seguimento e foram submetidos a implante de marca-passo definitivo. N&#227;o foram observadas complica&#231;&#245;es significativas durante ou ap&#243;s o procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Portanto, ainda n&#227;o h&#225; consenso em rela&#231;&#227;o a v&#225;rios aspectos t&#233;cnicos da abla&#231;&#227;o vagal, que necessitam melhor esclarecimento. Em particular, a extens&#227;o da &#225;rea de abla&#231;&#227;o, que pode envolver ambos os &#225;trios; restringir-se a ambos os lados do septo interatrial; ou ainda, apenas a pontos espec&#237;ficos do AD e da veia cava superior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Outro ponto controverso &#233; como estabelecer os desfechos do procedimento. Dependendo dos autores, os seguintes desfechos s&#227;o utilizados: eleva&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (&gt; 20% da FC basal), encurtamento do intervalo P-P &gt; 120 ms; elimina&#231;&#227;o da resposta vagal induzida por estimula&#231;&#227;o de alta frequ&#234;ncia; e resposta ao teste da atropina. Recentemente, foi sugerida que a estimula&#231;&#227;o com alta frequ&#234;ncia aplicada diretamente nos troncos vagais cervical direito ou esquerdo, atrav&#233;s de cateterismo retr&#243;grado das veias jugulares, permite uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais objetiva, mais r&#225;pida e reprodut&#237;vel do efeito da abla&#231;&#227;o durante e no final do procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Finalmente, se faz necess&#225;ria a padroniza&#231;&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica antes e ap&#243;s a denerva&#231;&#227;o vagal. A an&#225;lise da variabilidade da FC (VFC) no dom&#237;nio do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia, durante o monitoramento de Holter de 24 horas tem sido a avalia&#231;&#227;o mais frequente. A an&#225;lise da VFC nos 5 minutos finais da fase de repouso do Tilt test e nos primeiros 5 minutos em ortostase, tamb&#233;m tem sido utilizada. Outra informa&#231;&#227;o relevante obtida pelo teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o &#233; a intensidade do componente vasodepressor. Nos casos em que esse componente &#233; expressivo, os sintomas prodr&#244;micos e pr&#233;-sincopes, provavelmente, persistir&#227;o ap&#243;s a denerva&#231;&#227;o eficaz do n&#243; sinusal e do n&#243; AV e tratamento medicamentoso adicional poder&#225; ser necess&#225;rio. Teste de atropina (0,04 mg/kg) complementado com o teste ergom&#233;trico &#233; fundamental na avalia&#231;&#227;o preliminar dos pacientes para descartar poss&#237;vel disfun&#231;&#227;o sinusal. A avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica proposta deveria ser repetida ao longo do acompanhamento, a fim de identificar objetivamente os efeitos em longo prazo da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica.</p>
      <p>Em resumo, dados experimentais e cl&#237;nicos sugerem que a abla&#231;&#227;o por RF dos PGs promove atenua&#231;&#227;o significativa da a&#231;&#227;o vagal sobre o n&#243; sinusal e n&#243; AV, reduzindo os sintomas de pacientes com s&#237;ndromes neuromediadas. No entanto, a efic&#225;cia, a seguran&#231;a e a reprodutibilidade das t&#233;cnicas de mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o utilizadas precisam ser melhor avaliadas. Estudos multic&#234;ntricos randomizados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios, n&#227;o apenas para estabelecer a efetividade da denerva&#231;&#227;o vagal e o impacto cl&#237;nico de longo prazo sobre os sintomas e a seguran&#231;a do paciente, mas tamb&#233;m padronizar e otimizar as v&#225;rias t&#233;cnicas propostas para atenua&#231;&#227;o da resposta vagal, com menores &#225;reas de tecido atrial envolvidas.</p>
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