<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8hhVbGD3GnYfVmMWMMzSPrR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000500600</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190075</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Guideline</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Brazilian Fetal Cardiology Guidelines - 2019</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedra</surname>
            <given-names>Simone R. F. Fontes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Binotto</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo S&#233;rgio Val&#233;rio Borges da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel Cristina Britto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">8</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corr&#234;a</surname>
            <given-names>Izabele Vian da Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Karla Luiza Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Lilian Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">10</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Henrique Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Ferreira Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">11</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zamith</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Maccagnano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">12</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Positivo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Biocor Instituto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Nova Lima</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Biocor Instituto, Nova Lima, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Jo&#227;o Pessoa</city>
          <state>PB</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba (UFPB), Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Ana Ner</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Ana Nery, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ecokidgrafia Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ecokidgrafia Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cardioeco Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardioeco Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Corresponding Address:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 - Centro - Rio de Janeiro - Postal Code: 20020-907. E-mail: <email>sbc@cardiol.br</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Direction:</bold> Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology (DCC-CP) and the Brazilian Cardiology Society (SBC)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Norms and Guidelines Council:</bold> Fernando Bacal, Leandro Ioschpe Zimerman, Paulo Ricardo Avancini Caramori, and Pedro A. Lemos</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Norms and Guidelines Coordinator:</bold> Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o Hajjar</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Coordinators:</bold> Simone R. F. Fontes Pedra and Paulo Zielinsky</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>600</fpage>
      <lpage>648</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <table-wrap id="t24">
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <colgroup>
          <col width="20%"/>
          <col width="11%"/>
          <col width="11%"/>
          <col width="11%"/>
          <col width="11%"/>
          <col width="11%"/>
          <col width="11%"/>
          <col width="11%"/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th align="center" colspan="8">Declaration of potential conflict of interest of authors/collaborators of the Brazilian Fetal Cardiology Guidelines 2019</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th align="center" colspan="8">If the last three years the author/developer of the Guidelines:</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th align="left">
              <bold>Names Members of the Policy</bold>
            </th>
            <th align="center">
              <bold>Participated in clinical studies and/or experimental trials supported by pharmaceutical or equipment related to the guideline in question</bold>
            </th>
            <th align="center">
              <bold>Has spoken at events or activities sponsored by industry related to the guideline in question</bold>
            </th>
            <th align="center">
              <bold>It was (is) advisory board member or director of a pharmaceutical or equipment</bold>
            </th>
            <th align="center">
              <bold>Committees participated in completion of research sponsored by industry</bold>
            </th>
            <th align="center">
              <bold>Personal or institutional aid received from industry</bold>
            </th>
            <th align="center">
              <bold>Produced scientific papers in journals sponsored by industry</bold>
            </th>
            <th align="center">
              <bold>It shares the industry</bold>
            </th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Cristiane Nogueira Binotto</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Cristiane Nunes Martins</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Eduardo Srgio Valrio Borges da Fonseca</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Isabel Cristina Britto Guimare</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Izabele Vian da Silveira Corra</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Karla Luiza Matos Pedrosa</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Lilian Maria Lopes</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Luiz Henrique Soares Nicoloso</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Marcia Ferreira Alves Barberato</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Marina Maccagnano Zamith</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Paulo Zielinsky</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Simone R. F. Fontes Pedra</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>1. Introduction</title>
      <p>Over the years, Fetal Cardiology have been incorporated into the daily practice of Pediatric Cardiology. What was once restricted to a few fetal heart researchers, has slowly been incorporated into health institutions that deal with congenital heart diseases (CHD). Fetal echocardiography has generated extensive knowledge of the natural and modified history of heart diseases in utero, and normal fetal heart physiology and anatomy. The benefits of fetal diagnosis have become unquestionable over the years. Pioneers in the area succeeded in demystifying the fetal heart examination and proving the importance of screening for cardiac abnormalities during obstetric examinations. Prenatal detection rates have increased, and interest in fetal echocardiography is, thus, no longer merely a diagnostic tool; it has gone on to become a tool of the utmost importance in assisting medical and, progressively, interventional treatment of specific anomalies that occur in fetal life.</p>
      <p>A vast body of literature currently supports the practice of Fetal Cardiology. In addition to diagnosis, anatomical and functional particularities may be identified in utero, with implications on the delivery planning and pre and postnatal management. Prenatal diagnosis has certainly led to increase the number of babies with complex heart diseases in Pediatric Cardiology hospital beds. Prior to this, children with complex heart diseases did not survive the immediate neonatal period and died in neonatal intensive care units without being diagnosed. Nowadays, these children require increasingly careful and specific management involving Pediatric Cardiology and thus modifying the practice of Neonatal Cardiology.</p>
      <p>Despite the vast literature pertinent to Fetal Cardiology, due to the restricted number of cases, there is a lack of studies with large populations and randomization processes, being the information based on observational studies and description of small samples or cases reports. However, the accumulated knowledge is already enough to develop scientific statements or guidelines.</p>
      <p>In April 2014, the American Heart Association (AHA) published the first scientific statement for Fetal Cardiology, encompassing all the practical aspects involved in this area, including screening, diagnosis, medical or interventional therapy, counseling, delivery planning, and neonatal treatment. Considering this extremely thorough and highly useful document, we have accepted the challenge of bringing together professionals dedicated to Fetal Cardiology from different regions of Brazil in order to jointly establish guidelines which are adapted to our reality and which also take into consideration knowledge created in Brazil. We believe that the information brought together in this document will be of great use to professionals who face the challenge of dealing with possible abnormalities that affect the fetal heart in their daily practice.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2. Screening and Diagnosis of Fetal Heart Disease</title>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1. Introduction</title>
        <p>One of the main aims of prenatal diagnosis is the detection of severe CHD, whose diagnoses, in most cases, depend on delivery planning in a specialized referral center.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Although fetal echocardiography, which is traditionally designated for high-risk pregnancies, is quite accurate, the majority of newborns affected by heart diseases in most parts of the world, continue to be born without having been diagnosed. This occur because many cases of CHD affect low-risk groups and are not detected by screening prenatal ultrasound.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The concept of prenatal screening for CHD was first suggested in 1985, with the recommendation of incorporating the four-chamber view into routine obstetric ultrasound.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> For more than 25 years, countries such as France, the United Kingdom and Spain have recommended examination of the fetal heart during the routine obstetric ultrasound. Nonetheless, after many years of investment in educational training programs, regional variation in detection rates of prenatal heart diseases continue to be high. The classic study by Garne et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> conducted in 20 European centers showed that the global detection rate of fetal heart diseases was rather low (25%), France being the country with the best performance (48%), followed by Spain (45%), Germany (40%), and the United Kingdom (35%). Many studies have shown that detection rates of prenatal heart diseases significantly improve with the expansion of scanning planes for cardiac analysis, but they remain well below 50% and continue to lag behind in relation to prenatal detection of other forms of congenital malformation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Faced with this situation, some have argued that fetal echocardiography should be indicated for all pregnancies, given that, in experienced hands, it is able to detect nearly 100% of all cardiac anomalies in fetal life and is considered the gold standard for fetal cardiac diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Although it is almost intuitive that prenatal detection of heart diseases would improve perinatal results, it has not been easy to prove this observation scientifically, owing to the difficulty of comparing groups with pre- and postnatal diagnoses, which present rather peculiar and discrepant characteristics. The group with prenatal diagnosis often presents with fetal death or early neonatal death before surgery, as it pertains to the much more severe spectrum of fetal cardiac abnormalities, due to the inability of obstetric ultrasound to screen simpler heart diseases, thus resulting in higher global mortality. On the other hand, the group with postnatal diagnosis, that survives the fetal and early neonatal periods until the baby arrives in a tertiary center, has already demonstrated some constitutional advantages for survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A study conducted in France comparing perinatal outcome between babies with transposition of the great arteries, with and without prenatal diagnosis, showed, for the first time, that prenatal diagnosis significantly decreased pre- and postoperative mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Other studies have suggested better results for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and coarctation of the aorta when they are diagnosed during fetal life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Efforts and resources should be directed to teaching and training for prenatal screening of CHD by obstetric ultrasound to achieve a better and more uniform pattern of detection, since performing fetal echocardiography in all pregnancies is unrealistic and has yet to be adopted as a health policy in developed countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 2.1</xref> shows the main risk factors for fetal heart diseases, divided into absolute risk of &#8805; 2% and &lt; 2%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 2.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical conditions that increase the risk of fetal heart disease and are formal indications to perform fetal echocardiogram</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="45%"/>
              <col width="45%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Absolute risk &#8805; 2%</th>
                <th align="center">GOR/LOE</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Pregestational maternal diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">I/A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Maternal diabetes mellitus diagnosed during the first trimester</td>
                <td align="center">I/A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Poorly controlled maternal phenylketonuria,</td>
                <td align="center">I/A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Maternal anti-RO and anti-LA (SSA/SSB) antibodies</td>
                <td align="center">IIa/B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Maternal medication exposures</td>
                <td align="center">ACE</td>
                <td align="center">IIa/B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Retinoic acids</td>
                <td align="center">I/B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications during the third trimester</td>
                <td align="center">I/A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Maternal rubella during the first semester</td>
                <td align="center">I/C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Maternal infection, with fetal myocarditis suspected</td>
                <td align="center">I/C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Use of assisted reproduction technology</td>
                <td align="center">IIa/A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">CHD in first-degree relative (mother, father, or sibling)</td>
                <td align="center">I/B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2"> Mendelian inheritance associated with CHD in first- or second-degree relative</td>
                <td align="center">I/C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Suspected CHD on obstetric ultrasound</td>
                <td align="center">I/B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Suspected noncardiac abnormality on obstetric ultrasound</td>
                <td align="center">I/B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Abnormal fetal karyotype</td>
                <td align="center">I/C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Fetal bradycardia, tachycardia, or irregular cardiac rhythm</td>
                <td align="center">I/C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Increased nuchal translucency &gt; 95% (&#8805; 3 mm)</td>
                <td align="center">IIa/A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Monochorionic twins</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">I/A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fetal hydrops or pleural effusion</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">I/B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Absolute risk between 1 and 2%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Maternal medication exposures</td>
                <td align="center">Anticonvulsants</td>
                <td align="center">IIb/A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Lithium</td>
                <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Vitamin A</td>
                <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Selected serotonin reuptake inhibitor (only paroxetine)</td>
                <td align="center">IIb/A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during the first and second trimesters</td>
                <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CHD in second-degree relatives</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fetal abnormality of umbilical cord or placenta</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">IIb/C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intra-abdominal fetal venous anomaly</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">IIb/C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Absolute risk &#8804; 1%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gestational maternal diabetes mellitus with HbA1c &lt; 6%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">III/B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Maternal medication exposures</td>
                <td align="center">Selected serotonin reuptake inhibitor (excepting paroxetine)</td>
                <td align="center">III/A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vitamin K antagonists (warfarin)</td>
                <td align="center">III/B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maternal infection other than rubella with seroconversion only</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">III/C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Isolated CHD in a distant relative (not first- or second-degree)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">III/B</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; CHD: congenital heart disease; GOR: grade of recommendation; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; LOE: level of evidence.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Source: Adapted from Donofrio et al.<sup>17</sup></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.2. Fetal Heart Screening During Morphological Ultrasound</title>
        <p>Considering all these characteristics, we propose a very simple methodology for evaluating the fetal heart, which has been applied in various countries throughout the world. The main advantage of this systematized heart evaluation is that it eliminates the need for complex views and images, avoiding more difficult maneuvers, which is time-consuming and discourage the examiner who neglects this important part of the morphological exam.</p>
        <p>With this technique, the fetal heart is evaluated on transverse plane images of the baby only, with no need to rotate the transducer. It starts from the fetal abdomen, from the infradiaphragmatic region to the upper mediastinum, obtaining 6 planes, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 2.1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 2.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Standardization of fetal heart screening, scanning the fetal vessels and heart from the infradiaphragmatic region towards the cranium. There are 6 levels, being the first exactly below the diaphragm, which allows the identification of the descending aorta and inferior vena cava; second, the four-chamber view; third, left ventricular outflow tract; fourth, right ventricular outflow tract; fifth, three vessel view, and, sixth, three vessel and trachea view.</title>
              <p>Ao: Aorta; AoA: aortic arch; Asc: ascending; DA: ductus arteriosus; IVC: inferior vena cava; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; PA: pulmonary artery; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle; RVOT: right ventricular outflow tract; S: stomach; Sp: spine; SVC: superior vena cava; T: trachea.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>2.2.1. Step 1 - 1<sup>st</sup> Level: Evaluation of the Abdomen to Identify the Abdominal Aorta and the Inferior Vena Cava</title>
          <p>This is a transverse view of the fetal abdomen, in the subdiaphragmatic region, and helps to determine the abdominal situs. Before starting, it is necessary to identify the right and left sides of the fetus, according to the fetal presentation; the stomach should be on the fetal left side and the liver on the right. Furthermore, the descending aorta should be seen posterior and to the left, close to the spine, and the inferior vena cava anterior and to the right, within the hepatic parenchyma.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.2.2. Step 2 - 2<sup>nd</sup> Level: Four Chamber View</title>
          <p>This view is obtained with a transverse scan of the fetal thorax, immediately above the diaphragm. The heart should occupy one third of the thorax, the greater part being in the left hemithorax, with the apex turned to the left. The interventricular septum should be at an angle of approximately 45<sup>th</sup> with the midline.</p>
          <p>The first step for fetal cardiac analysis is the identification of the spine. Opposite to the spine is the anterior wall of the thorax, or sternum. Below is the right ventricle, which is characterized by the moderator band and the tricuspid valve, located a few millimeters displaced to the apex. Returning to the spine, the descending aorta is seen anteriorly as a circle in the mediastinum and, in front of it, is the left atrium. The left atrium is close to the descending aorta and can be identified by the characteristic movement of the foramen ovale flap. Other intracardiac structures, such as the right atrium and the left ventricle, may then be analyzed. They should have dimensions similar to those of the contralateral chambers. The atrioventricular valves should be analyzed in relation to their movement and size of their valve annulus.</p>
          <p>In summary, the analysis of the four-chamber view should include the following reference points:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Spine.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Descending aorta in a transverse plane.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Left atrium close to the descending aorta and with the foramen ovale flap moving.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Right ventricle with the apex "filled in" by a piece of muscle called the moderator band.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Two atria of similar size.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Two ventricles of similar size, thickness and contractility (the right ventricle may be slightly larger).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>The interatrial and interventricular septum join the atrioventricular valves in the middle of the heart, suggesting the image of a cross, the "crux cordis."</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>The interventricular septum should be intact and make an angle of approximately 45&#186; with the midline of the body.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Two atrioventricular valves with equal opening orifices. The insertion of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve is closer to the cardiac apex, resulting in a minimal difference in the level of implantation of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. Sometimes, this difference is quite subtle, resulting in great difficulties in excluding the diagnosis of atrioventricular septal defect and single AV valve junction.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>The interatrial septum may be seen with the foramen ovale and its flap, tilting with the LA.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>The pulmonary veins drainage in the left atrium should be identified in two-dimensional view and confirmed by colored Doppler or power Doppler.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>Failure to obtain a normal four chamber view during the obstetric ultrasound scan is an absolute indication for fetal echocardiogram. Because the four-chamber view does not include the examination of the right and left ventricular outflows, important diseases such as transposition of the great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), common truncus arteriosus, among others may be missed. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tables 2.2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">2.3</xref> show the different heart diseases commonly associated with normal and abnormal four chamber views, respectively.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 2.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Heart diseases commonly associated with a normal four-chamber view</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Tetralogy of Fallot</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Transposition of the great arteries</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Common truncus arteriosus</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Anomalies of the aortic arch</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Mild aortic and pulmonary valve stenosis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Perimembranous ventricular septal defect</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Table 2.3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Heart diseases commonly associated with an abnormal four-chamber view</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Mitral and/or aortic atresia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Tricuspid and/or pulmonary atresia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Ebsteins anomaly/tricuspid valve dysplasia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Atrioventricular septal defects</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Large ventricular septal defects</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Single ventricles</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Severe aortic and pulmonary valve stenosis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Coarctation of the aorta</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Total anomalous pulmonary venous return</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Cardiomyopathies</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Cardiac tumors</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.2.3. Step 3 - 3<sup>rd</sup> Level: Left Ventricular Outflow Tract</title>
          <p>Starting from the four-chamber views, the left and right outflow tracts and respective arteries can be seen swiping the transducer toward the fetal head. The left ventricular outflow tract is the first identified in the middle of the heart and it directs toward the fetal right shoulder. In this view it is possible to observe the membranous continuity of the septum with the aorta, which rules out a possible overriding aorta or great artery commonly seen in tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus, and other complex anomalies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.2.4. Step 4 - 4<sup>th</sup> Level: Right Ventricular Outflow Tract</title>
          <p>Swiping slightly the transducer up, the right ventricular outflow tract is reached. It is the most anterior structure of the heart and is exactly below the fetal sternum. It crosses aorta from right towards the left. The great arteries are symmetric at the beginning of gestation, but during the second and the third trimesters the pulmonary trunk is slightly larger than the aorta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.2.5. Step 5 - 5<sup>th</sup> Level: Three Vessels View</title>
          <p>This is a special view that allows to analyze the spatial relationship of the pulmonary artery, the aorta and the superior vena cava (SVC). In this view the vessels are seen immediately after their ventricular origins. Important information should be obtained from the vessels: number - that should be three; position - SVC on the right, aorta on the middle and pulmonary artery on the left; size - SVC slightly smaller than aorta that should be slightly smaller than the pulmonary artery and finally, alignment - the SVC is more posterior, aorta is in the center and pulmonary artery is anterior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In this plane, the right and left bronchi are observed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.2.6. Step 6 - 6<sup>th</sup> Level: Three Vessel and Trachea View</title>
          <p>Immediately above this plane, i.e., tilting the transducer a bit further in the cephalic direction, a view of two large arches connecting with the descending thoracic aorta is obtained. The one on the left is the ductus arteriosus that originates from the pulmonary artery and the other on the right is the aortic arch, both connecting with the descending aorta. This view makes a figure that suggests the letter V. The trachea appears as an anechoic structure surrounded by a hyperechoic line which corresponds to cartilage, being situated in front of the spine, slightly to the right.</p>
          <p>In this view, the aortic arch turns toward the left, which is defined exactly by its relation to the trachea. If the trachea is to the right of the aortic arch, the arch is turned toward the left and vice versa. It is worth highlighting that, the use of color flow mapping should be used during all screening steps and levels, and it is of particular importance during this final view. Both arches should present flow in the same direction, always directed from the heart toward the descending thoracic aorta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2.2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figure 2.2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Aorta and pulmonary artery appear elongated, going toward the descending aorta. Both converge to the aorta forming an image similar to a V letter. The trachea is to the right of the aortic arch, demonstrating that the latter descends to the left. During color flow mapping, both arches are observed to have flow in the same direction, i.e., from the heart toward the descending thoracic aorta.</title>
                <p>AoA: aortic arch; DA: ductal arch; SVC: superior vena cava; T: trachea.</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.3. Screening for Congenital Heart Disease During the First Trimester</title>
        <p>Because CHD are the most common severe congenital defects and the least diagnosed by routine obstetric ultrasound, the challenge over recent years has been early screening methods for fetal heart disease, considering the fact that the majority of babies affected by heart disease are born to mothers who do not present the classic indications for fetal echocardiography.</p>
        <p>Older studies have shown a sensibility of up to 40% in the detection of CHD in fetuses with increased nuchal translucency (NT), between weeks 11 and 14 of gestation (above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile). Focusing on fetuses with increased NT and normal karyotype, they demonstrated an incidence of heart disease 5 to 7 times greater in this group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The most recent literature shows a sensibility of about 13.5% for the detection of cardiac abnormalities, being NT &#8805; 3.5 mm considered an indication for fetal echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Doppler flow analysis of the fetal cardiovascular system is also applied to screen CHD that may or not be associated with chromosome diseases. Several studies have argued that abnormal flow of the ductus venosus, i.e., the appearance of the reverse wave during atrial contraction ("a" wave) in fetuses with NT &#8805; 3.5 mm increases the probability of CHD three-fold, whereas a normal flow pattern decreases the risk of heart disease by half.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> The presence of tricuspid regurgitation during the first trimester of pregnancy is highly associated with trisomy. When present in chromosomally normal fetuses, the risk of heart disease is observed to increase eight-fold. The etiology of tricuspid regurgitation in the first semester is uncertain; it is known only that it disappears concomitantly with the normalization of nuchal thickness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.4. Fetal Echocardiography</title>
        <p>Before beginning the examination, it is very important to obtain information regarding gestational age, previous obstetric history, possible maternal disease or use of medications that may increase the risk for CHD, and the formal indication for the study. This will provide the cardiologist with the possible risks for cardiac anomalies.</p>
        <p>The ultrasound system may be specific for echocardiography or ultrasonography, provided with a preset for fetal heart/echocardiography. Convex (ultrasonography) or phased array (echocardiography) transducers allow to obtain good quality images, with the observation that the majority of convex transducers do not provide continuous Doppler, which may be useful in cases of valvular stenosis or regurgitation.</p>
        <p>Volumetric transducers may allow better two-dimensional imaging in obese pregnant women and first trimester examination, but they are not essential in daily practice, being considered sophisticated technology not available in the majority of fetal scanning laboratories.</p>
        <p>After 18 weeks gestation, all cardiac structures may be securely analyzed by the fetal echocardiogram except in cases of poor acoustic windows like obesity, polyhydramnios, oligohydramnios and others. The best images, however, are obtained between weeks 24 and 28, when the heart is larger in size, the fetus continues moving well, and the bones do not constitute a significant ultrasound barrier. It is worth highlighting that early evaluation of the heart may be performed either by transvaginal or transabdominal ultrasound (after week 14); this is usually indicated in pregnancies with high risks of fetal heart disease, especially when screening at the first trimester is indicative of cardiac anomaly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>It is essential that the fetal cardiologist has a basic understanding of ultrasonography concepts, particularly regarding fetal status and position. Before beginning the evaluation of the heart, the position of the fetus must be determined, identifying right and left sides. The main marker of the fetal left side is the stomach. In the event of situs inversus or situs ambiguous, the stomach may be displaced, and should not be used as a marker of the fetal left side.</p>
        <p>The best image of the heart is obtained from the abdomen, sliding the transducer slightly toward the thorax. Although it is also possible to obtain images from the front or the back of the baby, the images obtained from the back may be of inferior quality, especially during the last trimester, when the ossification of the ribs and the spine represents an important barrier to ultrasound passage. In this situation, to improve image quality, one may request patient to lie in left or right lateral decubitus position.</p>
        <p>Polyhydramnios is a condition that may pose great difficulties to perform the examination, since the fetus may be too far from the transducer and move constantly. Perform measurements and place the Doppler sample volume in place to obtain the usual traces may be really challenging. In situation like this, the fetus may be brought closer to the transducer, if the patient lies or her knees and elbows. Maternal obesity also poses difficulties to the technical quality of the study and it is often needed a low-frequency transducer, sometimes such as those used for adult echocardiography with more vigorous compression to the maternal abdomen.</p>
        <p>Once the fetal heart has been identified, only small movements of the transducer are necessary to analyze all the cardiac structures. Considering that the fetal heart is relatively far from the transducer, small movements mean big changes in angle. Fetal echocardiography is considered complete when the heart has been examined from all possible views and planes, including the projections obtained in a conventional postnatal echocardiogram.</p>
        <p>Differently from the recommendations for obstetric screening for cardiac malformations, fetal echocardiography must include transverse and longitudinal views of the fetus, what guarantees different sights of the same structure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The following images should also be included to the 6 transverse levels: long axis of the aortic and ductal arches (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 2.3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">2.4</xref>), bicaval view (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2.5</xref>), and short axis of ventricles and great vessels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figures 2.6</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">2.7</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 2.3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Long axis view of the aortic arch. The shape of the aortic arch is similar to a cane.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 2.4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Longitudinal plane slightly anterior and to the left of the fetus, showing the long axis view of the ductal arch. The ductal arch has a different angle than the aortic and looks like a golf club.</title>
              <p>LPA: left pulmonary artery; PA: pulmonary artery.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 2.5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Longitudinal fetal plane tilting posteriorly, showing the bicaval view.</title>
              <p>IVC: inferior vena cava; RA: right atrium; SVC: superior vena cava.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 2.6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Short-axis of the ventricles. In this plane it is possible to analyze the position of the papillary muscles of the right and left ventricles. It is also of great utility in detecting subtler forms of atrioventricular septal defect when it is presented with two valvular orifices.</title>
              <p>A: anterior; P: posterior; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle; S: stomach.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 2.7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Short axis view of the great vessels. This plane shows the relationship between the great arteries, with the aorta being in the center of the heart and posteriorly and the right ventricular outflow tract surrounding the aorta anteriorly. This is an excellent plane for identifying perimembranous ventricular septal defects and pulmonary obstructions due to the anterior deviation of the infundibular septum observed in the tetralogy of Fallot.</title>
              <p>Ao: aorta; DAo: descending aorta; LPA: left pulmonary artery; PA: pulmonary artery; RPA: right pulmonary artery; RV: right ventricle.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.5. Imaging Techniques Used on Fetal Echocardiography</title>
        <p>Experienced imaging professionals, such as ultrasound specialists, radiologists, or echocardiographers may evaluate the fetal heart with high diagnostic accuracy. However, knowledge of the anatomical, physiological and possible therapeutic algorithms are essential to obtain the most accurate information and counsel the family. To avoid missing information, the international medical societies of echocardiography and ultrasound have established the obligatory contents of a complete fetal echocardiogram.</p>
        <p>Based on the AHA guidelines published in 2014, mandatory elements (Class of Recommendation I), elements whose inclusion is reasonable (Class of Recommendation IIa) or may be reasonable (Class of Recommendation IIb) were distinguished (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2.4</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 2.4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fetal echocardiogram mandatory, optional, and recommended elements</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="70%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Essential, mandatory elements (Class I)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="17">Two-dimensional echocardiographic anatomy</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiovisceral situs</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Cardiac position</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Pericardial effusion</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Systemic and pulmonary venous connections</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Atrial morphology</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Atrial septal morphology</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Atrioventricular connection</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ventricular morphology, size, and comparative analysis of the ventricular sizes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ventricular-arterial connection</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Atrioventricular valves morphology, size, and comparative analysis of the valvular sizes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Semilunar valves morphology, size, comparative analysis of the valvular sizes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ventricular septal morphology</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Great arteries anatomy, size, and comparative analysis of the great arteries sizes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Three vessels and three vessels and trachea views</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Aortic arch morphology</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ductal arch morphology</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Proximal pulmonary arteries</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="10">Color doppler</td>
                <td align="center">Superior and inferior vena cavae</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Foramen ovale</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Atrioventricular valves/ventricular inflows</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Interventricular septum</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Semilunar valves/ventricular outflows</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ductus venosus</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Pulmonary veins</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Great arteries</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Left and right pulmonary arteries</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Aortic and ductal arches</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="8">Pulsed-wave doppler</td>
                <td align="center">Atrioventricular valves/ventricular inflows</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Semilunar valves/ventricular outflows</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ductus venosus</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Umbilical vein</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Umbilical artery</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Pulmonary veins</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Great arteries</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ductal arch</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart rate and rhythm assessment</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Optional elements (classes IIa and IIb)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="9">Cardiac and general biometry</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiothoracic ratio</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Atrial dimensions</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ventricular dimension</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Atrioventricular valve diameters</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Semilunar valve diameters</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ascending aortic and main pulmonary artery diameters</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Aortic and ductal arch diameters</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Branch pulmonary artery diameters</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Fetal biometry</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Color doppler</td>
                <td align="center">Umbilical vein and arteries</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Pulsed-wave doppler</td>
                <td align="center">Superior and inferior vena cavae</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Right and left pulmonary arteries</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Middle cerebral artery</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Other doppler modalities</td>
                <td align="center">Continuous-wave doppler</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Tissue doppler</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Additional cardiac function indexes</td>
                <td align="center">Ventricular shortening fraction</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Myocardial performance index</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Calculation of cardiac output</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3. Stratification of Centers that Work with Fetal Cardiology and their Potential Therapeutic Facilities</title>
      <p>Congenital heart diseases are the most frequently malformations related to morbimortality in infancy, especially during the prenatal period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Its incidence has been estimated as 6 to12 cases per 1,000 live births. During fetal life, it may be up to 5 times higher, being the difference justified by fetal losses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Approximately 50% of cases have early hemodynamic consequences, requiring catheter or surgical interventions during the first year of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Extracardiac malformations may be observed in up to 50%, further increasing pre- and postoperative morbimortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> It is worth highlighting that, in developed countries, treatment for CHD compared to other congenital anomalies, have the highest hospital costs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Over the past years, first-trimester ultrasounds and, widespread use of fetal echocardiography have contributed to increase the rates of fetal diagnosis of CHD and consequently, improve perinatal outcome.</p>
      <p>However, fetal echocardiography has not become universally available in Brazil yet, with the majority of professionals trained in Fetal Cardiology being concentrated in the South and Southeast Regions and a more restricted number in the North, Northeast, and Central-West Regions. In the states located in these latter regions, the availability of this tool is mainly restricted to the capital cities and is of low availability in Brazil's public healthcare system (<italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic>, SUS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There is a decreasing tendency of Brazil's infant mortality rates over the last years, with a 77% decline over 22 years, from 62 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 14 per 1,000 in 2012.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Deaths during the first year of life represent 90% of mortality in the 0-4 age group, with 68% occurring between 0 and 28 days. Congenital cardiac anomalies have been identified as responsible for a significant part of these rates, especially during the neonatal period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> It is estimated that there are approximately 25,700 new cases of CHD per year in Brazil, which are distributed regionally as follows: 2,758 cases in the North Region; 7,570 in the Northeast; 10,112 in the Southeast; 3,329 in the South, and 1,987 in the Central West.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> In 2010, the Live Births Information System (<italic>Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o sobre Nascidos Vivos</italic>, SINASC) of the Ministry of Health, had 1,377 cases of live births with CHD notified. This represents only 5.3% of the estimated number.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There are currently approximately 40 services accredited by the Ministry of Health to perform pediatric cardiac surgery, with a rather heterogeneous distribution, concentrated mainly in the South and Southeast Regions (62%). In accordance with 2002 data from the Brazilian Unified Health System's Department of Informatics (<italic>Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic>, DATASUS), the deficit in cardiac surgery for CHD in the North and Northeast Regions was 93.5% and 77.4%, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> As the implantation of Fetal Cardiology is directly related to pediatric cardiac surgery services, the current situation in Brazil, with respect to fetal diagnosis, continues to be considerably heterogeneous.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to their potential therapeutic facilities, Fetal Cardiology centers were stratified on three specific levels:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Level 1:</bold> Centers that can diagnose structural and functional fetal cardiac anomalies, make the follow-up of the affected fetuses and, stablishe the delivery planning according to the fetal heart disease.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Level 2:</bold> Centers where, in addition to the fetal diagnoses of structural and functional fetal cardiac anomalies, have a multidisciplinary team with obstetricians, pediatric cardiologists, interventional cardiologists, and pediatric cardiac surgeons, and can provide the postnatal therapy.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Level 3:</bold> Centers where, in addition to diagnosis and follow-up of the affected fetuses, have a multidisciplinary team with obstetricians, pediatric cardiologists, interventional cardiologists, and pediatric cardiac surgeons and provide invasive intrauterine interventions.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>Currently, in Brazil, the majority of Pediatric Cardiology centers are considered levels 1 or 2. Intrauterine interventions are restricted to a very small number of fetuses with very specific pathologies and particularities that benefit from fetal therapy. For this reason, the existence of more than 1 or 2 centers with these characteristics in Brazil is not justified.</p>
      <p>It is clear that Brazil needs more Pediatric and Fetal Cardiology centers as well as increase the number of cardiac surgeries and percutaneous interventions. Nevertheless, due to various political and environmental issues, these changes will only occur in medium to long term.</p>
      <p>Aiming to maximize referrals of fetuses with CHD to the existing centers, it is mandatory that all professionals involved in the screening of CHD know how to refer the patient to the appropriate care centers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> When fetuses with CHD are identified in places where there is no appropriate care, the doctor should promptly look for help to refer the patient to a specialized center according to the regulatory flow of the state. If the state has no specific hospital do refer the patient, the local health system should ask for outside treatment (tratamento for a de domic&#237;lio -TFD) which will look for the closest specialized center to take care of the mother and the fetus. This process is nowadays regulated by CNRAC (central nacional de regula&#231;&#227;o da alta complexidade) since directive instructions of the Ministry of Health to organize the health care for high-risk pregnancies were published. It is emphasized here that the high-risk pregnancies are "those in which the life or health of the mother, the fetus, or the newborn has higher chances of being affected when compared to the general population."<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
			</p>
      <p>When fetal cardiologist is dealing with a case of fetal heart disease, he or she needs to define whether there is any need of prenatal intervention or whether the treatment has to be started immediately after birth and if the patient needs to be referred to center levels 2 or 3 available in our country, reminding that not all the centers considered level 2 can treat all types of neonatal anomalies. It is known that HLHS and its variations, for example, have an extremely high fetal incidence, whereas few centers in our country have satisfactory operative results for this anomaly.</p>
      <p>The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3.1</xref> is a flowchart that standardizes the specific care according to the fetal heart disease.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 3.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fetal care flowchart according to the specific fetal heart condition.</title>
            <p>USG: ultrasound.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4. Classification of Fetal Heart Disease</title>
      <p>With the development of fetal medicine as a medical subspecialty and with the recent advances in the ultrasound imaging, the detection of fetuses with congenital malformations has become increasingly frequent, making earlier treatment possible with significant reduction of fetal and neonatal mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> With prenatal diagnosis, diseases with potential risk to have hemodynamic compromise in utero and/or in the neonatal period can be followed up and have the specific pre and postnatal care planned. Taking into account the characteristics of the fetal circulation, it is particularly important to recognize the behavior of the different heart diseases in utero and after birth, identifying those that will require any kind of treatment (use of medications or invasive procedures) or anticipation of the childbirth.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Fetal cardiac disease may be classified as structural or functional. The majority of the structural heart diseases do not have hemodynamic compromise in utero due to the fetal circulation physiology. Clinical manifestations will occur after birth, when the physiological intracardiac shunts close. Cardiomyopathies, conditions like high output fistulas, significant abnormalities of the cardiac rhythm and restricted foramen ovale, ductal constriction or absent ductus venosus may also occur in utero and compromise the fetal hemodynamic requiring prenatal treatment.</p>
      <p>It is important to highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary team involved in the care of fetuses affected by heart diseases, since genetic syndromes or severe extracardiac malformations may be associated and significantly increase postnatal mortality.</p>
      <p>For these reasons, fetal heart diseases were classified into 3 groups according to possible clinical presentation and in utero hemodynamic manifestations and were separated in groups A - structural and B - functional (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 4.1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 4.1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Classification of fetal anomalies according to fetal outcome</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Group</th>
              <th align="center">Fetal outcome</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">Heart diseases without fetal hemodynamic compromise<break/>A. Structural<break/>B. Functional</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">II</td>
              <td align="center">Heart diseases with fetal hemodynamic compromise<break/>A. Structural<break/>B. Functional</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">III</td>
              <td align="center">Heart diseases with poor postnatal prognosis</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>4.1. Group I &#8722; Heart Diseases without Fetal Hemodynamic Compromise</title>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1.1. Structural</title>
          <p>This group includes simple or complex cardiac defects that do not usually present progression or hemodynamic decompensation during the fetal period and, thus, do not require treatment during pregnancy and do not change obstetric management. The main example of this group are diseases with left-to-right shunt, including atrial, ventricular and atrioventricular septal defects, and aortic to pulmonary window; heart diseases with mild obstruction of right or left outflow tracts, such as pulmonary valve stenosis, aortic stenosis, and localized coarctation of the aorta; and complex CHD such as TOF with mild pulmonary flow obstruction, corrected transposition of great arteries, double outlet right ventricle, and univentricular hearts without obstructions or with mild obstructions to systemic and pulmonary outflow tract flows.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1.2. Functional</title>
          <p>This group includes cardiac rhythm abnormalities such as isolated supraventricular extra beats and mild isolated tricuspid regurgitation.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.2. Group II &#8722; Heart Diseases with Fetal Hemodynamic Compromises</title>
        <sec>
          <title>4.2.1. Structural</title>
          <p>This group includes cardiac defects that may compromise the development of cardiac structures throughout gestation, such as critical or total obstruction of the ventricular outflows,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> defects that potentially trigger heart failure due to the presence of severe valvular insufficiency,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> and anomalies that require patent foramen ovale to divert flow from one chamber to the other (atrioventricular valves atresia or stenosis), being the main examples HLHS and tricuspid atresia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> This group requires special attention, and some of the cases may benefit from a fetal cardiac intervention to increase the blood mixture at the atrial level (see the Fetal Interventions Chapter).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.2.2. Functional</title>
          <p>Primary fetal myocardial dysfunctions have various etiologies. They may be caused by myocarditis (usually viral), structural changes in myocardial fibers (noncompacted myocardium, deposit diseases such as mucopolysaccharidoses or glycogenoses), and they may be related to maternal diabetes and genetic conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> Severe cardiac arrhythmias, such as sustained tachyarrhythmias and complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) lead to cardiac chambers dilation, atrioventricular valves regurgitation, and myocardial dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> Tachyarrhythmias are considered emergencies in Fetal Cardiology due to the risk of hydrops and fetal death; being the majority of cases possible to be treated with antiarrhythmic medication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Cardiac tumors are rare. The most prevalent in fetal life is rhabdomyoma. They may be single or multiple and their dimensions increase during fetal life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> Serial echocardiograms are indicated because of the risk of arrhythmias, ventricular outflow obstructions, or cardiac structures compression. Functional abnormalities of the intracardiac shunts may imbalance the distribution of fetal blood flow. Ductal arteriosus constriction, the most frequent, will be detailed discussed in a subsequent chapter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> Restrictions of blood flow through the foramen ovale and agenesis of the ductus venosus are rare conditions. Both evolve with right chamber dilation and may lead to fetal heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> High-output fistulas may lead to cardiac chambers dilation and dysfunction and fetal hydrops. The most frequent are Galen's vein aneurysm, hemangioma, hepatoblastoma, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, vascularized tumors such as sacrococcygeal or cervical teratoma, and the twin-twin transfusion syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref> Severe anemia resulting from viral infection or blood type incompatibilities may lead to heart failure. Fetal hemodynamics may also be compromised by extrinsic fetal heart compressions, such as diaphragmatic hernia, pulmonary cystic adenomatoid malformation, and pericardial tumors. This group needs serial fetal echocardiograms, ideally biweekly, and this interval may be reduced if needed. The cardiovascular profile score, published by Huhta et al should be employed to establish the outcome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.3. Group III &#8722; Fetal Heart Diseases with Limited Postnatal Prognosis</title>
        <p>This group corresponds to very severe heart diseases in which, any therapeutic measurements will result in nearly 100% chance of death. It includes severe forms of left atrial isomerism associated with CAVB, obstruction of both ventricular outflows tracts and myocardial disease, critical obstructive malformations associated with noncompacted myocardium, the worst spectra of Ebstein's anomaly or tricuspid valve dysplasia associated with lung hypoplasia, left ventricular aneurysms with fetal congestive heart failure, and heart diseases associated with chromosomal disorders with limited prognosis (trisomies of 13 and 18). In this group, multidisciplinary follow-up, including psychological support for parents must be prioritized, but delivery may be in a hospital with basic support (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 4.2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 4.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of fetal heart diseases according to their classification</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="90%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Group</th>
                <th align="center">Cardiac anomalies</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IA</td>
                <td align="center">Left to right shunt heart diseases: ASD, VSD, AVSD, and Ao-P window<break/>Diseases with mild outflow tract obstructions: PS, AS, and CoA<break/>Complex congenital heart diseases without significant obstructions of systemic or pulmonary outflow tracts: TOF, complex TGA, DORV, univentricular hearts, and CTGA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IB</td>
                <td align="center">Isolated extrasystoles; mild, isolated TR</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IIA</td>
                <td align="center">Heart diseases with critical obstruction of systemic or pulmonary outflow tracts: PAIVS, Critical PS, Critical AS, and HLHS<break/>Heart diseases that need interatrial shunt: HLHS and variations, TGA, and TA<break/>Heart diseases with severe valve insufficiencies: Ebsteins anomaly and tricuspid valve dysplasia, pulmonary valve agenesis, severe primary or secondary MR, secondary TR, and truncal valve insufficiency</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IIB</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiomyopathies and myocarditis, arrhythmias, obstructive tumors, extrinsic compressions, (CDH and CCAM), ductal constriction, restrictive foramen ovale, ductus venosous agenesis, AVMs, TTTS, and twin gestation with 1 acardiac fetus</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">Severe chromosomal disorders; multiple malformations, cardiac defects that are not correctable, very severe forms of Ebsteins anomaly or tricuspid valve dysplasia with lungs hypoplasia, LV aneurysms, or diverticula associated with fetal hydrops</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Ao-P: aortic to pulmonary; AS: aortic stenosis; ASD: atrial septal defect; AVMs: arteriovenous malformations; AVSD: atrioventricular septal defect; CCAM: congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation; CDH: congenital diaphragmatic hernia; CoA: coarctation of the aorta; CTGA: corrected transposition of great arteries; DORV: double outlet right ventricle; HLHS: hypoplastic left heart syndrome; LV: left ventricle; MR: mitral regurgitation; PAIVS: pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum; PS: pulmonary stenosis; TA: tricuspid atresia; TGA: transposition of great arteries; TOF: tetralogy of Fallot; TR: tricuspid regurgitation; TTTS: twin-twin transfusion syndrome; VSD: ventricular septal defect.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>5. Management of the Main Fetal Heart Diseases</title>
      <p>One of the main challenges for the ultrasound specialist and pediatric cardiologist is to know exactly what to do when they face a fetus with CHD. Because of the fetal physiology characteristics, the majority of cardiac anomalies have a benign outcome in utero. However, at birth, they may become devastating, and require specific treatment immediately after the umbilical cord clamping. On the other hand, mild fetal cardiac abnormalities may be overvalued and lead unnecessary attitudes regarding gestation and delivery conduction, just because of the lack of knowledge of the real impact of the anomalies to the baby's health after birth. Although prenatal diagnosis has been possible for more than 40 years, understanding the behavior of CHD during the pre- and postnatal periods has become clearer over the past last years, thanks to the diagnostic accuracy improvements and to the introduction of fetal therapy that lead to progressive understanding of their natural and modified history. For these reasons, in order to guide the need of delivery and/or treatment in specialized centers, cardiac anomalies were separated into several groups according to their perinatal outcome: with and without hemodynamic compromise, with and without in utero progression, and possible postnatal outcome (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tables 5.1</xref> to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">5.8</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t7">
        <label>Table 5.1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Group IA. Structural fetal heart diseases without in utero hemodynamic compromise, which do not require immediate neonatal care. Class of recommendation/level of evidence: IB.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Heart disease</th>
              <th align="center">In utero outcome</th>
              <th align="center">In utero follow up</th>
              <th align="center">Delivery</th>
              <th align="center">Postnatal assessment</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">VSD<break/>AVSD<break/>ASD<break/>Ao-P window</td>
              <td align="center">Stable</td>
              <td align="center">Repeat the study a few weeks before birth is recommended</td>
              <td align="center">Delivery type according to obstetric indication Level 1 center</td>
              <td align="center">Maternity ward or outpatient clinic</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Ao-P: aortopulmonary; ASD: atrial septal defect; AVSD: atrioventricular septal defect; VSD: ventricular septal defect.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t8">
        <label>Table 5.2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Group IA. Structural fetal heart diseases without in utero hemodynamic compromise that may progress during fetal life and may or may not require immediate neonatal care. Class of recommendation/level of evidence: IB.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Heart disease</th>
              <th align="center">In utero outcome</th>
              <th align="center">In utero follow up</th>
              <th align="center">Delivery</th>
              <th align="center">Postnatal assessment</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">TOF<break/>DORV<break/>Complex<break/>TGA<break/>CTGA<break/>TA</td>
              <td align="center">May progress to significant obstruction to systemic or pulmonary outflow tracts</td>
              <td align="center">After diagnosis, repeat the study every 46 weeks A new study a few weeks before birth is highly recommended</td>
              <td align="center">Delivery type according to obstetric indication<break/>Level 1; Level 2 or 3 centers in case the in utero hemodynamic condition worsens or precipitates immediate neonatal decompensation (significant obstruction of the systemic or pulmonary outflow tracts)</td>
              <td align="center">In all cases, before hospital discharge, cardiac assessment with echocardiogram is required</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>CTGA: corrected transposition of great arteries; DORV: double outlet right ventricle; TA: tricuspid atresia; TOF: tetralogy of Fallot; TGA: transposition of great arteries.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t9">
        <label>Table 5.3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Group IB. Functional fetal heart diseases without in utero hemodynamic compromise, that not require immediate neonatal care. Class of recommendation/level of evidence: IB.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20"/>
            <col width="20"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Heart disease</th>
              <th align="center">In utero outcome</th>
              <th align="center">In utero follow-up </th>
              <th align="center">Delivery</th>
              <th align="center">Postnatal assessment</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Atrial or ventricular extrasystoles<break/>Mild TR</td>
              <td align="center">Stable</td>
              <td align="center">Repeat the study a few weeks before birth is recommended</td>
              <td align="center">Delivery type according to obstetric indication Level 1 center</td>
              <td align="center">Maternity ward or outpatient clinic</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>TR: tricuspid regurgitation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t10">
        <label>Table 5.4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Group IIA. Structural fetal heart diseases with possible in utero hemodynamic compromise and chance of fetal treatment, which require immediate neonatal care. Class of recommendation/level of evidence: IB.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Heart disease</th>
              <th align="center">In utero outcome</th>
              <th align="center">In utero follow-up</th>
              <th align="center">Delivery</th>
              <th align="center">Postnatal assessment</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">PS<break/>PAIVS<break/>AS<break/>Ebsteins anomaly</td>
              <td align="center">Risk of ventricular hypoplasia<break/>Risk of ventricular dysfunction or fetal hydrops<break/>Risk of circular shunt<break/>Risk of fetal arrhythmia</td>
              <td align="center">Repeat the study every 2 to 4 weeks is recommended<break/>If signs of in utero progression, consider fetal intervention between 22 and 32 weeks<break/>If circular shunt, consider induced ductal constriction</td>
              <td align="center">Without hydrops, induced vaginal delivery or programmed C-section With hydrops, programmed C-section<break/>Level 2 or 3 center</td>
              <td align="center">Immediate neonatal cardiac assessment<break/>PAIVS requires neonatal treatment<break/>Severe or critical PS and AS, may require neonatal treatment<break/>Ebsteins anomaly needs treatment if pulmonary atresia and lung hypoplasia</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>AS: aortic stenosis; PAIVS: pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum; PS: pulmonary stenosis.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t11">
        <label>Table 5.5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Group IIA. Structural fetal heart diseases that inevitably require neonatal care. Class of recommendation/level of evidence: IB.17,41,57-59</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Heart disease</th>
              <th align="center">In utero outcome</th>
              <th align="center">In utero follow-up</th>
              <th align="center">Delivery</th>
              <th align="center">Postnatal assessment</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Simple TGA<break/>HLHS<break/>IAA<break/>Severe CoA<break/>TAPVR<break/>Truncus<break/>Complex heart diseases with severely restricted systemic or pulmonary outflow tracts</td>
              <td align="center">FO may be restrictive during gestation<break/> Although they are complex heart diseases, they tend to remain stable, without hemodynamic compromise during gestation</td>
              <td align="center">Repeat study every 4 to 6 weeks is recommended<break/>In HLHS or anatomical variations with restrictive ASD, consider fetal intervention Perform a new evaluation a few weeks before delivery</td>
              <td align="center">Induced vaginal delivery or programmed C-section Level 2 or 3 center</td>
              <td align="center">Immediate neonatal cardiac evaluation<break/>The majority are duct dependent CHD and require prostaglandin infusion + interventional or surgical treatment during the first week of life TAPVR and Truncus are diseases with early presentation of HF and PH, and thus require treatment during the first weeks of life, even when they are not duct dependent</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <p>CoA: coarctation of the aorta; FO: foramen ovale; HF: heart failure; HLHS: hypoplastic left heart syndrome; IAA: interrupted aortic arch; PH: pulmonary hypertension; TAPVR: total anomalous pulmonary venous return; TGA: transposition of great arteries.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t12">
        <label>Table 5.6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Group IIB. Functional fetal heart diseases with hemodynamic compromise. Class of recommendation/level of evidence: IIb C.17,41,57-59</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Heart disease</th>
              <th align="center">In utero outcome</th>
              <th align="center">In utero follow up</th>
              <th align="center">Delivery</th>
              <th align="center">Postnatal assessment</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Restricted FO<break/>Ductal constriction<break/>Pericardial effusion<break/>Extrinsic compressions<break/>Anemia<break/>High-output AV fistulas<break/>TTTS</td>
              <td align="center">May evolve with ventricular dysfunction or fetal hydrops</td>
              <td align="center">Serial echocardiogram every 4 to 6 weeks is recommended<break/>May need fetal treatment</td>
              <td align="center">With hydrops, programmed C-section;<break/>Without hydrops, induced vaginal delivery or programmed C-section<break/>Level 2 or 3 centers<break/>Evaluate the need for preterm delivery</td>
              <td align="center">Immediate neonatal cardiac evaluation<break/>May require clinical, interventional or surgical treatment immediately after birth</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <p>AV: arteriovenous; FO: foramen ovale; TTTS: twin-twin transfusion syndrome.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t13">
        <label>Table 5.7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Group IIB. Nonstructural fetal heart diseases which may evolve with hemodynamic compromise. Class of recommendation/level of evidence: I C.17,41,57-59</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Heart disease</th>
              <th align="center">In utero outcome</th>
              <th align="center">In utero follow up</th>
              <th align="center">Delivery</th>
              <th align="center">Postnatal assessment</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Cardiomyopathies<break/>Arrhythmias<break/>Tumors</td>
              <td align="center">May evolve with fetal hydrops<break/>May require medical treatment</td>
              <td align="center">Frequent follow-up (weekly or biweekly), depending on diagnosis and hemodynamic compromise</td>
              <td align="center">Vaginal delivery in a level 1 center if well controlled tachyarrhythmias or cardiomyopathies without fetal hemodynamic compromise;<break/>Programmed C-section in a level 2 or 3 center in cases of arrhythmia or hydrops which have not been resolved in utero</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiac management according to diagnosis<break/>Treatment is usually with medication, with the exception of some tumors which need to be removed due to obstructive or compressive character, which compromises hemodynamics</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t14">
        <label>Table 5.8</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Group III. Fetal heart diseases associated with genetic syndromes or extracardiac malformations. Class of recommendation/level of evidence: IIb C.17,41,57-59</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Heart disease</th>
              <th align="center">In utero outcome</th>
              <th align="center">In utero follow up</th>
              <th align="center">Delivery</th>
              <th align="center">Postnatal assessment</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Multiple malformations<break/>Associative syndromes<break/>Trisomies<break/>Triploidy<break/>Other genetic anomalies</td>
              <td align="center">May evolve with fetal hydrops depending on the genetic of extracardiac anomaly</td>
              <td align="center">Depends on fetal or neonatal viability and extracardiac anomalies prognosis</td>
              <td align="center">For non-viable fetuses or newborns, delivery may be in a level 1 center, preferably by spontaneous vaginal birth.<break/>For viable fetuses or newborns, delivery may be vaginal or programmed C-section in a level 2 or 3 center<break/>Consider palliative care team support</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiac management according to prognosis of associated anomalies or chromosome diseases</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6. Fetal Ductal Constriction: Treatment and Prevention</title>
      <p>Fetal circulation has specific characteristics, differing morphologically and functionally from extrauterine circulation. Anatomically, the ductus arteriosus is part of the right ventricular outflow tract, playing a essential role in directing blood flow to lower portions of the fetus. Basically, the ductus arteriosus carries 80-85% of right ventricular output to the descending aorta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref> It's histological structure is composed of a thick muscle layer, which increases with gestational age. Its constrictive mechanism is facilitated by the circumferential orientation of muscular fibers, especially those of the external layer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref> Due to these histological characteristics, its patency is measured by multiple factors. Luminal abnormalities may cause severe fetal and neonatal complications, such as heart failure, hydrops, persistent neonatal pulmonary hypertension, and death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Typically, maternal use of indomethacin and/or other anti-inflammatory medications interferes with the metabolism of prostaglandins (PG), causing ductal constriction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref> Many causes of ductal constriction and neonatal pulmonary hypertension, however, are not related to the use of these substances and are classified as idiopathic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A growing amount of evidence has recently shown that herbs, fruits, nuts, and a wide variety of substances commonly consumed as part of a daily diet affect the inflammatory cascade, culminating in reduced PG synthesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref> This anti-inflammatory action, especially of polyphenols, when ingested during the third trimester of gestation, influences the dynamics of the fetal ductus arteriosus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1. Prevalence, Diagnosis, Clinical Consequences, and Prognosis of Fetal Ductus Arteriosus Constriction</title>
        <p>The prevalence of ductal constriction detected in a convenience sample of 16,079 records of fetal echocardiograms performed during the third trimester of gestation, over a period of 11 years, excluding all other concomitant anomalies, in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil was 2.7% (435 cases). During this period, there were 207,323 live births; the sample thus represented 7.75% of births.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Experimental studies have shown that fetal ductal constriction results in an increase in the medial layer of the pulmonary artery, which leads to a secondary increase in pulmonary vascular resistance in utero.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref> Thus, the majority of studies on persistent pulmonary hypertension are based on the experimental model of fetal ductal constriction induced by the administration of indomethacin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref> Moderate or chronic ductal constrictions lead to pulmonary hypertension due to the increase in the medial layer and consequent increase in pulmonary artery constriction. This sustained increase in right ventricular afterload may lead to morphological, functional, and histological modifications in the right ventricular myocardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref> Ventricular dysfunction in cases related to maternal medication ingestion may be completely reverted following its interruption. The persistence of the dysfunction, however, may even lead to myocardial ischemia with papillary dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref> Fetal cardiac dysfunction is described as one of the characteristics of fetal ductal closure and, in severe cases, the possibility of anticipation the childbirth should be considered, once fetal pulmonary maturity is reached.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref> Postnatal clinical outcome depends on the severity of in utero right ventricular failure and response to the increased pulmonary vascular resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Long-term prognosis is uncertain; however, in cases with favorable initial outcome, there usually are no chronic complications. Nevertheless, after fetal heart failure, functional modifications may persist during the neonatal period, even in those with benign outcome.</p>
        <p>Echocardiographic diagnosis of fetal ductal constriction is based on the presence of turbulent flow in the ductus, with an increase in systolic velocity (&gt; 1.4 m/s), increase in diastolic velocity (&gt; 0.3 m/s), and decrease in pulsatility index (PI) (&lt; 2.2). In the first publication, the cutoff point for PI was 1.9.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref> Recent studies, however, have considered a higher threshold.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref> With the increased afterload secondary to ductal constriction, the heart shows symptoms of growth in earlier stages, hypertrophic response, with hyperplasia (substituted by apoptosis), increased right chamber proportions, increased pulmonary artery to aorta ratio, and interventricular septum bulging into the left ventricle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref> It is important to highlight that the diagnosis of ductal constriction and the evaluation of its severity cannot be established solely in terms of categorical variables of the "yes/no" sort, but are based rather on continuous variables, with a spectrum of circulation compromise (mild, moderate, or severe) which has been summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t15">Table 6.1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t15">
          <label>Table 6.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagnostic criteria and classification according to the severity of ductal constriction</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Criteria</th>
                <th align="center">1 point each</th>
                <th align="center">2 points each</th>
                <th align="center">3 points each</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Systolic velocity, m/s</td>
                <td align="center">1.401.69</td>
                <td align="center">1.701.99</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 2.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Diastolic velocity, m/s</td>
                <td align="center">0.300.34</td>
                <td align="center">0.350.39</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 0.40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Pulsatility index</td>
                <td align="center">2.22.1</td>
                <td align="center">2.01.9</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 1.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">RV:LV ratio</td>
                <td align="center">1.301.59</td>
                <td align="center">1.601.79</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 1.80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">PA:Ao ratio</td>
                <td align="center">1.301.59</td>
                <td align="center">1.601.79</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 1.80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Septal bulging to the left</td>
                <td align="center">0 +/4</td>
                <td align="center">++/4</td>
                <td align="center">+++/4 ++++/4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Tricuspid regurgitation</td>
                <td align="center">0 +/4</td>
                <td align="center">++/4</td>
                <td align="center">+++/4 ++++/4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>Ao: aorta; LV: left ventricle; PA: pulmonary artery; RV: right ventricle.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The scores are classified as followed:</p>
        <p>Mild constriction: 3-7 points, the first 3 criteria being required</p>
        <p>Moderate constriction: 8-14 points, the first 3 criteria being required</p>
        <p>Severe constriction: &gt; 15 points, the first 3 criteria being required.</p>
        <p>As the vasoconstrictor effect in the ductus arteriosus is dose-dependent,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref> the disappearance of hemodynamic abnormalities and non-development of fetal/neonatal cardiac dysfunction are common after the use interruption of constrictor substances.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref> Even in severe cases of ductal constriction following use of substances that inhibit PG, their use interruption reduces systolic and diastolic ductal velocities, with improvements of the abnormal hemodynamics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref> There are no reports of important spontaneous reversal of ductal constriction without the removal of the causal factor.</p>
        <p>In more severe cases, preterm delivery may be necessary, with immediate neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation measures. Although the relationship between the duration of the prenatal condition of ductal constriction and the prevalence and severity of neonatal pulmonary hypertension has yet to be defined, ideally it should be as short as possible. The moment of preterm delivery, thus, takes into account fetal pulmonary maturity, the severity of the of ductal constriction presentation and its progressive nature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref> To allow for recovery and early resolution of the process, it is obviously crucial to remove the cause immediately.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.2. The Role of Anti-Inflammatory Substances in the Genesis of Fetal Ductal Constriction</title>
        <p>The action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) results from PG synthesis inhibition caused by the inactivation of the cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) and 2 (COX-2) enzymes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref> This inhibitory effect reduces the formation of PGG2 and PGF2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref> The use of this class of medication for treating premature birth, preeclampsia, and restricted growth in utero has made it possible to evaluate its effects on COX and ductal constriction.</p>
        <p>Indomethacin is the most studied NSAID medication. Its effect on COX is reversible after excretion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref> It crosses the placental barrier freely, as early as in the second gestational trimester.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref> Fetal response to indomethacin, however, is individual, varying in studies with twin fetuses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref> Reports of constrictions before 27 weeks gestation are rare; however, they have occurred as early as week 22<sup>nd</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref> Other PG synthesis inhibitors are involved in fetal ductal constriction, with well documented dose-dependent effects, for example, in dipyrone, paracetamol, scopolamine, fluoxetine, paroxetine and sertraline.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Glucocorticoids also affect ductal patency. Their effects occur through the reduction of PG formation and ductal sensitivity to PGE2, with dose-dependent effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref> Concomitant use with indomethacin has a synergetic effect that duplicates the incidence of fetal ductal constriction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">114</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.3. Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Action of Polyphenols</title>
        <p>The main action of phenolic compounds or polyphenols is described in the literature as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, demonstrating positive effects on cardiovascular health, cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The antioxidant capacity of these compounds is essential to the organism in neutralizing the action of oxygen-reactive species,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref> which, when produced excessively and not destroyed by endogenous defense, may interact with DNA, proteins, and lipids, culminating in the development of diseases such as cancer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120">120</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Polyphenols play an important role in inhibiting the inflammatory cascade, with actions similar to that of NSAID, and are able to interfere with PG synthesis. The inflammatory cascade is initiated by the activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), stimulated, for example, by compounds such as thrombin, bradykinin, or epinephrine, upon membrane receptor binding. Activated PLA2 hydrolizes arachidonic acid (AA), or other similar polyunsaturated fatty acids, from membrane phospholipids. AA, in its turn, through the action of the COX-2 enzyme, initiates the formation cascade of PG and thromboxane (TX). Some NSAID, such as indomethacin, for example, inhibit the inflammatory cascade via inhibitory action of COX-2, a mechanism that has been studied in order to explain the similar effect of polyphenols in this process.</p>
        <p>Polyphenols have their anti-inflammatory effects through a variety of molecular targets, which may be divided into 2 pathways: AA-dependent and AA-independent. COX, lipoxigenase, and PLA2 are AA-dependent inflammatory mediators. The activation of these proteins leads to the release of AA (a starting point for general inflammatory response) which promotes the release of pro-inflammatory molecules.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">114</xref> On the other hand, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) promote inflammation through AA-independent pathways.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.4. Summary of Evidence for Ductal Constriction Management</title>
        <p>A cornerstone of treating and preventing ductal constriction during fetal life is the reduction of fetal exposure to agents that interfere with the biosynthesis of PGE1, and PGE2.</p>
        <p>The metabolic chain of PG production can be inhibited on different levels, such as in the decrease of AA production from phospholipids, by PLA2 inhibition, as is the case with corticosteroids, in the reduction of the transformation of AA to PGG2, measured by inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2, by maternal use of NSAID or consumption of polyphenol-rich foods, and by the inhibition of isomerase, which is responsible for the synthesis of PG, TX, and prostacyclin.</p>
        <p>The inhibitory effect of NSAID on PG biosynthesis has been broadly demonstrated. Meta-analysis conducted in a systematic review of 25 randomized clinical trials, which evaluated the risk of fetal ductal constriction in pregnant women exposed and not exposed to NSAID, concluded that the risk of ductal constriction is 15 times greater in acutely exposed fetuses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Multiple randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses have established that polyphenols, in the various forms in which they are present in food, have a definite anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action, which culminates in the inhibition of circulating PG, with diversified clinical outcomes.</p>
        <p>In 2015, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) published its official recommendations for gestational nutrition. One point in the section, "Exposures to avoid" reads:</p>
        <p>"In late pregnancy, women <bold>should avoid</bold> high intakes of herbal teas and polyphenol-rich foods, which have been associated with effects on the fetal ductus arteriosus brought about by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis." (italics ours)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Specifically regarding the results of "abnormal ductal flow and ductal constriction" in fetuses exposed to a maternal diet rich in polyphenols, studies developed in Brazil, on all levels of the evidence pyramid, from experimental to case control studies, have unequivocally demonstrated the following:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Consumption of green tea, yerba mate, and grape juice, which are sources of high concentrations of polyphenols, causes ductal constriction in experimental models of sheep fetuses in the final trimester of gestation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">121</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>There is a cause-effect relationship between maternal consumption of green tea and ductal constriction during the third trimester of gestation in experimental models of sheep fetuses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>High maternal consumption of polyphenols induces fetal ductal constriction in sheep, with increased urinary excretion of total polyphenols and abnormalities in oxidative stress biomarkers, which characterize the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions of polyphenols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>An experimental single-dose of cocoa administered to rats during the third trimester of gestation caused ductal constriction equivalent to that caused by indomethacin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123">123</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Normal human fetuses during the third trimester, when exposed to maternal consumption of polyphenols above the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile of the average population, exhibit worse ductus arteriosus flow dynamics and increased right-to-left ventricular diameter ratios (higher ductal flow velocities and larger right ventricular diameters), in comparison with those exposed to maternal consumption of polyphenols below the 25<sup>th</sup> percentile.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Normal human fetuses submitted to guided nutritional intervention (restriction of polyphenol-rich foods) in the third trimester showed, after 2 weeks, decreased ductal systolic and diastolic velocities, increased pulsatility index, and decreased right-to-left ventricular and pulmonary artery to aorta ratios, whereas these parameters did not change during the same period in control fetuses who were not submitted to the intervention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Human fetuses with ductal constriction during the third trimester showed, in more than 95% of cases, reversion of the echocardiographic signs of this condition, as well as its hemodynamic compromise, after 3 weeks of a restricted in polyphenols diet, whereas there were no changes in the parameters evaluated in fetuses controls of the same gestational age, who did not receive a nutritional intervention with restricted maternal intake of polyphenols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Polyphenol supplementation capsules inhibit physiological increase of PGE2 and other markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women of childbearing age using combined hormonal contraceptives.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124">124</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Dietary intervention to restrict maternal consumption of polyphenol-rich foods in the third trimester in cases of fetuses with ductal constriction is accompanied by an increase in plasma levels of PGE2, with improvements in the condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125">125</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A 52-item food frequency questionnaire for quantifying consumption of polyphenol-rich foods in pregnant women, whose validity and reproducibility were evaluated in the South of Brazil, may be used in clinical practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.5. Conclusions</title>
        <sec>
          <title>6.5.1. Recommendations for Ductal Constriction Treatment</title>
          <p>When ductal constriction is diagnosed in the fetal echocardiogram, the complete use interruption of NSAID should be recommended, in addition to the restriction of polyphenol-rich foods, made up of products with a concentration &#8805; 30 mg/100 g of food, in accordance with the recommendations in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">table 6.2</xref>, intending to maintain balanced diet that includes all necessary micronutrients during this gestational period, reducing, however, the concentration of total polyphenols below 125 mg per day, or to the 25<sup>th</sup> consumption percentile<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref> (Class of recommendation: I; level of evidence: A). If possible, consumption of other medications with potential anti-inflammatory actions (corticosteroids,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref> aspirin,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref> dipyrone,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> fluoxetine,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref> paroxitine, sertraline,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref> isoxsuprine,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref> and naphazoline),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref> their use interruption may be considered (Class of recommendation: IIa; level of evidence: C). In cases in which there is no reversal of ductal constriction and its consequences after initiation of treatment, preterm delivery may be considered, provided that fetal pulmonary maturity has been established (Class of recommendation: IIb; level of evidence: C).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t16">
            <label>Table 6.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recommendations for polyphenol-rich foods restriction after 28 weeks gestation for ductal constriction treatment</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Restricted foods</th>
                  <th align="center">Alternatives options</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Raw beets: consume no more than 2 tablespoons/day</td>
                  <td align="center">Cooked beets or carrots</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Lettuce: consume no more than 10 medium-sized leaves/day</td>
                  <td align="center">It is ideal to consume less</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Red/purple plums, unpeeled: consume no more than 1 small unit/day</td>
                  <td align="center">Pineapples, pears, and peeled red apples</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Blackberries/mulberries: consume no more than 1/2 cup/day</td>
                  <td align="center">Pineapples, acerolas, and limes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Red apples, unpeeled: do not eat the peel</td>
                  <td align="center">Green apples or peeled red apples</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Oranges/orange juice: do not consume</td>
                  <td align="center">Pineapples, acerolas, limes, and tangerines<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Papaya: consume no more than 1 slice/day (formosa variety)</td>
                  <td align="center">Guavas, acerolas, limes, and tangerines<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Strawberries: consume no more than 2 larges units/day</td>
                  <td align="center">Pineapple, acerolas, limes, and tangerines<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Red/purple/pink grapes/grape juice: do not consume</td>
                  <td align="center">White grapes, pears, and peeled apples</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Green tea: do not consume</td>
                  <td align="center">Fruit teas (teabags)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Black tea: do not consume</td>
                  <td align="center">Fruit teas (teabags)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Boldo tea: do not consume</td>
                  <td align="center">Fruit teas (teabags)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Coffee: do not consume</td>
                  <td align="center">---</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Yerba mate: do not consume</td>
                  <td align="center">---</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dark/milk/bittersweet chocolate: do not consume</td>
                  <td align="center">White chocolate</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Cocoa powder: do not consume</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Olive oil: do not consume</td>
                  <td align="center">Canola oil</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Green herbs: consume no more than 12 teaspoons/day</td>
                  <td align="center">Other natural spices</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Consume in moderation. When consuming a restricted food, consume no more than once daily, and do not exceed the quantities described in the table. Source: Adapted from Arnt et al.<sup>127</sup></p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.5.2. Recommendations for Ductal Constriction Prevention</title>
          <p>In order to prevent fetal ductal constriction, pregnant women should be recommended not to use NSAID during the third trimester of gestation, regardless of the route of administration (Class of recommendation: I; level of evidence: A). It is also considered to recommend that they avoid using other medications with possible anti-inflammatory effects (corticosteroids,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref> aspirin,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref> dipyrone, fluoxetine,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref> paroxetine, sertraline,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref> isoxsuprine,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref> and naphazoline)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref> (Class of recommendation: IIa; level of evidence: C). It is sufficient to recommend moderate maternal polyphenol-rich foods consumption during the third trimester of gestation, i.e., below the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile of consumption,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref> or limiting consumption of foods with concentrations above 30 mg per 100 g, in accordance with the food pyramid shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 6.1</xref>. Reduced daily consumption of polyphenols below 1,089 mg (75<sup>th</sup> percentile) maintains an acceptable diet for nutritional needs during this period of gestation (Class of recommendation: IIa; level of evidence: C). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figures 6.2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">6.3</xref>, respectively, show recommendations for treatment and prevention of fetal ductal constriction.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figure 6.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Food pyramid.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figure 6.2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Recommendations for fetal ductal constriction treatment during the third gestational trimester.</title>
                <p>In cases in which there is no reversal of the ductal constriction and its consequences after initiation of treatment, preterm delivery may be considered, since fetal pulmonary maturity has been established. Class of recommendation: IIb; Level of evidence: C.</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf10.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figure 6.3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Recommendations for fetal ductal constriction prevention during the third gestational trimester.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf11.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>7. Fetal Cardiac Arrhythmias: Diagnosis and Treatment</title>
      <p>Screening programs for detecting prenatal cardiac abnormalities developed over the past 3 decades, improved the understanding of fetal cardiac rhythm abnormalities. Since fetal arrhythmias may severely compromise the gestation outcome, it is very important to diagnose, recognize the mechanisms, hemodynamic consequences, and the fetal cardiac morphology for perinatal therapy planning.</p>
      <p>Fetal cardiac rhythm abnormalities affect approximately 0.5-2% of pregnancies, and are responsible for 10-20% of referrals for in utero cardiac examination. The ectopic beats are the most prevalent rhythm irregularities seen during fetal heart. They are usually benign however, may potentially trigger a sustained supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) especially when they are blocked. Some fetal cardiac arrhythmias, however, are considered emergencies in Fetal Cardiology, requiring early diagnosis and treatment and have determinant impact on perinatal morbidity and mortality. Complete heart block (CAVB), atrial flutter (AF), and SVT may have severe consequences for the fetus clinical status.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128">128</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1. Fetal Cardiac Rhythm and Fetal Cardiac Arrhythmias</title>
        <p>During fetal echocardiography, heart rate and rhythm are assessed with simultaneous examination of the atrial and ventricular systoles employing M-mode, two-dimensional echocardiography and pulsed-wave Doppler with or without color flow mapping. Cardiac rhythm is considered normal when the ratio of atrial and ventricular contractions is 1:1, with heart rate ranging from 120 to 180 bpm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref>
				</p>
        <p>M-mode allows to evaluate the movement of the posterior atrial wall (atrial systole or A wave), concomitantly with aortic valve opening (ventricular systole or V wave). This trace is obtained from the longitudinal two-dimensional image of the heart, with the cursor positioned crossing the right ventricle, the aortic valve and the LA. Sinus rhythm is identified when, for each movement of the left atrial wall (A wave), there is a corresponding opening movement of the aortic valve (V wave), i.e., 1:1 atrioventricular (A:V) conduction. Positioning the cursor simultaneously across the atrial (A wave) and ventricular (V wave) wall may also be employed. Color M-mode facilitates the identification of aortic flow during ventricular systole and may also be used to identify left atrial activity from mitral flow.</p>
        <p>The atrioventricular sequence may also be assessed positioning the pulsed Doppler sample volume between the left ventricular inflow and outflow tracts, thus recording the mitral (A wave) and aortic (V wave) flows. Additionally, the sample volume may be placed between the SVC and the aorta in the 3 vessels view. The SVC "A" wave reversal flow represents the atrial contraction (A wave), and the aortic flow represents ventricular systole (V wave). The same concept can be used with the Doppler sample volume placed at the same time reaching the pulmonary artery and vein flows.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.2. Extrasystoles</title>
        <p>Extrasystoles occur in 1-3% of pregnancies. They are, usually, benign, with no consequences for the fetus. In the setting of bigeminy, trigeminy, or very frequent extrasystoles (1 for every 3-5 fetal heartbeats), differential diagnosis with ventricular extrasystoles, long QT syndrome, and second-degree atrioventricular block may be difficult. The presence of blocked bigeminy increases the risk of SVT triggering.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>7.2.1. Isolated Supraventricular Extrasystoles</title>
          <p>Correspond to premature atrial contractions (A wave), that may or may not be followed by ventricular activity (conducted or blocked, respectively). They may occur with bi- or trigeminy, compensatory pauses, or in series. They are considered benign arrhythmias, and do not require treatment. About 1% of conducted ectopic beats may trigger tachyarrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.2.2. Ventricular Extrasystoles</title>
          <p>Ventricular extrassystoles are ventricular ectopic beats that are not related to atrial activity.</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t17">Table 7.1</xref> shows the summary of in utero management of irregular rhythms.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t17">
            <label>Table 7.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>In utero management of irregular rhythm</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="30%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Diagnosis</th>
                  <th align="center">Cause</th>
                  <th align="center">In utero management </th>
                  <th align="center">GOR/LOE</th>
                  <th align="center">Comments</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Second-degree AVB</td>
                  <td align="center">Autoimmune</td>
                  <td align="center">Dexamethasone</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
                  <td align="center">This may stop progression to CAVB</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Structural CHD</td>
                  <td align="center">Weekly follow-up</td>
                  <td align="center">I/C</td>
                  <td align="center">If possible, perform FMCG to rule out LQTS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Channelopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">Weekly follow-up</td>
                  <td align="center">I/C</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">VPC or frequent APC</td>
                  <td align="center">Idiopathic</td>
                  <td align="center">Observation with obstetric evaluation of fetal HR weekly until the arrhythmia is resolved (bigeminy, trigeminy, or 1 ES at every 35 beats)</td>
                  <td align="center">I/A</td>
                  <td align="center">2% also have first- or second-degree AVB</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Oval fossa aneurysm</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">For APC, there is a 0.51% risk of developing SVT</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">For VPC, the risk of developing VT is unknown</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Most episodes are benign and of short duration</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Evaluate secondary causes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Secondary causes</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">VPC or frequent APC</td>
                  <td align="center">Myocarditis</td>
                  <td align="center">Observation with evaluation of FHR at weekly intervals</td>
                  <td align="center">I/C</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Frequent evaluation (every 12 week) of heart function and other parameters of fetal CHF</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Cardiac tumors</td>
                  <td align="center">Observation with obstetric evaluation of FHR weekly</td>
                  <td align="center">I/C</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Ventricular or atrial diverticula or aneurysm</td>
                  <td align="center">Observation with FHR assessment by OB weekly</td>
                  <td align="center">I/C</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Maternal stimulants</td>
                  <td align="center">Observation with FHR assessment by OB</td>
                  <td align="center">I/C</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>APC: atrial premature contractions; AVB: atrioventricular block; CAVB: complete atrioventricular block; CHD: congenital heart disease; CHF: congestive heart failure; FHR: fetal heart rate; FMCG: fetal magnetocardiography; GOR: grade of recommendation; LOE: level of evidence; LQTS: long QT syndrome; SVT: supraventricular tachycardia; VPC: ventricular premature contraction; VT: ventricular tachycardia. Source: adapted from Donofrio et al.<sup>17</sup></p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.3. Fetal Bradycardia</title>
        <p>Fetal bradycardia is considered when the fetal heart rate of &lt; 110 bpm. When treatment is necessary, it is important to identify its cause and mechanism.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>7.3.1. Sinus Bradycardia</title>
          <p>Sinus bradycardia is diagnosed when the heart rate is &lt; 110 bpm with a 1:1 A:V conduction. It is usually a vagal response secondary to hypoxia or umbilical cord compression by the transducer. It also may occur due to maternal illnesses. When transitory, they are commonly benign and do not require treatment. However, persistent bradycardia indicates fetal abnormality and its causes should be treated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134">134</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.3.2. Low Atrial Rhythm</title>
          <p>The main mechanisms of low atrial rhythm include congenital displacement of atrial activation, acquired damage of the sinoatrial node, channelopathy, and secondary suppression of sinus node rate. Left and right atrial isomerism can occur, with fetal heart rate varying from 80 to 130 bpm. Situations that may cause sinus node fibrosis, such as maternal anti-Ro/anti-LA antibodies or viral myocarditis, may occur with progression to fetal death. Additionally, maternal use of medications, such as sedatives or betablockers, may reduce the sinus node rate. Low atrial rhythm does not require treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.3.3. Blocked Atrial Bigeminy</title>
          <p>Blocked atrial bigeminy occur with a heart rate ranging from 75 to110 bpm in a 2:1 atrioventricular conduction. They do not require treatment. It is known, however, that approximately 10-13% may evolve to SVT; weekly evaluation of fetal heartbeats is thus recommended by echocardiogram or sonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.3.4. Complete Atrioventricular Block</title>
          <p>CAVB results in complete dissociation between atrial and ventricular activity, with heart rates usually below 60 bpm. In 50-55% of cases, malformation of the conduction system occurs, as a consequence of structural heart diseases, such as congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries and left atrial isomerism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B143">143</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref> In about 40% of the cases, it occurs due to maternal autoimmune diseases that present with anti-SSA/SSB (anti-Ro/LA antibodies).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147">147</xref>
					</p>
          <p>The risk increases in the presence of anti-Ro 52-kd (sequence p200) antibodies, that cannot be tested in Brazil yet.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147">147</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153">153</xref> In a minority of cases, no etiology is identified. Fetuses without hydrops and with heart rate above 55 bpm have good prognoses. In immature fetuses, with very early hydrops and heart rates below 50 bpm, prognosis is more limited. Fetuses with CAVB and structural heart diseases, such as left atrial isomerism, have a poor prognoses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B145">145</xref>
					</p>
          <p>In mothers with autoimmune diseases, it is recommended to test maternal anti-SSA/RO antibodies. If positive, and the fetus is in sinus heart rhythm, weekly measurements of the AV interval (mechanical PR interval) are recommended, from weeks 18 to 26. This measurement should be taken employing pulsed-wave Doppler, evaluating mitral and aortic flows simultaneously, from the beginning of the mitral A wave ("A") to the beginning of the ventricular systole ("V").<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref> Myocardial function should be monitored every 4 weeks up to delivery (grade of recommendation: I; level of evidence: C) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 7.1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B154">154</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f12">
              <label>Figure 7.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Suggested approach for pregnant women with positive antibodies, without fetal CAVB.</title>
                <p>CAVB: complete atrioventricular block; ms: miliseconds.</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf12.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Although controversial, treatment with dexamethasone at a dose of 4-8 mg orally can be started to cases where the AV interval is &gt; 150 milliseconds or when it increases progressively. Some groups have shown to be beneficial the treatment of immune CAVB with maternal dexamethasone (4-8 mg orally) and/or intravenous gammaglobulin infusion,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149">149</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B158">158</xref> observing reduced inflammatory response, stabilization of first- and second-degree AVB, regression of endocardial fibroelastosis and hydrops improvement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B145">145</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B151">151</xref>
					</p>
          <p>However, the use of corticosteroids may be associated with complications, such as ductal constriction, maternal diabetes, restricted growth, and oligohydramnios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149">149</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B161">161</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Dexamethasone may be used to treat first- and second-degree AVB associated with signs of myocardial inflammation (myocardial hyperechogenicity, valve regurgitation, cardiac dysfunction, and pericardial effusion) to prevent progressing to CAVB, however the efficiency of corticosteroids has not been completely established and one may consider its possible side effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref> In fetuses with CAVB without functional consequences, dexamethasone may also be used to reduce the prevalence of dilated cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref> Whenever significant side effects occur in the mother or the fetus, the use of the medication should be interrupted. Intravenous immunoglobulin associated with dexamethasone may improve survival in fetuses with endocardial fibroelastosis or systolic dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149">149</xref> It is not yet known, however, when is the ideal moment for administration and the ideal intervals between doses. There is no recommendation regarding the prophylactic use of immunoglobulin at the beginning of gestation for mothers with positive antibodies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160">160</xref>
					</p>
          <p>The use of salbutamol, terbutaline, or isoprenaline is indicated when heart rate is &lt; 55 bpm and/or in the presence of fetal heart failure and hydrops.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B157">157</xref> These medications are usually well tolerated. Maternal extrasystole and sinus tachycardia may appear.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B161">161</xref> There is an increase in fetal heart rate of approximately 10 to 15% of the basal frequency, and, although small, it may prolong the gestation to or close to term. There are no studies demonstrating that these medications modify fetal survival in these cases. In immature fetuses with hydrops, with very low heart rate, in utero implantation of a pacemaker may be considered. This procedure continues to have technical limitations and is still undergoing experimental studies.</p>
          <p>Indications for delivery should be analyzed based on the degree of fetal manifestations. In fetuses with significant hydrops, with ventricular rate &lt; 50 bpm and pulmonary maturity (after week 34 of gestation), delivery should be considered, with immediate postnatal pacemaker implant.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref> In fetuses before week 26 of gestation, with heart rate &lt; 45 bpm and hydrops, in utero pacemaker implant, still in experimental phase, may be a therapeutic option.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B168">168</xref> In fetuses between weeks 26 and 34 of gestation, the risks of prematurity and the manifestations of CAVB should be weighed together. The in utero suggested manaegment of fetal bradycardia is summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">figure 7.2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f13">
              <label>Figure 7.2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Suggested approach for fetuses who have CAVB.</title>
                <p>CAVB: complete atrioventricular block; HR: heart rate.</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf13.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.4. Fetal Tachycardia</title>
        <p>Fetal tachycardia is diagnosed when fetal heart rate is &gt; 180 bpm. In utero treatment depends on gestational age, etiology, degree of hemodynamic compromise (presence of hydrops), mother's clinical condition, and potential maternal risks of fetal treatment. The therapeutic decision should be based on fetal vs. maternal risks. Medical treatment is indicated for fetuses with sustained or intermittent tachycardias with hydrops and/or ventricular dysfunction, unless gestation is close to term, with fetal pulmonary maturity, thus minimizing the risks of preterm birth.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133">133</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136">136</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref>
				</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t19">Tables 7.3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t20">7.4</xref>, respectively, demonstrate the management of tachyarrhythmias and antiarrhythmic drugs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The suggested management approaches for fetal tachycardias are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figures 7.3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">7.4</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">7.5</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t18">
          <label>Table 7.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>In utero management of bradycardias</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Diagnosis</th>
                <th align="center">Primary causes</th>
                <th align="center">In utero management</th>
                <th align="center">GOR/LOE</th>
                <th align="center">Comments</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sinus bradycardia</td>
                <td align="center">Ectopic atrial pacemaker</td>
                <td align="center">Rule out fetal distress as the cause of bradycardia</td>
                <td align="center">I/A</td>
                <td align="center">Can be seen in atrial isomerism</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Sinus node dysfunction (including immune mediated or infection)</td>
                <td align="center">Observation until bradycardia resolves</td>
                <td align="center">I/A</td>
                <td align="center">Test for anti-Ro/LA antibodies<break/>Maternal IgG/IgM for TORCH diseases and parvovirus</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Secondary causes: maternal medications, maternal hypothyroidism, fetal distress or fetal CNS abnormalities</td>
                <td align="center">Treat underlying cause of bradycardia</td>
                <td align="center">I/A</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Blocked atrial bigeminy</td>
                <td align="center">Atrial extrasystoles</td>
                <td align="center">Observe / reduce maternal stimulants</td>
                <td align="center">I/A</td>
                <td align="center">10% risk of fetal SVT<break/>Weekly auscultation of fetal HR until arrhythmia resolves</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AVB</td>
                <td align="center">Maternal anti-Ro/La antibodies</td>
                <td align="center">Observation</td>
                <td align="center">I/A</td>
                <td align="center">Structurally normal heart</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Dexamethasone for second-degree block or first-degree block with findings of cardiac inflammation</td>
                <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
                <td align="center">Endocardial fibroelastosis, associated valvular or myocardial dysfunctions</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">For CAVB to prevent death or cardiomyopathy</td>
                <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
                <td align="center">4-8 mg/day</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">IVIG (note: IVIG as prophylaxis is not recommended)</td>
                <td align="center">IIa/C</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Sympathomimetics for HR &lt; 55 bpm or higher rates associated with fetal hydrops</td>
                <td align="center">Ib/C</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">CAVB not related to antibodies</td>
                <td align="center">Observation</td>
                <td align="center">I/A</td>
                <td align="center">Associated with structural defects such as CTGA, left atrial isomerism</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">CAVB related to channelopathies</td>
                <td align="center">Observation</td>
                <td align="center">I/A</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Avoid QT-prolonging drugs</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>AVB: atrioventricular block; CAVB: complete atrioventricular block; CNS: central nervous system; CTGA: corrected transposition of great arteries; GOR: grade of recommendation; HR: heart rate; IVIG: intravenous infusion of gammaglobulin; LOE: level of evidence; mg: milligrams; SVT: supraventricular tachycardia; TORCH: toxoplasma IgG, Rubella IgG, Cytomegalovirus IgG, and Herpes. Source: adapted from Donofrio et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t19">
          <label>Table 7.3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>In utero management of tachycardias</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Diagnosis</th>
                <th align="center">In utero management</th>
                <th align="center">GOR/LOE</th>
                <th align="center">Comments</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Intermittent tachycardia</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">SVT or AF</td>
                <td align="center">Observation</td>
                <td align="center">I/B</td>
                <td align="center">Frequent fetal HR auscultation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">VT &#8805; 200 bpm</td>
                <td align="center">Antiarrhythmic medication</td>
                <td align="center">IIa/C</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Sustained tachycardia</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">SVT or AF with hydrops or ventricular dysfunction</td>
                <td align="center">First or second line (transplacental) drugs:</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">See Table 7.4, for dosing ranges and monitoring recommendations</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Digoxin</td>
                <td align="center">I/B</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Sotalol</td>
                <td align="center">I/B</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Combination of drugs (transplacental)</td>
                <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
                <td align="center">Combination treatments are used for severe, drug-refractory cases. Consider preterm delivery if near term</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Third line (transplacental):</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Amiodarone</td>
                <td align="center">I/B</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Contraindicated: verapamil</td>
                <td align="center">III/A</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Contraindicated: procainamide</td>
                <td align="center">III/B</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Direct fetal treatment:</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">IM digoxin</td>
                <td align="center">IIa/B</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Intracordal digoxin</td>
                <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Contraindicated: Intracordal adenosine</td>
                <td align="center">III/B</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">SVT &#8805; 200 bpm, without hydrops or ventricular dysfunction (usually SVT has HR &#8805; 220 bpm; consider other causes if HR &lt; 220 bpm).</td>
                <td align="center">First or second line:</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Digoxin</td>
                <td align="center">I/B</td>
                <td align="center">See <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Table 7.4</xref>, for doses and monitoring recommendations</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sotalol</td>
                <td align="center">I/B</td>
                <td align="center">Frequent monitoring of fetal well-being and maternal/fetal drug toxicity. Consider preterm delivery if near term.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Third line:</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Amiodarone</td>
                <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Contraindicated: verapamil</td>
                <td align="center">IIb/A</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Contraindicated: procainamide</td>
                <td align="center">III/B</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Observation</td>
                <td align="center">I/B</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">SVT &lt; 200 bpm, without hydrops or ventricular dysfunction</td>
                <td align="center">Sotalol</td>
                <td align="center">I/B</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">Digoxin increases AVB and decreases ventricular response. Consider preterm delivery if near term</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AF</td>
                <td align="center">Digoxin</td>
                <td align="center">I/B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Amiodarone</td>
                <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Contraindicated: procainamide</td>
                <td align="center">III/B</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">VT &#177; hydrops</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">I/C</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">First line treatment</td>
                <td align="center">Magnesium IV Lidocaine IV Propranolol (oral)</td>
                <td align="center">I/C</td>
                <td align="center">FMCG (if available) to measure QTc interval.<break/>Start with magnesium IV, then lidocaine, load + maintenance.<break/>Note: maternal intravenous magnesium should not be used for &gt; 48 h.<break/>Consider preterm delivery if near term.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Second line treatment</td>
                <td align="center">Mexiletina (oral) Sotalol</td>
                <td align="center">I/C</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>AF: atrial flutter; GOR: grade of recommendation; IV: intravenous; HR: heart rate; IM: intramuscular; FMCG: fetal magnetocardiography; LOE: level of evidence; SVT: supraventricular tachycardia; VT: ventricular tachycardia.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <p>Source: adapted from Donofrio MT et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t20">
          <label>Table 7.4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Antiarrhythmic drugs</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Drug</th>
                <th align="center">Therapeutic dose </th>
                <th align="center">Therapeutic serum level and effect</th>
                <th align="center">Toxicity</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Digoxin</td>
                <td align="center">LD: 0.5 mg (2 capsules) every 8 h for 48 h 1.5 mg/d for 2 days</td>
                <td align="center">0.7-2.0 ng/mL</td>
                <td align="center">Maternal nausea/vomiting, sinus bradyarrhythmia or AVB, proarrhythmia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">MD: 0.250.75 mg/day Fetal IM dose: 88 &#181;g/kg every 12 h, repeat twice</td>
                <td align="center">Nausea, fatigue, loss of appetite, sinus bradycardia, first-degree AV block, nocturnal Wenckebach AV block (rare)</td>
                <td align="center">Fetal IM: sciatic nerve injury or skin laceration from injection</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sotalol</td>
                <td align="center">160480 mg/day every 812 h PO</td>
                <td align="center">Levels not monitored</td>
                <td align="center">Nausea/vomiting, dizziness, QTc &#8805; 0.48 s, fatigue, BBB, maternal/fetal proarrhythmia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Bradycardia, first-degree AVB, P and QRS widening, QTc &#8804; 0.48 s</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Amiodarone</td>
                <td align="center">LD: 18002400 mg/d divided every 6 h PO</td>
                <td align="center">0.72.0 &#181;g/mL</td>
                <td align="center">Nausea/vomiting, thyroid dysfunction, photosensitivity rash, thrombocytopenia, BBB, QTc &#8805; 0.48 s, maternal/fetal proarrhythmia, fetal torsades with LQTS, fetal goiter, neurodevelopmental concerns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">MD: 200600 mg/d PO</td>
                <td align="center">Maternal/fetal sinus bradycardia, decreased appetite, first-degree AVB, P and QRS widening, QTc &#8804; 0.48 s</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Consider discontinuation of drug and transition to another agent once normal rhythm is reestablished or hydrops has resolved.</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Propranolol</td>
                <td align="center">60320 mg/d divided every 6 h PO</td>
                <td align="center">25-140 ng/mL</td>
                <td align="center">Fatigue, bradycardia, hypotension, AV block, fetal growth restriction, increased uterine tone</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">First-degree AVB, bradycardia, increased uterine tone</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Lidocaine</td>
                <td align="center">LD: 11.5 mg/kg followed by infusion of 14 mg/min continuous IV</td>
                <td align="center">1.5-5 &#181;g/mL</td>
                <td align="center">Nausea/vomiting, neurological symptoms, proarrhythmia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Mexiletine</td>
                <td align="center">600900 mg/d divided every 8 h PO</td>
                <td align="center">0.5-2 &#181;g/mL</td>
                <td align="center">Nausea/vomiting, neurological symptoms, proarrhythmia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Magnesium sulfate</td>
                <td align="center">LD: 26 g IV over 20 min followed by 12 g/h</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 6 mEq/L</td>
                <td align="center">Fatigue, neurological symptoms If there is loss of patellar reflex and/or levels of&gt; 6 mEq/L STOP infusion</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Treatment for &gt; 48 h is not recommended but redosing may be considered if VT recurs</td>
                <td align="center">Monitor patellar reflex</td>
                <td align="center">Levels &gt; 5 mEq/L associated with maternal changes on ECG and proarrhythmia</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <p>AV: atrioventricular; AVB: atrioventricular block; BBB: bundle-branch block; ECG: electrocardiogram; IM: intramuscular; IV: intravenous; LD: loading dose; LOE: level of evidence; LQTS: long QT syndrome; MD: maintenance dose; PO: orally; VT: ventricular tachycardia.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <p>Source: afapted from Donofrio et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figure 7.3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sinus tachycardia clinical management.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf14.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f15">
            <label>Figure 7.4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Treatment flowchart for ventricular tachycardia.</title>
              <p>IV: intravenous; PO: orally.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf15.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f16">
            <label>Figure 7.5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart treatment for supraventricular tachycardias.</title>
              <p>ECV: electric cardioversion; IV: intravenous; PO: orally.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf16.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>7.4.1. Intermittent Tachycardias</title>
          <p>Intermittent tachycardia is defined when it is present for less than 50% of the exam period, the minimum observation time being 30 minutes. Sinus tachycardia is determined by atrial and ventricular activation with 1:1 A:V conduction and heart rate over 160 bpm and, usually, below 180 bpm. It is frequently associated with an underlying fetal or maternal abnormal condition, such as fever, stress, or use of medication. Its cause should be treated. As an isolated finding, it does not have clinical significance and does not require treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Intermittent ventricular tachycardia, with ventricular rate over 200 bpm is extremely rare and may evolve to important hemodynamic impairment and hydrops; for this reason, treatment is indicated.</p>
          <p>Other intermittent tachycardias usually do not have signs of cardiac hemodynamic impairment, and there is no indication for treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref> However, in isolated cases, it may evolve to sustained tachycardia, justifying its follow up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.4.2. Sustained Tachycardias</title>
          <p>This group of fetal arrhythmias, identified by a period of more than 50% of exam duration, includes supraventricular tachycardias, AF, and ventricular tachycardias. The therapeutic goal is to bring the gestation to term, while improving secondary manifestations. Prognosis is good when they are reversed in utero and limited for immature fetuses with hydrops and cases of arrhythmia which were not successfully reversed. Prognosis should be considered favorable when fetuses continue with tachyarrhythmia, but with lower heart rates and improvement in hydrops.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>7.4.2.1. Diagnosis</title>
            <p>Sustained atrial tachycardia is characterized by a cardiac rhythm with 1:1 A:V conduction and heart rate above 180 bpm, usually above 220 bpm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref> It is important to understand the underlying mechanism of the arrhythmia, assessing simultaneously the atrial and ventricular activity. Using Doppler flow tracing, it is possible to measure the AV (atrium ? ventricle) and VA (ventricle &lt; atrium) intervals, which correspond, analogously and respectively, to PR and RP intervals in an electrocardiogram. When the VA interval is greater than the AV, the most possible diagnosis is reentrant tachycardia (95%); when the VA interval is greater than the AV, tachycardia due to ectopic atrial focus or junctional reciprocating tachycardia are the most frequent diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133">133</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136">136</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Atrial flutter presents with atrial rates above 400 bpm, with variable atrioventricular conduction (2:1, 3:1, 4:1) and ventricular rates (200-250 bpm).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Ventricular tachycardia is identified as atrioventricular dissociation, with atrial rate lower than ventricular, varying from 100 to 400 bpm. When it coexists with bradycardia periods, the possible diagnosis is long QT syndrome, which may manifest as monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, torsade de pointes, ventricular dysfunction, atrioventricular valve regurgitation, and fetal hydrops.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>7.4.2.2. Treatment</title>
            <p>The first choice for medical treatment of supraventricular tachycardias in most centers continues to be transplacental digoxin, given that it is safe and widely used during gestation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B174">174</xref> The doses should be high, since only 50-70% crosses the placental barrier. The recommended loading dose is 3.0 mg during the first 48 hours of treatment, i.e., 0.50 mg every 8 hours. The maintenance dose is 0.25-0.75 mg/day, varying in accordance with isolated experience of each service and maternal serum level. Daily control of digoxin level is mandatory, and it should be kept between 1 and 2 ng/mL. If it is not possible to administer it orally, intravenous lanatoside C may be used as an alternative. If the arrhythmia has not reversed after 5 days, oral sotalol is initiated as second-choice drug.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B175">175</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177">177</xref> This may be used with an initial dose of 80 mg every 12 hours, gradually increasing 40-80 mg every 3-5 day, until the arrhythmia is reversed or the maximum dose of 480 mg/day has been reached. In this case, the mother must remain in hospital for monitorization, with daily ECG control to measure the QTc interval, as well as serum levels of digoxin. In fetuses with significant hydrops and sustained tachycardia with elevated heart rate, sotalol may be initiated concomitantly with digoxin. Combined therapy has greater risks of maternal and fetal complications. If there is no therapeutic response in fetuses who are severely affected, the third-choice drug, amiodarone, may be used at a dose of 800-1,200 mg/day.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178">178</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref> This drug, however, has a significant toxicity for both mother and fetus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180">180</xref>
						</p>
            <p>If the fetal tachyarrhythmia continues, with important hemodynamic impairment and severe hydrops, direct fetal therapy may be necessary, via cordocentesis or direct intramuscular injection, given that, in this situation, there is a significant decrease in the transplacental passage of medications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181">181</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref> The risks and benefits of every situation must be weighed individually. Digitalis (dose of 0.03 mg/kg) or amiodarone (dose of 15 mg/kg) may be administered. Adenosine has not shown any effect in maintaining sinus rhythm, and it is not recommended for atrial flutter.</p>
            <p>Some centers use flecainide (not commercially available in Brazil) or sotalol as first-choice drugs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130">130</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177">177</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184">184</xref> After birth, treatment should be based on the therapy used in utero and on the tachycardia mechanism. It is recommended to maintain therapy for 6 months to 1 year, in accordance with the outcome. About 50% of cases of fetal SVT do not recur after birth.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B185">185</xref>
						</p>
            <p>For AF, recommended medication for initial treatment may be either digoxin and/or sotalol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B185">185</xref> Sotalol is also safe and efficient with a reversal rate to sinus rhythm of 50-80%, without mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177">177</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Doses and forms of administration for AF are as previously described for SVT. Following delivery, synchronized cardioversion is indicated when there is no in utero reversal. After birth, AF does not usually recur once it has been reversed and maintenance of medical treatment is not recommended.</p>
            <p>Sustained ventricular tachycardia with ventricular rate &lt; 200 bpm is usually well tolerated; when it exceeds this rate, transplacental magnesium is recommended. This infusion should not be administered for more than 48 hours.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B186">186</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref> If ventricular tachycardia recurs, a new dose of magnesium may be used, provided that maternal serum levels are &lt; 6 mEq/L and there are no signs of toxicity. Therapeutic options for pharmacological treatment of sustained ventricular tachycardias include oral administration of amiodarone, propranolol, and mexiletine or maternal intravenous lidocaine. Amiodarone, sotalol, and flecainide cannot be used when there is long QT syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B186">186</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref> When ventricular tachycardia is secondary to myocarditis or maternal antibodies, intravenous dexamethasone and immunoglobulin may be administered to the mother. This treatment should be continued after birth.</p>
            <p>One should consider that treatment of fetal sustained tachycardias is slow and its goal is to bring gestation to term. Total reversal of arrhythmia and hydrops may occur several weeks after initiation of medical treatment. A concomitant Doppler ultrasound, performed by the obstetrician, is essential to decide if the delivery should be anticipated. Delivery anticipation should be limited to fetuses with imminent risk of in utero death. If sustained tachycardia persists in fetuses with severe hydrops and proven pulmonary maturity (after week 34 of gestation), it is recommendable to deliver the baby and begin postnatal treatment immediately.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>8. Fetal Cardiac Interventions</title>
      <p>The potential benefits of fetal cardiac interventions have been emphasized for many years. In the year 2000, Kohl et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188">188</xref> published the worldwide experience of fetal aortic valvuloplasty, which, at that time, consisted of 12 cases, with 7 technically well-succeeded but only 1 survival. Since that time, the Boston Children's Hospital group has initiated an invasive intrauterine cardiac therapy program, stimulating vast progress in the field and disseminating technical application throughout various other centers around the world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The main reason for invasive procedures during fetal life is to improve outcome and postnatal prognosis, either because the fetus is at a risk of not surviving or because postnatal outcome is strongly unfavorable. Early therapy for CHD may improve the chances of myocardial and vascular remodeling and offer better chances of adapting the blood supply to the developing myocardium. Thus, provided that the technique is well established, the equipment is appropriate, and, above all, the medical team is trained in fetal surgery, pediatric interventions, and Fetal Cardiology, fetal percutaneous interventions represent another form of therapy in the field of Pediatric Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The main heart diseases that benefit from intervention in utero are HLHS with severe flow restriction through the interatrial septum, critical aortic valve stenosis with impending left ventricular hypoplasia, and pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum (PAIVS), or critical pulmonary stenosis with right ventricular hypoplasia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>8.1. Indications</title>
        <p>The main indications for fetal cardiac interventions are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t21">Table 8.1</xref> and subsequently described.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t21">
          <label>Table 8.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Main indications for fetal cardiac interventions</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Aortic valvuloplasty</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Gestational age between 22 and 30 weeks</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Critical aortic stenosis with impending HLHS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Thick aortic valve with little mobility</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Minimal or no aortic anterograde flow</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Reverse flow in the transverse arch</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Reverse shunt at the atrial level (L&#174;R)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Monophasic LV inflow (single E wave of short duration)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate or severe LV systolic dysfunction (subjective analysis)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Critical aortic stenosis with giant LA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Same criteria as previously described</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">LV function may not be very abnormal due to the presence of massive mitral regurgitation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Giant LA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Pulmonary valvuloplasty</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Gestational age between 22 and 30 weeks</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum/critical pulmonary stenosis</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Thick pulmonary valve with little or no mobility</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Minimal or no pulmonary anterograde flow</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Inverted flow in the ductus arteriosus, i.e., aorta&#174;pulmonary</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Monophasic RV inflow (single E wave of short duration)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Some degree of RV hypoplasia or no growth during 24 weeks of observation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Balloon atrial septostomy</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Gestational age between 28 and 33 weeks</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>HLHS or variants with intact interatrial septum or minimal foramen ovale</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Minimal or no flow at the atrial level</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Dilated LA and pulmonic veins</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Biphasic and bidirectional pulmonary vein Doppler tracing</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <p>HLHS: hypoplastic left heart syndrome; L: left; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; R: right; RV: right ventricle.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>8.1.1. Critical Aortic Stenosis with Impending Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome</title>
          <p>Aortic stenosis is defined as the following morphological and functional characteristics: thick valve, little mobility, and turbulent or no antegrade flow across the valve assessed by Doppler techniques. Left ventricular to aorta Doppler gradient should not be used to classify the severity of the stenosis since, there is a frequent association of endocardial fibroelastosis and severe myocardial dysfunction in critical aortic stenosis. Reverse flow in the transverse arch, i.e., coming from the descending aorta to the ascending aorta; inverted flow at the atrial level (from left to right); monophasic left ventricular inflow (Doppler tracing across the mitral valve showing single A wave due to high filling pressures), and moderate or severe left ventricular dysfunction are the main functional parameters that suggest impending HLHS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref> Ideally, when fetal intervention is considered to avoid left heart hypoplasia, left ventricular length Z score (long axis) should be &gt; &#8722;2, meaning that the left ventricle is not hypoplastic yet. Occasionally, aortic valvuloplasty is performed in cases where the left ventricle has already some degree of hypoplasia (Z-score &gt; &#8722;4 and &lt; &#8722;2), and the main aim in these cases is to promote some anterograde aortic flow, which may improve coronary and encephalic perfusion and allow ascending aorta growth, knowing that the chances of left ventricular complete recovery are low.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.1.2. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome with Intact Interatrial Septum or Significantly Restrictive Foramen Ovale</title>
          <p>This situation is characterized by absent or minimal high velocity flow across the interatrial septum and bidirectional flow in the pulmonary vein with prominent reverse flow, with disappearance of the classic triphasic pattern.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197">197</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.1.3. Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Interventricular Septum or Critical Pulmonary Valve Stenosis with Signs of Evolving Right Heart Hypoplasia</title>
          <p>This disease is defined as membranous pulmonary atresia with identifiable pulmonary valve leaflets with intact interventricular septum, associated with minimal or no anterograde pulmonary blood flow; reverse flow in the ductus arteriosus, i.e., coming from the aorta to the pulmonary artery; some degree of right heart hypoplasia, with hypoplastic tricuspid valve annular diameter (Z score &lt; &#8722;2), or evidence that the right ventricle has not grown during 2-4 weeks of observation. Cases with significant coronary to right ventricle fistulas are excluded.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B198">198</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B200">200</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.1.4. Critical Aortic Stenosis with Massive Mitral Regurgitation and Giant Left Atrium</title>
          <p>This is a specific group of fetuses that has only recently been characterized as a subgroup of critical aortic stenosis. These cases present with left ventricular dilation, reverse flow in the transverse arch, and some degree of left ventricular dysfunction. Most of them are associated with fetal hydrops and may benefit from aortic valvuloplasty associated or not with atrial septostomy to reduce the risk of fetal or neonatal death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.2. Technical Considerations</title>
        <p>Pre-anesthesia fasting and tocolytic prophylaxis consist the main preparation for the procedure. Nifidipine, 20 mg orally, started 4-8 hours before the procedure, is the medication of choice for this purpose, since it has few side effects and is highly effective.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref> The intervention is performed under maternal regional block, preferably via spinal anesthesia. General anesthesia may also be used, but this has the disadvantage of hindering proper fetal positioning, given that maternal general anesthesia also anesthetizes the fetus.</p>
        <p>The fetal positioning is obtained with manual maneuvers allowing the fetal specialist to reach the target cardiac structure percutaneously. The ideal fetal position is pelvic with the spine downwards, leading to proceed the puncture as close as possible to the uterine fundus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Fetal anesthesia may be intramuscular or intravenous via the umbilical cord. It is performed with a mixture of opioid (fentanyl), muscle blocker (pancuronium), and atropine at doses of 15 &#181;g, 0.2 mg, and 0.02 mg per kilogram of fetal weight, respectively. A 20-G Chiba needle is used to administer this medication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B194">194</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The heart is also accessed with a Chiba needle, 15 cm in length ranging from 17 to 19 Gauge. The entire procedure is monitored by ultrasound, which may be operated by either the fetal specialist or the fetal cardiologist. Once the abdominal wall is crossed, the needle reaches the amniotic cavity and the fetal thorax.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B194">194</xref> The target structure (aortic valve, pulmonary valve, or interatrial septum) is reached by direct heart puncture.</p>
        <p>Once the distal end of the needle has reached the target cardiac structure, a pre-assembled coronary angioplasty balloon catheter is advanced through the needle until the balloon is positioned across the structure to be dilated. The pressure with which the balloon is inflated varies, considering the diameter and the target structure. For semilunar valve dilation, the ideal balloon:annulus ratio is from 1.1 to 1.2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193">193</xref> After the balloon is completely deflated, the entire set (balloon, catheter, and puncture needle) is removed all together, at once. After the system is complete removed from the fetal heart, bradycardia and hemopericardium frequently occur.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref> Voluminous effusions should promptly be emptied via a new puncture with a 20-G needle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B194">194</xref> Removal of 1-2 ml of blood from the pericardium is usually enough to treat the condition. In most cases, this does not cause fetal anemia.</p>
        <p>These procedures are not exempt from risks involving the mother and/or the fetus. Maternal risks are currently extremely low and minimized, thanks to the increased experience in fetal surgery for noncardiac diseases. These complications include premature rupture of membranes, infection, hemorrhage, placental abruption, preterm labor, anemia, bradycardia, and fetal death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B202">202</xref>
				</p>
        <p>There are still some doubts regarding the ideal moment to perform fetal cardiac intervention. Due to the reduced number of candidates and the morphological variability that every pathology may present, it is difficult to establish when it should be considered too late for intervention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203">203</xref> It seems reasonable to perform intervention as early as possible, soon after the diagnosis. From the technical point of view, however, it is very difficult to act before gestational week 20, due to the small dimensions of the fetal heart. Interventions performed very early may result in orifice and valve closure before the fetus has reached term.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203">203</xref> On the other hand, late interventions do not prevent ventricular hypoplasia or avoid vascular damage of the pulmonary circulation. It appears to be consensual that the adequate period would be between gestational weeks 22 and 30.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.3. Aortic Valvuloplasty</title>
        <p>The goal of aortic valvuloplasty is to change the natural history of critical aortic stenosis, maintaining left ventricular size and function adequate for biventricular physiology at birth or after a rehabilitation process. Alleviating left ventricular outflow obstruction reduces the left ventricular myocardial damage, thus facilitating chamber growth and myocardial function improvement. This hypothesis is based on animal models studies, which demonstrated the impact of load and flow conditions abnormalities on the developing myocardium, which leads to abnormal cardiovascular growth and function conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B204">204</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref> According to the study published by McElhinney et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref> there are anatomical and functional characteristics that are predictive of technical success and progression to postnatal biventricular circulation, based on the experience of 70 fetal aortic valvuloplasty procedures performed by their group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> These criteria are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t22">Table 8.2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t22">
          <label>Table 8.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Criteria for technical success (initial criteria) and criteria that indicate potential outcome to postnatal biventricular correction (modified criteria)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Initial criteria (all of which must be present)</th>
                <th align="center">Modified criteria<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">LV long-axis Z-score &gt; -2</td>
                <td align="center">Aortic stenosis or atresia (mandatory)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">LV dysfunction capable of generating &#8805; 10 mmHg pressure gradient across aortic valve or &#8805; 15 mmHg mitral regurgitation jet gradient</td>
                <td align="center">LV long-axis Z-score &gt; -2 (mandatory)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Mitral annulus Z-score &gt; -3</td>
                <td align="center">Meet, at least, 4 of the following 5 parameters:<break/>&#8226; LV long-axis Z-score &gt; 0;<break/>&#8226; LV short-axis Z-score &gt; 0;<break/>&#8226; Aortic annulus Z-score &gt; -3,5;<break/>&#8226; Mitral annulus Z-score &gt; -2;<break/>&#8226; Aortic valve systolic gradient and/or LV-LA mitral regurgitation &#8805; 20 mmHg</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <p>LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Source: adapted from McElhinney et al.<sup>195</sup></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>There is evidence that the transition from normal left ventricle to HLHS in fetuses with critical aortic stenosis almost always occurs during the second or third trimester of gestation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref>
				</p>
        <p>An interesting aspect observed by the authors is that the progressive growth of left structures during fetal life and early infancy may eventually result in biventricular correction during the first year of life. Applying the strategy initiated with fetal aortic valvuloplasty, treatment continues with neonatal hybrid procedure, which may or may not be associated with a new aortic valvuloplasty or Norwood procedure, with the maintenance of partially restrictive foramen ovale and aortic commissurotomy. This management is a bridge to biventricular correction following the process known as left ventricular rehabilitation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B211">211</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref> Although diastolic dysfunction may be a problem in this group of patients, it is believed that this is better than the morbidity and mortality inherent in medium- and long-term of the univentricular pathways.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B213">213</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.4. Critical Aortic Stenosis with Giant Left Atrium</title>
        <p>This is a very particular and severe presentation of critical aortic stenosis. In addition to obstructed left ventricular outflow tract, the mitral valve is significantly abnormal, with annular dilation, resulting in severe mitral regurgitation and LA dilation. The foramen ovale is usually quite restrictive, or the interatrial septum is intact, and there is left ventricular endocardial fibroelastosis, which also compromises the subvalvular apparatus of the mitral valve. Most fetuses with this anatomical presentation have some degree of fetal hydrops, with a high risk of death in utero or of triggering premature labor with immediate neonatal death. This disease appears to be the worst spectrum of the mitral valve arcade, where the chordae tendineae are fused and shortened.</p>
        <p>It is believed that this anatomical complex primarily compromises the mitral and aortic valves, associated with endocardial fibroelastosis, leading to dilation of left chambers. Restricted left to right flow at the atrial level contributes to significant LA dilation which compresses the right chambers and increases central venous pressure. This seems to be the physiopathology of fetal hydrops, which is present in 70-80% of cases, with polyhydramnios being observed in 100% of cases described by Vogel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Aortic valve opening, in these cases, may reduce the degree of mitral regurgitation and LA pressure, and may treat or improve fetal hydrops and bring the gestation closer to term.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref> Opening of the atrial septum may be considered for the same procedure, potentializing the effects of aortic valvuloplasty. Besides the intervention, this is a very severe clinical condition, which has a significant impact on fetal and neonatal mortality.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.5. Fetal Pulmonary Valvuloplasty</title>
        <p>PAIVS is associated with variable hypoplasia of the right ventricle, tricuspid valve, and right ventricular outflow. The disease's most severe spectrum presents fibromuscular atresia of the infundibulum and pulmonary valve, with significant hypoplasia of the right ventricular cavity and the tricuspid valve, associated with abnormal coronary circulation. Contrastingly, in the more favorable spectrum, the pulmonary valve atresia is membranous; the tricuspid valve annulus diameter and the right ventricular volume are close to normal, and there is an absence of abnormalities in the coronary arteries. Some cases of critical pulmonary stenosis observed during fetal life may evolve to total flow interruption between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, with consequent hypoplasia of the right ventricular chamber. These cases behave similarly to PAIVS with mild to moderate hypoplasia of the right ventricle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The goal of fetal intervention in cases of PAIVS and critical pulmonary stenosis is to promote growth and functional development of the right ventricle and to increase the chances of biventricular circulation during the postnatal period. The identification of potential candidates for the procedure should be based on the risks of the fetus' evolving to univentricular circulation without fetal intervention and the possibility of changing this progression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B198">198</xref> The selection of candidates for intervention should follow the criteria previously described in the "Indications" section. Another important criterion in this decision is the presence of signs of fetal heart failure characterized by reverse "a" wave in the ductus venosus flow, which denotes increased right atrium pressure and possible fetal hydrops development. This hemodynamic condition is observed in fetuses who have significant tricuspid regurgitation and very reduced right ventricular compliance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B215">215</xref>
				</p>
        <p>From the technical point of view, this intervention is more difficult and challenging than aortic valvuloplasty. Due to the reduced dimensions and hypertrophy of the right ventricle, associated with its anatomical characteristics (outflow located anterior and far away from inflow), the positioning of the needle below the pulmonary valve requires very experienced and skilled fetal specialist. The RV puncture should be performed as far as possible from the outflow. In cases with valve atresia, the guidewire utilized should have a slightly firmer tip, in order to allow the interventionist to perforate the valve.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref> Some authors prefer to introduce a thinner needle through the first one to perforate the valve or proceed the valve perforation with the 17 G needle itself.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B200">200</xref> After reaching the pulmonary artery, the guide is positioned in one of the pulmonary branches or across the ductus arteriosus, to provide balloon support. For this intervention, the same balloon:annulus ratio as fetal aortic valvuloplasty is employed. The result of the intervention is evaluated by observing the anterograde flow through the pulmonary valve, the reduction of reverse flow through the ductus arteriosus, and the presence of pulmonary insufficiency. Pulmonary insufficiency is a marker of success, and it decreases as gestation advances. Restenosis during fetal life is commonly observed. Most cases will require a new valvuloplasty during the neonatal period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B200">200</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B216">216</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B217">217</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In many cases, total recovery of the right ventricle does not occur at birth, making accessory pulmonary flow necessary, either with ductus arteriosus stenting or surgical confection of a systemic to pulmonary shunt (modified Blalock-Taussig).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.6. Fetal Atrial Septostomy</title>
        <p>Although HLHS neonatal survival continues to improve worldwide and, slowly in Brazil, some anatomical and functional aspects are risk factors for poor clinical outcome and neonatal or postoperative death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B218">218</xref> The presence of an intact atrial septum or severely restricted foramen ovale represents one of the worst risk factors of neonatal mortality. It causes deep hypoxemia after birth and pulmonary hypertension (venocapillary) triggered by pulmonary vein arterialization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B218">218</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In this condition, resuscitation maneuvers are usually ineffective. Some hospitals recommend emergency Norwood operation, with mortality affecting 83% of patients by the sixth month of life. Even in those who underwent immediate neonatal atrial septostomy, mortality exceeds 48%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B218">218</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref> These deaths are usually not directly related to the procedure and end up occurring after the first week of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref> It is believed that, in addition to deep neonatal hypoxemia, anatomical abnormalities secondary to in utero venocapillary hypertension are related to mortality. In these cases, anatomopathological studies have demonstrated arterialization of the pulmonary veins associated with lymphatic vessel dilatation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B221">221</xref> It is estimated that the incidence of severely restrictive foramen ovale or intact interatrial septum associated with HLHS occur in 6% of cases, with some degree of restriction affecting, at least, 22% of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Left atrial decompression during fetal life seems to be essential to the prevent poor immediate neonatal clinical presentation and the remodeling of the pulmonary vascular bed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref> The main echocardiographic marker of significantly restricted foramen ovale during fetal life is the presence of high-velocity reverse flow in the pulmonary vein Doppler tracing, which shows an abnormal bidirectional pattern.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> This finding indicates that blood is returning to the lungs during atrial contraction, because the LA cannot decompress to the left ventricle or the right atrium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref>
				</p>
        <p>It is very important to examine at least one pulmonary vein with pulsed-wave Doppler during the echocardiogram of a fetus with HLHS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B222">222</xref> The echocardiographer must have in mind that this piece of information may significantly change these patients' outcome and the pre- and postnatal management. Other important features in this condition are pulmonary vein and LA dilation, atrial septum bulging into the right atrium, absent or minimal high-velocity flow across the interatrial septum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The ideal moment to perform atrial septostomy is discussed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B223">223</xref> Intending to prevent definitive damage to the pulmonary circulation, the intervention should ideally be performed immediately after the diagnosis. On the other hand, from the technical point of view, it is rather difficult to create an orifice in the interatrial septum that lasts for multiple weeks and prevent severe neonatal hypoxemia. It appears to be consensual that the ideal moment is between the 28<sup>th</sup> to the 33<sup>rd</sup> weeks of gestation when the fetus is of good size. During this period, it is feasible to use larger balloons with greater capacity to open wider orifices in the interatrial septum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197">197</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The use of stents in the interatrial septum has also been considered by some authors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B224">224</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B225">225</xref> This procedure appears to be more challenging than atrial septostomy, mainly due to the difficulty of optimally positioning the stent in the septum. One of the main problems is to visualize the stent inside the metallic needle via ultrasound. Stent implantation is particularly interesting when the interatrial septum is very thick and, thus, does not allow for the opening of an orifice that is wide enough to alleviate pressure in the LA. Due to the profile of needles available for fetal interventions, the largest stent used is 3 mm, which may, in some cases, reach an internal diameter of 3.5 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> The rate of poor positioning and embolization is high, according to recent publications. In cases of embolization, the stent is buried in the atrium, without further complications, and the procedure may be completed with the septostomy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B224">224</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B225">225</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.7. Final Considerations of Fetal Cardiac Interventions</title>
        <p>With the development of fetal cardiac interventions, several important principles have been recognized. Technical success of the procedure does not always translate to clinical success after birth. Understanding the natural history of the malformation and continuously refining the criteria for patient selection are absolutely critical when one consider the creation of an invasive fetal cardiology program which includes potentially risky procedures. It is important to recognize that the majority of CHD are not fatal, and classic palliative treatment during the neonatal period is an option in many situations. However, for some anomalies whose natural history may be changed for the better, or for those with extremely severe prognoses, fetal intervention may be a therapeutic option. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t23">Table 8.3</xref> indicates the class of recommendation and level of evidence for the different fetal cardiac interventions adapted form the Fetal Cardiology guidelines published by the AHA in 2014.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t23">
          <label>Table 8.3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Aim and effects of fetal interventions</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Anomaly</th>
                <th align="center">Intervention aim</th>
                <th align="center">Effect</th>
                <th align="center">GOR/LOE</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAS with impending HLHS</td>
                <td align="center">Open the Ao valve to promote anterograde flow, stimulate left structure growth, create possibility of biventricular correction</td>
                <td align="center">Disease modifying</td>
                <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">HLHS with intact IAS or restrictive FO</td>
                <td align="center">Open IAS to alleviate left atrial hypertension, prevent pulmonary vasculopathy, improve oxygenation at birth</td>
                <td align="center">Lifesaving</td>
                <td align="center">IIb/C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAS with significant mitral regurgitation and giant LA</td>
                <td align="center">Open Ao valve and/or IAS, alleviate left atrial hypertension and prevent pulmonary vasculopathy, improve oxygenation at birth</td>
                <td align="center">Lifesaving</td>
                <td align="center">IIb/C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">PAIVS or CPS with evolving RV hypoplasia</td>
                <td align="center">Open pulmonary valve to promote right structure growth and lead to possible biventricular repair; treat fetal hydrops in cases of severe tricuspid regurgitation</td>
                <td align="center">Disease modifying and/or lifesaving</td>
                <td align="center">IIb/C</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <p>Ao: aortic; CAS: critical aortic stenosis; CPS: critical pulmonary stenosis; FO: foramen ovale; GOR: grade of recommendation; HLHS: hypoplastic left heart syndrome; IAS: interatrial septum; LA: left atrium; LOE: level of evidence; PAIVS: pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum; RV: right ventricle.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <p>Source: Adapted from Donofrio et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>This Guideline should be cited as:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Pedra SRFF, Zielinsky P, Binotto CN, Martins CN, Fonseca ESVB, Guimar&#227;es ICB et al. Brazilian Fetal Cardiology Guidelines - 2019. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019; 112(5):600-648.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Note:</bold> These Guidelines are for information purposes and are not to replace the clinical judgment of a physician, who must ultimately determine the appropriate treatment for each patient.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>9. Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>These guidelines are the result of the work of many people whose intellectual, creative, "informatic," and executive efforts, combined with those of the authors, constitute the basis of this document. Unfortunately, because of editorial reasons, it is not possible for all of them to appear among the authors who represent each group. The authors thank them here formally for their invaluable contributions and consider them co-authors. Their names, in alphabetical sequence, are:</p>
      <p>Ana Maria Arregui Zilio, Antonio Luiz Piccoli Jr., Camila Ritter, Carlos Augusto Cardoso Pedra, Cleisson Fabio Peralta, Giovana Baldissera, Kenya Venusa Lampert, Luiza Van der Sand, Nat&#225;ssia Miranda Sulis, Stefano Boemler Busato, and Victoria de Bittencourt Antunes.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Allan LD, Sharland GK, Milburn A, Lockhart SM, Groves AM, Anderson RH, et al. Prospective diagnosis of 1006 consecutive cases of congenital heart disease in the fetus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23(6):1452-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Allan</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharland</surname>
              <given-names>GK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milburn</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lockhart</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Groves</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prospective diagnosis of 1006 consecutive cases of congenital heart disease in the fetus</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1452</fpage>
          <lpage>1458</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Brick DH, Allan LD. Outcome of prenatally diagnosed congenital heart disease: an update. Pediatr Cardiol. 2002;23(4):449-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brick</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allan</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Outcome of prenatally diagnosed congenital heart disease: an update</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>449</fpage>
          <lpage>453</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Nomura RM, Brizot ML, Liao AW, Hernandez WR, Zugaib M. Conjoined twins and legal authorization for abortion. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2011;57(2):205-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nomura</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brizot</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liao</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hernandez</surname>
              <given-names>WR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zugaib</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Conjoined twins and legal authorization for abortion</article-title>
          <source>Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992)</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>205</fpage>
          <lpage>210</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Ewigman BG, Crane JP, Frigoletto FD, LeFevre ML, Bain RP, McNellis D. Effect of prenatal ultrasound screening on perinatal outcome: RADIUS Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(12):821-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ewigman</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crane</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frigoletto</surname>
              <given-names>FD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>LeFevre</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bain</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McNellis</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of prenatal ultrasound screening on perinatal outcome: RADIUS Study Group</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>329</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>821</fpage>
          <lpage>827</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Tegnander E, Eik-Nes SH, Johansen OJ, Linker DT. Prenatal detectionof heart defects at the routine fetal examination at 18 weeks in a nonselectedpopulation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1995;5(6):372-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tegnander</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eik-Nes</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johansen</surname>
              <given-names>OJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Linker</surname>
              <given-names>DT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prenatal detectionof heart defects at the routine fetal examination at 18 weeks in a nonselectedpopulation</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>372</fpage>
          <lpage>380</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Fermont L, De Geeter B, Aubry MC, Kachaner J, Sidi D. A close collaboration between obstetricians and pediatric cardiologists allows antenatal detection of severe cardiac malformation by 2D echocardiography. In: Doyle EF, Engle ME, Gersony WM, Rashkind WJ, Talner NS. (editors). Pediatric cardiology: proceedings of the secong World Congress. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1986. p. 34-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fermont</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Geeter</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aubry</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kachaner</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sidi</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>A close collaboration between obstetricians and pediatric cardiologists allows antenatal detection of severe cardiac malformation by 2D echocardiography</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Doyle</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Engle</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gersony</surname>
              <given-names>WM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rashkind</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Talner</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Pediatric cardiology: proceedings of the secong World Congress</source>
          <year>1986</year>
          <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Springer-Verlag</publisher-name>
          <fpage>34</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Garne E, Stoll C, Clementi M; Euroscan Group. Evaluation of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart diseases by ultrasound: experience from 20 European registries. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001;17(5):386-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garne</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stoll</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clementi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>Euroscan Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart diseases by ultrasound: experience from 20 European registries</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>386</fpage>
          <lpage>391</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Del Bianco A, Russo S, Lacerenza N, Rinaldi M, Rinaldi G, Nappi L, et al. Four chamber view plus three-vessel and trachea view for acomplete evaluation of the fetal heart during the second trimester. J Perinat Med. 2006;34(4):309-12. Erratum in: J Perinat Med. 2006;34(6):509.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Del Bianco</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Russo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lacerenza</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rinaldi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rinaldi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nappi</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Four chamber view plus three-vessel and trachea view for acomplete evaluation of the fetal heart during the second trimester</article-title>
          <source>J Perinat Med</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>309</fpage>
          <lpage>312</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: J Perinat Med. 2006;34(6):509.</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Marek J, Tomek V, Skovranek J, Povysilova V, Samanek M. Prenatal ultrasound screening of congenital heart disease in an unselected national population: a 21-year experience. Heart. 2011;97(2):124-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marek</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tomek</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skovranek</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Povysilova</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Samanek</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prenatal ultrasound screening of congenital heart disease in an unselected national population: a 21-year experience</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>124</fpage>
          <lpage>130</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 St&#252;mpflen I, St&#252;mpflen A, Wimmer M, Bernaschek G. Effect of detailed fetal echocardiography as part of routine prenatal ultrasonographic screening on detection of congenital heart disease. Lancet. 1996;348(9031):854-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>St&#252;mpflen</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>St&#252;mpflen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wimmer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernaschek</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of detailed fetal echocardiography as part of routine prenatal ultrasonographic screening on detection of congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>348</volume>
          <issue>9031</issue>
          <fpage>854</fpage>
          <lpage>857</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Kleinert, Sabine. Routine prenatal screening for congenital heart disease. Lancet. 1996;348(9031):836.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kleinert</surname>
              <given-names>Sabine</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Routine prenatal screening for congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>348</volume>
          <issue>9031</issue>
          <fpage>836</fpage>
          <lpage>836</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Lopes LM, Damiano AP, Zugaib M. Programa educativo de treinamento em ecocardiografia fetal n&#237;vel I: impacto na refer&#234;ncia e an&#225;lise de resultados. Rev Bras Ecocardiogr. 2003;16(3):61-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damiano</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zugaib</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Programa educativo de treinamento em ecocardiografia fetal n&#237;vel I: impacto na refer&#234;ncia e an&#225;lise de resultados</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Ecocardiogr</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>61</fpage>
          <lpage>68</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Wyllie J, Wren C, Hunter S. Screening for fetal cardiac malformations. Brit Heart J. 1994;71(4 Suppl):20-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wyllie</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wren</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hunter</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Screening for fetal cardiac malformations</article-title>
          <source>Brit Heart J</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>4 Suppl</issue>
          <fpage>20</fpage>
          <lpage>27</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Bonnet D, Coltri A, Butera G, Fermont L, Le Bidois J, Kachaner J, et al. Detection of transposition of the great arteries in fetuses reduces neonatal morbidity and mortality. Circulation. 1999;99(7):916-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bonnet</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coltri</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Butera</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fermont</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Le Bidois</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kachaner</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Detection of transposition of the great arteries in fetuses reduces neonatal morbidity and mortality</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>916</fpage>
          <lpage>918</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Tworetzky W, McElhinney DB, Reddy MV, Brook MM, Hanley FL, Silverman NH. Improved surgical outcome after fetal diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Circulation. 2001;103(9):1269-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tworetzky</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McElhinney</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reddy</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brook</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanley</surname>
              <given-names>FL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silverman</surname>
              <given-names>NH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Improved surgical outcome after fetal diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1269</fpage>
          <lpage>1273</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Franklin O, Burch M, Manning N, Sleeman K, Gould S, Archer N. Prenata l diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta improves survival and reduces morbidity. Heart. 2002;87(1):67-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Franklin</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burch</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manning</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sleeman</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gould</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Archer</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prenata l diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta improves survival and reduces morbidity</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>67</fpage>
          <lpage>69</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Donofrio MT, Moon-Grady AJ, Hornberger LK, Copel JA, Sklansky MS, Abuhamad A, et al; American Heart Association Adults With Congenital Heart Disease Joint Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young and Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing. Diagnosis and treatment of fetal cardiac disease a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;129(21):2183-242. Erratum in: Circulation. 2014;129(21):e512.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Donofrio</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moon-Grady</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hornberger</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Copel</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sklansky</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abuhamad</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American Heart Association Adults With Congenital Heart Disease</collab>
            <collab>Joint Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young and Council on Clinical Cardiology</collab>
            <collab>Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia</collab>
            <collab>Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnosis and treatment of fetal cardiac disease a scientific statement from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>129</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2183</fpage>
          <lpage>2242</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Circulation. 2014;129(21):e512.</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. AIUM practice guideline for the performance of fetal echocardiography. J Ultrasound Med. 2013;32(6):1067-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <collab>American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>AIUM practice guideline for the performance of fetal echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Ultrasound Med</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1067</fpage>
          <lpage>1082</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Yoo SJ, Lee YH, Cho KS. Abnormal three-vessel view on sonography: a clue to the diagnosis of congenital heart disease in the fetus. Am J Roentgenol. 1999;172(3):825-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yoo</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>YH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cho</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Abnormal three-vessel view on sonography: a clue to the diagnosis of congenital heart disease in the fetus</article-title>
          <source>Am J Roentgenol</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>172</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>825</fpage>
          <lpage>830</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Mavrides E, Cobian-Sanchez F, Tekay A, Moscoso G, Campbell S, Thilaganathan B, et al. Limitations of using first-trimester nuchal translucency measurement in routine screening for major congenital heart. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001;17(2):106-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mavrides</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cobian-Sanchez</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tekay</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moscoso</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thilaganathan</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Limitations of using first-trimester nuchal translucency measurement in routine screening for major congenital heart</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>106</fpage>
          <lpage>110</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Clur SA, Ottenkamp J, Bilardo CM. The nuchal translucency and the fetal heart: a literature review. Prenat Diagn. 2009:29(8):739-48.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Clur</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ottenkamp</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bilardo</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The nuchal translucency and the fetal heart: a literature review</article-title>
          <source>Prenat Diagn</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>739</fpage>
          <lpage>748</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Ghi T, Huggon IC, Zosmer N, Nicolaides KH. Incidence of major structural cardiac defects associated with increased nuchal translucency but normal karyotype. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001;18(6):610-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ghi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huggon</surname>
              <given-names>IC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zosmer</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicolaides</surname>
              <given-names>KH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidence of major structural cardiac defects associated with increased nuchal translucency but normal karyotype</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>610</fpage>
          <lpage>614</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Simpson LL, Malone FD, Bianchi DW, Ball RH, Nyberg DA, Comstock CH, et al. Nuchal translucency and the risk of congenital heart disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;109(2 Pt 1):376-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Simpson</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malone</surname>
              <given-names>FD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bianchi</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ball</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nyberg</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Comstock</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nuchal translucency and the risk of congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt 1</issue-part>
          <fpage>376</fpage>
          <lpage>383</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Lopes LM, Brizot ML, Lopes MA, Ayello VD, Schultz R, Zugaib M. Structural and functional cardiac abnormalities identified prior to 16 weeks' gestation in fetuses with increased nuchal translucency. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;22(5):470-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brizot</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ayello</surname>
              <given-names>VD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schultz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zugaib</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Structural and functional cardiac abnormalities identified prior to 16 weeks' gestation in fetuses with increased nuchal translucency</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>470</fpage>
          <lpage>478</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Lopes LM. (editor). Ecocardiografia fetal. Rio de Janeiro: Revinter; 2016. p. 35-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Ecocardiografia fetal</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Revinter</publisher-name>
          <fpage>35</fpage>
          <lpage>65</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Hoffman JI, Christianson R. Congenital heart disease in a cohort of 19,502 births with long-term follow-up. Am J Cardiol. 1978;42(4):641-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffman</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christianson</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Congenital heart disease in a cohort of 19,502 births with long-term follow-up</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1978</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>641</fpage>
          <lpage>647</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Hoffman JI, Kaplan S. The incidence of congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(12):1890-900.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffman</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaplan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The incidence of congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1890</fpage>
          <lpage>1900</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Hoffman JI. The incidence of congenital heart disease: II. Prenatal incidence. Pediatr Cardiol. 1995;16(4):155-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffman</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The incidence of congenital heart disease: II. Prenatal incidence</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>155</fpage>
          <lpage>165</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Ferencz C, Rubin JD, McCarter RJ, Brenner JI, Neill CA, Perry LW, et al. Congenital heart disease: prevalance at livebirth: the Baltimore-Washington Infant Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;121(1):31-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferencz</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rubin</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCarter</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brenner</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neill</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perry</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Congenital heart disease: prevalance at livebirth: the Baltimore-Washington Infant Study</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>1985</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>31</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Copel JA, Pilu G, Kleinman CS. Congenital heart disease and extracardiac anomalies: associations and indications for fetal echocardiography. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986:154(5):1121-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Copel</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pilu</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleinman</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Congenital heart disease and extracardiac anomalies: associations and indications for fetal echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Am J Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>1986</year>
          <volume>154</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1121</fpage>
          <lpage>1132</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 Yoon PW, Olney RS, Khoury MJ, Sappenfield WM, Chavez GF, Taylor D. Contribution of birth defects and genetic diseases to pediatric hospitallizations: a population-based study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151(11):1096-103.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yoon</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olney</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khoury</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sappenfield</surname>
              <given-names>WM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chavez</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Contribution of birth defects and genetic diseases to pediatric hospitallizations: a population-based study</article-title>
          <source>Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>151</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1096</fpage>
          <lpage>1103</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32 Pinto Junior VC, Daher CV, Sallum FS, Jatene MB, Croti UA. The situation of congenital heart surgeries in Brazil. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;19(2):III-VI.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>VC</given-names>
              <suffix>Junior</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daher</surname>
              <given-names>CV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sallum</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jatene</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Croti</surname>
              <given-names>UA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The situation of congenital heart surgeries in Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>III</fpage>
          <lpage>IVI</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33 Brasil. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Sistema de informa&#231;&#245;es hospitalares do SUS (SIH/SUS). Bras&#237;lia; 2013.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Brasil</collab>
            <collab>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Sistema de informa&#231;&#245;es hospitalares do SUS (SIH/SUS)</source>
          <publisher-loc>Bras&#237;lia</publisher-loc>
          <year>2013</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34 Pinto Junior VC, Rodrigues LC, Muniz CR. Reflexions about formulation of politics for attention to cardiovascular pediatrics in Brazil. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;24(1):73-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>VC</given-names>
              <suffix>Junior</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muniz</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reflexions about formulation of politics for attention to cardiovascular pediatrics in Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>73</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35 UNICEF &amp; United Nations. Child Mortality Report 2015. [Cited in 2017 Jun 15]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/child_mortality_report_web_8_sep_2015">https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/child_mortality_report_web_8_sep_2015</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>UNICEF</collab>
            <collab>United Nations</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Child Mortality Report 2015</source>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2017 Jun 15</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/child_mortality_report_web_8_sep_2015">https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/child_mortality_report_web_8_sep_2015</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36 Brasil. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Sistema de informa&#231;&#245;es de nascidos vivos/MS/SVS/DASIS. Informa&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de. Nascidos vivos. 2013. [Citado em 2015 Jun 14]. Dispon&#237;vel em: &lt;<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.exe?sinasc/cnv/nvuf.def">http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.exe?sinasc/cnv/nvuf.def</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Brasil</collab>
            <collab>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Sistema de informa&#231;&#245;es de nascidos vivos/MS/SVS/DASIS. Informa&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de. Nascidos vivos</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2015 Jun 14</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.exe?sinasc/cnv/nvuf.def">http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.exe?sinasc/cnv/nvuf.def</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37 Huggon IC, Ghi T, Cook AC, Zosmer N, Allan LD, Nicolaides KH. Fetal cardiac abnormalities identified prior to 14 weeks' gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2002;20(1):22-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Huggon</surname>
              <given-names>IC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cook</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zosmer</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allan</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicolaides</surname>
              <given-names>KH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal cardiac abnormalities identified prior to 14 weeks' gestation</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>22</fpage>
          <lpage>29</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38 Taipale P, Amm&#228;l&#228; M, Salonen R, Hiilesmaa V. Two-stage ultrasonography in screening for fetal anomalies at 13-14 and 18-22 weeks of gestation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004;83(12):1141-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Taipale</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amm&#228;l&#228;</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salonen</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hiilesmaa</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Two-stage ultrasonography in screening for fetal anomalies at 13-14 and 18-22 weeks of gestation</article-title>
          <source>Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1141</fpage>
          <lpage>1146</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39 Gembruch U, Geipel A. Indications for fetal ecohocardiography: screening in low- and high-risk populations. In: Yagel S, Silverman NH, Gembruch U. Fetal cardiology. 2nd ed. New York; Informa Healthcare; 2009. p. 111-29.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gembruch</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geipel</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Indications for fetal ecohocardiography: screening in low- and high-risk populations</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Yagel</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silverman</surname>
              <given-names>NH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gembruch</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Fetal cardiology</source>
          <edition>2nd ed</edition>
          <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Informa Healthcare</publisher-name>
          <year>2009</year>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>129</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40 Garne E, Hansen AV, Birkelund AS, Anderson AM. Major congenital anomalies in a Danish region. Dan Med J. 2014;61(6):A4825.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garne</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Birkelund</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Major congenital anomalies in a Danish region</article-title>
          <source>Dan Med J</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>A4825</fpage>
          <lpage>A4825</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation>41 Donofrio MT, Levy RJ, Schuette JJ, Skurow-Todd K, Sten MB, Stallings C, et al. Specialized delivery room planning for fetuses with critical congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(5):737-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Donofrio</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schuette</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skurow-Todd</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sten</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stallings</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Specialized delivery room planning for fetuses with critical congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>737</fpage>
          <lpage>747</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <label>42</label>
        <mixed-citation>42 Roman KS, Fouron JC, Nii M, Smallhorn JF, Chaturvedi R, Jaeggi ET. Determinants of outcome in fetal pulmonary valve stenosis or atresia with intact ventricular septum. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99(5):699-703.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roman</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fouron</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nii</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smallhorn</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaturvedi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaeggi</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Determinants of outcome in fetal pulmonary valve stenosis or atresia with intact ventricular septum</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>699</fpage>
          <lpage>703</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <label>43</label>
        <mixed-citation>43 Hornberger LK, Sahn DJ, Kleinman CS, Copel JA, Reed KL. Tricuspid valve disease with significant tricuspid insufficiency in the fetus: diagnosis and outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17(1):167-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hornberger</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sahn</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleinman</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Copel</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reed</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tricuspid valve disease with significant tricuspid insufficiency in the fetus: diagnosis and outcome</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>167</fpage>
          <lpage>173</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B44">
        <label>44</label>
        <mixed-citation>44 Vogel M, McElhinney DB, Wilkins-Haug LE, Marshall AC, Benson CB, Juraszek AL, et al. Aortic stenosis and severe mitral regurgitation in the fetus resulting in giant left atrium and hydrops: pathophysiology, outcomes, and preliminary experience with pre-natal cardiac intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(3):348-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vogel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McElhinney</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilkins-Haug</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marshall</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benson</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Juraszek</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aortic stenosis and severe mitral regurgitation in the fetus resulting in giant left atrium and hydrops: pathophysiology, outcomes, and preliminary experience with pre-natal cardiac intervention</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>348</fpage>
          <lpage>355</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B45">
        <label>45</label>
        <mixed-citation>45 Taketazu M, Barrea C, Smallhorn JF, Wilson GJ, Hornberger LK. Intrauterine pulmonary venous flow and restrictive foramen ovale in fetal hypoplastic left heart syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(10):1902-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Taketazu</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barrea</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smallhorn</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hornberger</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Intrauterine pulmonary venous flow and restrictive foramen ovale in fetal hypoplastic left heart syndrome</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1902</fpage>
          <lpage>1907</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B46">
        <label>46</label>
        <mixed-citation>46 Sivasankaran S, Sharland GK, Simpson JM. Dilated cardiomyopathy presenting during fetal life. Cardiol Young. 2005;15(4):409-16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sivasankaran</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharland</surname>
              <given-names>GK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simpson</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dilated cardiomyopathy presenting during fetal life</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>409</fpage>
          <lpage>416</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B47">
        <label>47</label>
        <mixed-citation>47 Pedra SR, Smallhorn JF, Ryan G, Chitayat D, Taylor GP, Khan R, et al. Fetal cardiomyopathies: pathogenic mechanisms, hemodynamic findings, and clinical outcome. Circulation. 2002;106(5):585-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smallhorn</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ryan</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chitayat</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal cardiomyopathies: pathogenic mechanisms, hemodynamic findings, and clinical outcome</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>585</fpage>
          <lpage>591</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B48">
        <label>48</label>
        <mixed-citation>48 Hornberger LK, Sahn DJ. Rhythm abnormalities of the fetus. Heart. 2007;93(10):1294-300.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hornberger</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sahn</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rhythm abnormalities of the fetus</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1294</fpage>
          <lpage>1300</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B49">
        <label>49</label>
        <mixed-citation>49 Strasburger JF. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal arrhytmias. Clin Perinatol. 2005;32(4):891-912.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Strasburger</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prenatal diagnosis of fetal arrhytmias</article-title>
          <source>Clin Perinatol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>891</fpage>
          <lpage>912</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B50">
        <label>50</label>
        <mixed-citation>50 Yinon Y, Chitayat D, Blaser S, Seed M, Amsalem H, Yoo S, et al. Fetal cardiac tumors: a single-center experience of 40 cases. Prenat Diagn. 2010;30(10):941-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yinon</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chitayat</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blaser</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seed</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amsalem</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal cardiac tumors: a single-center experience of 40 cases</article-title>
          <source>Prenat Diagn</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>941</fpage>
          <lpage>949</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B51">
        <label>51</label>
        <mixed-citation>51 Zielinsky P, Busato S. Prenatal effects of maternal consumption of polyphenol-rich foods in late pregnancy upon fetal ductus arteriosus. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2013;99(4):256-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Busato</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prenatal effects of maternal consumption of polyphenol-rich foods in late pregnancy upon fetal ductus arteriosus</article-title>
          <source>Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>256</fpage>
          <lpage>274</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B52">
        <label>52</label>
        <mixed-citation>52 Volpe P, Marasini M, Caruso G, Lituania M, Marzullo A, Volpe G, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of ductus venosus agenesis and its association with cytogenetic/congenital anomalies. Prenat Diagn. 2002;22(11):995-1000.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Volpe</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marasini</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caruso</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lituania</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marzullo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Volpe</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prenatal diagnosis of ductus venosus agenesis and its association with cytogenetic/congenital anomalies</article-title>
          <source>Prenat Diagn</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>995</fpage>
          <lpage>1000</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B53">
        <label>53</label>
        <mixed-citation>53 Uzun O, Babaoglu K, Ayhan YI, Moselhi M, Rushworth F, Morris S, et al. Diagnostic ultrasound features and outcome of restrictive foramen ovale in fetuses with structurally normal hearts. Pediatr Cardiol. 2014;35(6):943-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Uzun</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Babaoglu</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ayhan</surname>
              <given-names>YI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moselhi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rushworth</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morris</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnostic ultrasound features and outcome of restrictive foramen ovale in fetuses with structurally normal hearts</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>943</fpage>
          <lpage>952</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B54">
        <label>54</label>
        <mixed-citation>54 Ayed A, Tonks AM, Lander A, Kilby MD. A review of pregnancies complicated by congenital sacrococcygeal teratoma in the West Midlands region over an 18-year period: population-based, cohort study. Prenat Diagn. 2015;35(11):1037-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ayed</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tonks</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lander</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kilby</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A review of pregnancies complicated by congenital sacrococcygeal teratoma in the West Midlands region over an 18-year period: population-based, cohort study</article-title>
          <source>Prenat Diagn</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1037</fpage>
          <lpage>1047</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B55">
        <label>55</label>
        <mixed-citation>55 Hellmund A, Berg C, Bryan C, Schneider M, Hra&#353;ka V, Gembruch U. Large fetal pulmonary arteriovenous malformation detected at midtrimester scan with subsequent high cardiac output syndrome and favorable postnatal outcome. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2014;35(2):133-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hellmund</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berg</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bryan</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hra&#353;ka</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gembruch</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Large fetal pulmonary arteriovenous malformation detected at midtrimester scan with subsequent high cardiac output syndrome and favorable postnatal outcome</article-title>
          <source>Fetal Diagn Ther</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>133</fpage>
          <lpage>136</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B56">
        <label>56</label>
        <mixed-citation>56 Huhta JC. Fetal congestive heart failure. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2005;10(6):542-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Huhta</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal congestive heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Semin Fetal Neonatal Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>542</fpage>
          <lpage>552</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B57">
        <label>57</label>
        <mixed-citation>57 Berkley EM, Goens MB, Karr S, Rappaport V. Utility of fetal echocardiography in postnatal management of infants with prenatally diagnosed congenital heart disease. Prenat Diagn. 2009;29(7):654-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berkley</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goens</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karr</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rappaport</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Utility of fetal echocardiography in postnatal management of infants with prenatally diagnosed congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Prenat Diagn</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>654</fpage>
          <lpage>658</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B58">
        <label>58</label>
        <mixed-citation>58 Johnson BA, Ades A. Delivery room and early postnatal management of neonates who have prenatally diagnosed congenital heart disease. Clin Perinatol. 2005;32(4):921-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ades</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Delivery room and early postnatal management of neonates who have prenatally diagnosed congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Clin Perinatol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>921</fpage>
          <lpage>946</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B59">
        <label>59</label>
        <mixed-citation>59 Davey BT, Donofrio MT, Moon-Grady AJ, Fifer CG, Cuneo BF, Falkensammer CB, et al. Development and validation of a fetal cardiovascular disease severity scale. Pediatr Cardiol. 2014;35(7):1174-80</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Davey</surname>
              <given-names>BT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donofrio</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moon-Grady</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fifer</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cuneo</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Falkensammer</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Development and validation of a fetal cardiovascular disease severity scale</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1174</fpage>
          <lpage>1180</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B60">
        <label>60</label>
        <mixed-citation>60 Trevett TN Jr, Cotton J. Idiopathic constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004;23(5):517-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Trevett</surname>
              <given-names>TN</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cotton</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Idiopathic constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>517</fpage>
          <lpage>519</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B61">
        <label>61</label>
        <mixed-citation>61 Ho SY, Anderson RH. Anatomical closure of the ductus arteriosus: a study in 35 specimens. J Anat. 1979;128(Pt 4):829-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ho</surname>
              <given-names>SY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anatomical closure of the ductus arteriosus: a study in 35 specimens</article-title>
          <source>J Anat</source>
          <year>1979</year>
          <volume>128</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>829</fpage>
          <lpage>836</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B62">
        <label>62</label>
        <mixed-citation>62 Tarcan A, Gurakan B, Yildirim S, Ozkiraz S, Bilezikci B. Persistent pulmonary hypertension in a premature newborn after 16 hours of antenatal indomethacin exposure. J Perinat Med. 2004;32(1):98-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tarcan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gurakan</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yildirim</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozkiraz</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bilezikci</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Persistent pulmonary hypertension in a premature newborn after 16 hours of antenatal indomethacin exposure</article-title>
          <source>J Perinat Med</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>98</fpage>
          <lpage>99</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B63">
        <label>63</label>
        <mixed-citation>63 Babaoglu K, Cakiroglu Y, Altun G, Doger E, Oguz D. Intrauterine idiopathic severe ductal constriction diagnosed by fetal echocardiography: a cause of hydrops fetalis. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2013;13(5):496-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Babaoglu</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cakiroglu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altun</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doger</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oguz</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Intrauterine idiopathic severe ductal constriction diagnosed by fetal echocardiography: a cause of hydrops fetalis</article-title>
          <source>Anadolu Kardiyol Derg</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>496</fpage>
          <lpage>497</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B64">
        <label>64</label>
        <mixed-citation>64 Abdel Mohsen AH, Amin AS. Risk factors and outcomes of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in neonatal intensive care unit of Al-Minya University Hospital in Egypt. J Clin Neonatol. 2013;2(2):78-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abdel Mohsen</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amin</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk factors and outcomes of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in neonatal intensive care unit of Al-Minya University Hospital in Egypt</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Neonatol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>78</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B65">
        <label>65</label>
        <mixed-citation>65 Toyoshima K, Takeda A, Imamura S, Nakanishi T, Momma K. Constriction of the ductus arteriosus by selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in near-term and preterm fetal rats. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediators. 2006;79(1-2):34-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Toyoshima</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takeda</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Imamura</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakanishi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Momma</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Constriction of the ductus arteriosus by selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in near-term and preterm fetal rats</article-title>
          <source>Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediators</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <fpage>34</fpage>
          <lpage>42</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B66">
        <label>66</label>
        <mixed-citation>66 Koren G, Florescu A, Costei AM, Boskovic R, Moretti ME. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs during third trimester and the risk of premature closure of the ductus arteriosus: a meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(5):824-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koren</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Florescu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costei</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boskovic</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moretti</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs during third trimester and the risk of premature closure of the ductus arteriosus: a meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Ann Pharmacother</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>824</fpage>
          <lpage>829</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B67">
        <label>67</label>
        <mixed-citation>67 Takami T, Momma K, Imamura S. Increased constriction of the ductus arteriosus by dexamethasone, indomethacin, and rofecoxib in fetal rats. Circ J. 2005;69(3):354-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Takami</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Momma</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Imamura</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased constriction of the ductus arteriosus by dexamethasone, indomethacin, and rofecoxib in fetal rats</article-title>
          <source>Circ J</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>354</fpage>
          <lpage>358</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B68">
        <label>68</label>
        <mixed-citation>68 Shima Y, Ishikawa H, Matsumura Y, Yashiro K, Nakajima M, Migita M. Idiopathic severe constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus: a possible underestimated pathophysiology. Euro J Pediatr. 2011;170(2):237-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shima</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ishikawa</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsumura</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yashiro</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakajima</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Migita</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Idiopathic severe constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus: a possible underestimated pathophysiology</article-title>
          <source>Euro J Pediatr</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>170</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>237</fpage>
          <lpage>240</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B69">
        <label>69</label>
        <mixed-citation>69 Di Paola R, Mazzon E, Muia C, Genovese T, Menegazzi M, Zaffini R, et al. Green tea polyphenol extract attenuates lung injury in experimental model of carrageenan-induced pleurisy in mice. Respir Res. 2005;6:66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Di Paola</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mazzon</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muia</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Genovese</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Menegazzi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zaffini</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Green tea polyphenol extract attenuates lung injury in experimental model of carrageenan-induced pleurisy in mice</article-title>
          <source>Respir Res</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <fpage>66</fpage>
          <lpage>66</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B70">
        <label>70</label>
        <mixed-citation>70 Martinez J, Moreno JJ. Effect of resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound, on reactive oxygen species and prostaglandin production. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000;59(7):865-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreno</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound, on reactive oxygen species and prostaglandin production</article-title>
          <source>Biochem Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>865</fpage>
          <lpage>870</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B71">
        <label>71</label>
        <mixed-citation>71 Vian I, Zielinsky P, Zilio AM, Mello A, Lazzeri B, Oliveira A, et al. Development and validation of a food frequency questionnaire for consumption of polyphenol-rich foods in pregnant women. Matern Child Nutr. 2015;11(4):511-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vian</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zilio</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mello</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lazzeri</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Development and validation of a food frequency questionnaire for consumption of polyphenol-rich foods in pregnant women</article-title>
          <source>Matern Child Nutr</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>511</fpage>
          <lpage>524</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B72">
        <label>72</label>
        <mixed-citation>72 Kapadia V, Embers D, Wells E, Lemler M, Rosenfeld CR. Prenatal closure of the ductus arteriosus and maternal ingestion of anthocyanins. J Perinatol. 2010;30(4):291-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kapadia</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Embers</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wells</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lemler</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenfeld</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prenatal closure of the ductus arteriosus and maternal ingestion of anthocyanins</article-title>
          <source>J Perinatol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>291</fpage>
          <lpage>294</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B73">
        <label>73</label>
        <mixed-citation>73 Sridharan S, Archer N, Manning N. Premature constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus following the maternal consumption of camomile herbal tea. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2009;34(3):358-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sridharan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Archer</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manning</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Premature constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus following the maternal consumption of camomile herbal tea</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>358</fpage>
          <lpage>359</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B74">
        <label>74</label>
        <mixed-citation>74 Zielinsky P, Manica JL, Piccoli AL Jr, Nicoloso LH, Barra M, Alievi MM, et al. Fetal ductal constriction caused by maternal ingestion of green tea in late pregnancy: an experimental study. Prenat Diagn. 2012;32(10):921-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manica</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piccoli</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barra</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alievi</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal ductal constriction caused by maternal ingestion of green tea in late pregnancy: an experimental study</article-title>
          <source>Prenat Diagn</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>921</fpage>
          <lpage>926</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B75">
        <label>75</label>
        <mixed-citation>75 Zielinsky P, Piccoli AL Jr, Manica JL, Nicoloso LH. New insights on fetal ductal constriction: role of maternal ingestion of polyphenol-rich foods. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2010;8(2):291-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piccoli</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manica</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>New insights on fetal ductal constriction: role of maternal ingestion of polyphenol-rich foods</article-title>
          <source>Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>291</fpage>
          <lpage>298</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B76">
        <label>76</label>
        <mixed-citation>76 Zielinsky P, Piccoli AL Jr, Manica JL, Nicoloso LH, Menezes H, Busato A, et al. Maternal consumption of polyphenol-rich foods in late pregnancy and fetal ductus arteriosus flow dynamics. J Perinatol. 2010;30(1):17-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piccoli</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manica</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Menezes</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Busato</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Maternal consumption of polyphenol-rich foods in late pregnancy and fetal ductus arteriosus flow dynamics</article-title>
          <source>J Perinatol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>17</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B77">
        <label>77</label>
        <mixed-citation>77 Zielinsky P, Piccoli AL Jr, Vian I, Zilio AM, Naujorks AA, Nicoloso LH, et al. Maternal restriction of polyphenols and fetal ductal dynamics in normal pregnancy: an open clinical trial. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;101(3):217-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piccoli</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vian</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zilio</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naujorks</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Maternal restriction of polyphenols and fetal ductal dynamics in normal pregnancy: an open clinical trial</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>217</fpage>
          <lpage>225</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B78">
        <label>78</label>
        <mixed-citation>78 Zielinsky P, Piccoli AL Jr, Manica JL, Nicoloso LH, Vian I, Bender L, et al. Reversal of fetal ductal constriction after maternal restriction of polyphenol-rich foods: an open clinical trial. J Perinatol. 2012;32(8):574-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piccoli</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manica</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vian</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bender</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reversal of fetal ductal constriction after maternal restriction of polyphenol-rich foods: an open clinical trial</article-title>
          <source>J Perinatol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>574</fpage>
          <lpage>579</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B79">
        <label>79</label>
        <mixed-citation>79 Sulis N, Zielinsky P, Nicoloso LH, Piccoli AL Jr, Vian I, Zilio AM, et al. Preval&#234;ncia da constri&#231;&#227;o ductal no terceiro trimestre de vida fetal. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;105(3 supl. 1):1-150.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sulis</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piccoli</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vian</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zilio</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia da constri&#231;&#227;o ductal no terceiro trimestre de vida fetal</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <supplement>supl. 1</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>150</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B80">
        <label>80</label>
        <mixed-citation>80 Levin DL, Hyman AI, Heymann MA, Rudolph AM. Fetal hypertension and the development of increased pulmonary vascular smooth muscle: a possible mechanism for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn infant. J Pediatr. 1978;92(2):265-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levin</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hyman</surname>
              <given-names>AI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heymann</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rudolph</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal hypertension and the development of increased pulmonary vascular smooth muscle: a possible mechanism for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn infant</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr</source>
          <year>1978</year>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>265</fpage>
          <lpage>269</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B81">
        <label>81</label>
        <mixed-citation>81 Levin DL, Mills LJ, Weinberg AG. Hemodynamic, pulmonary vascular, and myocardial abnormalities secondary to pharmacologic constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus. A possible mechanism for persistent pulmonary hypertension and transient tricuspid insufficiency in the newborn infant. Circulation. 1979;60(2):360-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levin</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mills</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weinberg</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hemodynamic, pulmonary vascular, and myocardial abnormalities secondary to pharmacologic constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus. A possible mechanism for persistent pulmonary hypertension and transient tricuspid insufficiency in the newborn infant</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1979</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>360</fpage>
          <lpage>364</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B82">
        <label>82</label>
        <mixed-citation>82 Harada K, Rice MJ, McDonald RW, Shiota T, Ishii M, Reller MD, et al. Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular diastolic filling in fetuses with ductal constriction. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79(4):442-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Harada</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rice</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McDonald</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shiota</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ishii</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reller</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular diastolic filling in fetuses with ductal constriction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>442</fpage>
          <lpage>446</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B83">
        <label>83</label>
        <mixed-citation>83 Moise KJ Jr. Effect of advancing gestational age on the frequency of fetal ductal constriction in association with maternal indomethacin use. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;168(5):1350-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moise</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of advancing gestational age on the frequency of fetal ductal constriction in association with maternal indomethacin use</article-title>
          <source>Am J Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>168</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1350</fpage>
          <lpage>1353</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B84">
        <label>84</label>
        <mixed-citation>84 Levin DL, Rudolph AM, Heymann MA, Phibbs RH. Morphological development of the pulmonary vascular bed in fetal lambs. Circulation. 1976;53(1):144-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levin</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rudolph</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heymann</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Phibbs</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Morphological development of the pulmonary vascular bed in fetal lambs</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1976</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>144</fpage>
          <lpage>151</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B85">
        <label>85</label>
        <mixed-citation>85 Macones GA, Robinson CA. Is there justification for using indomethacin in preterm labor? An analysis of neonatal risks and benefits. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177(4):819-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Macones</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Is there justification for using indomethacin in preterm labor? An analysis of neonatal risks and benefits</article-title>
          <source>Am J Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>177</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>819</fpage>
          <lpage>824</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B86">
        <label>86</label>
        <mixed-citation>86 Hofstadler G, Tulzer G, Altmann R, Schmitt K, Danford D, Huhta JC. Spontaneous closure of the human fetal ductus arteriosus--A cause of fetal congestive heart failure. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174(3):879-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hofstadler</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tulzer</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altmann</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmitt</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Danford</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huhta</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Spontaneous closure of the human fetal ductus arteriosus--A cause of fetal congestive heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Am J Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>174</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>879</fpage>
          <lpage>883</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B87">
        <label>87</label>
        <mixed-citation>87 Huhta JC, Moise KJ, Fisher DJ, Sharif DS, Wasserstrum N, Martin C. Detection and quantitation of constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus by Doppler echocardiography. Circulation. 1987;75(2):406-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Huhta</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moise</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fisher</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharif</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wasserstrum</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Detection and quantitation of constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus by Doppler echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1987</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>406</fpage>
          <lpage>412</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B88">
        <label>88</label>
        <mixed-citation>88 Mielke G, Benda N. Blood flow velocity waveforms of the fetal pulmonary artery and the ductus arteriosus: reference ranges from 13 weeks to term. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000;15(3):213-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mielke</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benda</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Blood flow velocity waveforms of the fetal pulmonary artery and the ductus arteriosus: reference ranges from 13 weeks to term</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>213</fpage>
          <lpage>218</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B89">
        <label>89</label>
        <mixed-citation>89 Rasanen J, Jouppila P. Fetal cardiac function and ductus arteriosus during indomethacin and sulindac therapy for threatened preterm labor: a randomized study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173(1):20-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rasanen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jouppila</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal cardiac function and ductus arteriosus during indomethacin and sulindac therapy for threatened preterm labor: a randomized study</article-title>
          <source>Am J Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>173</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>20</fpage>
          <lpage>25</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B90">
        <label>90</label>
        <mixed-citation>90 van den Hoff MJ, Deprez RH, Ruijter JM, de Boer PA, Tesink-Taekema S, Buffing AA, et al. Increased cardiac workload by closure of the ductus arteriosus leads to hypertrophy and apoptosis rather than to hyperplasia in the late fetal period. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol. 2004;370(3):193-202.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van den Hoff</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deprez</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruijter</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Boer</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tesink-Taekema</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buffing</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased cardiac workload by closure of the ductus arteriosus leads to hypertrophy and apoptosis rather than to hyperplasia in the late fetal period</article-title>
          <source>Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>370</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>193</fpage>
          <lpage>202</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B91">
        <label>91</label>
        <mixed-citation>91 Momma K, Hagiwara H, Konishi T. Constriction of fetal ductus arteriosus by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: study of additional 34 drugs. Prostaglandins. 1984;28(4):527-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Momma</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hagiwara</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Konishi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Constriction of fetal ductus arteriosus by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: study of additional 34 drugs</article-title>
          <source>Prostaglandins</source>
          <year>1984</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>527</fpage>
          <lpage>536</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B92">
        <label>92</label>
        <mixed-citation>92 Moise KJ Jr, Huhta JC, Sharif DS, Ou CN, Kirshon B, Wasserstrum N, et al. Indomethacin in the treatment of premature labor. Effects on the fetal ductus arteriosus. N Engl J Med. 1988;319(6):327-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moise</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huhta</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharif</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ou</surname>
              <given-names>CN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirshon</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wasserstrum</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Indomethacin in the treatment of premature labor. Effects on the fetal ductus arteriosus</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>319</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>327</fpage>
          <lpage>331</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B93">
        <label>93</label>
        <mixed-citation>93 Mari G, Moise KJ Jr, Deter RL, Kirshon B, Huhta JC, Carpenter RJ Jr, et al. Doppler assessment of the pulsatility index of the middle cerebral artery during constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus after indomethacin therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;161(6 Pt 1):1528-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mari</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moise</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deter</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirshon</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huhta</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carpenter</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Doppler assessment of the pulsatility index of the middle cerebral artery during constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus after indomethacin therapy</article-title>
          <source>Am J Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>1989</year>
          <volume>161</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt 1</issue-part>
          <fpage>1528</fpage>
          <lpage>1531</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B94">
        <label>94</label>
        <mixed-citation>94 Respondek M, Weil SR, Huhta JC. Fetal echocardiography during indomethacin treatment. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1995;5(2):86-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Respondek</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weil</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huhta</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal echocardiography during indomethacin treatment</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>86</fpage>
          <lpage>89</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B95">
        <label>95</label>
        <mixed-citation>95 Rudolph AM. The effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compounds on fetal circulation and pulmonary function. Obstet Gynecol. 1981;58(5 Suppl):63S-7S.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rudolph</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compounds on fetal circulation and pulmonary function</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>1981</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>5 Suppl</issue>
          <fpage>63S</fpage>
          <lpage>67S</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B96">
        <label>96</label>
        <mixed-citation>96 Majed BH, Kalil RA. Molecular mechanisms regulating the vascular prostacyclin pathways and their adaptation during pregnancy and in the newborn. Pharmacol Rev. 2012;64(3):540-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Majed</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalil</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Molecular mechanisms regulating the vascular prostacyclin pathways and their adaptation during pregnancy and in the newborn</article-title>
          <source>Pharmacol Rev</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>540</fpage>
          <lpage>582</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B97">
        <label>97</label>
        <mixed-citation>97 Norton ME. Teratogen update: fetal effects of indomethacin administration during pregnancy. Teratology. 1997;56(4):282-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Norton</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Teratogen update: fetal effects of indomethacin administration during pregnancy</article-title>
          <source>Teratology</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>282</fpage>
          <lpage>292</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B98">
        <label>98</label>
        <mixed-citation>98 Sharpe GL, Larsson KS, Thalme B. Studies on closure of the ductus arteriosus. XII. In utero effect of indomethacin and sodium salicylate in rats and rabbits. Prostaglandins. 1975;9(4):585-96.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sharpe</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larsson</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thalme</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Studies on closure of the ductus arteriosus. XII. In utero effect of indomethacin and sodium salicylate in rats and rabbits</article-title>
          <source>Prostaglandins</source>
          <year>1975</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>585</fpage>
          <lpage>596</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B99">
        <label>99</label>
        <mixed-citation>99 Gordon MC, Samuels P. Indomethacin. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1995;38(4):697-705.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gordon</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Samuels</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Indomethacin</article-title>
          <source>Clin Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>697</fpage>
          <lpage>705</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B100">
        <label>100</label>
        <mixed-citation>100 Vogel M, Wilkins-Haug LE, McElhinney DB, Marshall AC, Benson CB, Silva V, et al. Reversible ductus arteriosus constriction due to maternal indomethacin after fetal intervention for hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact/restrictive atrial septum. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2010;27(1):40-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vogel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilkins-Haug</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McElhinney</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marshall</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benson</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reversible ductus arteriosus constriction due to maternal indomethacin after fetal intervention for hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact/restrictive atrial septum</article-title>
          <source>Fetal Diagn Ther</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>40</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B101">
        <label>101</label>
        <mixed-citation>101 Moise KJ Jr, Ou CN, Kirshon B, Cano LE, Rognerud C, Carpenter RJ Jr. Placental transfer of indomethacin in the human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;162(2):549-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moise</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ou</surname>
              <given-names>CN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirshon</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cano</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rognerud</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carpenter</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Placental transfer of indomethacin in the human pregnancy</article-title>
          <source>Am J Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>162</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>549</fpage>
          <lpage>554</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B102">
        <label>102</label>
        <mixed-citation>102 Hallak M, Reiter AA, Ayres NA, Moise KJ Jr. Indomethacin for preterm labor: fetal toxicity in a dizygotic twin gestation. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;78(5 Pt 2):911-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hallak</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reiter</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ayres</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moise</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Indomethacin for preterm labor: fetal toxicity in a dizygotic twin gestation</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt 2</issue-part>
          <fpage>911</fpage>
          <lpage>913</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B103">
        <label>103</label>
        <mixed-citation>103 Paladini D, Marasini M, Volpe P. Severe ductal constriction in the third-trimester fetus following maternal self-medication with nimesulide. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;25(4):357-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paladini</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marasini</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Volpe</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Severe ductal constriction in the third-trimester fetus following maternal self-medication with nimesulide</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>357</fpage>
          <lpage>361</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B104">
        <label>104</label>
        <mixed-citation>104 Auer M, Brezinka C, Eller P, Luze K, Schweigmann U, Schwarzler P. Prenatal diagnosis of intrauterine premature closure of the ductus arteriosus following maternal diclofenac application. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004;23(5):513-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Auer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brezinka</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eller</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luze</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schweigmann</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwarzler</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prenatal diagnosis of intrauterine premature closure of the ductus arteriosus following maternal diclofenac application</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>513</fpage>
          <lpage>516</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B105">
        <label>105</label>
        <mixed-citation>105 Schiessl B, Schneider KT, Zimmermann A, Kainer F, Friese K, Oberhoffer R. Prenatal constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus--related to maternal pain medication? Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2005;209(2):65-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schiessl</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
              <given-names>KT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmermann</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kainer</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friese</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oberhoffer</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prenatal constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus--related to maternal pain medication?</article-title>
          <source>Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>209</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>65</fpage>
          <lpage>68</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B106">
        <label>106</label>
        <mixed-citation>106 Hanson MA, Bardsley A, De-Regil LM, Moore SE, Oken E, Poston L, et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) recommendations on adolescent, preconception, and maternal nutrition: "Think Nutrition First". Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015;131 Suppl 4:S213-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hanson</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bardsley</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De-Regil</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moore</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oken</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poston</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) recommendations on adolescent, preconception, and maternal nutrition: "Think Nutrition First"</article-title>
          <source>Int J Gynaecol Obstet</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>131</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 4</supplement>
          <fpage>S213</fpage>
          <lpage>S253</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B107">
        <label>107</label>
        <mixed-citation>107 Lopes LM, Carrilho MC, Francisco RP, Lopes MA, Krebs VL, Zugaib M. Fetal ductus arteriosus constriction and closure: analysis of the causes and perinatal outcome related to 45 consecutive cases. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29(4):638-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carrilho</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francisco</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krebs</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zugaib</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal ductus arteriosus constriction and closure: analysis of the causes and perinatal outcome related to 45 consecutive cases</article-title>
          <source>J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>638</fpage>
          <lpage>645</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B108">
        <label>108</label>
        <mixed-citation>108 Ishida H, Inamura N, Kamazu Y, Kayatani F. Clinical features of the complete closure of the ductus arteriosus prenatally. Congenit Heart Dis. 2011;6(1):51-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ishida</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Inamura</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kamazu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kayatani</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical features of the complete closure of the ductus arteriosus prenatally</article-title>
          <source>Congenit Heart Dis</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>51</fpage>
          <lpage>56</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B109">
        <label>109</label>
        <mixed-citation>109 Hooper CW, Delaney C, Streeter T, Yarboro MT, Poole SD, Brown N, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) exposure constricts the mouse ductus arteriosus in utero. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2016;311(3):H572-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hooper</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delaney</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Streeter</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yarboro</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poole</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) exposure constricts the mouse ductus arteriosus in utero</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>311</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>H572</fpage>
          <lpage>H581</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B110">
        <label>110</label>
        <mixed-citation>110 Weintraub A, Mankuta D. Dipyrone-induced oligohydramnios and ductus arteriosus restriction. Isr Med Assoc J. 2006;8(10):722-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weintraub</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mankuta</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dipyrone-induced oligohydramnios and ductus arteriosus restriction</article-title>
          <source>Isr Med Assoc J</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>722</fpage>
          <lpage>723</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B111">
        <label>111</label>
        <mixed-citation>111 Delaney C, Gien J, Roe G, Isenberg N, Kailey J, Abman SH. Serotonin contributes to high pulmonary vascular tone in a sheep model of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2013;304(12):L894-901.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Delaney</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gien</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roe</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Isenberg</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kailey</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abman</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serotonin contributes to high pulmonary vascular tone in a sheep model of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>304</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>L894</fpage>
          <lpage>L901</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B112">
        <label>112</label>
        <mixed-citation>112 Momma K, Nishihara S, Ota Y. Constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus by glucocorticoid hormones. Pediatr Res. 1981;15(1):19-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Momma</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nishihara</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ota</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus by glucocorticoid hormones</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Res</source>
          <year>1981</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>19</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B113">
        <label>113</label>
        <mixed-citation>113 Hassid A. Regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis in cultured cells. Am J Physiol. 1982;243(5):C205-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hassid</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis in cultured cells</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <year>1982</year>
          <volume>243</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>C205</fpage>
          <lpage>C211</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B114">
        <label>114</label>
        <mixed-citation>114 Wasserstrum N, Huhta JC, Mari G, Sharif DS, Willis R, Neal NK. Betamethasone and the human fetal ductus arteriosus. Obstet Gynecol. 1989;74(6):897-900.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wasserstrum</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huhta</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mari</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharif</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Willis</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neal</surname>
              <given-names>NK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Betamethasone and the human fetal ductus arteriosus</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>1989</year>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>897</fpage>
          <lpage>900</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B115">
        <label>115</label>
        <mixed-citation>115 Faller AL, Fialho E. Polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity in organic and conventional plant foods. J Food Comp Anal. 2010;23(6):561-68.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Faller</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fialho</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity in organic and conventional plant foods</article-title>
          <source>J Food Comp Anal</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>561</fpage>
          <lpage>568</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B116">
        <label>116</label>
        <mixed-citation>116 Nijveldt RJ, van Nood E, van Hoorn DE, Boelens PG, van Norren K, van Leeuwen PA. Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74(4):418-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nijveldt</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Nood</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Hoorn</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boelens</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Norren</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Leeuwen</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications</article-title>
          <source>Am J Clin Nutr</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>418</fpage>
          <lpage>425</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B117">
        <label>117</label>
        <mixed-citation>117 Wollgast J, Anklam E. Polyphenols in chocolate: Is there a contribution to human health? Food Res Int. 2000;33(6):449-59.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wollgast</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anklam</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Polyphenols in chocolate: Is there a contribution to human health?</article-title>
          <source>Food Res Int</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>449</fpage>
          <lpage>459</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B118">
        <label>118</label>
        <mixed-citation>118 Rios-Hoyo A, Cortes MJ, Rios-Ontiveros H, Meaney E, Ceballos G, Gutierrez-Salmean G. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and dietary therapeutical approaches with a special focus on nutraceuticals (Polyphenols): a mini-review. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2014;84(3-4):113-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rios-Hoyo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cortes</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rios-Ontiveros</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meaney</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ceballos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gutierrez-Salmean</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and dietary therapeutical approaches with a special focus on nutraceuticals (Polyphenols): a mini-review</article-title>
          <source>Int J Vitam Nutr Res</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>3-4</issue>
          <fpage>113</fpage>
          <lpage>123</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B119">
        <label>119</label>
        <mixed-citation>119 Efraim P, Alves AB, Jardim DC. Review: Polyphenols in cocoa and derivatives: factors of variation and health effects. Braz J Food Technol. 2011;14(3):181-201.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Efraim</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alves</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jardim</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Review: Polyphenols in cocoa and derivatives: factors of variation and health effects</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Food Technol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>181</fpage>
          <lpage>201</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B120">
        <label>120</label>
        <mixed-citation>120 Halliwell B. How to characterize a biological antioxidant. Free Radic Res Commun. 1990;9(1):1-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Halliwell</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>How to characterize a biological antioxidant</article-title>
          <source>Free Radic Res Commun</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B121">
        <label>121</label>
        <mixed-citation>121 Zielinsky PM, Manica JL, Piccoli Jr A, Areias JC, Nicoloso LH, Menezes HS, et al. Experimental study of the role of maternal consumption of green tea, mate tea and grape juice on fetal ductal constriction. 17th World Congress on Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2007 - Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2007;30(4):515.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manica</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piccoli</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Areias</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Menezes</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Experimental study of the role of maternal consumption of green tea, mate tea and grape juice on fetal ductal constriction. 17th World Congress on Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2007</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>515</fpage>
          <lpage>515</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B122">
        <label>122</label>
        <mixed-citation>122 Bubols GB, Zielinsky P, Piccoli AL Jr, Nicoloso LH, Vian I, Moro AM, et al. Nitric oxide and reactive species are modulated in the polyphenol-induced ductus arteriosus constriction in pregnant sheep. Prenat Diagn. 2014;34(13):1268-76.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bubols</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piccoli</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vian</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moro</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nitric oxide and reactive species are modulated in the polyphenol-induced ductus arteriosus constriction in pregnant sheep</article-title>
          <source>Prenat Diagn</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1268</fpage>
          <lpage>1276</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B123">
        <label>123</label>
        <mixed-citation>123 Zielinsky P, Martignoni FV, Vian I. Deleterious effects of maternal ingestion of cocoa upon fetal ductus arteriosus in late pregnancy. Front Pharmacol. 2014;5:281.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martignoni</surname>
              <given-names>FV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vian</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Deleterious effects of maternal ingestion of cocoa upon fetal ductus arteriosus in late pregnancy</article-title>
          <source>Front Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <fpage>281</fpage>
          <lpage>281</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B124">
        <label>124</label>
        <mixed-citation>124 Z&#237;lio AM, Zielinsky P, Vian I, Schaun MI, Markoski M, Lampert K, et al. Polyphenol supplementation inhibits physiological increase of prostaglandin E2 during reproductive period - a randomized clinical trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2017 Apr 5. [Epub ahead of print].</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Z&#237;lio</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vian</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaun</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Markoski</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lampert</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Polyphenol supplementation inhibits physiological increase of prostaglandin E2 during reproductive period - a randomized clinical trial</article-title>
          <source>Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids</source>
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
          <comment>[Epub ahead of print]</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B125">
        <label>125</label>
        <mixed-citation>125 Vian I, Zielinsky P, Zilio AM, Schaun M, Brum C, Lampert KV, et al. Increase of Prostaglandin E2 in the Reversal of Ductal Constriction After Polyphenol Restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Nov;52(5):617-622.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vian</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zilio</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaun</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brum</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lampert</surname>
              <given-names>KV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increase of Prostaglandin E2 in the Reversal of Ductal Constriction After Polyphenol Restriction</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>617</fpage>
          <lpage>622</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B126">
        <label>126</label>
        <mixed-citation>126 Khan HY, Zubair H, Ullah MF, Ahmad A, Hadi SM. A prooxidant mechanism for the anticancer and chemopreventive properties of plant polyphenols. Curr Drug Targets. 2012;13(14):1738-49.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>HY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zubair</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ullah</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmad</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hadi</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A prooxidant mechanism for the anticancer and chemopreventive properties of plant polyphenols</article-title>
          <source>Curr Drug Targets</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1738</fpage>
          <lpage>1749</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B127">
        <label>127</label>
        <mixed-citation>127 Arnt A. Quantifica&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do de polifen&#243;is totais em alimentos consumidos no sul do Brasil. 2015. Disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado. Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 2015.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="thesis">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arnt</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do de polifen&#243;is totais em alimentos consumidos no sul do Brasil</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <comment>mestrado</comment>
          <publisher-name>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</publisher-name>
          <publisher-loc>Porto Alegre</publisher-loc>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B128">
        <label>128</label>
        <mixed-citation>128 Kleinman CS, Nehgme RA. Cardiac arrhythmias in the human fetus. Pediatr Cardiol. 2004;25(3):234-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kleinman</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nehgme</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac arrhythmias in the human fetus</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>234</fpage>
          <lpage>251</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B129">
        <label>129</label>
        <mixed-citation>129 Zielinsky P. [Fetal heart rhythm disorders. Detection and prenatal management]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1996;66(2):83-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal heart rhythm disorders. Detection and prenatal management</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>83</fpage>
          <lpage>86</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B130">
        <label>130</label>
        <mixed-citation>130 Kleinman CS, Donnerstein RL, Jaffe CC, DeVore GR, Weinstein EM, Lynch DC, et al. Fetal echocardiography: a tool for evaluation of in utero cardiac arrhythmias and monitoring of in utero therapy: analysis of 71 patients. Am J Cardiol 1983;51(2):237-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kleinman</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donnerstein</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaffe</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeVore</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weinstein</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lynch</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal echocardiography: a tool for evaluation of in utero cardiac arrhythmias and monitoring of in utero therapy: analysis of 71 patients</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1983</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>237</fpage>
          <lpage>243</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B131">
        <label>131</label>
        <mixed-citation>131 Zielinsky P, Dillenburg RF, de Lima GG, Zimmer LP. [Fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Experience of a fetal cardiology referral center]. Arq Bras Cardiol 1998;70(5):337-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dillenburg</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Lima</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmer</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Experience of a fetal cardiology referral center</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>337</fpage>
          <lpage>340</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B132">
        <label>132</label>
        <mixed-citation>132 Fouron JC, Proulx F, Miro J, Gosselin J. Doppler and M-mode ultrasonography to time fetal atrial and ventricular contractions. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96(5 Pt 1):732-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fouron</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Proulx</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miro</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gosselin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Doppler and M-mode ultrasonography to time fetal atrial and ventricular contractions</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt 1</issue-part>
          <fpage>732</fpage>
          <lpage>736</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B133">
        <label>133</label>
        <mixed-citation>133 Fouron JC, Fournier A, Proulx F, Lamarche J, Bigras JL, Boutin C, et al. Management of fetal tachyarrhytmia based on superior vena cava/aorta Doppler flow recordings. Heart. 2003;89(10):1211-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fouron</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fournier</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Proulx</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lamarche</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bigras</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boutin</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of fetal tachyarrhytmia based on superior vena cava/aorta Doppler flow recordings</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1211</fpage>
          <lpage>1216</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B134">
        <label>134</label>
        <mixed-citation>134 Hornberger LK. Echocardiographic assessment of fetal arrhythmias. Heart. 2007;93(11):1331-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hornberger</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Echocardiographic assessment of fetal arrhythmias</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1331</fpage>
          <lpage>1333</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B135">
        <label>135</label>
        <mixed-citation>135 Carvalho JS, Prefumo F, Ciardelli V, Sairam S, Bhide A, Shinebourne EA. Evaluation of fetal arrhythmias from simultaneous puldes wave Doppler in pulmonary artery and vein. Heart. 2007;93(11):1448-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prefumo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ciardelli</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sairam</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhide</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shinebourne</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of fetal arrhythmias from simultaneous puldes wave Doppler in pulmonary artery and vein</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1448</fpage>
          <lpage>1453</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B136">
        <label>136</label>
        <mixed-citation>136 Dancea A, Fouron JC, Mir&#243; J, Skoll A, Lessard M. Correlation between electrocardiographic and ultrassonographic time-interval measurements in fetal lamb heart. Pediatr Res. 2000;47(3):324-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dancea</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fouron</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mir&#243;</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skoll</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lessard</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Correlation between electrocardiographic and ultrassonographic time-interval measurements in fetal lamb heart</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Res</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>324</fpage>
          <lpage>328</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B137">
        <label>137</label>
        <mixed-citation>137 Wacker-Gussmann A, Strasburger JF, Cuneo BF, Wakai RT. Diagnosis and treatment of fetal arrhythmia: Am J Peronatol. 2014;31(7):617-28.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wacker-Gussmann</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strasburger</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cuneo</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wakai</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnosis and treatment of fetal arrhythmia</article-title>
          <source>Am J Peronatol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>617</fpage>
          <lpage>628</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B138">
        <label>138</label>
        <mixed-citation>138 Strasburger JF, Wakai, RT. Fetal cardiac arrhythmia detection and in utero therapy: Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010;7(5):277-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Strasburger</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wakai</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal cardiac arrhythmia detection and in utero therapy</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>277</fpage>
          <lpage>290</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B139">
        <label>139</label>
        <mixed-citation>139 Copel JA, Liang RI, Demasio K, Ozeren S, Kleinman CS. The clinical significance of the irregular fetal heart rhythm. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182(4):813-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Copel</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liang</surname>
              <given-names>RI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demasio</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozeren</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleinman</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The clinical significance of the irregular fetal heart rhythm</article-title>
          <source>Am J Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>182</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>813</fpage>
          <lpage>817</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B140">
        <label>140</label>
        <mixed-citation>140 Fouron JC. Fetal arrhythmias: the Saint-justine hospital experience. Prenat Diagn. 2004;24(13):1068-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fouron</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal arrhythmias: the Saint-justine hospital experience</article-title>
          <source>Prenat Diagn</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1068</fpage>
          <lpage>1080</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B141">
        <label>141</label>
        <mixed-citation>141 Srinivasan S, Strasburger J. Overview of fetal arrhythmias. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2008;20(5):522-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Srinivasan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strasburger</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Overview of fetal arrhythmias</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin Pediatr</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>522</fpage>
          <lpage>531</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B142">
        <label>142</label>
        <mixed-citation>142 Eliasson H, Wahren-Herlenius M, Sonesson SE. Mechanisms in fetal bradyarrhythmia: 65 cases in a single center analyzed by Doppler flow echocardiographic techniques. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2011;37(2):172-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Eliasson</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wahren-Herlenius</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sonesson</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mechanisms in fetal bradyarrhythmia: 65 cases in a single center analyzed by Doppler flow echocardiographic techniques</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>172</fpage>
          <lpage>178</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B143">
        <label>143</label>
        <mixed-citation>143 Breur JM, Oudijk MA, Stoutenbeek P, Visser GH, Meijboom EJ. Transient non-autoimmune fetal heart block. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2005;20(2):81-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Breur</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oudijk</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stoutenbeek</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Visser</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meijboom</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transient non-autoimmune fetal heart block</article-title>
          <source>Fetal Diagn Ther</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>81</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B144">
        <label>144</label>
        <mixed-citation>144 Machado MV, Tynan MJ, Curry PV, Allan LD. Fetal complete heart block. Br Heart J. 1988;60(6):512-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tynan</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curry</surname>
              <given-names>PV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allan</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal complete heart block</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>512</fpage>
          <lpage>515</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B145">
        <label>145</label>
        <mixed-citation>145 Schmidt KG, Ulmer HE, Silverman NH, Kleinmann CS, Copel JA. Perinatal outcome of fetal complete atrioventricular block: a multicenter experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17(6):1360-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>KG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ulmer</surname>
              <given-names>HE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silverman</surname>
              <given-names>NH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleinmann</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Copel</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Perinatal outcome of fetal complete atrioventricular block: a multicenter experience</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1360</fpage>
          <lpage>1366</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B146">
        <label>146</label>
        <mixed-citation>146 Cuneo BF, Zhao H, Strasburger JF, Ovadia M, Huhta JC, Wakai RT. Atrial and ventricular rate response and patterns of heart rate acceleration during maternal-fetal terbutaline treatment of fetal complete heart block. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100(4):661-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cuneo</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strasburger</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ovadia</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huhta</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wakai</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial and ventricular rate response and patterns of heart rate acceleration during maternal-fetal terbutaline treatment of fetal complete heart block</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>661</fpage>
          <lpage>665</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B147">
        <label>147</label>
        <mixed-citation>147 Sonesson SE, Salomonsson S, Jacobsson LA, Bremme K, Wahren-Herlenius M. Signs of first-degree heart block occur in one-third of fetuses of pregnant women with anti-SSA/Ro 52-kd antibodies. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(4):1253-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sonesson</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salomonsson</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobsson</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bremme</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wahren-Herlenius</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Signs of first-degree heart block occur in one-third of fetuses of pregnant women with anti-SSA/Ro 52-kd antibodies</article-title>
          <source>Arthritis Rheum</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1253</fpage>
          <lpage>1261</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B148">
        <label>148</label>
        <mixed-citation>148 Rein AJ, Mevorach D, Perles Z, Gavri S, Nadjari M, Nir A, et al. Early Diagnosis and treatment of atrioventricular block in the fetus exposed to maternal anti-SSA/Ro-SSB/La antibodies: a prospective, observational, fetal kinetocardiogram-based study. Circulation. 2009;119(14):1867-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rein</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mevorach</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perles</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gavri</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nadjari</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nir</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early Diagnosis and treatment of atrioventricular block in the fetus exposed to maternal anti-SSA/Ro-SSB/La antibodies: a prospective, observational, fetal kinetocardiogram-based study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1867</fpage>
          <lpage>1872</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B149">
        <label>149</label>
        <mixed-citation>149 Aoki H, Inamura N, Kawazu Y, Nakayama M, Kayatani F. Fetal echocardiographic assessment of endocardial fibroelastosis in maternal anti-SSA antibody-associated complete heart block. Circ J. 2011;75(5):1215-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aoki</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Inamura</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kawazu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakayama</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kayatani</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal echocardiographic assessment of endocardial fibroelastosis in maternal anti-SSA antibody-associated complete heart block</article-title>
          <source>Circ J</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1215</fpage>
          <lpage>1221</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B150">
        <label>150</label>
        <mixed-citation>150 Krishnan A, Pike JI, Donofrio MT. Prenatal evaluation and management of fetuses exposed to anti SSA/Ro antibodies. Pediatr Cardiol. 2012;33(8):1245-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Krishnan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pike</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donofrio</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prenatal evaluation and management of fetuses exposed to anti SSA/Ro antibodies</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1245</fpage>
          <lpage>1252</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B151">
        <label>151</label>
        <mixed-citation>151 Ambrosi A, Wahren-Herlenius M. Congenital heart block: evidence for pathogenic role of maternal autoantibodies. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(2):208.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ambrosi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wahren-Herlenius</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Congenital heart block: evidence for pathogenic role of maternal autoantibodies</article-title>
          <source>Arthritis Res Ther</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>208</fpage>
          <lpage>208</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B152">
        <label>152</label>
        <mixed-citation>152 Eliasson H, Sonesson SE, Sharland G, Granath F, Simpson J, Carvalho JS, et al; Fetal Working Group of the European Association of Pediatric Cardiology. Isolated atrioventricular block in the fetus. A retrospective, multinational, multicenter study of 175 patients. Circulation. 2011;124(18):1919-26.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Eliasson</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sonesson</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharland</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Granath</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simpson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Fetal Working Group of the European Association of Pediatric Cardiology</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Isolated atrioventricular block in the fetus. A retrospective, multinational, multicenter study of 175 patients</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1919</fpage>
          <lpage>1926</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B153">
        <label>153</label>
        <mixed-citation>153 Clancy RM, Buyon JP, Ikeda K, Nozawa K, Argyle DA, Friedman DM, et al. Maternal antibody responses to the 52-kd SSA/RO p200 peptide and development of fetal conduction defects. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(10):3079-86.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Clancy</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buyon</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ikeda</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nozawa</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Argyle</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friedman</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Maternal antibody responses to the 52-kd SSA/RO p200 peptide and development of fetal conduction defects</article-title>
          <source>Arthritis Rheum</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>3079</fpage>
          <lpage>3086</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B154">
        <label>154</label>
        <mixed-citation>154 Bergman G, Eliasson H, Bremme K, Wahren-Herlenius M, Sonesson SE. Anti-Ro52/SSA antibody-exposed fetuses with prolonged atrioventricular time intervals show signs of decreased cardiac performance. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2009;34(5):543-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bergman</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eliasson</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bremme</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wahren-Herlenius</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sonesson</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anti-Ro52/SSA antibody-exposed fetuses with prolonged atrioventricular time intervals show signs of decreased cardiac performance</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>543</fpage>
          <lpage>549</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B155">
        <label>155</label>
        <mixed-citation>155 Rosenthal D, Druzin M, Chin C, Dubin A. A new therapeutic approach to the fetus with congenital complete heart block: preemptive, targeted therapy with dexamethasone. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;92(4 Pt 2):689-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenthal</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Druzin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chin</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dubin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A new therapeutic approach to the fetus with congenital complete heart block: preemptive, targeted therapy with dexamethasone</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt 2</issue-part>
          <fpage>689</fpage>
          <lpage>691</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B156">
        <label>156</label>
        <mixed-citation>156 Trucco SM, Jaeggi E, Cuneo B, Moon-Grady AJ, Silverman E, Silverman N, et al. Use of intravenous gamma globulin and corticosteroids in the treatment of maternal autoantibody-mediated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(6):715-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Trucco</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaeggi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cuneo</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moon-Grady</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silverman</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silverman</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of intravenous gamma globulin and corticosteroids in the treatment of maternal autoantibody-mediated cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>715</fpage>
          <lpage>723</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B157">
        <label>157</label>
        <mixed-citation>157 Jaeggi ET, Fouron JC, Silverman ED, Ryan G, Smallhorn J, Hornberger LK. Transplacental fetal treatment improves the outcome of prenatally diagnosed complete atrioventricular block without structural heart disease. Circulation. 2004;110(12):1542-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jaeggi</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fouron</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silverman</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ryan</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smallhorn</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hornberger</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transplacental fetal treatment improves the outcome of prenatally diagnosed complete atrioventricular block without structural heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1542</fpage>
          <lpage>1548</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B158">
        <label>158</label>
        <mixed-citation>158 Cuneo BF, Lee M, Roberson D, Niksch A, Ovadia M, Parilla BV, et al. A management strategy for fetal immune-mediated atrioventricular block. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;23(12):1400-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cuneo</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roberson</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Niksch</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ovadia</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parilla</surname>
              <given-names>BV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A management strategy for fetal immune-mediated atrioventricular block</article-title>
          <source>J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1400</fpage>
          <lpage>1405</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B159">
        <label>159</label>
        <mixed-citation>159 Friedman DM, Kim MY, Copel JA, Llanos C, Davis C, Buyon JP. Prospective evaluation of fetuses with autoimmune-associated congenital heart block followed in the PR Interval and Dexamethasone Evaluation (PRIDE) Study. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(8):1102-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Friedman</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>MY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Copel</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Llanos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davis</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buyon</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prospective evaluation of fetuses with autoimmune-associated congenital heart block followed in the PR Interval and Dexamethasone Evaluation (PRIDE) Study</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1102</fpage>
          <lpage>1106</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B160">
        <label>160</label>
        <mixed-citation>160 Buyon JP, Clancy RM, Friedman DM. Cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus erythematosus: guidelines to management, integrating clues from the bench and bedside. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2009;5(3):139-48.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Buyon</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clancy</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friedman</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus erythematosus: guidelines to management, integrating clues from the bench and bedside</article-title>
          <source>Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>139</fpage>
          <lpage>148</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B161">
        <label>161</label>
        <mixed-citation>161 Raboisson MJ, Fouron JC, Sonesson SE, Nyman M, Proulx F, Gamache S. Fetal Doppler echocardiographic diagnosis and successful steroid therapy of Luciani-Wenckebach phenomenon and endocardial fibroelastosis related to maternal anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies. Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005;18(4):375-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Raboisson</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fouron</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sonesson</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nyman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Proulx</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gamache</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal Doppler echocardiographic diagnosis and successful steroid therapy of Luciani-Wenckebach phenomenon and endocardial fibroelastosis related to maternal anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies</article-title>
          <source>Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>375</fpage>
          <lpage>380</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B162">
        <label>162</label>
        <mixed-citation>162 Lopes LM, Tavares GM, Damiano AP, Lopes MA, Aiello VD, Schultz R, et al. Perinatal outcome of fetal atrioventricular block: one-hundred sixteen cases from a single institution. Circulation. 2008;118(12):1268-75. Erratum in: Circulation. 2008;118(16): e671.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damiano</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aiello</surname>
              <given-names>VD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schultz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Perinatal outcome of fetal atrioventricular block: one-hundred sixteen cases from a single institution</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1268</fpage>
          <lpage>1275</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Circulation. 2008;118(16): e671.</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B163">
        <label>163</label>
        <mixed-citation>163 Mitchell J, Cuneo B, Etheridge SP, Horigome H, Weng H, Benson W. Fetal heart rate predictors of long QT syndrome. Circulation. 2012;126(23):2688-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cuneo</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Etheridge</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Horigome</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weng</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benson</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal heart rate predictors of long QT syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>126</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2688</fpage>
          <lpage>2695</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B164">
        <label>164</label>
        <mixed-citation>164 Carpenter RJ Jr, Strasburger JF, Garson A Jr, Smith RT, Deter RL, Engelhardt HT Jr. Fetal ventricular pacing for hydrops secondary to complete atrioventricular block. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;8(6):1434-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carpenter</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strasburger</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deter</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Engelhardt</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal ventricular pacing for hydrops secondary to complete atrioventricular block</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>1986</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1434</fpage>
          <lpage>1436</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B165">
        <label>165</label>
        <mixed-citation>165 Scagliotti D, Shimokocil DD, Pringle KC. Permanent cardiac pacemaker implant in the fetal lamb. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1987;10(6):1253-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Scagliotti</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shimokocil</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pringle</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Permanent cardiac pacemaker implant in the fetal lamb</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>1987</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1253</fpage>
          <lpage>1256</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B166">
        <label>166</label>
        <mixed-citation>166 Assad RS, Jatene MB, Moreira LF, Sales PC, Costa R, Hanley FL, et al. Fetal heart block: a new experimental model to assess fetal pacing. Pacing Clin Eletrophysiol. 1994;17(7):1256-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Assad</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jatene</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sales</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanley</surname>
              <given-names>FL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal heart block: a new experimental model to assess fetal pacing</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Eletrophysiol</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1256</fpage>
          <lpage>1263</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B167">
        <label>167</label>
        <mixed-citation>167 Assad RS, Zielinsky P, Kalil R, Lima G, Aramayo A, Santos A, et al. New lead for in utero pacing for fetal congenital heart block. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;126(1):300-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Assad</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalil</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aramayo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>New lead for in utero pacing for fetal congenital heart block</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>126</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>300</fpage>
          <lpage>302</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B168">
        <label>168</label>
        <mixed-citation>168 Assad RS, Zielinsky P, Kalil R, Lima G, Aramayo A, Santos A, et al. New electrode for pacing fetuses with complete heart block. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2003;18(1):40-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Assad</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalil</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aramayo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>New electrode for pacing fetuses with complete heart block</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>40</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B169">
        <label>169</label>
        <mixed-citation>169 Lulic Jurjevic R, Podnar T, Vesel S. Diagnosis, clinical features, management, and post-natal follow-up of fetal tachycardias. Cardiol Young. 2009;19(5):486-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lulic Jurjevic</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Podnar</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vesel</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnosis, clinical features, management, and post-natal follow-up of fetal tachycardias</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>486</fpage>
          <lpage>493</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B170">
        <label>170</label>
        <mixed-citation>170 Ekman-Joelson BM, Mellander M, Lagnefeldt L, Sonesson SE. Foetal tachyarrhythmia treatment remains challenging even if the vast majority of cases have a favourable outcome. Acta Paediatr. 2015;104(11):1090-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ekman-Joelson</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mellander</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lagnefeldt</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sonesson</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Foetal tachyarrhythmia treatment remains challenging even if the vast majority of cases have a favourable outcome</article-title>
          <source>Acta Paediatr</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1090</fpage>
          <lpage>1097</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B171">
        <label>171</label>
        <mixed-citation>171 Cuneo BF, Strasburger JF. Management strategy for fetal tachycardia. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96(4):575-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cuneo</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strasburger</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management strategy for fetal tachycardia</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>575</fpage>
          <lpage>581</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B172">
        <label>172</label>
        <mixed-citation>172 Simpson JM, Maxwell D, Rosenthal E, Gill H. Fetal ventricular tachycardia secondary to long QT syndrome treated with maternal intravenous magnesium: case report and rewiew of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2009;34(4):475-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Simpson</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maxwell</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenthal</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gill</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal ventricular tachycardia secondary to long QT syndrome treated with maternal intravenous magnesium: case report and rewiew of the literature</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>475</fpage>
          <lpage>480</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B173">
        <label>173</label>
        <mixed-citation>173 Merriman JB, Gonzalez JM, Rychil J, Ural SH. Can digoxin and sotalol therapy for fetal supraventricular tachycardia and hydrops be successful? A case report. J Reprod Med. 2008;53(5):357-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Merriman</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonzalez</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rychil</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ural</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Can digoxin and sotalol therapy for fetal supraventricular tachycardia and hydrops be successful? A case report</article-title>
          <source>J Reprod Med</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>357</fpage>
          <lpage>359</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B174">
        <label>174</label>
        <mixed-citation>174 Zhou K, Hua Y, Zhu Q, Liu H, Yang S, Zhou R, et al. Transplacental digoxin therapy for fetal tachyarrhythmia with multiple ecaluation systems. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;24(11):1378-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hua</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transplacental digoxin therapy for fetal tachyarrhythmia with multiple ecaluation systems</article-title>
          <source>J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1378</fpage>
          <lpage>1383</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B175">
        <label>175</label>
        <mixed-citation>175 Rebelo M, Macedo, AJ, Nogueira G, Trigo C, Kaku S. Sotalol in the treatment of fetal tachyarrhythmia. Rev Port Cardiol. 2006;25(5):477-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rebelo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macedo</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nogueira</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trigo</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaku</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sotalol in the treatment of fetal tachyarrhythmia</article-title>
          <source>Rev Port Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>477</fpage>
          <lpage>481</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B176">
        <label>176</label>
        <mixed-citation>176 van der Heijden LB, Oudijk MA, Manten GT, ter Heide H, Pistorius L, Freund MW. Sotalol as first-line treatment dor fetal tachycardia and neonatal follow-up. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013;42(3):285-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van der Heijden</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oudijk</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manten</surname>
              <given-names>GT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>ter Heide</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pistorius</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freund</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sotalol as first-line treatment dor fetal tachycardia and neonatal follow-up</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>285</fpage>
          <lpage>293</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B177">
        <label>177</label>
        <mixed-citation>177 Shah A, Moon-Grady A, Bhogal N, Collins KK, Tacy T, Brook M, et al. Effectiveness of sotalol as first-line therapy for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109(11):1614-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moon-Grady</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhogal</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tacy</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brook</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effectiveness of sotalol as first-line therapy for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1614</fpage>
          <lpage>1618</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B178">
        <label>178</label>
        <mixed-citation>178 P&#233;zard PG, Boussion F, Sentilhes L, L&#233;pinard C, Couvreur MH, Victor J, et al. Fetal tachycardia: a role for amiodarone as first-or second-line therapy? Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2008;101(10): 619-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>P&#233;zard</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boussion</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sentilhes</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#233;pinard</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Couvreur</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Victor</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal tachycardia: a role for amiodarone as first-or second-line therapy?</article-title>
          <source>Arch Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>619</fpage>
          <lpage>627</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B179">
        <label>179</label>
        <mixed-citation>179 Kang SL, Howe D, Coleman M, Roman K, Gnanapragasam J. Foetal supraventricular tachycardia with hydrops fetalis: a role for direct intraperitoneal amiodarone. Cardiol Young. 2015;25(3):447-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kang</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Howe</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coleman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roman</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gnanapragasam</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Foetal supraventricular tachycardia with hydrops fetalis: a role for direct intraperitoneal amiodarone</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>447</fpage>
          <lpage>453</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B180">
        <label>180</label>
        <mixed-citation>180 Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Braverman LE, Martino E. Effects of amiodarone administration during pregnancy on neonatal thyroid function and subsequent neurodevelopment. J Endocrinol Invest. 2001;24(2):116-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bartalena</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bogazzi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braverman</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martino</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of amiodarone administration during pregnancy on neonatal thyroid function and subsequent neurodevelopment</article-title>
          <source>J Endocrinol Invest</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>116</fpage>
          <lpage>130</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B181">
        <label>181</label>
        <mixed-citation>181 Parilla BV, Strasburger JF, Socol ML. Fetal supraventricular tachycardia complicated by hydrops fetalis: a role for direct fetal intramuscular therapy. Am J Perinatol. 1996;13(8):483-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Parilla</surname>
              <given-names>BV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strasburger</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Socol</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal supraventricular tachycardia complicated by hydrops fetalis: a role for direct fetal intramuscular therapy</article-title>
          <source>Am J Perinatol</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>483</fpage>
          <lpage>486</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B182">
        <label>182</label>
        <mixed-citation>182 Hansmann M, Gembruch U, Bald R, Manz M, Redel DA. Fetal tachyarrhythmias: transplacental and direct treatment of the fetus: a report of 60 cases. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1991;1(3):162-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hansmann</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gembruch</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bald</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redel</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal tachyarrhythmias: transplacental and direct treatment of the fetus: a report of 60 cases</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>162</fpage>
          <lpage>168</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B183">
        <label>183</label>
        <mixed-citation>183 Vigneswaran TV, Callaghan N, Andrews RE, Miller O, Rosenthal E, Sharland GK, et al. Correlation of maternal flecainide concentrations and therapeutic effect in fetal supraventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11(11):2047-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vigneswaran</surname>
              <given-names>TV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Callaghan</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrews</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenthal</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharland</surname>
              <given-names>GK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Correlation of maternal flecainide concentrations and therapeutic effect in fetal supraventricular tachycardia</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>2047</fpage>
          <lpage>2053</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B184">
        <label>184</label>
        <mixed-citation>184 Uzun O, Babaoglu K, Sinha A, Massias S, Beattie B. Rapid control of foetal supraventricular tachycardia with digoxin and flecainide combination treatment. Cardiol Young. 2012;22(4):372-80. Erratum in: Cardiol Young. 2012;22(4):488.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Uzun</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Babaoglu</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sinha</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massias</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beattie</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rapid control of foetal supraventricular tachycardia with digoxin and flecainide combination treatment</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>372</fpage>
          <lpage>380</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Cardiol Young. 2012;22(4):488.</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B185">
        <label>185</label>
        <mixed-citation>185 Naheed ZJ, Strasburger JF, Deal BJ, Benson DW Jr, Gidding SS. Fetal tachycardia: mechanisms and predictors of hydrops fetalis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27(7):1736-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Naheed</surname>
              <given-names>ZJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strasburger</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deal</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benson</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gidding</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal tachycardia: mechanisms and predictors of hydrops fetalis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1736</fpage>
          <lpage>1740</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B186">
        <label>186</label>
        <mixed-citation>186 Horigome H, Nagashima M, Sumitomo N, Yoshinaga M, Ushinohama H, Iwamoto M, et al. Clinical characteristics and genetic background of congenital long-QT syndrome diagnosed in fetal, neonatal, and infantile life: a nationwide questionnaire survey in Japan. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2010;3(1):10-7. Erratum in: Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012;5(6):e120-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Horigome</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagashima</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sumitomo</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshinaga</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ushinohama</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iwamoto</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical characteristics and genetic background of congenital long-QT syndrome diagnosed in fetal, neonatal, and infantile life: a nationwide questionnaire survey in Japan</article-title>
          <source>Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>10</fpage>
          <lpage>17</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012;5(6):e120-2.</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B187">
        <label>187</label>
        <mixed-citation>187 Cuneo BF, Ovadia M, Strasburger JF, Zhao H, Petropulos T, Schneider J, et al. Prenatal diagnosis and in utero treatment of torsades de pointes associated with congenital long QT syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91(11):1395-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cuneo</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ovadia</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strasburger</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petropulos</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prenatal diagnosis and in utero treatment of torsades de pointes associated with congenital long QT syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1395</fpage>
          <lpage>1398</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B188">
        <label>188</label>
        <mixed-citation>188 Kohl T, Sharland G, Allan LD, Gembruch U, Chaoui R, Lopes LM, et al. World experience of percutaneous ultrasound-guided balloon valvuloplasty in humam fetuses with severe aortic valve obstruction. Am J Cardiol. 2000;85(10):1230-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kohl</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharland</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allan</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gembruch</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaoui</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>World experience of percutaneous ultrasound-guided balloon valvuloplasty in humam fetuses with severe aortic valve obstruction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1230</fpage>
          <lpage>1233</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B189">
        <label>189</label>
        <mixed-citation>189 Pedra CA, Peralta C, Pedra SF. Interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas no cora&#231;&#227;o fetal. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de Sao Paulo. 2011;21(4):64-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peralta</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas no cora&#231;&#227;o fetal</article-title>
          <source>Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de Sao Paulo</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>64</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B190">
        <label>190</label>
        <mixed-citation>190 McElhinney DB, Tworetzky W, Lock JE. Current status of fetal cardiac intervention. Circulation. 2010;121(10):1256-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McElhinney</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tworetzky</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lock</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Current status of fetal cardiac intervention</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1256</fpage>
          <lpage>1263</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B191">
        <label>191</label>
        <mixed-citation>191 Tworetzky W, Marshal AC. Balloon vavuloplasty for congenital heart disease in the fetus. Clin Perinatol. 2003;30(3):541-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tworetzky</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marshal</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Balloon vavuloplasty for congenital heart disease in the fetus</article-title>
          <source>Clin Perinatol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>541</fpage>
          <lpage>550</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B192">
        <label>192</label>
        <mixed-citation>192 Artz W, Werttaschnigg D, Veit I, Klement F, Gitter R, Tulzer G. Intrauterine aortic valvuloplasty in fetus with critical aortic stenosis: experience and results of 24 procedures. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2011;37(6):689-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Artz</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Werttaschnigg</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veit</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klement</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gitter</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tulzer</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Intrauterine aortic valvuloplasty in fetus with critical aortic stenosis: experience and results of 24 procedures</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>689</fpage>
          <lpage>695</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B193">
        <label>193</label>
        <mixed-citation>193 M&#228;kikallio K, McElhinney DB, Levine JC, Marx GR, Colan SD, Marshall AC, et al. Fetal aortic valve stenosis and the evolution of hypoplastic left heart syndrome: patient selection for fetal intervention. Circulation. 2006;113(11):1401-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>M&#228;kikallio</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McElhinney</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levine</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marx</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colan</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marshall</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal aortic valve stenosis and the evolution of hypoplastic left heart syndrome: patient selection for fetal intervention</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1401</fpage>
          <lpage>1405</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B194">
        <label>194</label>
        <mixed-citation>194 Marshall AC, Tworetzky W, Bergersen L, McElhinney DB, Benson CB, Jennings RW, et al. Aortic valvuloplasty in the fetus: technical characteristics of successful balloon dilation. J Pediatr. 2005;147(4):535-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marshall</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tworetzky</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergersen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McElhinney</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benson</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jennings</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aortic valvuloplasty in the fetus: technical characteristics of successful balloon dilation</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>147</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>535</fpage>
          <lpage>539</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B195">
        <label>195</label>
        <mixed-citation>195 McElhinney DB, Marshall AC, Wilkins-Haug LE, Brown DW, Benson CB, Silva V, et al. Predictors of technical success and postnatal biventricular outcome after in utero aortic valvuloplasty for aortic stenosis with evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Circulation. 2009;120(15):1482-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McElhinney</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marshall</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilkins-Haug</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benson</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictors of technical success and postnatal biventricular outcome after in utero aortic valvuloplasty for aortic stenosis with evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1482</fpage>
          <lpage>1490</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B196">
        <label>196</label>
        <mixed-citation>196 Marshall AC, van der Velde ME, Tworetzky W, Gomez CA, Wilkins-Haug L, Benson CB, et al. Creation of an atrial septal defect in utero for fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and intact or highly restrictive atrial septum. Circulation. 2004;110(3):253-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marshall</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Velde</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tworetzky</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomez</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilkins-Haug</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benson</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Creation of an atrial septal defect in utero for fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and intact or highly restrictive atrial septum</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>253</fpage>
          <lpage>258</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B197">
        <label>197</label>
        <mixed-citation>197 Marshall AC, Levine J, Morash D, Silva V, Lock JE, Benson CB, et al. Results of in utero atrial septoplasty in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Prenat Diagn. 2008;28(11):1023-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marshall</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levine</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morash</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lock</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benson</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Results of in utero atrial septoplasty in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Prenat Diagn</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1023</fpage>
          <lpage>1028</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B198">
        <label>198</label>
        <mixed-citation>198 Gardiner HM, Belmar C, Tulzer G, Barlow A, Pasquini L, Carvalho JS, et al. Morphologic and functional predictors of eventual circulation in the fetus with pulmonary atresia or critical pulmonary stenosis with intact septum. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(13):1299-308.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gardiner</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belmar</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tulzer</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barlow</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pasquini</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Morphologic and functional predictors of eventual circulation in the fetus with pulmonary atresia or critical pulmonary stenosis with intact septum</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1299</fpage>
          <lpage>1308</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B199">
        <label>199</label>
        <mixed-citation>199 Tulzer G, Artz W, Franklin RC, Loughna PV, Mair R, Gardiner HM. Fetal pulmonary valvuloplasty for critical pulmonary stenosis or atresia with intact septum. Lancet. 2002;360(9345):1567-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tulzer</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Artz</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franklin</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loughna</surname>
              <given-names>PV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mair</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gardiner</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal pulmonary valvuloplasty for critical pulmonary stenosis or atresia with intact septum</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>360</volume>
          <issue>9345</issue>
          <fpage>1567</fpage>
          <lpage>1568</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B200">
        <label>200</label>
        <mixed-citation>200 Tworetzky W, McElhinney DB, Marx GR, Benson CB, Brusseau R, Morash D, et al. In utero valvuloplasty for pulmonary atresia with hypoplastic right ventricule: techniques and outcomes. Pediatrics. 2009;124(3):e510-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tworetzky</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McElhinney</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marx</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benson</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brusseau</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morash</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>In utero valvuloplasty for pulmonary atresia with hypoplastic right ventricule: techniques and outcomes</article-title>
          <source>Pediatrics</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>e510</fpage>
          <lpage>e518</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B201">
        <label>201</label>
        <mixed-citation>201 Pedra SR, Peralta CF, Crema L, Jatene IB, da Costa RN, Pedra CA. Fetal interventions for congenital heart disease in Brazil. Pediatr Cardiol. 2014;35(3):399-405.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peralta</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crema</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jatene</surname>
              <given-names>IB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>da Costa</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal interventions for congenital heart disease in Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>399</fpage>
          <lpage>405</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B202">
        <label>202</label>
        <mixed-citation>202 Gardiner H. In-utero intervention for severe congenital heart disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;22(1):49-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gardiner</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>In-utero intervention for severe congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>49</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B203">
        <label>203</label>
        <mixed-citation>203 Matsui H, Gardiner H. Fetal intervention for cardiac disease: the cutting edge of perinatal care. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007;12(6):482-9.?204. Fishman NH, Hof RB, Rudolph AM, Heymann MA. Models of congenital heart disease in fetal lambs. Circulation. 1978;58(2):354-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Matsui</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gardiner</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal intervention for cardiac disease: the cutting edge of perinatal care</article-title>
          <source>Semin Fetal Neonatal Med</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>482</fpage>
          <lpage>489</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B204">
        <label>204</label>
        <mixed-citation>204 Fishman NH, Hof RB, Rudolph AM, Heymann MA. Models of congenital heart disease in fetal lambs. Circulation. 1978;58(2):354-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fishman</surname>
              <given-names>NH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hof</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rudolph</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heymann</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Models of congenital heart disease in fetal lambs</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1978</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>354</fpage>
          <lpage>364</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B205">
        <label>205</label>
        <mixed-citation>205 Levin DL, Perkin RM, Parkey M, Mayhew E, Hartwig R. Experimental aortic stenosis in fetal lambs. Circulation. 1980;62(6):1159-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levin</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perkin</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parkey</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mayhew</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hartwig</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Experimental aortic stenosis in fetal lambs</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1980</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1159</fpage>
          <lpage>1164</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B206">
        <label>206</label>
        <mixed-citation>206 Sedmera D, Hu N, Weiss KM, Keller BB, Denslow S, Thompson RP. Cellular changes in experimental left heart hypoplasia. Anat Rec. 2002;267(2):137-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sedmera</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weiss</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keller</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Denslow</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cellular changes in experimental left heart hypoplasia</article-title>
          <source>Anat Rec</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>267</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>137</fpage>
          <lpage>145</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B207">
        <label>207</label>
        <mixed-citation>207 Miller CE, Wong CL, Sedmera D. Pressure overload alters stress-strain properties of the developing chick heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003;285(5):H1849-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sedmera</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pressure overload alters stress-strain properties of the developing chick heart</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>285</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>H1849</fpage>
          <lpage>H1856</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B208">
        <label>208</label>
        <mixed-citation>208 Samson F, Bonnet N, Heimburger M, R&#252;cker-Martin C, Levitsky DO, Mazmanian GM, et al. Left ventricular alterations in a model of fetal left ventricular overload. Pediatr Res. 2000;48(1):43-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Samson</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonnet</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heimburger</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>R&#252;cker-Martin</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levitsky</surname>
              <given-names>DO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mazmanian</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left ventricular alterations in a model of fetal left ventricular overload</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Res</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>43</fpage>
          <lpage>49</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B209">
        <label>209</label>
        <mixed-citation>209 Eghtesady P, Michelfelder E, Altaye M, Ballard E, Hirsh R, Beekman RH 3rd. Revisiting animal models of aortic stenosis in the early gestation fetus. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83(2):631-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Eghtesady</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michelfelder</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altaye</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ballard</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hirsh</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beekman 3rd</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Revisiting animal models of aortic stenosis in the early gestation fetus</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>631</fpage>
          <lpage>639</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B210">
        <label>210</label>
        <mixed-citation>210 Tworetzky W, Wilkins-Haug L, Jennings RW, van der Velde ME, Marshall AC, Marx GR, et al. Balloon Dilation of severe aortic stenosis in the fetus: potential for prevention of hypoplastic left heart syndrome: candidate selection, technique, and results of successful intervention. Circulation. 2004;110(15):2125-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tworetzky</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilkins-Haug</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jennings</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Velde</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marshall</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marx</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Balloon Dilation of severe aortic stenosis in the fetus: potential for prevention of hypoplastic left heart syndrome: candidate selection, technique, and results of successful intervention</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>2125</fpage>
          <lpage>2131</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B211">
        <label>211</label>
        <mixed-citation>211 Emani SM, McElhinney DB, Tworetzky W, Myers PO, Schroeder B, Zurakowski D, et al. Staged left ventricular recruitment after single-ventricle palliation in patients with borderline left heart hypoplasia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(19):1966-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Emani</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McElhinney</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tworetzky</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Myers</surname>
              <given-names>PO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schroeder</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zurakowski</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Staged left ventricular recruitment after single-ventricle palliation in patients with borderline left heart hypoplasia</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>1966</fpage>
          <lpage>1974</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B212">
        <label>212</label>
        <mixed-citation>212 Friedman KG, Freud L, Escobar-Diaz M, Banka P, Emani S, Tworetzky W. Left ventricular remodeling and function in children with biventricular circulation after fetal aortic valvuloplasty. Pediatr Cardiol. 2015;36(7):1502-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Friedman</surname>
              <given-names>KG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freud</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Escobar-Diaz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banka</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tworetzky</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left ventricular remodeling and function in children with biventricular circulation after fetal aortic valvuloplasty</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1502</fpage>
          <lpage>1509</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B213">
        <label>213</label>
        <mixed-citation>213 Friedman KG, Margossian R, Graham DA, Harrild DM, Emani SM, Wilkins-Haug LE, et al. Postnatal left ventricular diastolic function after fetal aortic valvuloplasty. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(4):556-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Friedman</surname>
              <given-names>KG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Margossian</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Graham</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harrild</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emani</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilkins-Haug</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Postnatal left ventricular diastolic function after fetal aortic valvuloplasty</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>556</fpage>
          <lpage>560</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B214">
        <label>214</label>
        <mixed-citation>214 Todros T, Paladini D, Chiappa E, Russo MG, Gaglioti P, Pacileo G, et al. Pulmonary stenosis and atresia with intact ventricular septum during prenatal life. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;21(3):228-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Todros</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paladini</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiappa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Russo</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaglioti</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pacileo</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulmonary stenosis and atresia with intact ventricular septum during prenatal life</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>228</fpage>
          <lpage>233</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B215">
        <label>215</label>
        <mixed-citation>215 Gardiner HM. Progression of fetal heart disease and rationale of fetal intracardiac interventions. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2005;10(6):578-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gardiner</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Progression of fetal heart disease and rationale of fetal intracardiac interventions</article-title>
          <source>Semin Fetal Neonatal Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>578</fpage>
          <lpage>585</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B216">
        <label>216</label>
        <mixed-citation>216 Salvin JW, MacElhinney DB, Colan SD, Gauvreau K, del Nido PJ, Jenkins KJ, et al. Fetal tricuspid valve size and growth as predictor of outcome in pulmonary atresia with intact ventriuclar septum. Pediatrics. 2006;118(2):e415-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salvin</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>MacElhinney</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colan</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gauvreau</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>del Nido</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jenkins</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal tricuspid valve size and growth as predictor of outcome in pulmonary atresia with intact ventriuclar septum</article-title>
          <source>Pediatrics</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>e415</fpage>
          <lpage>e420</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B217">
        <label>217</label>
        <mixed-citation>217 Tworestzky W, Marshall AC. Fetal interventions for cardiac defects. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2004;51(6):1503-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tworestzky</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marshall</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal interventions for cardiac defects</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Clin North Am</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1503</fpage>
          <lpage>1513</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B218">
        <label>218</label>
        <mixed-citation>218 Vlahos AP, Lock JE, McElhinney DB, van der Velde ME. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact or highly restrictive atrium septum: outcome after neonatal transcatheter atrial septostomy. Circulation. 2004;109(19):2326-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vlahos</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lock</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McElhinney</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Velde</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact or highly restrictive atrium septum: outcome after neonatal transcatheter atrial septostomy</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>2326</fpage>
          <lpage>2330</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B219">
        <label>219</label>
        <mixed-citation>219 Rychik J, Rome JJ, Collins MH, DeCampli WM, Spray TL. The hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact atrial septum: atrial morphology, pulmonary vascular histopathology and outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34(2):554-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rychik</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rome</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeCampli</surname>
              <given-names>WM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spray</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact atrial septum: atrial morphology, pulmonary vascular histopathology and outcome</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>554</fpage>
          <lpage>560</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B220">
        <label>220</label>
        <mixed-citation>220 Moerman PL, Van Dijck H, Lauweryns JM, Eggermont E, Van der Hauwaert LG. Premature closure of the foramen ovale and congenital pulmonary cystic lymphangiectasis in aortic valve atresia or in severe aortic valve stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 1986;57(8):703-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moerman</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Dijck</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lauweryns</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eggermont</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van der Hauwaert</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Premature closure of the foramen ovale and congenital pulmonary cystic lymphangiectasis in aortic valve atresia or in severe aortic valve stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1986</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>703</fpage>
          <lpage>705</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B221">
        <label>221</label>
        <mixed-citation>221 Graziano JN, Heidelberger KP, Ensing GJ, Gomez CA, Ludomirsky A. The influence of a restrictive atrial septal defect on pulmonary vascular morphology in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatr Cardiol. 2002;23(2):146-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Graziano</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heidelberger</surname>
              <given-names>KP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ensing</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomez</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ludomirsky</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The influence of a restrictive atrial septal defect on pulmonary vascular morphology in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>146</fpage>
          <lpage>151</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B222">
        <label>222</label>
        <mixed-citation>222 Sekar P, Hornberger LK. The role of fetal echocardiography in fetal intervention: a symbiotic relationship. Clin Perinatol. 2009;36(2):301-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sekar</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hornberger</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The role of fetal echocardiography in fetal intervention: a symbiotic relationship</article-title>
          <source>Clin Perinatol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>301</fpage>
          <lpage>327</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B223">
        <label>223</label>
        <mixed-citation>223 Wilkins-Haug LE, Benson CB, Tworetzky W, Marshall AC, Jennings RW, Lock JE. In-utero intervention for hypoplastic left heart syndrome - a perinatologist's perspective. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;26(5):481-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wilkins-Haug</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benson</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tworetzky</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marshall</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jennings</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lock</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>In-utero intervention for hypoplastic left heart syndrome - a perinatologist's perspective</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>481</fpage>
          <lpage>486</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B224">
        <label>224</label>
        <mixed-citation>224 Chaturvedi RR, Ryan G, Seed M, Van Arsdell G, Jaeggi ET. Fetal stenting of the atrial septum: technique and initial results in cardiac lesions with left atrial hypertension. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168(3):2029-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chaturvedi</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ryan</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seed</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Arsdell</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaeggi</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fetal stenting of the atrial septum: technique and initial results in cardiac lesions with left atrial hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>168</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>2029</fpage>
          <lpage>2036</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B225">
        <label>225</label>
        <mixed-citation>225 Kalish BT, Tworetzky W, Benson CB, Wilkins-Haug L, Mizrahi-Arnaud A, McElhinney DB, et al. Technical challenges of atrial septal stent placement in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and intact atrial septum. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;84(1):77-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kalish</surname>
              <given-names>BT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tworetzky</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benson</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilkins-Haug</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mizrahi-Arnaud</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McElhinney</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Technical challenges of atrial septal stent placement in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and intact atrial septum</article-title>
          <source>Catheter Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>77</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Diretriz</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diretriz Brasileira de Cardiologia Fetal - 2019</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedra</surname>
            <given-names>Simone R. F. Fontes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Binotto</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo S&#233;rgio Val&#233;rio Borges da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel Cristina Britto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">8</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corr&#234;a</surname>
            <given-names>Izabele Vian da Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Karla Luiza Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Lilian Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">10</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Henrique Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Ferreira Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">11</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zamith</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Maccagnano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">12</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Biocor Instituto, Nova Lima, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba (UFPB), Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Ana Nery, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Ecokidgrafia Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff23">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardioeco Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff24">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 - Centro - Rio de Janeiro - CEP: 20020-907. E-mail: <email>sbc@cardiol.br</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Realiza&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Departamento de Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas e Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica (DCC-CP) e Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Conselho de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes:</bold> Fernando Bacal, Leandro Ioschpe Zimerman, Paulo Ricardo Avancini Caramori e Pedro A. Lemos</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Coordenador de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes:</bold> Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o Hajjar</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Coordenadores:</bold> Simone R. F. Fontes Pedra e Paulo Zielinsky</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <table-wrap id="t48">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="8">Declarao de potencial conflito de interesses dos autores/colaboradores da Diretriz Brasileira de Cardiologia Fetal 2019</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="8">Se nos ltimos 3 anos o autor/colaborador das Diretrizes:</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Nomes Integrantes da Diretriz</th>
              <th align="center">Participou de estudos clnicos e/ou experimentais subvencionados pela indstria farmacutica ou de equipamentos relacionados diretriz em questo</th>
              <th align="center">Foi palestrante em eventos ou atividades patrocinadas pela indstria relacionados diretriz em questo</th>
              <th align="center">Foi () membro do conselho consultivo ou diretivo da indstria farmacutica ou de equipamentos</th>
              <th align="center">Participou de comits normativos de estudos cientficos patrocinados pela indstria</th>
              <th align="center">Recebeu auxlio pessoal ou institucional da indstria</th>
              <th align="center">Elaborou textos cientficos em peridicos patrocinados pela indstria</th>
              <th align="center">Tem aes da indstria</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cristiane Nogueira Binotto</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cristiane Nunes Martins</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Eduardo Srgio Valrio Borges da Fonseca</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Isabel Cristina Britto Guimare</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Izabele Vian da Silveira Corra</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Karla Luiza Matos Pedrosa</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lilian Maria Lopes</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Luiz Henrique Soares Nicoloso</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Marcia Ferreira Alves Barberato</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Marina Maccagnano Zamith</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Paulo Zielinsky</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Simone R. F. Fontes Pedra</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Ao longo dos anos, temos observado a incorpora&#231;&#227;o da Cardiologia Fetal na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria da Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica. O que antes era restrito a poucos estudiosos do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal lentamente incorporou-se aos servi&#231;os que lidam com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (CC). Al&#233;m do conhecimento da fisiologia e da anatomia card&#237;aca fetal normais, a ecocardiografia fetal gerou amplo conhecimento da hist&#243;ria natural e modificada das anomalias do cora&#231;&#227;o intra&#250;tero. O benef&#237;cio do diagn&#243;stico fetal tornou-se inquestion&#225;vel ao longo dos anos. Pioneiros na &#225;rea trataram de desmistificar o exame do cora&#231;&#227;o do feto e provar a import&#226;ncia do rastreamento das anomalias card&#237;acas em exames obst&#233;tricos. As taxas de detec&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-natal cresceram e, com isso, o interesse da ecocardiografia fetal deixou de ser apenas um instrumento diagn&#243;stico, passando a uma ferramenta important&#237;ssima para auxiliar o tratamento medicamentoso e, progressivamente, intervencionista de anomalias espec&#237;ficas, que se apresentam na vida fetal.</p>
        <p>Atualmente, vasta literatura sustenta a pr&#225;tica da Cardiologia Fetal. Al&#233;m do diagn&#243;stico da anomalia, diferentes particularidades anat&#244;micas e funcionais podem ser identificadas intra&#250;tero, com implica&#231;&#245;es na condu&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-natal, no planejamento do parto e no manejo p&#243;s-natal. O diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal certamente implicou em um maior n&#250;mero de cardiopatias complexas nos hospitais de Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica. Crian&#231;as com cardiopatias complexas, que anteriormente n&#227;o sobreviviam ao per&#237;odo neonatal imediato e faleciam nas maternidades sem diagn&#243;stico, hoje exigem um manejo cada vez mais cuidadoso e espec&#237;fico daqueles envolvidos com a Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica, modificando a pr&#225;tica da Cardiologia neonatal.</p>
        <p>Apesar da vasta literatura pertinente &#224; Cardiologia Fetal, devido ao n&#250;mero restrito de casos, a bibliografia carece de estudos com grandes popula&#231;&#245;es ou processos de compara&#231;&#227;o e randomiza&#231;&#227;o, sendo as informa&#231;&#245;es muito baseadas em estudos observacionais e de descri&#231;&#227;o de amostras pequenas ou de casos cl&#237;nicos. No entanto, o conhecimento acumulado j&#225; &#233; suficiente para o desenvolvimento de declara&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas ou diretrizes.</p>
        <p>Em abril de 2014, a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA) lan&#231;ou a primeira diretriz de Cardiologia Fetal, englobando todos os aspectos envolvendo a pr&#225;tica nesta &#225;rea, incluindo rastreamento, diagn&#243;stico, terap&#234;utica medicamentosa e intervencionista, aconselhamento, programa&#231;&#227;o do parto e tratamento neonatal. Diante deste documento extremamente completo e de grande utilidade, aceitamos o desafio de reunir profissionais que se dedicam &#224; Cardiologia Fetal das diferentes regi&#245;es do Brasil para estabelecermos, juntos, algumas diretrizes adaptadas &#224; nossa realidade, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m o conhecimento gerado em nosso pa&#237;s.</p>
        <p>Acreditamos que as informa&#231;&#245;es reunidas neste documento sejam de grande utilidade para os profissionais que enfrentam, em sua pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria, o desafio de lidar com as poss&#237;veis anormalidades que acometem o cora&#231;&#227;o fetal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2. Rastreamento e Diagn&#243;stico das Cardiopatias Fetais</title>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Um dos grandes objetivos do diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal &#233; a detec&#231;&#227;o das CC graves, cujo progn&#243;stico depende, na maior parte das vezes, do planejamento do parto em centro de refer&#234;ncia especializado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Embora a ecocardiografia fetal, tradicionalmente indicada para gestantes de alto risco, seja bastante acurada, a maioria dos rec&#233;m-nascidos cardiopatas ainda nasce sem diagn&#243;stico em todas as partes do mundo. Isto porque muitos casos de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas ocorrem em grupos de baixo risco e n&#227;o s&#227;o detectados pelo rastreamento no momento do ultrassonografia pr&#233;-natal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O conceito de rastreamento pr&#233;-natal das CC foi sugerido pela primeira vez em 1985, quando era recomendada a incorpora&#231;&#227;o da proje&#231;&#227;o de quatro c&#226;maras na rotina ultrassonogr&#225;fica obst&#233;trica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> H&#225; mais de 25 anos, pa&#237;ses como Fran&#231;a, Inglaterra e Espanha recomendam que o cora&#231;&#227;o fetal seja examinado no momento da ultrassonografia obst&#233;trica de rotina. No entanto, ap&#243;s tantos anos de investimento em programas educacionais de treinamento, ainda &#233; grande a varia&#231;&#227;o regional nas taxas de detec&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-natal das cardiopatias. O cl&#225;ssico estudo de Garne et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> realizado em 20 centros europeus, mostrou taxa de detec&#231;&#227;o global de cardiopatias fetais bastante baixa (25%), sendo a Fran&#231;a o pa&#237;s com melhor desempenho (48%), seguida pela Espanha (45%), Alemanha (40%) e Inglaterra (35%). Muitos estudos mostraram que a taxa de detec&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-natal de cardiopatias melhora significativamente com a expans&#227;o dos planos de corte para an&#225;lise card&#237;aca, mas permanece bem abaixo de 50% e segue defasada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-natal de outras formas de malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Diante deste cen&#225;rio, alguns advogam que a ecocardiografia fetal deva ser indicada para todas as gestantes, uma vez que, em m&#227;os experientes, pode detectar pr&#243;ximo de 100% de todas as anomalias card&#237;acas na vida fetal, sendo considerada o padr&#227;o-ouro para diagn&#243;stico card&#237;aco fetal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Embora seja quase intuitivo que a detec&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-natal das cardiopatias melhore os resultados perinatais, n&#227;o tem sido f&#225;cil provar cientificamente esta impress&#227;o, por conta da dificuldade de se compararem os grupos com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233; e p&#243;s-natal, que apresentam caracter&#237;sticas bastante peculiares e discrepantes. O grupo com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal apresenta, muitas vezes, &#243;bito fetal ou neonatal precoce antes da cirurgia, sendo o espectro das anormalidades card&#237;acas fetais muito mais grave, pela inabilidade do ultrassom obst&#233;trico em rastrear cardiopatias mais simples, resultando em mortalidade global mais alta. Por outro lado, o grupo com diagn&#243;stico p&#243;s-natal que sobreviveu ao per&#237;odo fetal e neonatal precoce, at&#233; chegar a um centro terci&#225;rio para tratamento, j&#225; demonstra alguma vantagem constitucional para a sobreviv&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Estudo franc&#234;s comparando evolu&#231;&#227;o perinatal entre beb&#234;s com transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias com e sem diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal provou, pela primeira vez, que o diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal diminuiu significativamente a mortalidade pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Outros estudos sugeriram melhores resultados para S&#237;ndrome de Hipoplasia do Cora&#231;&#227;o Esquerdo (SHCE) e coarta&#231;&#227;o da aorta, quando diagnosticadas na vida fetal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Esfor&#231;os e recursos devem ser direcionados para a difus&#227;o de ensino e a propaga&#231;&#227;o de treinamento necess&#225;rias para se alcan&#231;ar um padr&#227;o melhor e mais uniforme de rastreamento pr&#233;-natal das CC pelo ultrassom obst&#233;trico, uma vez que a realiza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia fetal especializada em todas as gestantes &#233; ut&#243;pica e n&#227;o adotada como pol&#237;tica de sa&#250;de nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t25">tabela 2.1</xref> est&#227;o dispostos os principais fatores de risco para cardiopatia fetal, divididos em risco absoluto &#8805; 2% e &lt; 2%.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t25">
            <label>Tabela 2.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Condies clnicas que aumentam o risco para cardiopatia fetal, sendo consideradas as indicaes para a ecocardiografia fetal</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="45%"/>
                <col width="45%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Risco absoluto &#8805; 2%</th>
                  <th align="center">CR/NE</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes melito materno pr-gestacional </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">I/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes melito materno diagnosticado no primeiro trimestre</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">I/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fenilcetonria materna de difcil controle</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">I/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anticorpos maternos anti-RO e anti-LA (SSA/SSB)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa/B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Ingesto materna de medicaes</td>
                  <td align="center">IECA</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa/B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">cido retinoico</td>
                  <td align="center">I/B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anti-inflamatrios no hormonais no terceiro trimestre</td>
                  <td align="center">I/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rubola materna no primeiro trimestre</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">I/C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infeco materna com suspeita de miocardite fetal</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">I/C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gestao por reproduo assistida</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CC em parente de primeiro grau (me, pai ou irmo portador)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">I/B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Herana mendeliana associada CC em parente de primeiro ou segundo graus</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">I/C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Suspeita de CC pelo ultrassom obsttrico/morfolgico</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">I/B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Suspeita de anomalia extracardaca pelo ultrassom obsttrico/morfolgico</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">I/B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Caritipo fetal anormal</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">I/C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ritmo cardaco fetal irregular, bradicardia ou taquicardia</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">I/C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Translucncia nucal aumentada &gt; 95% (&#8805; 3 mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gestao gemelar monocorinica</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">I/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hidropisia fetal ou derrames</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">I/B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Risco absoluto entre 1 e 2%</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="5"> Ingesto materna de medicaes</td>
                  <td align="center">Anticonvulsivantes</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ltio</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Vitamina A</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inibidores seletivos da recaptao da serotonina (somente paroxetina) </td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anti-inflamatrios no hormonais em primeiro e segundo trimestre</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CC em parente de segundo grau </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anormalidade fetal do cordo umbilical ou da placenta</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anomalia venosa intra-abdominal fetal</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Risco absoluto &#8804; 1%</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes melito materno gestacional com HbA1c &lt; 6%</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">III/B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Ingesto materna de medicaes</td>
                  <td align="center">Inibidores seletivos da recaptao da serotonina (todos exceto paroxetina) </td>
                  <td align="center">III/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Agonistas da vitamina K (varfarina)</td>
                  <td align="center">III/B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infeco materna diferente da rubola com apenas soroconverso</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">III/C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CC isolada em algum parente distante (sem ser de primeiro ou segundo graus)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">III/B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN23">
                <p>CC: cardiopatia congnita; CR: classe de recomendao; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; NE: nvel de evidncia. Fonte: Adaptado de Donofrio et al.<sup>17</sup></p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.2. Rastreamento do Cora&#231;&#227;o Fetal ao Ultrassom Morfol&#243;gico</title>
          <p>Considerando todos estes aspectos, propomos uma metodologia de avalia&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal de forma muito simples, que vem sendo aplicada em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses do mundo. A grande vantagem desta avalia&#231;&#227;o sistematizada do cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; que ela elimina a obten&#231;&#227;o de proje&#231;&#245;es e cortes complexos, evitando manobras mais dif&#237;ceis, que tomam tempo e desanimam o examinador &#8722; que negligencia esta parte importante do exame morfol&#243;gico.</p>
          <p>Nesta t&#233;cnica, o exame do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal se inicia a partir de um corte transverso do bebe, que parte do abdome fetal sem a necessidade da rota&#231;&#227;o do transdutor, apenas basculando-o da regi&#227;o infradiafragm&#225;tica at&#233; o mediastino superior passando por seis andares, como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">figura 2.1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f17">
              <label>Figura 2.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Padroniza&#231;&#227;o do rastreamento do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal fazendo-se uma varredura do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal da regi&#227;o infradiafragm&#225;tica em dire&#231;&#227;o cranial. S&#227;o 6 andares sendo o 1&#186; da regi&#227;o abdominal para identifica&#231;&#227;o do situs cardiovisceral; o 2&#186; a proje&#231;&#227;o de 4 c&#226;maras card&#237;acas; o 3&#186; a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; o 4&#186; a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito; o 5&#186; a vista dos 3 vasos (3VV) e o 6&#186; o plano dos 3 vasos e traqueia.</title>
                <p>AAo: arco a&#243;rtico; T: traqueia; AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; Ao: Aorta; AO: aorta; AP: art&#233;ria pulmonar; Asc: ascendente; C: coluna vertebral; DA: ducto arterioso; E: est&#244;mago; VCI: veia cava inferior; VCS: veia cava superior; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSVD: via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Portanto, para o adequado rastreamento das principais CC, recomenda-se que seis etapas sejam seguidas.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>2.2.1. Etapa 1 - 1&#186; Andar: Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Abdome para Determinar o <italic>Situs</italic> Cardiovisceral</title>
            <p>Esta proje&#231;&#227;o &#233; identificada por um corte transverso do abdome fetal, na regi&#227;o subdiafragm&#225;tica, e permite determinar o <italic>situs</italic> abdominal. &#201; necess&#225;rio, inicialmente identificar os lados direito e esquerdo do feto; em seguida, deve-se confirmar que o est&#244;mago est&#225; no lado esquerdo fetal e o f&#237;gado, &#224; direita. Al&#233;m disto, deve-se observar que a aorta descendente encontra-se posterior e &#224; esquerda, pr&#243;xima ao corpo vertebral, e a veia cava inferior est&#225; anterior e &#224; direita, dentro do par&#234;nquima hep&#225;tico.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.2.2. Etapa 2 - 2&#186; Andar: Proje&#231;&#227;o de Quatro C&#226;maras</title>
            <p>Esta proje&#231;&#227;o &#233; obtida com um corte transversal do t&#243;rax fetal imediatamente acima do diafragma. Observa-se o cora&#231;&#227;o ocupando um ter&#231;o do t&#243;rax, e sua maior parte est&#225; situada no hemit&#243;rax esquerdo, com a ponta voltada para a esquerda. O septo interventricular deve fazer um &#226;ngulo de, aproximadamente, 45&#186; com a linha m&#233;dia.</p>
            <p>O primeiro passo para a an&#225;lise card&#237;aca fetal &#233; a identifica&#231;&#227;o da coluna. Oposta &#224; coluna, est&#225; a parede anterior do t&#243;rax ou esterno. Abaixo deste, est&#225; o ventr&#237;culo direito, que se caracteriza pela banda moderadora e pela valva tric&#250;spide, implantada alguns mil&#237;metros mais pr&#243;xima do &#225;pice. Retornando &#224; coluna, a aorta descendente &#233; vista anteriormente como um c&#237;rculo no mediastino e, &#224; sua frente, est&#225; o &#225;trio esquerdo (AE). A identifica&#231;&#227;o do AE &#233; feita pela proximidade com a coluna vertebral e a movimenta&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica da v&#225;lvula do forame oval. As outras estruturas intracard&#237;acas ent&#227;o podem ser analisadas, como o &#225;trio direito e o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, que devem ter dimens&#245;es semelhantes &#224;s c&#226;maras contralaterais. As valvas atrioventriculares devem ser analisadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; din&#226;mica e ao tamanho dos an&#233;is valvares.</p>
            <p>Resumindo, devemos iniciar a an&#225;lise da proje&#231;&#227;o de quatro c&#226;maras pelos seguintes pontos de refer&#234;ncia:</p>
            <p>
              <list list-type="bullet">
                <list-item>
                  <p>Coluna.</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>Aorta descendente em corte transverso.</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>AE, identificado como o mais pr&#243;ximo da aorta descendente, com a v&#225;lvula do forame oval movimentando-se em seu interior.</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>Ventr&#237;culo &#224; direita, com ponta "preenchida" por um m&#250;sculo, que &#233; a banda moderadora do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>Existem dois &#225;trios de tamanhos aproximadamente iguais.</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>Existem dois ventr&#237;culos de tamanhos, espessura e contratilidade aproximadamente iguais (o ventr&#237;culo direito pode parecer discretamente maior).</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>Os septos atrial e ventricular encontram as valvas atrioventriculares no centro do cora&#231;&#227;o, lembrando a imagem de uma cruz &#8722; a "<italic>crux cordis</italic>".</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>O septo interventricular deve ter aspecto &#237;ntegro e fazer um &#226;ngulo de aproximadamente 45&#186; com a linha m&#233;dia.</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>Duas valvas atrioventriculares com orif&#237;cio de abertura iguais. A inser&#231;&#227;o do folheto septal da valva tric&#250;spide &#233; mais pr&#243;xima do &#225;pice card&#237;aco, resultando em uma diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima no n&#237;vel de implanta&#231;&#227;o. &#192;s vezes, esta diferen&#231;a de implanta&#231;&#227;o &#233; bem dif&#237;cil de ser observada, resultando em uma grande dificuldade de se excluir o diagn&#243;stico de defeito do septo atrioventricular com valva &#250;nica.</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>O septo interatrial pode ser visto com o forame oval e sua v&#225;lvula, basculando dentro do AE.</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>A chegada das veias pulmonares no AE deve ser identificada pelo bidimensional e confirmada pelo Doppler colorido ou Power Doppler.</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </p>
            <p>A falha na obten&#231;&#227;o de uma proje&#231;&#227;o de quatro c&#226;maras normal durante o ultrassom obst&#233;trico &#233; indica&#231;&#227;o absoluta de realizar o ecocardiograma fetal pelo especialista em Cardiologia Fetal. Embora a proje&#231;&#227;o de quatro c&#226;maras tenha grande valor no rastreamento da normalidade ao evidenciar o tamanho proporcional entre as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, por n&#227;o passar pela aorta e art&#233;ria pulmonar, ela n&#227;o define cardiopatias do tipo transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias, tetralogia de Fallot (T4F), tronco arterioso comum, entre outras. Nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t26">tabelas 2.2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t27">2.3</xref>, encontram-se dispostas as cardiopatias comumente associadas com a proje&#231;&#227;o de quatro c&#226;maras normal e anormal, respectivamente.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t26">
              <label>Tabela 2.2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Cardiopatias comumente associadas com posio de quatro cmaras normal</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="100%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Tetralogia de Fallot</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Transposio das grandes artrias</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Tronco arterioso comum</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Anomalias do arco artico</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Estenose valvares artica e pulmonar leves</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Comunicaes interventriculares perimembranosas</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <table-wrap id="t27">
              <label>Tabela 2.3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Cardiopatias comumente associadas com posio de quatro cmaras anormal</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="100%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Atresias das valvas mitral e artica</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Atresias das valvas tricspide e pulmonar</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Anomalia de Ebstein/ displasia da valva tricspide</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Defeito do septo atrioventricular</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Comunicaes interventriculares grandes</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Ventrculo nico</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Estenoses das valvas artica e pulmonar graves</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Coartao da aorta </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Drenagem anmala total de veias pulmonares</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Cardiomiopatias</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Tumores cardacos</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.2.3. Etapa 3 - 3&#186; Andar: Via de Sa&#237;da do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo</title>
            <p>As vias de sa&#237;da com suas respectivas art&#233;rias s&#227;o visualizadas a partir da proje&#231;&#227;o de quatro c&#226;maras, basculando-se o transdutor em dire&#231;&#227;o ao polo cef&#225;lico do feto. A primeira via de sa&#237;da encontrada por esta manobra &#233; a de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na proje&#231;&#227;o de cinco c&#226;maras, que se posiciona &#224; esquerda, com angula&#231;&#227;o de sa&#237;da da aorta voltada para a direita, em dire&#231;&#227;o ao ombro direito do feto. Este corte permite a visualiza&#231;&#227;o da continuidade do septo membranoso com a parede anterior da aorta, que &#233; crucial para se afastar a possibilidade de cavalgamento da aorta, caracter&#237;sticos da T4F, tronco arterioso comum entre outras anomalias complexas.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.2.4. Etapa 4 - 4&#186; Andar: Via de Sa&#237;da do Ventr&#237;culo Direito</title>
            <p>Ap&#243;s a demonstra&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, atingimos a segunda via de sa&#237;da, que &#233; a do ventr&#237;culo direito. A via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito "abra&#231;a" a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e, ao dar origem &#224; art&#233;ria pulmonar, tem angula&#231;&#227;o cruzada e dirige-se da direita para a esquerda. As grandes art&#233;rias s&#227;o sim&#233;tricas no in&#237;cio da gesta&#231;&#227;o, sendo que, ao longo dos segundo e terceiro trimestres, a art&#233;ria pulmonar passa a ser discretamente maior que aorta.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.2.5. Etapa 5 - 5&#186; Andar: Proje&#231;&#227;o dos Tr&#234;s Vasos</title>
            <p>Esta &#233; uma forma especial de se analisar a art&#233;ria pulmonar emergindo do ventr&#237;culo direito e permite notar sua rela&#231;&#227;o espacial com a aorta e a Veia Cava Superior (VCS). Continuando-se com imagens transversas do t&#243;rax fetal, esta proje&#231;&#227;o &#233; ainda mais cef&#225;lica, sendo observada no plano do mediastino superior. Inicialmente, observamos os tr&#234;s vasos que, da direita para a esquerda, correspondem &#224; VCS, &#224; aorta e &#224; art&#233;ria pulmonar. Al&#233;m de observarmos a ordem dos vasos, deve-se avaliar tamb&#233;m se eles se encontram de forma alinhada, sendo a VCS mais posterior e a art&#233;ria pulmonar mais anterior, com a aorta no centro. Outro aspecto muito importante desta proje&#231;&#227;o &#233; que os vasos apresentam dimens&#245;es crescentes, isto &#233;, aorta um pouco maior que a VCS e art&#233;ria pulmonar um pouco mais calibrosa que a aorta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Neste plano se observam os br&#244;nquios direito e esquerdo. </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.2.6. Etapa 6 - 6&#186; Andar: Proje&#231;&#227;o dos Tr&#234;s Vasos e Traqueia (3Vt)</title>
            <p>Em plano imediatamente acima, isto &#233;, basculando-se mais um pouco o transdutor em dire&#231;&#227;o cef&#225;lica, obt&#233;m-se a vista dos dois grandes arcos se conectando com a aorta tor&#225;cica descendente. &#192; esquerda seria o canal arterial saindo da art&#233;ria pulmonar e &#224; direita, a aorta, ambos se conectando com a aorta descendente, o que faz uma figura que lembra o formato da letra "V". A traqueia aparece como uma estrutura anecoica circundada por uma linha hiperecoica que corresponde a cartilagem, estando situada &#224; frente do corpo vertebral levemente mais &#224; direita.</p>
            <p>Nesta proje&#231;&#227;o, o arco a&#243;rtico se volta para a esquerda, sendo isto definido justamente pela rela&#231;&#227;o deste com a traqueia. Se a traqueia se encontra &#224; direita do arco a&#243;rtico, ent&#227;o ele est&#225; voltado para a esquerda e vice-versa. Ressalta-se que o uso do mapeamento de fluxo a cores deve ser utilizado em todas as etapas do rastreamento, mas tem particular import&#226;ncia nesta &#250;ltima proje&#231;&#227;o. Espera-se que ambos os arcos apresentem fluxo na mesma dire&#231;&#227;o, e, por isto, tenham a mesma cor ao color, sempre direcionado do cora&#231;&#227;o para a aorta tor&#225;cica descendente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figura 2.2</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f18">
                <label>Figura 2.2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>A aorta e art&#233;ria pulmonar aparecem alongadas, direcionando-se para a aorta descendente. Ambas convergem para a aorta formando a impress&#227;o de uma letra "V". A traqueia se encontra &#224; direita do arco a&#243;rtico, demonstrando que este desce &#224; esquerda. Ao mapeamento de fluxo em cores se observa que o fluxo dos dois grandes arcos tem a mesma dire&#231;&#227;o, isto &#233;, saindo do cora&#231;&#227;o em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; aorta tor&#225;cica descendente.</title>
                  <p>AAo: arco a&#243;rtico; AD: arco ductal; T: traqueia; VCS: veia cava superior.</p>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3. Rastreamento das Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas pelo Ultrassom Morfol&#243;gico de Primeiro Trimestre</title>
          <p>Sendo a Cardiopatia Cong&#234;nita (CC) o defeito cong&#234;nito grave mais comum e menos diagnosticado pelo ultrassom obst&#233;trico de rotina, o desafio dos &#250;ltimos anos tem sido descobrir um m&#233;todo de rastreamento precoce de cardiopata fetal, uma vez que a maioria dos fetos cardiopatas nasce de m&#227;es que n&#227;o apresentam as indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#225;ssicas para a ecocardiografia fetal.</p>
          <p>Estudos antigos mostraram uma sensibilidade de at&#233; 40% na detec&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas em fetos com Transluc&#234;ncia Nucal (TN) aumentada entre 11 e 14 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o (acima do percentil 99). Enfocando fetos com TN aumentada e cari&#243;tipo normal, foi demonstrada incid&#234;ncia de cinco a sete vezes maior de cardiopatia neste grupo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A literatura mais recente mostra sensibilidade em torno de 13,5%, para detec&#231;&#227;o de anomalias card&#237;acas sendo que a medida da TN &#8805; 3,5 mm deve ser considerada uma indica&#231;&#227;o para a ecocardiografia fetal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise Dopplerfluxom&#233;trica do sistema cardiovascular fetal tamb&#233;m &#233; aplicada para rastrear cardiopatias fetais, que podem ou n&#227;o estar associadas a cromossomopatias. V&#225;rios trabalhos advogam que o fluxo alterado do ducto venoso, isto &#233;, o aparecimento da onda reversa durante a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (onda "a") em fetos com TN &#8805; 3,5 mm aumenta em tr&#234;s vezes a probabilidade de CC, enquanto que um padr&#227;o de fluxo normal diminui pela metade o risco de cardiopatia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide no primeiro trimestre gestacional est&#225; altamente associada &#224;s trissomias. Quando presente em fetos cromossomicamente normais, observa-se aumento em oito vezes do risco de cardiopatia. A etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide de primeiro trimestre &#233; incerta, sabendo-se apenas que desaparece concomitantemente com a normaliza&#231;&#227;o da espessura da nuca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.4. Ecocardiografia Fetal</title>
          <p>&#201; muito importante que antes do in&#237;cio do ecocardiograma sejam obtidas informa&#231;&#245;es a respeito da idade gestacional, da hist&#243;ria obst&#233;trica pregressa, de poss&#237;veis doen&#231;as maternas ou do uso de medica&#231;&#245;es de risco para cardiopatia fetal e a indica&#231;&#227;o do exame. Isso j&#225; orienta o cardiologista quanto ao risco para anomalias card&#237;acas.</p>
          <p>O equipamento utilizado pode ser espec&#237;fico para ecocardiografia ou para ultrassonografia, desde que tenha um programa para cora&#231;&#227;o fetal/ecocardiografia. Transdutores convexos (ultrassonografia) ou setoriais (ecocardiografia) permitem a obten&#231;&#227;o de boas imagens, lembrando que a maioria dos transdutores convexos n&#227;o disp&#245;e de Doppler cont&#237;nuo, que pode ser &#250;til em casos de estenoses ou refluxos valvares. Os transdutores volum&#233;tricos permitem melhorar a imagem bidimensional em gestantes obesas e exames realizados no primeiro trimestre gestacional, mas n&#227;o s&#227;o imprescind&#237;veis para a pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria, sendo considerados tecnologia sofisticada e com aplica&#231;&#227;o restrita devido &#224; sua indisponibilidade na maioria dos centros.</p>
          <p>A partir de 18 semanas, todas as estruturas card&#237;acas podem ser analisadas pelo ecocardiograma. Esta &#233; a idade gestacional inicial na qual o ecocardiograma deve ser realizado. As melhores imagens, no entanto, s&#227;o obtidas entre 24 e 28 semanas, quando o cora&#231;&#227;o j&#225; apresenta dimens&#245;es maiores, o feto ainda se movimenta bem e os ossos n&#227;o constituem barreira significativa ao ultrassom. Vale ressaltar que a avalia&#231;&#227;o precoce do cora&#231;&#227;o pode ser realizada seja pela via transvaginal como pela transabdominal (ap&#243;s a 14&#170; semana); geralmente est&#225; indicada em gestantes com alto risco para cardiopatia fetal, particularmente quando a triagem do primeiro trimestre &#233; indicativa de anomalia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
          <p>&#201; fundamental que o cardiologista fetal tenha conhecimento dos conceitos de ultrassonografia b&#225;sica, particularmente no que se refere &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o e &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o fetal. Antes de iniciar a avalia&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, deve-se determinar a apresenta&#231;&#227;o do feto, identificando seus lados direito e esquerdo. O principal marcador do lado esquerdo do feto &#233; o est&#244;mago. Em situa&#231;&#245;es de <italic>situs</italic> inversus ou amb&#237;guos, ele pode estar mal posicionado, n&#227;o podendo ser usado como marcador do lado esquerdo fetal.</p>
          <p>A melhor imagem do cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; obtida a partir do abdome, escorregando-se o transdutor discretamente em dire&#231;&#227;o ao t&#243;rax. Embora tamb&#233;m seja poss&#237;vel a obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens atrav&#233;s do t&#243;rax ou dorso, visto que os pulm&#245;es fetais s&#227;o preenchidos por l&#237;quido e n&#227;o oferecem barreira &#224; passagem do ultrassom, s&#227;o imagens de qualidade inferior, principalmente no final da gesta&#231;&#227;o, quando a ossifica&#231;&#227;o das costelas e coluna representa importante barreira &#224; passagem do ultrassom. Nesta situa&#231;&#227;o, para melhorar a qualidade da imagem, muitas vezes &#233; necess&#225;rio solicitar que a gestante fique em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo ou direito.</p>
          <p>Dificuldades podem ocorrer na presen&#231;a de polidr&#226;mnio e obesidade materna. O polidr&#226;mnio &#233; uma situa&#231;&#227;o que pode dificultar ou at&#233; mesmo impossibilitar a realiza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia, pois o feto se posiciona mais distante do transdutor e tende a se movimentar muito, dificultando a realiza&#231;&#227;o de medidas e o posicionamento da amostra volume de Doppler para obten&#231;&#227;o dos tra&#231;ados habituais. Nesta situa&#231;&#227;o, o feto pode ser trazido mais pr&#243;ximo do transdutor, colocando-se a gestante em posi&#231;&#227;o de quatro apoios em seus joelhos e cotovelos. A obesidade materna tamb&#233;m dificulta a qualidade t&#233;cnica da ecocardiografia e, muitas vezes, a obten&#231;&#227;o da imagem card&#237;aca &#233; poss&#237;vel apenas pelo uso de uma compress&#227;o mais vigorosa do transdutor, ou pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de transdutores setoriais de baixa frequ&#234;ncia, como os usados para a ecocardiografia de adultos.</p>
          <p>Uma vez que o cora&#231;&#227;o fetal foi localizado, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios apenas pequenos movimentos do transdutor, para que todas as estruturas card&#237;acas sejam analisadas, pois o cora&#231;&#227;o fetal se encontra relativamente distante do transdutor e pequenos movimentos significam grandes mudan&#231;as de &#226;ngulo. Considera-se uma ecocardiografia fetal completa quando o cora&#231;&#227;o p&#244;de ser examinado da direita para a esquerda e de uma extremidade &#224; outra, em planos similares ao da ecocardiografia convencional p&#243;s-natal.</p>
          <p>Diferentemente do que se preconiza para o rastreamento obst&#233;trico de malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, a ecocardiografia fetal deve constar de todas as proje&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis &#8722; e n&#227;o apenas dos planos transversais como dos longitudinais do feto, permitindo diferentes vis&#245;es das mesmas estruturas, para que todos os detalhes anat&#244;micos possam ser examinados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Neste sentido devem ser inclu&#237;das, no exame, as proje&#231;&#245;es de eixo longo dos arcos a&#243;rtico e ductal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f19">Figuras 2.3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f20">2.4</xref>), eixo das veias cavas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Figura 2.5</xref>) e eixo curto dos ventr&#237;culos e dos vasos da base (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f22">Figuras 2.6</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f23">2.7</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f19">
              <label>Figura 2.3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Corte longitudinal estrito do feto mostrando um eixo longo do arco a&#243;rtico. O formato do arco a&#243;rtico &#233; semelhante ao de uma bengala.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f20">
              <label>Figura 2.4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Plano longitudinal direcionado levemente mais anterior e para o lado esquerdo do feto, mostrando o eixo longo do arco ductal. O arco ductal tem uma angula&#231;&#227;o diferente do a&#243;rtico e se assemelha a um taco de golf.</title>
                <p>AP: art&#233;ria pulmonar; APE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f21">
              <label>Figura 2.5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Plano longitudinal fetal com inclina&#231;&#227;o mais posterior mostrando o eixo das cavas.</title>
                <p>AD: &#225;trio direito; VCI: veia cava inferior; VCS: veia cava superior.</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f22">
              <label>Figura 2.6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Proje&#231;&#227;o de eixo curto ou transversal dos ventr&#237;culos. Este plano permite analisar o n&#250;mero e a posi&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares dos ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo. Tem grande utilidade tamb&#233;m para detec&#231;&#227;o de formas mais sutis de defeito do septo atrioventricular quando se apresenta com dois orif&#237;cios valvares.</title>
                <p>A: anterior; E: est&#244;mago; P: posterior; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f23">
              <label>Figura 2.7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Proje&#231;&#227;o eixo curto dos vasos da base. Este plano mostra bem a rela&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias, estando a aorta no centro do cora&#231;&#227;o e a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) circundando a aorta. Esta &#233; uma excelente proje&#231;&#227;o para identifica&#231;&#227;o de CIVs perimembranosas e de obstru&#231;&#245;es pulmonares devido ao desvio anterior do septo infundibular observado na tetralogia de Fallot.</title>
                <p>Ao: art&#233;ria pulmonar; AoD: aorta descendente; AP: art&#233;ria pulmonar; APD: art&#233;ria pulmonar direita; APE: art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda.</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.5. Ecocardiografia Fetal e T&#233;cnicas de Imagem a Serem usadas</title>
          <p>Profissionais experientes na &#225;rea de imagem, como ultrasssonografistas, radiologistas ou ecocardiografistas podem avaliar o cora&#231;&#227;o fetal com alto grau de precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica. A determina&#231;&#227;o de quem deve ou pode realizar um ecocardiograma fetal transcende as normas &#233;ticas do bom conv&#237;vio profissional, sendo praticamente imposs&#237;vel impedir um m&#233;dico n&#227;o cardiologista de estudar e tornar-se competente na realiza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia fetal, apenas por n&#227;o ser cardiologista. Por isso, as sociedades m&#233;dicas internacionais de ecocardiografia e ultrassonografia fizeram um consenso sobre o que seria a ecocardiografia fetal e qual o tipo de an&#225;lise deve englobar, diferenciando-a de um rastreamento estendido.</p>
          <p>Baseados na diretriz da AHA publicada em 2014, quanto ao ecocardiograma fetal, dividimos em elementos obrigat&#243;rios (Classe de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I), aqueles cuja inclus&#227;o no exame &#233; opcional, sendo razo&#225;vel sua inclus&#227;o (Classe de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa) ou que talvez seja razo&#225;vel podendo ser inclu&#237;dos (Classe de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIb) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t28">Tabela 2.4</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t28">
            <label>Tabela 2.4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ecocardiograma fetal obrigatrio, opcional ou com realizao recomendada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="30%"/>
                <col width="70%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Elementos essenciais e obrigatrios (Classe I)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="17">Anatomia cardiovascular ao bidimensional</td>
                  <td align="center"><italic>Situs</italic> cardiovisceral</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Posio cardaca</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Derrame pericrdico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Conexes venosas sistmica e pulmonar</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Morfologia atrial</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Morfologia do septo atrial</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Conexo atrioventricular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Morfologia dos ventrculos, dimenso e anlise comparativa das dimenses </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Conexo ventriculoarterial</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Morfologia das valvas atrioventriculares, dimenso e anlise comparativa das dimenses </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Morfologia das valvas semilunares, dimenso e anlise comparativa das dimenses </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Morfologia do septo interventricular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Anatomia das grandes artrias, dimenso e anlise comparativa das dimenses </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Projeo de 3 vasos e 3VT</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Morfologia do arco artico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Morfologia do arco ductal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Artrias pulmonares proximais</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="10">Mapeamento de fluxo a cores</td>
                  <td align="center">Veias cavas superior e inferior</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Forame oval</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Valvas atrioventriculares e vias de entrada dos ventrculos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Septo interventricular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Valvas semilunares e vias de sada dos ventrculos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Ducto venoso</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Veias pulmonares</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Grandes artrias </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Artrias pulmonares direita e esquerda</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Arcos artico e ductal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="8">Doppler pulstil</td>
                  <td align="center">Valvas atrioventriculares e vias de entrada dos ventrculos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Vlvulas semilunares e vias de sada dos ventrculos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Ducto venoso</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Veia umbilical</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Artria umbilical</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Veias pulmonares</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Grandes artrias</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Arco ductal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Medida da frequncia cardaca e avaliaao do ritmo cardaco</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Elementos opcionais (classe IIa e IIb)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="9">Biometria cardaca geral</td>
                  <td align="center">ndice cardiotorcico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dimenses atriais</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dimenses ventriculares</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dimetros das valvas atrioventriculares</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dimetros das valvas semilunares</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dimetro da aorta ascendente e tronco da artria pulmonar</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dimetro do arco artico e ductal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dimetro das artrias pulmonares</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Biometria fetal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mapeamento de fluxo a cores</td>
                  <td align="center">Artrias e veias umbilicais</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Doppler pulstil</td>
                  <td align="center">Veia cava superior e inferior</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Ramos pulmonares</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Artria cerebral mdia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Outras modalidades de Doppler</td>
                  <td align="center">Doppler contnuo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Doppler tecidual</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">ndices de funo cardaca adicionais</td>
                  <td align="center">Frao de encurtamento ventricular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ndice de desempenho miocrdico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Clculo do dbito cardaco</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3. Estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos Servi&#231;os que Trabalham com Cardiologia Fetal e seus Potenciais Terap&#234;uticos</title>
        <p>As cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas s&#227;o as malforma&#231;&#245;es mais frequentemente relacionadas com a morbimortalidade na inf&#226;ncia, principalmente no per&#237;odo neonatal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Sua incid&#234;ncia tem sido estimada em 6 a 12 por 1.000 nascidos vivos. Na vida fetal, estima-se que esta incid&#234;ncia seja at&#233; cinco vezes mais elevada, sendo esta diferen&#231;a justificada pelos &#243;bitos fetais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Aproximadamente 50% dos casos apresentam repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica precoce, com necessidade de tratamento intervencionista ou corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica no primeiro ano de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A associa&#231;&#227;o com malforma&#231;&#245;es extracard&#237;acas pode ser observada em at&#233; 50% dos acometidos, aumentando ainda mais as morbimortalidades pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Vale ressaltar que o tratamento de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas &#233; considerado o maior custo hospitalar por doen&#231;as cong&#234;nitas em pa&#237;ses de primeiro mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o da ultrassonografia precoce do primeiro trimestre e a maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia fetal nos &#250;ltimos anos t&#234;m contribu&#237;do para um aumento do diagn&#243;stico intra&#250;tero de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, com consequente melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o perinatal delas. No entanto, a ecocardiografia fetal ainda n&#227;o se encontra universalmente dispon&#237;vel em nosso pa&#237;s, havendo maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de profissionais com forma&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia Fetal nas Regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste, e um n&#250;mero mais restrito nas Regi&#245;es Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste, sendo que, nos Estados destas &#250;ltimas regi&#245;es, a disponibilidade desta ferramenta fica principalmente restrita &#224;s capitais e pouco dispon&#237;vel no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Temos observado uma tend&#234;ncia de decl&#237;nio da taxa de mortalidade infantil no Brasil nos &#250;ltimos anos, com redu&#231;&#227;o de 77% em 22 anos, caindo de 62 mortes por 1.000 nascidos vivos, em 1990, para 14 por 1.000, em 2012.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> As mortes no primeiro ano de vida representam 90% da mortalidade no grupo et&#225;rio de zero a 4 anos, com 68% ocorrendo no per&#237;odo de zero a 28 dias. As anomalias card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas s&#227;o identificadas como respons&#225;veis por grande parte destes &#237;ndices, particularmente no per&#237;odo neonatal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estima-se que, no Brasil, ocorram aproximadamente 25.700 novos casos de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas por ano, distribu&#237;dos da seguinte forma pelas diferentes regi&#245;es: Norte 2.758; Nordeste 7.570; Sudeste 10.112; Sul 3.329 e Centro-Oeste 1.987.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Em 2010, foram notificados ao Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC), do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, 1.377 casos de nascidos com CC, o que representa apenas 5,3% do estimado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Atualmente, existem cerca de 40 servi&#231;os credenciados junto ao Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de que realizam cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica, sendo a distribui&#231;&#227;o bastante heterog&#234;nea, com maior concentra&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os nas Regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste (62%). De acordo com os dados do Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (DATASUS) de 2002, o d&#233;fice de cirurgia card&#237;aca em CC nas Regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste &#233; de 93,5% e 77,4%, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Como a implanta&#231;&#227;o da Cardiologia Fetal est&#225; diretamente relacionada aos servi&#231;os de cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica, a situa&#231;&#227;o atual no pa&#237;s, no que tange ao diagn&#243;stico fetal, ainda &#233; bastante heterog&#234;nea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os servi&#231;os que trabalham com Cardiologia Fetal podem ser estratificados em tr&#234;s n&#237;veis:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>N&#237;vel 1:</bold> servi&#231;os que fazem o diagn&#243;stico de anomalias card&#237;acas estruturais e funcionais fetais, acompanham o feto cardiopata e orientam quanto ao nascimento.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>N&#237;vel 2:</bold> servi&#231;os que, al&#233;m do diagn&#243;stico das anomalias card&#237;acas estruturais e funcionais fetais, t&#234;m equipe multidisciplinar composta por obstetra, cardiologista pedi&#225;trico, cardiologista intervencionista e cirurgi&#227;o card&#237;aco pedi&#225;trico, e conduzem a terap&#234;utica ao nascimento.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>N&#237;vel 3:</bold> servi&#231;os que, al&#233;m do diagn&#243;stico e do seguimento do feto cardiopata, t&#234;m equipe multidisciplinar composta por obstetra, cardiologista pedi&#225;trico, cardiologista intervencionista e cirurgi&#227;o card&#237;aco pedi&#225;trico, permitindo que sejam realizadas interven&#231;&#245;es invasivas intra&#250;tero.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>Atualmente, a maioria dos centros de Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica no Brasil que contam com Cardiologia Fetal encontram-se nos n&#237;veis 1 e 2. As interven&#231;&#245;es intra&#250;tero s&#227;o restritas a um n&#250;mero muito pequeno de fetos que apresentam patologias e particularidades anat&#244;micas bastante espec&#237;ficas para que se beneficiem da terap&#234;utica fetal. Por isto, n&#227;o se justifica mais que um ou dois servi&#231;os com estas caracter&#237;sticas no nosso pa&#237;s.</p>
        <p>&#201; fato que ser&#225; necess&#225;ria a cria&#231;&#227;o de novos servi&#231;os de Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica e fetal, assim como a amplia&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de cirurgias card&#237;acas e de interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas realizadas para o tratamento de tantos cardiopatas cong&#234;nitos. Por&#233;m, por diversas quest&#245;es de &#226;mbito pol&#237;tico e econ&#244;mico, sabemos que estas mudan&#231;as s&#243; ocorrer&#227;o a m&#233;dio e longo prazo.</p>
        <p>Visando maximizar o encaminhamento de fetos cardiopatas para os centros de refer&#234;ncia j&#225; existentes e tendo em vista que a suspeita de CC estrutural pode ser feita por obstetras durante o ultrassom morfol&#243;gico, parece interessante que os profissionais envolvidos na assist&#234;ncia de gestantes participem como figuras importantes na din&#226;mica da Cardiologia Fetal, no papel de rastreador e encaminhador para o ecocardiografista fetal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Caso a cardiopatia tenha sido rastreada em cidade que n&#227;o disponha de servi&#231;o especializado, a gestante cujo feto apresente cardiopatia de repercuss&#227;o neonatal deve ser "regulada" pelas centrais de regula&#231;&#227;o do SUS (estadual ou federal). Com isso, &#233; poss&#237;vel solicitar o Tratamento Fora de Domic&#237;lio (TFD), para o centro especializado mais pr&#243;ximo, sendo este processo regulado via Central Nacional de Regula&#231;&#227;o de Alta Complexidade (CNRAC), determinado pela portaria 1.020 do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, publicada em maio de 2013, que instituiu as diretrizes para a organiza&#231;&#227;o da Aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; Sa&#250;de na Gesta&#231;&#227;o de Alto Risco. Cabe salientar que a Gesta&#231;&#227;o de Alto Risco &#233; "aquela na qual a vida ou a sa&#250;de da m&#227;e, do feto ou do rec&#233;m-nascido t&#234;m maiores chances de serem atingidas que as da m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o considerada".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O cardiologista fetal dever&#225;, ent&#227;o, definir se a cardiopatia diagnosticada intra&#250;tero necessita e preenche crit&#233;rios que justifiquem o manejo por interven&#231;&#227;o intrauterina, ou se a terap&#234;utica deve ser institu&#237;da no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-natal imediato, definindo tamb&#233;m se o caso necessita ser encaminhado para centros de refer&#234;ncia n&#237;vel 2 ou 3 dispon&#237;veis no nosso pa&#237;s. Ressalta-se ainda que nem todos os centros considerados n&#237;vel 2 conseguem resolver todos os tipos de anomalias neonatais. Por isso, o profissional que referencia a gestante para a central de regula&#231;&#227;o deve especificar muito claramente que tipo de anomalia est&#225; encaminhando e de qual o tipo de atendimento especializado o caso necessitar&#225;. Sabe-se que a SHCE e suas variantes, por exemplo, t&#234;m alt&#237;ssima incid&#234;ncia fetal e apenas poucos centros no nosso pa&#237;s disp&#245;em de resultados operat&#243;rios satisfat&#243;rios para tal anomalia.</p>
        <p>Com o intuito de facilitar a visualiza&#231;&#227;o do fluxo das gestantes quanto as suas necessidades de atendimento cardiol&#243;gico especializado, desenvolvemos um fluxograma, que se encontra na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f24">figura 3.1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f24">
            <label>Figura 3.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxo de atendimento na Cardiologia Fetal.</title>
              <p>US: ultrassonografia.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4. Classifica&#231;&#227;o e Hierarquiza&#231;&#227;o da Gravidade das Cardiopatias Fetais</title>
        <p>Com o surgimento da medicina fetal como especialidade e os recentes avan&#231;os observados na aquisi&#231;&#227;o da imagem ultrassonogr&#225;fica, a detec&#231;&#227;o de fetos com malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas tem sido cada vez mais frequente, possibilitando o tratamento mais precoce e reduzindo, de forma significativa, a mortalidade fetal e neonatal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> No contexto da Cardiologia Fetal, o diagn&#243;stico antenatal permite o acompanhamento das patologias, com potencial de descompensa&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica intra&#250;tero, al&#233;m de auxiliar na programa&#231;&#227;o dos casos cujas cardiopatias apresentar&#227;o repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica no per&#237;odo neonatal imediato. Levando em considera&#231;&#227;o o comportamento das altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas na fase fetal, &#233; particularmente importante saber quais altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas podem evoluir com repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica ainda no per&#237;odo intra&#250;tero e quais ir&#227;o necessitar de alguma conduta antes do nascimento, quer seja por administra&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#227;o, por interven&#231;&#227;o intrauterina ou at&#233; antecipa&#231;&#227;o do nascimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Podemos classificar as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas no feto em estruturais e funcionais. A maioria das cardiopatias estruturais n&#227;o apresenta comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico na fase intrauterina devido &#224; fisiologia da circula&#231;&#227;o fetal. A repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica ocorrer&#225; ap&#243;s o nascimento com o fechamento fisiol&#243;gico dos <italic>shunts</italic> intracard&#237;acos. Cora&#231;&#245;es anatomicamente normais tamb&#233;m podem apresentar comprometimento de sua fun&#231;&#227;o, seja por acometimento mioc&#225;rdico, altera&#231;&#245;es do d&#233;bito ou ritmo card&#237;acos ou modifica&#231;&#245;es do fluxo nos <italic>shunts</italic> intracard&#237;acos. Estas condi&#231;&#245;es tendem a apresentar repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica no feto e podem necessitar de tratamento antes do nascimento.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante ressaltar a import&#226;ncia do acompanhamento multidisciplinar diante do feto cardiopata, considerando a possibilidade de associa&#231;&#227;o com s&#237;ndromes gen&#233;ticas ou malforma&#231;&#245;es extracard&#237;acas graves, o que eleva significamente a mortalidade p&#243;s-natal.</p>
        <p>Desta forma, classificamos as cardiopatias fetais em tr&#234;s grupos, conforme seu potencial de evolu&#231;&#227;o, repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica intra&#250;tero e origem estrutural ou funcional (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t29">Tabela 4.1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t29">
          <label>Tabela 4.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classificao das anomalias fetais quanto ao comportamento intratero</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Grupo</th>
                <th align="center">Apresentao fetal</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiopatias sem repercusso hemodinmica no feto<break/>A. Estruturais<break/>B. Funcionais</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiopatias com repercusso hemodinamica no feto<break/>A. Estruturais<break/>B. Funcionais</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiopatias fetais com prognstico ps-natal reservado</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1. Grupo I &#8722; Cardiopatias sem Repercus&#227;o Hemodin&#226;mica Fetal</title>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.1. Estruturais</title>
            <p>Deste grupo fazem parte os defeitos card&#237;acos simples ou complexos que habitualmente n&#227;o apresentam progress&#227;o ou descompensa&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;micas na fase fetal, n&#227;o necessitam de tratamento no per&#237;odo gestacional e n&#227;o alteram a conduta obst&#233;trica. Os principais exemplos de cardiopatias deste grupo s&#227;o as cardiopatias de shunt esquerdo-direito (Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interatrial, Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interventricular, Defeito do Septo Atrioventricular e janela aortopulmonar); cardiopatias com obstru&#231;&#227;o leve das vias de sa&#237;da direita ou esquerda, como Estenose Pulmonar Valvar, Estenose A&#243;rtica e Coarta&#231;&#227;o de Aorta discreta; e cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas complexas como T4F com obstru&#231;&#227;o leve ao fluxo pulmomar, Transposi&#231;&#227;o Corrigida das Grandes Art&#233;rias, Dupla Via de Sa&#237;da do Ventr&#237;culo Direito,cora&#231;&#245;es univentriculares sem obstru&#231;&#245;es ou com obstru&#231;&#245;es leves aos fluxos sist&#234;mico e pulmonar.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.2. N&#227;o Estruturais</title>
            <p>Neste grupo, s&#227;o inclu&#237;das as altera&#231;&#245;es do ritmo card&#237;aco tipo extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares isoladas e refluxo da valva tric&#250;spide discreto isolado.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.2. Grupo II &#8722; Cardiopatias com Repercuss&#227;o Hemodin&#226;mica no Feto</title>
          <sec>
            <title>4.2.1. Estruturais</title>
            <p>Deste grupo, fazem parte os defeitos card&#237;acos que podem comprometer o desenvolvimento das estruturas card&#237;acas ao longo da gesta&#231;&#227;o, como as obstru&#231;&#245;es cr&#237;ticas ou total dos fluxos de sa&#237;da dos ventr&#237;culos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> os defeitos com potencial de desencadear insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca devido a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncias valvares graves,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> e as anomalias que necessariamente precisam do forame oval patente para desvio de fluxo de uma c&#226;mara &#224; outra (atresia ou obstru&#231;&#227;o grave no plano das valvas atrioventriculares), sendo os principais exemplos a SHCE e a Atresia Tric&#250;spide (AT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> Este grupo merece especial aten&#231;&#227;o, pois, eventualmente, pode apresentar evolu&#231;&#227;o mais favor&#225;vel, caso sofra uma interven&#231;&#227;o invasiva ainda na fase fetal (vide Cap&#237;tulo de Interven&#231;&#245;es Fetais).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.2.2. Funcionais</title>
            <p>As disfun&#231;&#245;es prim&#225;rias mioc&#225;rdicas no feto t&#234;m etiologias variadas. Podem ser causadas por miocardites (geralmente virais), altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais das fibras mioc&#225;rdicas (mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o compactado, doen&#231;as de dep&#243;sito como mucopolissacaridoses ou glicogenoses), serem secund&#225;ria ao diabetes melito materno e a algumas condi&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> As arritmias card&#237;acas graves (taquiarritmias sustentadas e bloqueio atrioventricular total &#8722; BAVT) levam a dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, refluxos das valvas atrioventriculares e disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> As taquiarritmias s&#227;o consideradas condi&#231;&#245;es emergenciais em Cardiologia Fetal devido ao risco de hidropisia e &#243;bito fetal, sendo a maior parte delas pass&#237;vel de tratamento medicamentoso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Os tumores card&#237;acos s&#227;o raros. Dentre eles, o rabdomioma &#233; o mais prevalente na vida fetal. Podem ser &#250;nicos ou m&#250;ltiplos, e aumentarem suas dimens&#245;es durante a vida fetal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> Ecocardiogramas seriados est&#227;o indicados pelo risco de desencadearem arritmias, obstru&#231;&#245;es das vias de entrada e sa&#237;da ventriculares ou compress&#227;o de estruturas card&#237;acas. Altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais dos <italic>shunts</italic> intracard&#237;acos causam desequil&#237;brio na redistribui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo fetal. A constri&#231;&#227;o do canal arterial &#233; a mais frequente e ser&#225; discutida detalhadamente em cap&#237;tulo adiante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> A restri&#231;&#227;o do fluxo, atrav&#233;s do forame oval, e a agenesia do ducto venoso s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es raras. Ambas evoluem com dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras direitas, podendo levar &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca fetal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> F&#237;stulas de alto d&#233;bito podem levar &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o e &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas e hidropisia fetal. As mais frequentes s&#227;o aneurisma da veia de Galeno, hemangio-hepatoblastoma, malforma&#231;&#227;o arteriovenosa pulmonar, tumores vascularizados como o teratoma sacrococc&#237;geo ou cervical e o feto receptor na s&#237;ndrome de transfus&#227;o feto-fetal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref> Anemias graves decorrentes de infe&#231;&#245;es virais ou incompatibilidades sangu&#237;neas podem levar &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A hemodin&#226;mica fetal tamb&#233;m pode ser comprometida por compress&#245;es extr&#237;nsecas ao cora&#231;&#227;o fetal, como h&#233;rnia diafragm&#225;tica, malforma&#231;&#227;o adenomatosa c&#237;stica pulmonar e tumores peric&#225;rdicos. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica nesse grupo de altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais deve ser seriada, habitualmente quinzenal, podendo este intervalo ser mais curto se houver agravamento da descompensa&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. O progn&#243;stico das cardiopatias fetais com risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pode ser avaliado utilizando-se o escore cardiovascular publicado por Huhta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.3. Grupo III &#8722; Cardiopatias em Fetos com Progn&#243;stico P&#243;s-Natal Reservado</title>
          <p>Este grupo corresponde a cardiopatias muito graves em que qualquer tentativa de tratamento termina em quase 100% de &#243;bito. Est&#227;o inclu&#237;dos: as formas graves de isomerismo atrial esquerdo que cursam com BAVT associado a obstru&#231;&#245;es das vias de sa&#237;da e hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, as malforma&#231;&#245;es osbtrutivas cr&#237;ticas associadas a mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o compactado, os piores espectros da anomalia de Ebstein ou displasia da valva tric&#250;spide associados a hipoplasia pulmonar, aneurismas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva fetal e cardiopatias associadas a s&#237;ndromes cromoss&#244;micas com progn&#243;stico reservado (trissomias do 13 e 18). Neste grupo, o acompanhameto multidisciplinar, incluindo suporte psicol&#243;gico ao casal, deve ser priorizado, mas o nascimento pode ser em hospital com suporte b&#225;sico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t30">Tabela 4.2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t30">
            <label>Tabela 4.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribuio das cardiopatias fetais, de acordo com a classificao. </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="90%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Grupo</th>
                  <th align="center">Anomalias cardacas</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                  <td align="center">Cardiopatia congnita de <italic>shunt</italic>: CIA, CIV, DSAV e janela Ao-P<break/>Cardiopatias congnitas obstrutivas leves: EP, EAo e CoAo<break/>Cardiopatias congnitas complexas sem obstrues aos fluxos sistmico ou pulmonar: T4F, TGA complexa, DVSVD, coraes univentriculares e TCGA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">IB</td>
                  <td align="center">Extrassstoles isoladas; IT leve isolada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">IIA</td>
                  <td align="center">Cardiopatias com obstruo crtica aos fluxos sistmico ou pulmonar: APSI, EPVC, EAoC e SHCE<break/>Cardiopatias dependentes de shunt no plano atrial: SHCE e variantes, TGA e AT<break/>Cardiopatias com insuficincias valvares graves: anomalia de Ebstein e displasia da valva tricspide, agenesia da valva pulmonar, IM grave primria ou secundria, IT secundria e insuficincia da valva truncal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">IIB</td>
                  <td align="center">Miocardiopatias e miocardites, arritmias, tumores obstrutivos, compresses extrnsecas (HDC e MACP), constrio ductal, forame oval restritivo, agenesia de ducto venoso, MAVs, STFF e gestao gemelar com 1 feto acrdico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">III</td>
                  <td align="center">Cromossomopatias incompatveis com a vida, malformaes mltiplas, associaes de defeitos cardacos que so incompatveis com correo, anomalia de Ebstein/displasia tricspide de formas muito graves com hipoplasia pulmonar, aneurismas ou divertculos de VE associados hidropisia fetal</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN24">
                <p>APSI: atresia pulmonar com septo interventricular ntegro; AT: atresia tricspide; CIA: comunicao interatrial; CIV: comunicao interventricular; CoAo: coarctao de aorta; DSAV: defeito do septo atrioventricular; DVSVD: dupla via de sada do ventrculo direito; EAo: estenose artica; EAoC: estenose artica valvar crtica; EP: Estenose pulmonar; EPVC: estenose pulmonar valvar crtica; HDC: hnia diafragmtica congnita; IM: insuficincia mitral; IT: insuficincia tricspide; Janela Ao-P: janela aortopulmonar; MACP: malformao adenomatosa cstica pulmonar; MAVs: malformaes arteriovenosas; SHCE: sndrome de hipoplasia do corao esquerdo; STFF: sndrome de transfuso feto-fetal; T4F: tetralogia de Fallot; TCGA: transposio corrigida das grandes artrias; TGA: transposio das grandes artrias; VE: ventrculo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5. Condutas nas Principais Cardiopatias Fetais</title>
        <p>Um dos grandes desafios para o m&#233;dico rastreador e cardiologista pedi&#225;trico &#233; saber exatamente o que fazer diante de uma gestante cujo feto apresenta CC. A fisiologia fetal tem caracter&#237;sticas pr&#243;prias e permite uma evolu&#231;&#227;o intra&#250;tero benigna para a maioria das anomalias card&#237;acas. Entretanto, ao nascimento, o comportamento destas cardiopatias pode ser rapidamente devastador, necessitando, por vezes, da atua&#231;&#227;o imediata ap&#243;s o clampeamento do cord&#227;o umbilical. Por outro lado, pequenas anormalidades card&#237;acas fetais podem ser supervalorizadas e levar a verdadeiros transtornos na condu&#231;&#227;o final da gesta&#231;&#227;o e do parto, pela dificuldade de se saber o que cada anomalia pode realmente impactar na sa&#250;de do beb&#234; ap&#243;s o nascimento. Embora o diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal venha sendo poss&#237;vel h&#225; mais de 40 anos, o entendimento do comportamento destas anomalias nos per&#237;odos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-natal vem tornando-se mais claro nos &#250;ltimos anos, gra&#231;as &#224; melhoria da acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica e &#224; introdu&#231;&#227;o de terapias fetais, levando ao progressivo conhecimento de sua hist&#243;ria natural. Por estes motivos, nos propusemos a separar as cardiopatias fetais de acordo com as suas evolu&#231;&#245;es intra&#250;tero e ap&#243;s o nascimento, para que sirva como guia quanto &#224; necessidade de encaminhamento para parto em local especializado ou atendimento no pr&#243;prio local do diagn&#243;stico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t31">Tabela 5.1</xref> a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t38">5.8</xref>). Dividimos as CC em subgrupos com e sem repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica fetal, com e sem progress&#227;o intra&#250;tero e a poss&#237;vel evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-natal.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t31">
          <label>Tabela 5.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Grupo IA. Cardiopatias fetais estruturais sem repercusso hemodinmica intratero e sem necessidade de atendimento neonatal imediato. Classe de Recomendao/Nvel de Evidncia: IB.17,41,57-59</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Cardiopatia</th>
                <th align="center">Evoluo intratero</th>
                <th align="center">Seguimento intratero</th>
                <th align="center">Parto</th>
                <th align="center">Avaliao ps-natal</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CIV<break/>DSAV<break/>CIA<break/>Janela Ao-P</td>
                <td align="center">Estvel</td>
                <td align="center">Aconselha-se repetir o exame algumas semanas antes do nascimento</td>
                <td align="center">Via de parto de acordo com a indicao obsttrica Centro nvel 1</td>
                <td align="center">Avaliao cardiolgica na maternidade ou em consultrio, aps a alta hospitalar</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <p>Ao-P: aortopulmonar; CIA: comunicao interatrial; CIV: comunicao interventricular; DSAV: defeito do septo atrioventricular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t32">
          <label>Tabela 5.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Grupo IA. Cardiopatias fetais estruturais sem repercusso hemodinmica intratero, mas que podem progredir na vida fetal, podendo ou no necessitar de atendimento neonatal imediato. Classe de Recomendao/Nvel de Evidncia: IB.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Cardiopatia</th>
                <th align="center">Evoluo intratero</th>
                <th align="center">Seguimento intratero</th>
                <th align="center">Parto</th>
                <th align="center">Avaliao ps-natal</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">T4F<break/>DVSVD<break/>TGA complexa<break/>TCGA<break/>AT</td>
                <td align="center">Podem progredir para restrio significativa aos fluxos sistmico ou pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">Aps o diagnstico repetir o e exame a cada 4 a 6 semanas, sendo muito recomendado um novo exame poucas semanas antes do nascimento</td>
                <td align="center">Via de parto de acordo com a indicao obsttrica Centro nvel 1 ou em centros nvel 2 ou 3, caso se observe evoluo para piora da condio hemodinmica intratero ou que precipite descompensao neonatal imediata (obstrues significativas aos fluxos sistmico e pulmonar)</td>
                <td align="center">Em todos os casos, h necessidade de avaliao cardiolgica associada a ecocardiograma, antes da alta hospitalar</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <p>AT: atresia tricspide; DVSVD: dupla via de sada do ventrculo direito; T4F: tetralogia de Fallot; TCGA: transposio corrigida das grandes artrias; TGA: transposio das grandes artrias.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t33">
          <label>Tabela 5.3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Grupo IB. Cardiopatias fetais funcionais sem repercusso hemodinmica intratero e sem necessidade de atendimento neonatal imediato. Classe de Recomendao/Nvel de Evidncia: IB.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Cardiopatia</th>
                <th align="center">Evoluo intratero</th>
                <th align="center">Seguimento intratero</th>
                <th align="center">Parto</th>
                <th align="center">Avaliao ps-natal</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Extrassstoles IT leve</td>
                <td align="center">Estvel</td>
                <td align="center">Aconselha-se repetir o exame algumas semanas antes do nascimento</td>
                <td align="center">Via de parto de acordo com a indicao obsttrica Centro nvel 1</td>
                <td align="center">Avaliao cardiolgica na maternidade ou em consultrio aps a alta hospitalar</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN27">
              <p>IT: insuficincia tricspide.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t34">
          <label>Tabela 5.4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Grupo IIA. Cardiopatias fetais estruturais com probabilidade de repercusso hemodinmica intratero, possibilidade de tratamento fetal e necessidade de atendimento neonatal imediato. Classe de Recomendao/Nvel de Evidncia: IB.17,41,57-59</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Cardiopatia</th>
                <th align="center">Evoluo intratero</th>
                <th align="center">Seguimento intratero</th>
                <th align="center">Parto</th>
                <th align="center">Avaliao ps-natal</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EPVM<break/>APSI<break/>EAo<break/>Ebstein</td>
                <td align="center">Risco de hipoplasia ventricular<break/>Risco de disfuno ventricular e hidropisia fetal<break/>Risco de <italic>shunt</italic> circular<break/>Risco de arritmia fetal</td>
                <td align="center">Aconselha-se repetir o exame periodicamente (2 a 4 semanas)<break/>Diante de sinais de evoluo intratero, considerar interveno fetal entre 22 e 32 semanas<break/>Em caso de <italic>shunt</italic> circular, considerar induo da constrio ductal</td>
                <td align="center">Sem hidropisia, parto normal induzido ou cesariano programado<break/>Com hidropisia, parto cesariano programado<break/>Centros nvel 2 e 3</td>
                <td align="center">Avaliao cardiolgica imediata APSI necessita tratamento neonatal<break/>EPV e EAo podem necessitar tratamento neonatal nas formas graves<break/>Anomalia de Ebstein depende de atresia pulmonar funcional ou no e da hipoplasia pulmonar</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN28">
              <p>APSI: atresia pulmonar com septo ntegro; EAo: estenose artica; EPV: estenose pulmonar valvar.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t35">
          <label>Tabela 5.5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Grupo IIA. Cardiopatias fetais estruturais que necessitam inexoravelmente de tratamento neonatal. Classe de Recomendao/Nvel de Evidncia: IB.17,41,57-59</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Cardiopatia</th>
                <th align="center">Evoluo intratero</th>
                <th align="center">Seguimento intratero</th>
                <th align="center">Parto</th>
                <th align="center">Avaliao ps-natal</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TGA simples<break/>SHCE<break/>IAAo<break/>CoAo crtica<break/>DATVP<break/>TAC<break/>Cardiopatias complexas com restrio significativa aos fluxos sistmico ou pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">A CIA pode ser restritiva durante a gestao<break/>Embora sejam cardiopatias complexas, tendem a se manter estveis e sem repercusso hemodinmica ao longo da gestao</td>
                <td align="center">Aconselha-se repetir o exame periodicamente (a cada 4 a 6 semanas).<break/>Para SHCE ou variantes com CIA significativamente restritiva, deve-se considerar interveno fetal<break/>Realizar uma nova avaliao poucas semanas antes do parto</td>
                <td align="center">Parto normal induzido (programado) ou cesariano programado<break/>Centros nvel 2 e 3</td>
                <td align="center">Avaliao cardiolgica neonatal imediata A maioria cardiopatia dependente de canal arterial e necessita de infuso contnua de prostaglandina, e tratamento intervencionista ou cirrgico dentro da primeira semana de vida<break/>DATVP e TAC so cardiopatias que cursam com ICC e HP precoces e, por isso, necessitam de tratamento dentro das primeiras semanas de vida, mesmo no sendo dependentes do canal arterial patente</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN29">
              <p>CIA: comunicao interatrial; CoAo: coarctao de aorta; DATVP: drenagem anmala total de veias pulmonares; HP: hipertenso pulmonar; IAAo: interrupo de arco artico; ICC: insuficincia cardaca congestiva; SHCE: sndrome de hipoplasia do corao esquerdo; TAC: tronco arterioso comum; TGA: transposio das grandes artrias.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t36">
          <label>Tabela 5.6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Grupo IIB. Cardiopatias fetais funcionais com repercusso hemodinmica. Classe de Recomendao/Nvel de Evidncia: IIbC.17,41,57-59</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Cardiopatia</th>
                <th align="center">Evoluo intratero</th>
                <th align="center">Seguimento intratero</th>
                <th align="center">Parto</th>
                <th align="center">Avaliao ps-natal</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Restrio do FO<break/>Restrio do DA<break/>Derrame pericrdico<break/>Compresses extrnsecas<break/>Anemia<break/>Fstula arteriovenosa de alto dbito<break/>STFF</td>
                <td align="center">Podem evoluir com disfuno ventricular e hidropisia fetal</td>
                <td align="center">Controle com ecocardiograma seriado a cada 4-6 semanas Interveno no perodo fetal, se necessria</td>
                <td align="center">Com hidropisia, parto cesariano programado Sem hidropisia parto normal induzido ou cesariano programado.<break/>Centros nvel 2 e 3 Avaliar a necessidade de antecipao parto</td>
                <td align="center">Avaliao cardiolgica neonatal imediata<break/>Podem necessitar de interveno clnica, intervencionista ou cirrgica logo aps o nascimento</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN30">
              <p>DA: ducto arterioso; FO: forame oval; STFF: sndrome de transfuso feto-fetal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t37">
          <label>Tabela 5.7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Grupo IIB. Cardiopatias fetais no estruturais que podem evoluir com repercusso hemodinmica. Classe de Recomendao/Nvel de Evidncia: I C.17,41,57-59</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Cardiopatia</th>
                <th align="center">Evoluo intratero</th>
                <th align="center">Seguimento intratero</th>
                <th align="center">Parto</th>
                <th align="center">Avaliao ps-natal</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Cardiomiopatias<break/>Arritmias<break/>Tumores</td>
                <td align="center">Podem evoluir com hidropisia fetal<break/>Podem necessitar tratamento medicamentoso</td>
                <td align="center">Seguimento frequente (semanal ou a cada 15 dias), a depender do diagnstico e da repercusso hemodinmica das mesmas</td>
                <td align="center">Parto normal em centro nvel 1 em caso de taquiarritmias totalmente controladas ou cardiomiopatias sem repercusso hemodinmica fetal.<break/>Parto cesariano programado em centros nveis 2 e 3 nos casos de arritmias e hidropisia no resolvidas intratero</td>
                <td align="center">Conduta cardiolgica de acordo com o diagnstico<break/>O tratamento geralmente medicamentoso com exceo de alguns tumores, que necessitam ser retirados devido ao seu carter obstrutivo ou compressivo, com comprometimento hemodinmico</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN31">
              <p>DA: ducto arterioso; FO: forame oval; STFF: sndrome de transfuso feto-fetal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t38">
          <label>Tabela 5.8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Grupo III. Cardiopatias fetais associadas a sndromes genticas ou malformaes extracardacas. Classe de Recomendao/Nvel de Evidncia: IIb C.17,41,57-59</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Cardiopatia</th>
                <th align="center">Evoluo intratero</th>
                <th align="center">Seguimento intratero</th>
                <th align="center">Parto</th>
                <th align="center">Avaliao ps-natal</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Malformaes mltiplas<break/>Sndromes associativas<break/>Trissomias<break/>Triploidias<break/>Outras anomalias genticas</td>
                <td align="center">Podem evoluir com hidropisia fetal a depender da anomalia gentica ou extracardaca</td>
                <td align="center">A depender da viabilidade fetal ou neonatal e do prognstico das anomalias extracardcas</td>
                <td align="center">Fetos ou neonatos inviveis podem nascer em centro nvel 1, preferencialmente de parto vaginal espontneo<break/>Fetos ou neonatos viveis podem ter parto normal induzido ou cesariano programado em centros nvel 2 e 3 Considerar suporte de equipes de cuidados paliativos</td>
                <td align="center">Conduta cardiolgica guiada de acordo com o prognstico das anomalias ou cromossomopatias associadas</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN32">
              <p>DA: ducto arterioso; FO: forame oval; STFF: sndrome de transfuso feto-fetal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6. Constri&#231;&#227;o Ductal Fetal: Tratamento e Preven&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A circula&#231;&#227;o fetal tem caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas, sendo morfol&#243;gica e funcionalmente diferente da extrauterina. Anatomicamente, o ducto arterioso &#233; parte da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, desempenhando papel fundamental ao direcionar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo para por&#231;&#245;es inferiores fetais. Basicamente, o ducto arterioso conduz 80 a 85% do d&#233;bito ventricular direito para a aorta descendente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref> Sua estrutura histol&#243;gica &#233; composta por uma camada muscular espessa, que aumenta com o avan&#231;o gestacional. Seu mecanismo constritivo &#233; facilitado pela orienta&#231;&#227;o circunferencial das fibras musculares, especialmente da camada externa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref> Devido a estas caracter&#237;sticas histol&#243;gicas, sua pat&#234;ncia &#233; mediada por m&#250;ltiplos fatores. Tais altera&#231;&#245;es luminais s&#227;o capazes de causar complica&#231;&#245;es fetais e neonatais graves, como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, hidropisia, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar persistente neonatal e at&#233; mesmo &#243;bito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Classicamente, o uso materno de indometacina e/ou outros medicamentos anti-inflamat&#243;rios interfere no metabolismo das Prostaglandinas (PG), causando constri&#231;&#227;o ductal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref> No entanto, muitos casos de constri&#231;&#227;o ductal e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar neonatal n&#227;o est&#227;o relacionados com o uso de tais subst&#226;ncias, sendo taxados como idiop&#225;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Recentemente, um n&#250;mero crescente de evid&#234;ncias mostrou que ervas, frutas, castanhas e uma vasta diversidade de subst&#226;ncias comumente utilizadas na dieta di&#225;ria possui efeitos na cascata da inflama&#231;&#227;o, culminando com a redu&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese de PG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref> Esta a&#231;&#227;o anti-inflamat&#243;ria, especialmente dos polifen&#243;is, quando ingerida no terceiro trimestre gestacional, influencia na din&#226;mica do ducto arterioso fetal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1. Preval&#234;ncia, Diagn&#243;stico, Repercuss&#227;o e Progn&#243;stico da Constri&#231;&#227;o do Ducto Arterioso Fetal</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia da constri&#231;&#227;o ductal detectada em uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de 16.079 registros de ecocardiogramas fetais, no terceiro trimestre gestacional, em um per&#237;odo de 11 anos, excluindo-se quaisquer outras anormalidades concomitantes, no munic&#237;pio de Porto Alegre (RS), foi de 2,7% (435 casos). Neste per&#237;odo, ocorreram 207.323 nascimentos vivos, sendo a amostra representativa de 7,75% dos nascimentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Estudos experimentais mostram que a constri&#231;&#227;o ductal fetal resulta em aumento da camada m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar, o que gera aumento secund&#225;rio da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar intrauterina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref> Assim, a maioria dos estudos sobre hipertens&#227;o pulmonar persistente do neonato baseia-se no modelo experimental de constri&#231;&#227;o ductal fetal induzida pela administra&#231;&#227;o de indometacina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref> Constri&#231;&#245;es ductais moderadas ou cr&#244;nicas levam &#224; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar por aumento da camada m&#233;dia e pela consequente constri&#231;&#227;o arterial pulmonar. O aumento sustentado da p&#243;s-carga ventricular direita &#233; capaz de levar a altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas, funcionais e histol&#243;gicas no mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo direito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref> A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular de casos relacionados ao uso materno de medicamentos pode ser completamente revertida ap&#243;s sua suspens&#227;o. No entanto, a persist&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o pode at&#233; mesmo conduzir a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica com disfun&#231;&#227;o papilar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref> A disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca fetal &#233; descrita como uma das caracter&#237;sticas do fechamento ductal fetal e, em casos graves, interrup&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o por antecipa&#231;&#227;o do parto deve ser considerada, quando j&#225; atingida a maturidade fetal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref> A evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica p&#243;s-natal depende da severidade da insufici&#234;ncia ventricular direita intrauterina e da resposta ao aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O progn&#243;stico a longo prazo &#233; incerto, por&#233;m, em casos de evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel inicial, geralmente n&#227;o existem complica&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas. Todavia, ap&#243;s a ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca fetal, as altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais podem persistir durante todo o per&#237;odo neonatal, at&#233; mesmo nos casos de evolu&#231;&#227;o benigna.</p>
          <p>O diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico de constri&#231;&#227;o ductal fetal &#233; baseado na presen&#231;a de fluxo turbulento no ducto, com aumento da velocidade sist&#243;lica (&gt; 1,4 m/s), aumento da velocidade diast&#243;lica (&gt; 0,3 m/s) e redu&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade (IP) (&lt; 2,2). Na primeira publica&#231;&#227;o, o ponto de corte do IP era 1,9,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref> por&#233;m estudos recentes t&#234;m considerado um limiar maior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref> Com o aumento da p&#243;s-carga secund&#225;ria &#224; constri&#231;&#227;o ductal, o cora&#231;&#227;o apresenta sinais de crescimento em est&#225;gios mais precoces, resposta hipertr&#243;fica, com hiperplasia (sendo substitu&#237;da por apoptose), aumento da propor&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras direitas, aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a art&#233;ria pulmonar e a aorta, e abaulamento do septo interventricular para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref> &#201; importante salientar que o diagn&#243;stico de constri&#231;&#227;o ductal e a avalia&#231;&#227;o de sua gravidade n&#227;o podem ser estabelecidos unicamente em termos de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, tipo "sim" ou "n&#227;o", mas baseiam-se em vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, com um espectro de repercuss&#227;o (leve, moderada ou grave) que pode ser sumarizado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t39">tabela 6.1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t39">
            <label>Tabela 6.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Critrios diagnsticos e classificao segundo a gravidade da constrio ductal</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Critrios</th>
                  <th align="center">1 ponto cada</th>
                  <th align="center">2 pontos cada</th>
                  <th align="center">3 pontos cada</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Velocidade sistlica, m/s*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,40-1,69</td>
                  <td align="center">1,70-1,99</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 2,00 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Velocidade diastlica, m/s*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30-0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35-0,39</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 0,40 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ndice de pulsatilidade*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2-2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0-1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804; 1,8 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Relao VD/VE</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30-1,59</td>
                  <td align="center">1,60-1,79</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 1,80 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Relao AP/AO</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30-1,59</td>
                  <td align="center">1,60-1,79</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 1,80 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Abaulamento septal para a esquerda</td>
                  <td align="center">0- +/4</td>
                  <td align="center">++/4</td>
                  <td align="center">+++/4 - ++++/4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Regurgitao tricspide</td>
                  <td align="center">0 - +/4</td>
                  <td align="center">++/4</td>
                  <td align="center">+++/4 - ++++/4</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN33">
                <p>AO: aorta; AP: artria pulmonar; VD: ventrculo direito; VE: ventrculo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Sendo assim considera-se:</p>
          <p>Constri&#231;&#227;o leve: 3 a 7 pontos, sendo obrigat&#243;rios os tr&#234;s primeiros.</p>
          <p>Constri&#231;&#227;o moderada: 8 a 14 pontos, sendo obrigat&#243;rios os tr&#234;s primeiros Constri&#231;&#227;o grave: &gt; 15 pontos, sendo obrigat&#243;rios os tr&#234;s primeiros</p>
          <p>Como o efeito vasoconstritor do ducto arterioso &#233; dose-dependente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref> s&#227;o comuns o desaparecimento das altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e o n&#227;o desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca fetal/neonatal ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o das subst&#226;ncias constritoras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref> At&#233; mesmo em casos severos de constri&#231;&#227;o ductal ap&#243;s uso de drogas inibidoras das PG, sua suspens&#227;o reduz as velocidades siat&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica ductais, com melhora das altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref> N&#227;o est&#225; relatada revers&#227;o espont&#226;nea da constri&#231;&#227;o ductal importante, sem a retirada do fator causal.</p>
          <p>Em casos mais graves, a antecipa&#231;&#227;o do parto pode ser necess&#225;ria, com medidas de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar neonatal imediata. Embora ainda n&#227;o esteja definida a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a dura&#231;&#227;o do quadro pr&#233;-natal de constri&#231;&#227;o ductal e a preval&#234;ncia e gravidade da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar neonatal, o ideal &#233; que seja a menor poss&#237;vel. Assim, o momento da antecipa&#231;&#227;o do parto leva em conta a maturidade pulmonar fetal, a severidade das manifesta&#231;&#245;es de constri&#231;&#227;o ductal e a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas progressivas em sua evolu&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref> &#201; obviamente importante remover imediatamente a causa para permitir uma recupera&#231;&#227;o e uma resolu&#231;&#227;o precoce do processo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2. Papel das Subst&#226;ncias Anti-Inflamat&#243;rias na G&#234;nese da Constri&#231;&#227;o Ductal Fetal</title>
          <p>A a&#231;&#227;o dos Anti-inflamat&#243;rios N&#227;o Esteroides (AINES) resulta da inibi&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese de PG ocasionada pela inativa&#231;&#227;o das enzimas Ciclo-Oxigenase 1 (COX-1) e 2 (COX-2).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref> Este efeito inibit&#243;rio reduz a forma&#231;&#227;o de PGG2 e, consequentemente, das PGs e PGF2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref> O uso desta classe de medicamentos para tratamento de trabalho de parto prematuro, pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e crescimento intrauterino restrito permitiu avaliar seus efeitos sobre as COXs e a constri&#231;&#227;o ductal.</p>
          <p>A indometacina &#233; a droga mais estudada, sendo seu efeito sobre a COXs revers&#237;vel ap&#243;s sua excre&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref> Ela atravessa livremente a barreira placent&#225;ria, a partir do segundo trimestre gestacional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref> No entanto, a resposta fetal &#224; indometacina &#233; individual, variando em estudos com fetos gemelares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref> Os relatos de constri&#231;&#245;es antes da 27&#170; semana gestacional s&#227;o raros, por&#233;m ocorrem at&#233; mesmo com 22 semanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref> Outros medicamentos inibidores da s&#237;ntese de PG est&#227;o envolvidos na constri&#231;&#227;o ductal fetal, com efeitos dose-dependentes bem documentados, como, por exemplo, a dipirona, a escopolamina, a fluoxetina e a sertralina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os glicocorticoides tamb&#233;m agem sobre a pat&#234;ncia ductal. Seus efeitos ocorrem pela redu&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o de PG e da sensibilidade ductal &#224; PGE2, com efeitos dose-dependentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref> O uso concomitante com indometacina possui efeito sin&#233;rgico e duplica a incid&#234;ncia de constri&#231;&#227;o ductal fetal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">114</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3. A&#231;&#245;es Anti-Inflamat&#243;rias e Antioxidantes dos Polifen&#243;is</title>
          <p>Os compostos fen&#243;licos ou polifen&#243;is est&#227;o descritos na literatura como desempenhando a&#231;&#227;o principal como anti-inflamat&#243;rios e antioxidantes, demonstrando efeitos positivos na sa&#250;de cardiovascular, cancro, diabetes e doen&#231;as neurodegenerativas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A capacidade antioxidante destes compostos &#233; fundamental ao organismo, para neutralizar a a&#231;&#227;o das esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref> que, quando produzidas em excesso e n&#227;o destru&#237;das pelas defesas antioxidantes end&#243;genas, podem interagir com o DNA, as prote&#237;nas e os lip&#237;deos, culminando no desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as como c&#226;ncer, por exemplo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120">120</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os polifen&#243;is tamb&#233;m desempenham papel importante na inibi&#231;&#227;o da cascata inflamat&#243;ria, com a&#231;&#227;o semelhante aos AINES, podendo interferir na s&#237;ntese das PGs. A cascata inflamat&#243;ria &#233; iniciada pela ativa&#231;&#227;o da Fosfolipase A2 (PLA2), estimulada, por exemplo, por compostos como trombina, bradicinina ou epinefrina, ao se ligarem aos receptores de membrana. A PLA2 ativada hidroliza o &#193;cido Araquid&#244;nico (AA) &#8722; ou outros &#225;cidos graxos poli-insaturados semelhantes &#8722; dos fosfol&#237;pides da membrana. O AA, por sua vez, por a&#231;&#227;o da enzima COX-2, d&#225; in&#237;cio &#224; cascata de forma&#231;&#227;o de PG e Tromboxano (TX). Alguns AINEs, como a indometacina, por exemplo, inibem a cascata inflamat&#243;ria por a&#231;&#227;o inibit&#243;ria sobre a COX-2, mecanismo que vem sendo estudado para explicar o efeito semelhante dos polifen&#243;is neste processo.</p>
          <p>Os polifen&#243;is exercem seus efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios por uma variedade de alvos moleculares, que podem ser divididos em duas vias: dependente e independente do AA. COX, lipoxigenase e PLA2 s&#227;o mediadores inflamat&#243;rios da via dependente de AA. A ativa&#231;&#227;o destas prote&#237;nas leva &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de AA (um ponto de partida para a resposta inflamat&#243;ria geral) e promove a libera&#231;&#227;o de mol&#233;culas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">114</xref> Por outro lado, &#211;xido N&#237;trico Sintase (NOS), Fator Nuclear Kappa B (NF-kB) e Receptor Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissoma (PPAR) promovem a inflama&#231;&#227;o por meio de vias independentes do AA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.4. Resumo das Evid&#234;ncias para &#243; Manejo da Constri&#231;&#227;o Ductal</title>
          <p>O tratamento e a preven&#231;&#227;o da constri&#231;&#227;o ductal na vida fetal tem como pedra angular a redu&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o do concepto a agentes que determinem interfer&#234;ncia na bioss&#237;ntese das PGs E1 e E2.</p>
          <p>A cadeia metab&#243;lica da produ&#231;&#227;o de PGs pode ser inibida em diversos n&#237;veis, como na diminui&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de AA a partir dos fosfolip&#237;dios, pela inibi&#231;&#227;o da PLA2, como ocorre com os corticosteroides, na redu&#231;&#227;o da transforma&#231;&#227;o do AA em PGG2, mediada pela inibi&#231;&#227;o da COX-1 e COX-2, pelo uso materno de AINES farmacol&#243;gicos ou naturais (alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is) e pela inibi&#231;&#227;o da isomerase, respons&#225;vel pela s&#237;ntese de PG, TX e prostaciclina.</p>
          <p>O efeito inibit&#243;rio dos AINES sobre a bioss&#237;ntese das PGs j&#225; foi amplamente demonstrado. Metan&#225;lise conduzida a partir de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de 25 ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, que avaliaram o risco de constri&#231;&#227;o ductal fetal em gestantes expostas e n&#227;o expostas a AINEs, concluiu que o risco de constri&#231;&#227;o ductal &#233; 15 vezes maior em fetos agudamente expostos a estes do que em n&#227;o expostos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>
					</p>
          <p>M&#250;ltiplos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises j&#225; estabeleceram que os polifen&#243;is, em suas diversas formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o e presentes na alimenta&#231;&#227;o, t&#234;m definida a&#231;&#227;o anti-inflamat&#243;ria e antioxidante, que culmina com a inibi&#231;&#227;o das PG circulantes, com diversificados desfechos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
          <p>A <italic>International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics</italic> (FIGO) publicou, em 2015, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es oficiais para nutri&#231;&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o, e no item "Subst&#226;ncias a serem evitadas", diz, textualmente:</p>
          <p>"No terceiro trimestre da gesta&#231;&#227;o, as gestantes <bold>devem evitar</bold> o consumo de alimentos com altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de polifen&#243;is, pelo seu efeito sobre o fluxo no ducto arterioso, causado pela inibi&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese de prostaglandinas." (grifo nosso)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Especificamente com rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos "altera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo ductal e constri&#231;&#227;o ductal", em fetos expostos &#224; dieta materna rica em polifen&#243;is, os estudos desenvolvidos no Brasil ao longo da pir&#226;mide de evid&#234;ncias, desde os trabalhos experimentais e caso-controles, at&#233; os ensaios cl&#237;nicos, demonstraram, de forma inequ&#237;voca, que:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>O consumo de ch&#225; verde, erva mate e suco de uva, alimentos com altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de polifen&#243;is, causa constri&#231;&#227;o ductal em modelo experimental de fetos de ovelha no ter&#231;o final da gesta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">121</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Existe rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito entre o consumo experimental materno de ch&#225; verde e a constri&#231;&#227;o ductal no final da gesta&#231;&#227;o, em modelo experimental de fetos de ovelhas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>O consumo materno elevado de polifen&#243;is induz constri&#231;&#227;o ductal fetal em ovelhas, com aumento da excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de polifen&#243;is totais e altera&#231;&#245;es nos biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo, caracterizando as a&#231;&#245;es anti-inflamat&#243;ria e antioxidante dos polifen&#243;is.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A administra&#231;&#227;o experimental de dose &#250;nica de cacau a ratas no terceiro ter&#231;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o causa constri&#231;&#227;o ductal equivalente &#224; causada pela indometacina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123">123</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Fetos humanos normais no terceiro trimestre, expostos ao consumo materno de polifen&#243;is acima do percentil 75 da m&#233;dia populacional, apresentam pior din&#226;mica do fluxo no ducto arterioso e aumento das rela&#231;&#245;es de di&#226;metro ventricular direito-esquerdo (maiores velocidades de fluxo e maior di&#226;metro do ventr&#237;culo direito), do que os expostos ao consumo materno de polifen&#243;is abaixo do percentil 25.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Fetos humanos normais submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional dirigida (restri&#231;&#227;o de alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is) no terceiro trimestre mostram, ap&#243;s 2 semanas, diminui&#231;&#227;o das velocidades sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica ductais, aumento do &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade e diminui&#231;&#227;o das rela&#231;&#245;es ventr&#237;culo direiro/ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e art&#233;ria pulmonar/aorta, n&#227;o ocorrendo modifica&#231;&#227;o desses par&#226;metros no mesmo per&#237;odo em fetos controles n&#227;o submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Fetos humanos com constri&#231;&#227;o ductal no terceiro trimestre mostram, em mais de 95% dos casos, revers&#227;o dos sinais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos desta condi&#231;&#227;o, assim como de sua repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, ap&#243;s 3 semanas de dieta restrita em polifen&#243;is, n&#227;o ocorrendo mudan&#231;as nos par&#226;metros avaliados em fetos controles na mesma idade gestacional, em que a interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional de restri&#231;&#227;o da ingesta materna de polifen&#243;is n&#227;o seja realizada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A suplementa&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;psulas com polifen&#243;is inibe o aumento fisiol&#243;gico da PGE2 e outros marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o e estado redox em mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil em uso de anticoncepcionais hormonais combinados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124">124</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica para retirada materna dos alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is no terceiro trimestre, em fetos com constri&#231;&#227;o ductal, &#233; acompanhada pelo aumento dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PGE2, com melhora desta condi&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125">125</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Um question&#225;rio de frequ&#234;ncia alimentar com 52 itens j&#225; validado, ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o de sua reprodutibilidade, para quantificar o consumo de alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is em gestantes da Regi&#227;o Sul do Brasil, pode ser utilizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.5. Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <sec>
            <title>6.5.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o Tratamento da Constri&#231;&#227;o Ductal</title>
            <p>Diante do diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico fetal de constri&#231;&#227;o ductal, devem ser recomendadas a suspens&#227;o completa de f&#225;rmacos com a&#231;&#227;o anti-inflamat&#243;ria (AINEs) e a restri&#231;&#227;o de alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is na dieta materna, constitu&#237;dos por produtos com concentra&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 30 mg/100 g de alimento, conforme recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t40">tabela 6.2</xref>, com o prop&#243;sito de manter um card&#225;pio balanceado, com as necessidades de micronutrientes adequadas para esta fase gestacional, por&#233;m com concentra&#231;&#227;o reduzida de polifen&#243;is totais, abaixo de 125 mg ao dia, ou seja, do percentil 25 de consumo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref> (Classe de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I; N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia: A). Se poss&#237;vel, na eventualidade de consumo materno de outros medicamentos com poss&#237;vel a&#231;&#227;o anti-inflamat&#243;ria (corticosteroides,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref> aspirina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref> dipirona,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref> fluoxetina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref> paroxetina, sertralina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref> isoxsuprina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref> e nafazolina),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref> sua suspens&#227;o pode ser considerada (Classe de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa; N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia: C). Nos casos em que n&#227;o houver revers&#227;o da constri&#231;&#227;o ductal e suas consequ&#234;ncias ap&#243;s a institui&#231;&#227;o do tratamento, a antecipa&#231;&#227;o do parto pode ser considerada, desde que estabelecida a maturidade pulmonar fetal (Classe de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIb; N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia: C).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t40">
              <label>Tabela 6.2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Recomendaes para restrio de alimentos ricos em polifenis aps 28 semanas de gestao para tratamento da constrio ductal</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="50%"/>
                  <col width="50%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="center">Alimento a ser restrito</th>
                    <th align="center">Opes de substitutos</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Beterraba crua: consumir, no mximo, 2 colheres de sopa ao dia</td>
                    <td align="center">Beterraba e cenoura cozidas</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Alface: consumir, no mximo, 10 folhas mdias ao dia</td>
                    <td align="center">O ideal consumir menos</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Ameixa preta/vermelha com pele: consumir, no mximo, 1 unidade pequena ao dia</td>
                    <td align="center">Abacaxi, pra e ma vermelha sem casca</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Amora: consumir, no mximo, meia xcara ao dia</td>
                    <td align="center">Abacaxi, acerola e limo</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Ma vermelha com casca: no consumir com casca</td>
                    <td align="center">Ma verde e ma vermelha sem casca</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Laranja/suco: no consumir</td>
                    <td align="center">Abacaxi, acerola, limo e tangerina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN34">*</xref>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Mamo: consumir, no mximo, 1 fatia de formosa ao dia</td>
                    <td align="center">Goiaba, acerola, limo e tangerina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN34">*</xref>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Morango: consumir, no mximo, 2 unidades grandes ao dia</td>
                    <td align="center">Abacaxi, acerola, limo e tangerina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN34">*</xref>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Uvas preta/vermelha/rosa/suco: no consumir</td>
                    <td align="center">Uva verde, pra e ma vermelha sem casca</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Ch verde: no consumir</td>
                    <td align="center">Chs de frutas (sach)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Ch preto: no consumir</td>
                    <td align="center">Chs de frutas (sach)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Ch de boldo: no consumir</td>
                    <td align="center">Chs de frutas (sach)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Caf: no consumir</td>
                    <td align="center">---</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Chimarro: no consumir</td>
                    <td align="center">---</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Chocolate preto/ ao leito / amargo: no consumir</td>
                    <td align="center">Chocolate branco</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Achocolatado em p: no consumir</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Azeite de oliva: no consumir</td>
                    <td align="center">leo de canola</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Tempero verde: consumir, no mximo, 12 colheres de ch ao dia</td>
                    <td align="center">Outros temperos naturais</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN34">
                  <label>*</label>
                  <p>Consumir com moderao. Ao optar por consumir algum alimento da tabela restrita, consumir apenas uma vez ao dia, nas quantidades descritas no quadro. Fonte: Adaptada de Arnt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127">127</xref>
									</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.5.2. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a Preven&#231;&#227;o da Constri&#231;&#227;o Ductal</title>
            <p>Para a preven&#231;&#227;o da constri&#231;&#227;o ductal fetal, as gestantes devem ser recomendadas a n&#227;o utilizarem AINEs no terceiro trimestre da gesta&#231;&#227;o independentemente da via de administra&#231;&#227;o (Classe de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I; N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia: A). Tamb&#233;m pode ser considerada a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de evitar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de outros medicamentos com poss&#237;vel a&#231;&#227;o anti-inflamat&#243;ria (corticosteroides,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref> aspirina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref> dipirona, fluoxetina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref> paroxetina, sertralina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref> isoxsuprina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref> e nafazolina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref>) (Classe de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa; N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia: C). &#201; adequada a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de um consumo materno moderado de alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is, no terceiro trimestre da gesta&#231;&#227;o, ou seja, abaixo do percentil 75 de consumo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref> ou limitando o consumo dos alimentos com concentra&#231;&#227;o acima de 30 mg por 100 g, conforme ilustrado na pir&#226;mide alimentar da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f25">Figura 6.1</xref>. Esta redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo di&#225;rio de polifen&#243;is abaixo de 1.089 mg (percentil 75) mant&#233;m um card&#225;pio adequado para as necessidades nutricionais deste per&#237;odo gestacional (Classe de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa; N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia: C). Nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f26">figuras 6.2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f27">6.3</xref>, encontram-se as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para tratamento e preven&#231;&#227;o da constri&#231;&#227;o ductal respectivamente.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f25">
                <label>Figura 6.1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Pir&#226;mide alimentar.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf09-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f26">
                <label>Figura 6.2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o para tratamento de constri&#231;&#227;o ductal no terceiro trimestre gestacional.</title>
                  <p>Na aus&#234;ncia de revers&#227;o da constri&#231;&#227;o e suas consequ&#234;ncias, ap&#243;s o tratamento, a antecipa&#231;&#227;o do parto pode ser considerada se a maturidade pulmonar fetal estiver estiver estabelecida &#8594; Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIb; N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia C.</p>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf10-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f27">
                <label>Figura 6.3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para preven&#231;&#227;o da constri&#231;&#227;o ductal no terceiro trimestre gestacional.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf11-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7. Arritmias Card&#237;acas no Feto: Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento</title>
        <p>Os programas de rastreamento para detec&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-natal de anormalidades card&#237;acas desenvolvidos nas &#250;ltimas 3 d&#233;cadas, a partir da ecocardiografia fetal, possibilitaram o melhor entendimento das altera&#231;&#245;es do ritmo card&#237;aco que ocorrem neste per&#237;odo da vida. As arritmias card&#237;acas no feto podem comprometer a evolu&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o, sendo de fundamental import&#226;ncia sua identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce, o reconhecimento de seu mecanismo, suas consequ&#234;ncias hemodin&#226;micas e a morfologia card&#237;aca fetal para o planejamento terap&#234;utico perinatal.</p>
        <p>As irregularidades do ritmo card&#237;aco fetal acometem aproximadamente 0,5 a 2% das gesta&#231;&#245;es, e s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por 10 a 20% dos encaminhamentos para avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca intrauterina. A altera&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco fetal mais prevalente &#233; a extrassistolia, que &#233; benigna e cuja import&#226;ncia relaciona-se ao seu potencial em desencadear Taquicardia Supraventricular (TSV) sustentada, naqueles casos em que se apresentam bloqueadas. No entanto, algumas arritmias card&#237;acas fetais s&#227;o consideradas emerg&#234;ncia em Cardiologia Fetal, necessitando de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento precoces, para modificar sua hist&#243;ria natural, determinando impacto na morbimortalidade perinatal. BAVT, <italic>Flutter Atrial</italic> (FA) e TSV s&#227;o aquelas que podem determinar consequ&#234;ncias mais graves para o concepto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128">128</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1. Avalia&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco fetal e diagn&#243;stico das arritmias card&#237;acas no feto</title>
          <p>No ecocardiograma fetal, a an&#225;lise da frequ&#234;ncia e do ritmo card&#237;aco &#233; realizada a partir da avalia&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea da s&#237;stole atrial e ventricular. Para isto, utilizam-se tanto os modos unidimensional (modo M), bidimensional e o Doppler puls&#225;til, associados ou n&#227;o ao mapeamento de fluxo em cores. Considera-se ritmo card&#237;aco normal quando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as contra&#231;&#245;es atriais e ventriculares for 1:1, com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca variando entre 120 e 180 bpm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O modo M permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o do movimento da parede atrial posterior (s&#237;stole atrial ou onda A), concomitantemente com a abertura da valva a&#243;rtica (s&#237;stole ventricular ou onda V). Este tra&#231;ado &#233; obtido a partir da imagem bidimensional longitudinal do cora&#231;&#227;o, com o cursor posicionado de forma que atravesse o ventr&#237;culo direito, a valva a&#243;rtica e o &#193;trio Esquerdo (AE). O ritmo sinusal &#233; identificado quando, para cada movimento da parede atrial esquerda (onda A), corresponder um movimento de abertura da valva a&#243;rtica (onda V), ou seja, uma condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (A:V) 1:1. Outra forma que pode ser utilizada &#233; posicionando-se o cursor simultaneamente sobre a parede atrial (onda A) e ventricular (onda V). O acr&#233;scimo do modo M colorido facilita a identifica&#231;&#227;o do fluxo a&#243;rtico durante a s&#237;stole ventricular, bem como pode ser utilizado para identifica&#231;&#227;o da atividade atrial esquerda, a partir do fluxo mitral.</p>
          <p>O Doppler pulsado tamb&#233;m pode ser utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o da sequ&#234;ncia atrioventricular, permitindo a demonstra&#231;&#227;o concomitante da rela&#231;&#227;o entre as ondas atriais e ventriculares. Habitualmente, posiciona-se a amostra-volume entre as vias de entrada e de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, registrando-se, assim, os fluxos mitral (onda A) e a&#243;rtico (onda V). Al&#233;m disso, o corte dos tr&#234;s vasos pode ser utilizado, colocando-se a amostra-volume entre a VCS e a aorta, avaliando-se os fluxos destes vasos. A onda A reversa do fluxo da VCS representa a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (onda A) e o tra&#231;ado do fluxo a&#243;rtico, a s&#237;stole ventricular (onda V). Al&#233;m disso, o Doppler pode ser utilizado para an&#225;lise do ritmo card&#237;aco fetal, a partir dos fluxos da veia e da art&#233;ria pulmonar. A amostra-volume &#233; colocada sobre o par&#234;nquima pulmonar, obtendo-se o fluxo destes vasos, sendo a onda A representada pelo fluxo pr&#233;-sist&#243;lico na veia pulmonar e a onda V, pelo fluxo sist&#243;lico da art&#233;ria pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.2. Extrassistolia</title>
          <p>Extrass&#237;stoles ocorrem em 1 a 3% das gesta&#231;&#245;es e, habitualmente, s&#227;o benignas, sem determinar repercuss&#245;es para o feto. Algumas vezes, quando h&#225; bigeminismo, trigeminismo ou s&#227;o muito frequentes (um para cada tr&#234;s a cinco batimentos card&#237;acos fetais), o diagn&#243;stico diferencial com extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares, s&#237;ndrome do QT longo e BAV de segundo grau pode ser dif&#237;cil. A presen&#231;a de bigeminismo bloqueado aumenta o risco de desencadeamento de TSV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref>
					</p>
          <sec>
            <title>7.2.1. Extrass&#237;stoles Supraventriculares Isoladas</title>
            <p>O diagn&#243;stico &#233; feito a partir da identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma atividade atrial (onda A) precoce, com ou sem atividade ventricular, ou seja, conduzidas ou bloqueadas, respectivamente. Podem ocorrer bi e trigeminismo, pausas compensat&#243;rias e em salvas. S&#227;o consideradas arritmias benignas e n&#227;o necessitam de tratamento. Quando conduzidas, cerca de 1% pode ser precursora de taquiarritmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>7.2.2. Extrass&#237;stoles Ventriculares</title>
            <p>Identificadas na presen&#231;a de um batimento ect&#243;pico ventricular, sem rela&#231;&#227;o com a condu&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
            <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t41">tabela 7.1</xref>, encontra-se um resumo do manejo intrauterino do ritmo irregular.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t41">
              <label>Tabela 7.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Manejo intrauterino do ritmo irregular</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="center">Diagnstico</th>
                    <th align="center">Causa</th>
                    <th align="center">Manejo intrauterino</th>
                    <th align="center">CR/NE</th>
                    <th align="center">Comentrios</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">BAV de segundo grau </td>
                    <td align="center">Autoimune</td>
                    <td align="center">Dexametasona</td>
                    <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
                    <td align="center">Pode parar progresso para BAVT</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">CC estrutural</td>
                    <td align="center">Seguimento semanal </td>
                    <td align="center">I/C</td>
                    <td align="center">Se disponvel, MCGf para excluir SQTL</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">Canalopatia </td>
                    <td align="center">Seguimento semanal </td>
                    <td align="center">I/C</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">ESV ou ESSV frequentes</td>
                    <td align="center">Idioptico</td>
                    <td align="center">Observao com avaliao FC fetal em intervalos semanais pelo obstetra at a resoluo da arritmia (bigeminismo, trigeminismo ou ES a cada 3-5 batimentos)</td>
                    <td align="center">I/A</td>
                    <td align="center">2% tambm tm BAV de primeiro ou segundo graus</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">Aneurisma da fossa oval </td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">Quando ESSV, 0,5-1% risco de desenvolver TSV </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">Quando ESV, risco de TV desconhecido</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">A maioria dos episdios de curta durao e benigna</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">Avaliar causas secundrias</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Causas secundrias</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">ESV ou ESSV frequentes </td>
                    <td align="center">Miocardite</td>
                    <td align="center">Observao com avaliao da FC fetal em intervalos semanais </td>
                    <td align="center">I/C</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">Avaliao frequente (intervalos de 1-2 semanas) da funo cardaca e outros parmetros de ICC fetal </td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">Tumores cardacos </td>
                    <td align="center">Observao com avaliao da FC fetal em intervalos semanais pelo obstetra</td>
                    <td align="center">I/C</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">Aneurisma ou divertculo ventricular ou atrial </td>
                    <td align="center">Observao com avaliao FC fetal em intervalos semanais pelo obstetra </td>
                    <td align="center">I/C</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">Estimulantes maternos</td>
                    <td align="center">Observao com avaliao FC fetal</td>
                    <td align="center">I/C</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN35">
                  <p>AO: aorta; AP: artria pulmonar; VD: ventrculo direito; VE: ventrculo esquerdo.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.3. Bradicardia Fetal</title>
          <p>Considera-se bradicardia fetal quando frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca fetal &lt; 110 bpm. A identifica&#231;&#227;o da causa e de seu mecanismo determina o tratamento, quando necess&#225;rio.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>7.3.1. Bradicardia Sinusal</title>
            <p>O ritmo card&#237;aco apresenta condu&#231;&#227;o A:V 1:1 e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca abaixo de 110 bpm. Frequentemente &#233; associada &#224; resposta do t&#244;nus vagal secund&#225;ria &#224; hip&#243;xia ou &#224; compress&#227;o do cord&#227;o umbilical pelo transdutor. Algumas vezes, podem ser secund&#225;rias a doen&#231;as maternas. Quando transit&#243;rias, geralmente s&#227;o benignas, n&#227;o necessitando de tratamento. No entanto, aquelas persistentes significam sinal de anormalidade fetal e devem ter sua causa tratada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134">134</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>7.3.2. Ritmo Atrial Baixo</title>
            <p>Os principais mecanismos do ritmo atrial baixo incluem deslocamento cong&#234;nito da ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial, dano adquirido do n&#243; sinoatrial, canalopatia e supress&#227;o secund&#225;ria da frequ&#234;ncia do n&#243; sinusal. Podem ocorrer nos isomerismos atriais direito ou esquerdo, com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca fetal variando de 80 a 130 bpm. Situa&#231;&#245;es que determinam fibrose do n&#243; sinusal, como presen&#231;a de anticorpos maternos anti-Ro/anti-LA ou na de miocardite viral, podem cursar com evolu&#231;&#227;o progressiva para o &#243;bito fetal. Al&#233;m disso, o uso materno de medica&#231;&#245;es, como sedativos e betabloqueadores, pode diminuir a frequ&#234;ncia do n&#243; sinusal. O ritmo atrial baixo n&#227;o necessita de tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>7.3.3. Extrass&#237;stole Supraventricular Bigeminada Bloqueada</title>
            <p>As extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares bloqueadas apresentam condu&#231;&#227;o A:V 2:1 e frequ&#234;ncia ventricular que varia de 75 a 110 bpm. N&#227;o requerem tratamento. No entanto, sabe-se que aproximadamente 10 a 13% podem evoluir para TSV, sendo recomendada avalia&#231;&#227;o semanal dos batimentos card&#237;acos do feto pelo ecocardiograma ou sonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>7.3.4. Bloqueio Atrioventricular Total</title>
            <p>No BAVT, identifica-se uma dissocia&#231;&#227;o completa entre a atividade atrial e a ventricular, com frequ&#234;ncia ventricular usualmente abaixo de 60 bpm. Em 50 a 55% dos casos, ocorre malforma&#231;&#227;o do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, consequente a cardiopatias estruturais, como transposi&#231;&#227;o congenitamente corrigida dos grandes vasos e isomerismo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B143">143</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref> Em 40%, est&#225; associado a doen&#231;a autoimmune materna, com presen&#231;a de anticorpos anti-SSA/SSB ou anti-Ro/LA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147">147</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Apesar de n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel no Brasil at&#233; o momento, o risco aumenta quando houver a presen&#231;a de anticorpo anti-Ro Kd-52 (sequ&#234;ncia p200).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147">147</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153">153</xref> Menos frequentemente, pode ser de etiologia indeterminada. Os fetos n&#227;o hidr&#243;picos e, com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, acima de 55 bpm t&#234;m bom progn&#243;stico. Nos fetos imaturos, com hidropisia muito precoce e frequ&#234;ncia abaixo de 50 bpm, o progn&#243;stico &#233; mais reservado. Os fetos com BAVT e cardiopatia estrutural, como isomerismo esquerdo, t&#234;m mau progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B145">145</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Em pacientes com doen&#231;a autoimune, recomenda-se a dosagem de anticorpos maternos anti-SSA/RO. Quando forem positivos, com ritmo card&#237;aco sinusal, recomenda-se a medida do intervalo AV (PR mec&#226;nico) semanalmente, da 18&#170; a 26&#170; semana. Esta medida deve ser realizada a partir do Doppler pulsado, avaliando-se simultaneamente os fluxos mitral e a&#243;rtico, desde o in&#237;cio da onda A mitral ("A") at&#233; o in&#237;cio da s&#237;stole ventricular ("V").<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref> A fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica deve ser monitorada a cada 4 semanas, at&#233; o nascimento - CR I NE C, (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f28">figura 7.1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B154">154</xref>
						</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f28">
                <label>Figura 7.1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Abordagem sugerida para gestantes portadoras de anticorpos positivos sem BAVT instalado no feto.</title>
                  <p>BAVT: bloqueio atrioventricular total; ms: milissegundos.</p>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf12-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>Nos casos em que intervalo AV &gt; 150 milissegundos ou aumentar progressivamente, apesar de controverso, &#233; poss&#237;vel iniciar dexametasona na dose de 4 a 8 mg por via oral. Quando os anticorpos forem positivos e o BAVT j&#225; estiver instalado, alguns estudos demonstram que pode haver benef&#237;cios com a administra&#231;&#227;o oral materna de dexametasona (mesma dose acima) e/ou infus&#227;o endovenosa de gamaglobulina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149">149</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B158">158</xref> Os estudos que demonstram o uso de dexametasona evidenciaram diminui&#231;&#227;o da inflamac&#227;o, revers&#227;o ou estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do BAV de primeiro e segundo graus, com melhora ou regress&#227;o da hidropisia e/ou da fibroelastose endoc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B145">145</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B151">151</xref>
						</p>
            <p>No entanto, deve ser considerado que o uso de corticosteroides pode estar associado a complica&#231;&#245;es, como constric&#231;&#227;o ductal, diabetes materno, restri&#231;&#227;o de crescimento e oligodr&#226;mnio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149">149</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B161">161</xref> Apesar de a efic&#225;cia do uso de corticoides n&#227;o estar estabelecida e mesmo na possibilidade de eventuais efeitos colaterais, a dexametasona pode ser usada nos BAV de primeiro e segundo graus, associados com sinais de inflama&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (hiperecogenecidade mioc&#225;rdica, regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar, disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e derrame peric&#225;rdico), como preven&#231;&#227;o para sua progress&#227;o para BAVT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref> Em fetos com BAVT sem repercuss&#227;o funcional, pode ser tamb&#233;m usada a dexametasona, para reduzir a preval&#234;ncia de cardiomiopatia dilatada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref> Sempre que ocorrer efeitos colaterais importantes na m&#227;e ou no feto, a medica&#231;&#227;o deve ser suspensa. O uso de imunoglobulina intravenosa associada &#224; dexametasona pode melhorar a sobrevida naqueles fetos com fibroelastose endoc&#225;rdica ou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149">149</xref> No entanto, n&#227;o se sabe o momento ideal para sua administra&#231;&#227;o nem os intervalos entre as doses. N&#227;o h&#225; recomenda&#231;&#227;o para uso profil&#225;tico de imunoglobulinas no in&#237;cio da gesta&#231;&#227;o de m&#227;es com anticorpos positivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160">160</xref>
						</p>
            <p>O uso de salbutamol, terbutalina ou isoprenalina est&#225; indicado quando frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &lt; 55 bpm e/ou na presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca fetal e hidropisia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B157">157</xref> Normalmente, estas medica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o bem toleradas, podendo aparecer extrassistolia e taquicardia sinusal materna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B161">161</xref> Ocorre aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca fetal em aproximadamente 10 a 15% da frequ&#234;ncia basal e, apesar de pequeno, pode prolongar a gesta&#231;&#227;o ao termo ou pr&#243;xima dele. N&#227;o existem estudos demonstrando que o uso destas medica&#231;&#245;es pode modificar a sobrevida destes fetos. Naqueles fetos hidr&#243;picos e imaturos, com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca muito baixa, pode-se considerar o implante intrauterino de marca-passo, o qual permanece com limita&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas e ainda est&#225; em estudos experimentais.</p>
            <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o para o momento do parto deve ser avaliada conforme o grau das manifesta&#231;&#245;es. Em fetos com hidropisia importante, com frequ&#234;ncia ventricular &lt; 50 bpm e com maturidade pulmonar (acima de 34 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o), deve ser considerado o nascimento, com implante de marca-passo p&#243;s-natal imediato.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref> Em fetos &lt; 26 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o, com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &lt; 45 bpm e hidr&#243;picos, o implante de marca-passo intrauterino, ainda em fase experimental, pode ser um caminho terap&#234;utico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B168">168</xref> Em fetos entre 26 e 34 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o, deve-se ponderar entre o risco da prematuridade e as manifesta&#231;&#245;es do BAVT. A abordagem sugerida para fetos com BAVT est&#225; no na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f29">figura 7.2</xref>.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f29">
                <label>Figura 7.2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Abordagem sugerida para fetos com BAVT.</title>
                  <p>AC: anticorpos; BAVT: bloqueio atrioventricular total; FV: frequ&#234;ncia ventricular.</p>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf13-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.4. Taquicardia Fetal</title>
          <p>O diagn&#243;stico de taquicardia no feto &#233; realizado quando frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca fetal &gt; 180 bpm. O tratamento intrauterino depende da idade gestacional, de sua etiologia, do grau de repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica (presen&#231;a de hidropisia), da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da m&#227;e e do potencial risco materno para o tratamento do feto. A decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica deve ser baseada a partir da avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco fetal vs. materno. O tratamento medicamentoso est&#225; indicado para fetos com taquicardia sustentada ou para aqueles com taquicardia intermitente com hidropisia e/ou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, exceto se a gesta&#231;&#227;o estiver pr&#243;xima do termo, com maturidade pulmonar minimizando os riscos para antecipa&#231;&#227;o do parto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133">133</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136">136</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref>
					</p>
          <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t43">tabelas 7.3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t44">7.4</xref> demonstram, respectivamente, o manejo das taquiarritmias e as drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A abordagem sugerida para o manejo das taquicardias fetais encontra-se nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f30">figuras 7.3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f31">7.4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f32">7.5</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t42">
            <label>Tabela 7.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Manejo intrauterino de bradicardias</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Diagnstico </th>
                  <th align="center">Causas primrias</th>
                  <th align="center">Manejo intrauterino </th>
                  <th align="center">CR/NE</th>
                  <th align="center">Comentrios</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Bradicardia sinusal</td>
                  <td align="center">Marcapasso atrial ectpico </td>
                  <td align="center">Descartar sofrimento fetal como causa da bradicardia </td>
                  <td align="center">I/A</td>
                  <td align="center">Pode ser visto nos isomerismos atriais</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Disfuno do n sinusal (incluindo as decorrentes por infeco ou anticorpos) </td>
                  <td align="center">Observao at resoluo da bradicardia </td>
                  <td align="center">I/A</td>
                  <td align="center">Checar na me Anti-Ro/LA e IgG/IgM para TORCH e parvovrus</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Causas secundrias: medicaes e hipotireoidismo materno, sofrimento ou anomalias do SNC fetal</td>
                  <td align="center">Tratar causa subjacente da bradicardia </td>
                  <td align="center">I/A</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Bigeminismo atrial bloqueado</td>
                  <td align="center">Extrassstoles atriais</td>
                  <td align="center">Observar/reduzir estimulantes maternos</td>
                  <td align="center">I/A</td>
                  <td align="center">10% de risco de TSV fetal Ausculta semanal da FC fetal at arritmia resolver</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">BAV</td>
                  <td align="center">Agresso dos anticorpos maternos Anti-Ro/La</td>
                  <td align="center">Observao</td>
                  <td align="center">I/A</td>
                  <td align="center">Corao estruturalmente normal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Dexametasona</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Para BAV de 2 grau ou de 1 grau com sinais de inflamao cardaca </td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
                  <td align="center">Fibroelastose endocrdica, disfuno valvar ou miocrdica associadas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Para BAVT como preveno do bito ou cardiomiopatia</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
                  <td align="center">4 a 8 mg/dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">IG endoovenosa (a IG endovenosa no recomendada como profilaxia)</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa/C</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Simpaticomimticos para FC &lt; 55 bpm ou em frequncias maiores quando associado a hidropisia fetal</td>
                  <td align="center">Ib/C</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">BAVT no relacionado a anticorpos </td>
                  <td align="center">Observao</td>
                  <td align="center">I/A</td>
                  <td align="center">Associado a defeitos estruturais como TCGA, isomerismo atrial esquerdo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">BAVT relacionado a canalopatias</td>
                  <td align="center">Observao</td>
                  <td align="center">I/A</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Evitar medicaes que prolonguem o intervalo QT</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN36">
                <p>BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; BAVT: bloqueio atrioventricular total; CR: classe recomendao; FC: frequncia cardaca; FC: frequncia cardaca; IG: imunoglobulina; mg: miligramas; NE: nvel de evidncia; SNC: sistema nervoso central; TCGA: transposio corrigida das grandes artrias; TORCH: toxoplasmose, outras, rubola, citomegalovrus e herpes; TSV: taquicardia supraventricular. Fonte: adaptado de Donofrio et al.<sup>17</sup></p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t43">
            <label>Tabela 7.3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Manejo intrauterino das taquicardias</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Diagnstico</th>
                  <th align="center">Tratamento intrauterino</th>
                  <th align="center">CR/NE</th>
                  <th align="center">Comentrios</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Taquicardia intermitente</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">TSV ou FA</td>
                  <td align="center">Observar</td>
                  <td align="center">I/B</td>
                  <td align="center">Controle frequente da FC fetal </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">TV &#8805; 200 bpm </td>
                  <td align="center">Antiarrtmicos</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa/C</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Taquicardia sustentada</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">TSV ou FA com hidropisia ou disfuno ventricular </td>
                  <td align="center">Drogas de primeira ou segunda linha (transplacentrio) </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t38">tabela 7.4</xref>, para dosagens e recomendaes </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Digoxina</td>
                  <td align="center">I/B</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Sotalol</td>
                  <td align="center">I/B</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Combinao de drogas (transplancentrio) </td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
                  <td align="center">Os tratamentos combinados so usados para casos graves, refratrios a drogas. Considerar antecipao do parto se prximo do termo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Terceira linha (transplacentrio):</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Amiodarona </td>
                  <td align="center">I/B</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Contraindicado: verapamil </td>
                  <td align="center">III/A</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Contraindicado: procainamida </td>
                  <td align="center">III/B</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Tratamento direto do feto:</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Digoxina IM</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa/B</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Digoxina no cordo</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Contraindicado: adenosina no cordo</td>
                  <td align="center">III/B</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">TSV &#8805; 200 bpm sem hidropisia ou disfuno ventricular (em geral a TSV tem FC &#8805; 220 bpm; considerar outras causas se FC &lt; 220 bpm).</td>
                  <td align="center">Primeira ou segunda linhas: </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Ver tabela 7.4, para dosagens e recomendaes de monitoramento </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Digoxina</td>
                  <td align="center">I/B</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sotalol</td>
                  <td align="center">I/B</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Terceira linha:</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Amiodarona</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Contraindicado: verapamil </td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/A</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Contraindicado: procainamida</td>
                  <td align="center">III/B</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">TSV &lt; 200 bpm sem hidropisia ou disfuno ventricular </td>
                  <td align="center">Observar</td>
                  <td align="center">I/B</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">FA</td>
                  <td align="center">Sotalol</td>
                  <td align="center">I/B</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Digoxina aumenta o BAV e diminui a resposta ventricular. Considerar antecipao do parto, se prximo ao termo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Digoxina</td>
                  <td align="center">I/B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Amiodarona</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Contraindicado: procainamida</td>
                  <td align="center">III/B</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">TV &#177; hidropisia </td>
                  <td align="center">Magnsio EV </td>
                  <td align="center">I/C</td>
                  <td align="center">MCGf (se disponvel) para medir intervalo QTc. Iniciar com magnsio EV e depois lidocana em blus + manuteno. Magnsio EV na me no deve ser usado por &gt; 48 horas. Considerar antecipao do parto, se prximo ao termo </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Tratamento de primeira linha </td>
                  <td align="center">Lidocana EV </td>
                  <td align="center">I/C</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Propranolol (oral) </td>
                  <td align="center">I/C</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Mexiletina (oral)</td>
                  <td align="center">I/C</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Tratamento de segunda linha</td>
                  <td align="center">Sotalol </td>
                  <td align="center">I/C</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN37">
                <p>CR: classe de recomendao; EV: via endovenosa; FA: flutter atrial; FC: frequncia cardaca; IM: via intramuscular; MCGf: magnetocardiografia fetal; NE: nvel de evidncia; TSV: taquicardia supraventricular; TV: taquicardia ventricular. Fonte: Adaptado de Donofrio MT et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t44">
            <label>Tabela 7.4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Drogas antiarrtmicas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Droga</th>
                  <th align="center">Dose teraputica </th>
                  <th align="center">Nvel srico teraputico e efeito</th>
                  <th align="center">Toxicidade</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Digoxina</td>
                  <td align="center">Ataque: 0,5 mg (2 cp) a cada 8 horas por 48 horas - 1,5 mg/dia por 2 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7-2,0 ng/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">Nusea/vmitos, bradiarritmia sinusal ou BAV, pr-arritmia </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Manuteno: 0,25 a 0,75 mg ao dia Dose IM fetal: 88 &#181;g/kg cada 12 horas, repetir duas vezes</td>
                  <td align="center">Nusea, fadiga, perda de apetite, bradicardia sinusal, BAV de primeiro grau, BAV tipo Wenckebach noturno (raro)</td>
                  <td align="center">IM fetal: leso do nervo citico ou lacerao da pele devido injeo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sotalol</td>
                  <td align="center">160-480 mg/dia a cada 8-12 horas (VO)</td>
                  <td align="center">Nveis no monitorados</td>
                  <td align="center">Nusea/vmitos, tontura, QTc &#8805; 0,48 s, fadiga, BCR, pr-arritmia materna ou fetal </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Bradicardia, BAV de primeiro grau, alargamento de P e QRS, QTc &#8804; 0,48 ms</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Amiodarona</td>
                  <td align="center">Ataque: 1800 a 2400 mg/dia divididos a cada 6 horas (VO)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7-2,0 &#181;g/ml</td>
                  <td align="center">Nusea/vmitos, disfuno de tireoide, <italic>rash</italic> por fotossensibilidade, trombocitopenia, BCR, QTc &#8805; 0,48 s, pr-arritmia materna e fetal, <italic>torsades</italic> com SQTL, bcio fetal, problemas do desenvolvimento neurolgico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Manuteno: 200-600 mg/dia (VO)</td>
                  <td align="center">Bradicardia sinusal materna e fetal, perda de apetite, BAV de primeiro grau, alargamento de P e QRS, QTc &#8804; 0,48 s</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Descontinuar a droga e fazer transio para outro agente quando o ritmo for convertido ou a hidropisia estiver resolvida</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Propranolol</td>
                  <td align="center">60-320 mg/dia divididos a cada 6 horas (VO)</td>
                  <td align="center">25-140 ng/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">Fadiga, bradicardia, hipotenso, BAV, restrio do crescimento fetal, aumento do tnus uterino</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">BAV de primeiro grau, bradicardia, aumento do tnus uterino</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Lidocana</td>
                  <td align="center">Ataque: 1-1,5 mg/kg EV seguido de 1-4 mg/minuto EV contnuo</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5-5 &#181;g/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">Nusea/vmitos, sintomas neurolgicos e pr-arritmia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Mexiletina</td>
                  <td align="center">600 a 900 mg/d divididos a cada 8 horas (VO)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5-2 &#181;g/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">Nusea/vmitos, sintomas neurolgicos e pr-arritmia.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sulfato de magnsio</td>
                  <td align="center">Ataque: 2-6 g EV por 20 minutos seguido de 1-2 g/hora</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 6 mEq/L</td>
                  <td align="center">Fadiga, sintomas neurolgicos Se perda do reflexo patelar e/ou nveis &gt; 6 mEq/L interromper a infuso</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">No se recomenda tratamento por mais que 48 horas. Nova dosagem pode ser considerada, se houver recorrncia da TV</td>
                  <td align="center">Monitorar reflexo patelar</td>
                  <td align="center">Nveis &gt; 5 mEq/L associados com alteraes no ECG materno e pr-arritmia</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN38">
                <p>BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; BCR: bloqueio completo de ramo; cp: comprimido; ECG: eletrocardiograma; EV: via endovenosa; IM: via intramuscular; SQTL: sndrome do QT longo; TV: taquicardia ventricular; VO: via oral. Fonte: Adaptado de Donofrio et al.<sup>17</sup></p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f30">
              <label>Figura 7.3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Conduta na taquicardia sinusal.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf14-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f31">
              <label>Figura 7.4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma de tratamento das taquicardias ventriculares</title>
                <p>EV: endovenosa; VO: via oral.</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf15-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f32">
              <label>Figura 7.5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma de tratamento das taquicardias supraventriculares</title>
                <p>CVE: cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica; EV: endovenoso.</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0600-90075-gf16-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <sec>
            <title>7.4.1. Taquicardias Intermitentes</title>
            <p>Taquicardia intermitente &#233; definida quando presente em per&#237;odo &lt; 50% do tempo de realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, propondo-se um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de observa&#231;&#227;o de 30 minutos. A taquicardia sinusal &#233; determinada por ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial e ventricular com condu&#231;&#227;o A:V 1:1 e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca acima de 160 bpm e, geralmente, abaixo de 180 bpm. Frequentemente est&#225; associada &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o fetal ou materna anormal subjacente, como febre, estresse ou uso de medicamentos e cuja causa deve ser tratada. Quando for um achado isolado, n&#227;o tem significado cl&#237;nico e n&#227;o necessita de tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref>
						</p>
            <p>A taquicardia ventricular intermitente, com frequ&#234;ncia ventricular acima de 200 bpm &#233; extremamente rara e pode evoluir para comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico importante e hidropisia; por isto, tem indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento.</p>
            <p>Outras taquicardias intermitentes normalmente n&#227;o apresentam sinais de comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico card&#237;aco e n&#227;o t&#234;m indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref> Em casos isolados pode evoluir para taquicardia sustentada, sendo importante o acompanhamento destes fetos.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>7.4.2. Taquicardias Sustentadas</title>
            <p>Neste grupo de arritmias no feto, identificadas em um periodo &gt; 50% do tempo de exame, est&#227;o as taquicardias supraventriculares, o FA e as taquicardias ventriculares. O objetivo da terap&#234;utica &#233; levar a gesta&#231;&#227;o a termo, com melhora de suas manifesta&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias. O progn&#243;stico &#233; bom quando h&#225; revers&#227;o intra&#250;tero, sendo reservado para os fetos hidr&#243;picos e imaturos, nos quais n&#227;o se consegue reverter a arritmia. Deve-se considerar um progn&#243;stico favor&#225;vel para os fetos que permanecem em taquiarritmia, por&#233;m com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mais baixa e melhora da hidropisia.</p>
            <sec>
              <title>7.4.2.1. Diagn&#243;stico</title>
              <p>A taquicardia atrial sustentada caracteriza-se por um ritmo card&#237;aco com condu&#231;&#227;o A:V 1:1 e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca superior a 180 bpm, usualmente acima de 220 bpm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref> &#201; importante o reconhecimento do mecanismo etiol&#243;gico desta arritmia, que pode ser realizado como descrito anteriomente, utilizando-se a avalia&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea da atividade atrial e ventricular. A partir do tra&#231;ado destes fluxos, medem-se os intervalos AV (&#225;trio?ventriculo) e VA (ventr&#237;culo?&#225;trio), que correspondem, em analogia, respectivamente, aos intervalos PR e RP do eletrocardiograma. Quando intervalo VA &lt; AV, o diagn&#243;stico mais prov&#225;vel &#233; uma taquicardia por reentrada (95%); quando intervalo VA &gt; AV, a possibilidade diagn&#243;stica &#233; uma taquicardia por foco ect&#243;pico atrial ou juncional reciprocante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133">133</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136">136</xref>
							</p>
              <p>O FA apresenta uma frequ&#234;ncia atrial acima de 400 bpm, com variabilidade da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (2:1;3:1,4:1) e, consequentemente, da frequ&#234;ncia ventricular (de 200 a 250 bpm).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref>
							</p>
              <p>Na taquicardia ventricular identifica-se dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, com frequ&#234;ncia atrial menor que a ventricular, que varia de 100 e 400 bpm. Quando alternada com per&#237;odos de bradicardia possivelmente se trate de uma s&#237;ndrome do QT longo, que pode apresentar taquicardia ventricular monom&#243;rfica, <italic>torsade de pointes</italic>, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, insufici&#234;ncia valvar atrioventricular e hidropisia fetal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref>
							</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>7.4.2.2. Tratamento</title>
              <p>A droga de primeira escolha para tratamento das taquicardias supraventriculares na maioria dos centros permanece a digoxina via transplacent&#225;ria, uma vez que &#233; uma medica&#231;&#227;o segura e muito utilizada durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B174">174</xref> As doses usadas devem ser elevadas porque somente 50 a 70% ultrapassam a barreira placent&#225;ria. A dose de ataque recomendada &#233; de 3,0 mg nas primeiras 48 horas de tratamento, ou seja, 0,50 mg a cada 8 horas. A dose de manuten&#231;&#227;o &#233; de 0,25 a 0,75 mg/dia, podendo variar conforme experi&#234;ncia isolada de cada servi&#231;o e de acordo com seu n&#237;vel s&#233;rico. Controle di&#225;rio da digoxina s&#233;rica &#233; necess&#225;rio, sendo mantida entre 1 a 2 ng/mL. Al&#233;m disso, na impossibilidade de administra&#231;&#227;o via oral, pode ser usado o lanatos&#237;deo C intravenoso como alternativa. Se, ap&#243;s 5 dias, n&#227;o ocorrer revers&#227;o da arritmia, inicia-se o sotalol via oral como droga de segunda escolha.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B175">175</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177">177</xref> Este pode ser usado na dose inicial de 80 mg a cada 12 horas, aumentado gradualmente 40 a 80 mg a cada 3 a 5 dias, at&#233; a revers&#227;o da arritmia ou atingir dose m&#225;xima de 480 mg/dia. Neste caso, a gestante deve permanecer internada e monitorada com controles di&#225;rios de eletrocardiograma para mensura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT corrigido, pelo risco de seu prolongamento, al&#233;m de dosagem s&#233;rica de digoxina. Em fetos com hidropisia importante e taquicardia sustentada com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca elevada, pode-se iniciar o sotalol concomitantemente &#224; digoxina. A terap&#234;utica combinada apresenta maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es maternas e fetais. N&#227;o havendo resposta terap&#234;utica e em fetos muito comprometidos, pode-se, ainda, utilizar a amiodarona de 800 a 1.200 mg ao dia como droga de terceira escolha.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178">178</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref> No entanto, esta medica&#231;&#227;o apresenta perfil de toxicidade significativo tanto para a gestante quanto para o feto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180">180</xref>
							</p>
              <p>Permanecendo o feto em taquiarritmia, com comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico importante e hidropisia severa, pode ser necess&#225;ria terap&#234;utica fetal direta, por cordocentese ou via intramuscular direta, uma vez que, nesta situa&#231;&#227;o, h&#225; significativa diminui&#231;&#227;o da passagem transplacent&#225;ria das medica&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181">181</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref> Devem-se sempre ponderar os riscos e benef&#237;cios individualmente para cada situa&#231;&#227;o. Pode ser administrado digital (dose de 0,03mg/\kg) ou amiodarona (dose de 15mg/kg). A adenosina n&#227;o se mostrou efetiva na manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal, bem como n&#227;o &#233; recomendada no FA.</p>
              <p>Alguns centros utilizam o flecainide (n&#227;o comercializado no Brasil) ou o sotalol como droga de primeira escolha.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130">130</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177">177</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184">184</xref> Ap&#243;s o nascimento, o tratamento deve ser baseado na terap&#234;utica utilizada no &#250;tero e no mecanismo da taquicardia, sendo recomendada manuten&#231;&#227;o do tratamento por 6 meses a 1 ano, conforme a evolu&#231;&#227;o. Cerca de 50% dos casos de TSV fetal n&#227;o apresentam recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s o nascimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B185">185</xref>
							</p>
              <p>No FA, a medica&#231;&#227;o preconizada para in&#237;cio do tratamento pode ser a digoxina e/ou o sotalol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B185">185</xref> O sotalol tamb&#233;m &#233; uma droga segura e eficaz, com taxa de revers&#227;o para ritmo sinusal em 50 a 80% dos casos e sem mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177">177</xref>
							</p>
              <p>As doses e formas de administra&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o as mesmas descritas anteriormente para as taquicardias supraventriculares. Ap&#243;s o nascimento, indica-se cardiovers&#227;o sincronizada, quando n&#227;o houver revers&#227;o. O FA, ap&#243;s o nascimento, usualmente n&#227;o recorre ap&#243;s sua revers&#227;o, n&#227;o sendo classicamente recomendado a manuten&#231;&#227;o do tratamento.</p>
              <p>A taquicardia ventricular sustentada com frequ&#234;ncia ventricular &lt; 200 bpm geralmente &#233; bem tolerada e quando acima deste valor, o uso de magn&#233;sio transplacent&#225;rio &#233; o recomendado, n&#227;o devendo ultrapassar 48 horas de infus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B186">186</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref> Se houver recorr&#234;ncia da taquicardia ventricular, nova dose de magn&#233;sio pode ser utilizada, desde que seus n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos maternos &lt; 6 mEq/L e n&#227;o existam sinais de toxicidade. Como op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico das taquicardias ventriculares sustentadas, podem ser utilizados amiodarona, propranolol ou mexiletina por via oral ou a lidoca&#237;na por via endovenosa materna. Amiodarona, sotalol e flecainida n&#227;o podem ser usadas quando houver s&#237;ndrome do QT longo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B186">186</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref> Quando a taquicardia ventricular for secund&#225;ria &#224; miocardite ou aos autoanticorpos maternos, podem ser administradas &#224; gestante dexamentasona e imunoglobina intravenosa. O tratamento deve ser continuado ap&#243;s o nascimento.</p>
              <p>Deve-se considerar que o tratamento das taquicardias sustentadas no concepto &#233; lento e tem como objetivo levar a gesta&#231;&#227;o ao termo. A revers&#227;o total da arritmia e da hidropisia podem ocorrer v&#225;rias semanas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio das medica&#231;&#245;es. Uma avalia&#231;&#227;o Doppler-ultrassonogr&#225;fica concomitante, realizada pelo obstetra, &#233; fundamental para a decis&#227;o da indica&#231;&#227;o de interrup&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, a interrup&#231;&#227;o deve ser limitada &#224;queles fetos com risco iminente de &#243;bito intra&#250;tero. Se houver perman&#234;ncia de taquicardia sustentada, em fetos com hidropisia importante e maturidade pulmonar comprovada (acima de 34 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o), est&#225; indicada a interrup&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o para tratamento p&#243;s-natal imediato.</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8. Interven&#231;&#245;es Card&#237;acas Fetais</title>
        <p>Os potenciais benef&#237;cios das interven&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas fetais foram salientados h&#225; v&#225;rios anos. No ano 2000, Kohl et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188">188</xref> publicaram a experi&#234;ncia mundial com a valvoplastia a&#243;rtica fetal, que constava, na &#233;poca, de 12 casos, com 7 sucessos t&#233;cnicos e apenas 1 sobrevivente. Desde ent&#227;o, o grupo do <italic>Boston Children's Hospital</italic> iniciou um programa de terap&#234;utica card&#237;aca invasiva intra&#250;tero, estimulando um enorme progresso neste campo e disseminando a aplica&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica para v&#225;rios outros centros ao redor do mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A principal justificativa do procedimento invasivo na vida fetal &#233; melhorar a evolu&#231;&#227;o e o progn&#243;stico p&#243;s-natal, seja por que o feto se encontra em risco de n&#227;o sobreviver, ou a evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-natal &#233; muito desfavor&#225;vel. A terap&#234;utica precoce das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas pode melhorar as chances de remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico e vascular, e oferecer mais chances de adaptar a oferta sangu&#237;nea para o mioc&#225;rdio em desenvolvimento. Assim, tendo-se a t&#233;cnica bem estabelecida, o equipamento apropriado e, principalmente, a equipe m&#233;dica com treinamento nas &#225;reas de cirurgia fetal, interven&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas e Cardiologia Fetal, as interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas fetais correspondem a mais uma modalidade terap&#234;utica no campo da Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As principais cardiopatias que se beneficiam da interven&#231;&#227;o intra&#250;tero s&#227;o a SHCE, com grave restri&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo por meio do septo interatrial, a estenose valvar a&#243;rtica cr&#237;tica, com sinais de potencial evolu&#231;&#227;o para a hipoplasia ventricular esquerda e a Atresia Pulmonar com Septo &#205;ntegro (APSI) ou estenose pulmonar cr&#237;tica com m&#237;nimo fluxo pulmonar anter&#243;grado, evoluindo com hipodesenvolvimento do ventr&#237;culo direito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>8.1. Indica&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>As principais indica&#231;&#245;es das interven&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas fetais est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t45">tabela 8.1</xref> e subsequentemente descritas.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t45">
            <label>Tabela 8.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Principais indicaes das intervenes cardacas fetais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Valvoplastia artica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Idade gestacional entre 22 e 30 semanas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Estenose artica crtica com sinais de evoluo para SHCE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Valva artica espessa e com pouca mobilidade</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Mnimo ou nenhum fluxo artico antergrado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Fluxo reverso no arco transverso</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Inverso de <italic>shunt</italic> no plano atrial (E&#174;D)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Enchimento do VE monofsico (onda E nica e de curta durao)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Disfuno sistlica do VE moderada ou grave (anlise subjetiva)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Estenose artica crtica com AE gigante</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Mesmos critrios anteriores</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">A funo do VE pode no ser to alterada devido presena da insuficincia mitral macia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">AE gigante</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Valvoplastia pulmonar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Idade gestacional entre 22 e 30 semanas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Atresia pulmonar com septo ntegro/estenose pulmonar crtica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Valva pulmonar espessa e com pouca ou nenhuma mobilidade</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Mnimo ou nenhum fluxo pulmonar antergrado </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Inverso de fluxo no ducto arterioso, isto , aorta&#174;pulmonar</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Enchimento monofsico do VD (onda E nica e de curta durao)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Algum grau de hipoplasia do VD ou ausncia de crescimento do mesmo em 2 a 4 semanas de observao</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Atriosseptostomia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Idade gestacional entre 28 e 33 semanas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>SHCE ou variante com septo interatrial ntegro ou orifcio mnimo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Mnimo ou nenhum fluxo no plano atrial</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">AE e veias pulmonares dilatadas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Fluxo bidirecional e bifsico observado ao traado de Doppler da veia pulmonar</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN39">
                <p>AE: trio esquerdo; D: direito; E: esquerdo; SHCE: sndrome de hipoplasia do corao esquerdo; VD: ventrculo direito; VE: ventrculo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <sec>
            <title>8.1.1. Estenose a&#243;rtica cr&#237;tica com sinais indicativos de evolu&#231;&#227;o para a s&#237;ndrome de hipoplasia do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo</title>
            <p>Estenose a&#243;rtica &#233; definida como as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais: valva espessada, com mobilidade muito reduzida e com fluxo turbulento atrav&#233;s ou nenhum fluxo anter&#243;grado avaliado pelas t&#233;cnicas de Doppler. O gradiente de Doppler do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo para a aorta n&#227;o deve ser utilizado para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do grau de estenose, devido &#224; frequente associa&#231;&#227;o de fibroelastose endoc&#225;rdica e disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica grave. Os principais par&#226;metros funcionais que sugerem a poss&#237;vel evolu&#231;&#227;o para a SHCE s&#227;o o fluxo reverso no arco transverso, isto &#233;, vindo da aorta descendente para a aorta ascendente, fluxo invertido no plano atrial, direcionado do AE para o &#225;trio direito, enchimento ventricular esquerdo monof&#225;sico (tra&#231;ado de Doppler pela valva mitral mostrando onda de enchimento &#250;nica, denotando aumento da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo moderada ou grave.192-195 Idealmente, o comprimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (eixo longo) deve estar acima do valor m&#237;nimo para a idade gestacional (escore Z &gt; -2), o que significa que o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo n&#227;o &#233; hipopl&#225;sico ainda. Ocasionalmente, pode-se realizar a valvoplastia a&#243;rtica em casos cujo ventr&#237;culo esquerdo j&#225; se encontra com algum grau de hipoplasia (escore Z &gt; -4 &lt; -2) com o intuito de permitir algum fluxo a&#243;rtico anter&#243;grado melhorando o crescimento da aorta ascendente, e os fluxos coron&#225;rio e encef&#225;lico, mesmo sabendo que as chances de recupera&#231;&#227;o completa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo s&#227;o pequenas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.1.2. S&#237;ndrome de Hipoplasia do Cora&#231;&#227;o Esquerdo Com Septo Interatrial &#205;ntegro ou Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interatrial/Forame Oval Significativamente Restritivos</title>
            <p>Esta situa&#231;&#227;o &#233; caracterizada pela aus&#234;ncia ou pelo m&#237;nimo fluxo de alta velocidade atrav&#233;s do septo interatrial e fluxo bidirecional, na veia pulmonar, com desaparecimento do padr&#227;o trif&#225;sico cl&#225;ssico e fluxo reverso proeminente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197">197</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.1.3. Atresia Pulmonar com Septo &#205;ntegro ou Estenose Valvar Pulmonar Cr&#237;tica com Sinais de Evolu&#231;&#227;o para Hipoplasia do Cora&#231;&#227;o Direito</title>
            <p>Atresia pulmonar membranosa com folhetos pulmonares identific&#225;veis com septo interventricular &#237;ntegro, associada a m&#237;nimo ou nenhum fluxo pulmonar anter&#243;grado; invers&#227;o de fluxo no ducto arterioso, isto &#233;, proveniente da aorta descendente para o tronco pulmonar; algum grau de hipoplasia do cora&#231;&#227;o direito, com um di&#226;metro do anel valvar tric&#250;spide hipopl&#225;sico (escore Z &lt; -2) ou evid&#234;ncia de n&#227;o crescimento da cavidade ventricular direita em um per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o de 2 a 4 semanas. Casos com o diagn&#243;stico de f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rias significativas para o ventr&#237;culo direito devem ser exclu&#237;dos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B198">198</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B200">200</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.1.4. Estenose A&#243;rtica Cr&#237;tica com Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral Maci&#231;a e &#193;trio Esquerdo Gigante</title>
            <p>Este &#233; um grupo espec&#237;fico de fetos que foi caracterizado como um subgrupo da estenose valvar a&#243;rtica cr&#237;tica apenas recentemente. Estes casos cursam com dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, fluxo reverso no arco transverso e algum grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, sendo a maioria associada &#224; hidropisia fetal. Seus portadores podem se beneficiar da valvoplastia a&#243;rtica isolada ou associada &#224; atriosseptostomia, com o objetivo de diminuir o risco de &#243;bito fetal ou neonatal imediato, devido &#224; grave hidropisia que costumam apresentar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.2. Aspectos T&#233;cnicos</title>
          <p>O preparo da m&#227;e deve constar de jejum pr&#233;-anest&#233;sico e profilaxia tocol&#237;tica. A nifidipina, utilizada na dose de 20 mg por via oral iniciada 4 a 8 horas antes do procedimento, tem sido a medica&#231;&#227;o de escolha para este fim, com poucos efeitos colaterais e altamente efetiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref> A interven&#231;&#227;o &#233; realizada sob bloqueio regional materno, preferencialmente a raquianestesia. A anestesia geral tamb&#233;m pode ser utilizada, mas com a desvantagem de dificultar o apropriado posicionamento fetal, uma vez que a anestesia geral materna tamb&#233;m anestesia o feto.</p>
          <p>O passo seguinte &#233; a procura da posi&#231;&#227;o ideal do feto, para que se possa atingir, de forma percut&#226;nea, a estrutura card&#237;aca-alvo. Caso a posi&#231;&#227;o fetal n&#227;o esteja adequada, antes de sua anestesia, o especialista fetal faz manobras manuais com o aux&#237;lio do transdutor de ultrassom, de modo a rodar o feto, que, normalmente, precisa estar com o dorso posterior e, prefencialmente, em apresenta&#231;&#227;o p&#233;lvica, para que a pun&#231;&#227;o seja realizada mais pr&#243;xima do fundo uterino.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A anestesia fetal pode ser realizada por via intramuscular ou intravenosa &#8722; neste &#250;ltimo caso, por meio da pun&#231;&#227;o do cord&#227;o umbilical. Utiliza-se uma mistura de opioide (fentanil), bloqueador muscular (pancur&#244;nio) e atropina nas doses de 15 &#181;g, 0,2 mg e 0,02 mg por quilo de peso fetal, respectivamente. Esta medica&#231;&#227;o &#233; administrada com agulha Chiba de 20 G.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B194">194</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O acesso ao cora&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m &#233; realizado com agulha fina tipo Chiba com calibres variando de 17 a 19 G, sempre com 15 cm de comprimento. Todo o procedimento &#233; monitorado pelo ultrassom, que pode ser operado pelo cirurgi&#227;o ou cardiologista fetal. A pun&#231;&#227;o &#233; realizada no abdome materno, idealmente o mais pr&#243;ximo do fundo uterino, evitando-se les&#245;es vasculares maternas. Passando a parede abdominal, a agulha atinge a cavidade amni&#243;tica e o t&#243;rax fetal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B194">194</xref> A estrutura-alvo (valva a&#243;rtica, pulmonar ou septo interatrial) &#233; alcan&#231;ada por pun&#231;&#227;o direta do cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>No passo principal do procedimento, ap&#243;s a extremidade distal da agulha chegar &#224; estrutura card&#237;aca desejada, um cateter-bal&#227;o de angioplastia coron&#225;ria pr&#233;-montado &#233; avan&#231;ado atrav&#233;s da agulha, at&#233; que o bal&#227;o seja posicionado na estrutura a ser dilatada. O bal&#227;o &#233; insuflado sob press&#245;es vari&#225;veis, considerando-se seu di&#226;metro e o da estrutura-alvo de tratamento. No caso da abertura das valvas semilunares, o ideal &#233; que a rela&#231;&#227;o bal&#227;o/anel seja de 1,1 a 1,2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193">193</xref> Ap&#243;s total esvaziamento do bal&#227;o, todo o conjunto (bal&#227;o, cateter e agulha de pun&#231;&#227;o) &#233; retirado de uma s&#243; vez.</p>
          <p>No final do processo de dilata&#231;&#227;o valvar e ap&#243;s a retirada de todo o sistema, frequentemente ocorrem bradicardia e hemoperic&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref> Derrames volumosos devem ser rapidamente esvaziados, por meio de nova pun&#231;&#227;o com agulha de 20 G.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B194">194</xref> Geralmente, a retirada de 1 a 2 mL de sangue do peric&#225;rdio &#233; suficiente para revers&#227;o do quadro, n&#227;o ocasionando anemia fetal na maioria dos casos.</p>
          <p>Os procedimentos n&#227;o s&#227;o isentos de riscos que envolvem a gestante e/ou o feto, sendo os riscos maternos extremamente baixos e, atualmente, minimizados, gra&#231;as &#224; experi&#234;ncia crescente da cirurgia fetal para anomalias n&#227;o card&#237;acas. Estas complica&#231;&#245;es envolvem rotura prematura de membranas, infec&#231;&#227;o, hemorragia, descolamento placent&#225;rio, trabalho de parto prematuro, anemia, bradicardia e &#243;bito fetal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B202">202</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Ainda persistem d&#250;vidas quanto ao momento ideal para se realizar a interven&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca fetal. Devido ao n&#250;mero reduzido de candidatos e &#224; variabilidade morfol&#243;gica que cada uma das patologias pode apresentar, &#233; dif&#237;cil estabelecer quando considerar tarde demais para intervir.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203">203</xref> Parece razo&#225;vel que a interven&#231;&#227;o seja realizada o mais precocemente poss&#237;vel, ap&#243;s sua detec&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, do ponto de vista t&#233;cnico, &#233; muito dif&#237;cil atuar antes da 20&#170; semana gestacional devido &#224;s pequenas dimens&#245;es do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal. Interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas muito cedo podem resultar em fechamento de orif&#237;cios e valvas abertas, antes que o feto atinja o termo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203">203</xref> Por outro lado, interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas tardiamente n&#227;o evitam a hipoplasia ventricular ou o dano vascular definitivo da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. Parece consenso que o per&#237;odo adequado seja entre a 22&#170; e a 30&#170; semanas gestacionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.3. Valvoplastia A&#243;rtica</title>
          <p>A valvoplastia a&#243;rtica tem como objetivo mudar a hist&#243;ria natural da estenose valvar a&#243;rtica cr&#237;tica, permitindo a manuten&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o e das dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo adequadas para a fisiologia biventricular ao nascimento ou ap&#243;s seu processo de reabilita&#231;&#227;o. A principal hip&#243;tese que suporta a iniciativa deste procedimento &#233; a de que, aliviando-se a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, reduz-se o processo evolutivo do dano mioc&#225;rdico que vinha se estabelecendo, facilitando o crescimento desta c&#226;mara e melhorando sua fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Esta hip&#243;tese foi baseada em estudos animais, em que se observaram o impacto das altera&#231;&#245;es de carga e as condi&#231;&#245;es de fluxo sobre o mioc&#225;rdio em desenvolvimento, o que leva a condi&#231;&#245;es anormais do crescimento e da fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B204">204</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref> Segundo trabalho publicado por McElhinney et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref> existem aspectos anatomofuncionais preditivos de sucesso t&#233;cnico e evolu&#231;&#227;o para circula&#231;&#227;o biventricular p&#243;s-natal baseados na experi&#234;ncia de 70 valvoplastias a&#243;rticas fetais realizadas por seu grupo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Estes crit&#233;rios est&#227;o expostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t46">tabela 8.2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t46">
            <label>Tabela 8.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Critrios para sucesso tcnico (critrios iniciais) e que indicam potencial evoluo para correo biventricular ps-natal (critrios modificados)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Critrios iniciais (todos devem estar presentes)</th>
                  <th align="center">Critrios modificados<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN41">*</xref>
									</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Escore Z do VE (eixo longo) &gt; -2</td>
                  <td align="center">Estenose ou atresia artica (obrigatrio)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Disfuno sistlica do VE capaz de gerar gradiente por meio da valva &#8805; 10 mmHg ou &#8805; 15 mmHg pelo jato de insuficincia mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">Escore Z do eixo longo do VE &gt; -2 (obrigatrio)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Escore Z do anel mitral &gt; -3</td>
                  <td align="center">Associar pelo menos, 4 dos 5 seguintes parmetros:<break/>&#8226; escore Z do eixo longo do VE &gt; 0;<break/>&#8226; escore Z do eixo curto do VE &gt; 0;<break/>&#8226; escore Z do anel artico &gt; -3,5;<break/>&#8226; escore Z do anel mitral &gt; -2;<break/>&#8226; gradiente sistlico atravs da valva artica ou VE-AE pela insuficincia mitral &#8805; 20 mmHg</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN40">
                <p>AE: trio esquerdo; VE: ventrculo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN41">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Fonte: Modificado de McElhinney et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref>
								</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a transi&#231;&#227;o de um ventr&#237;culo esquerdo normal para a SHCE no feto com EAo cr&#237;tica quase sempre ocorra no segundo ou terceiro trimestre de gesta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Um aspecto interessante observado pelos autores &#233; que o crescimento progressivo das estruturas esquerdas durante a vida fetal e primeira inf&#226;ncia pode resultar, eventualmente, em corre&#231;&#227;o biventricular ainda no primeiro ano de vida, aplicando-se estrat&#233;gia que se inicia com a valvoplastia a&#243;rtica fetal, continua-se com o procedimento h&#237;brido neonatal, associado ou n&#227;o a nova abertura da valva a&#243;rtica com bal&#227;o ou opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood, com manuten&#231;&#227;o de um forame oval parcialmente restritivo e comissurotomia a&#243;rtica. Este manejo tem como objetivo funcionar como uma ponte para corre&#231;&#227;o biventricular ap&#243;s o processo denominado reabilita&#231;&#227;o do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B211">211</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref> Embora altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica possam ser um problema neste grupo de pacientes, acredita-se que seja melhor do que a morbidade e a mortalidade inerentes &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o univentricular a m&#233;dio e longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B213">213</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.4. Estenose A&#243;rtica Cr&#237;tica com &#193;trio Esquerdo Gigante</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um grupo cuja apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da EAo cr&#237;tica &#233; bem particular e grave, em que, al&#233;m da obstru&#231;&#227;o na via de sa&#237;da do VE, existe significativo comprometimento da valva mitral, com dilata&#231;&#227;o do seu anel, resultando em insufici&#234;ncia mitral e dilata&#231;&#227;o gigante do AE. Geralmente, o forame oval &#233; bastante restritivo ou o septo interatrial &#233; intacto, e existe fibroelastose endoc&#225;rdica do VE, que compromete tamb&#233;m o aparelho subvalvar mitral. A maioria dos fetos com esta apresenta&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica encontra-se com algum grau de hidropisia fetal, com alto risco de &#243;bito intra&#250;tero ou desencadeamento de trabalho de parto prematuro com &#243;bito neonatal imediato. Esta doen&#231;a parece ser o pior espectro da valva mitral em arcada, em que as cordas tend&#237;neas se apresentam fusionadas e encurtadas.</p>
          <p>Acredita-se que este complexo anat&#244;mico tenha comprometimento prim&#225;rio das valvas mitral e a&#243;rtica, associado &#224; fibroelastose endoc&#225;rdica, levando &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras esquerdas. A restri&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo esquerdo-direito no plano atrial contribui para o aumento importante do AE, que comprime as c&#226;maras direitas e aumenta a press&#227;o venosa central. Parece ser esta fisiopatologia da hidropisia fetal, nesta entidade, presente em 70 a 80% dos casos, sendo observado polidr&#226;mnio em 100% dos casos descritos por Vogel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A abertura da valva a&#243;rtica, nestes casos, pode reduzir o grau de insufici&#234;ncia mitral e a press&#227;o do AE, podendo tratar ou melhorar a hidropisia fetal e levar a gesta&#231;&#227;o at&#233; mais pr&#243;ximo do termo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref> Pode-se considerar a abertura do septo atrial no mesmo procedimento, potencializando os efeitos da valvoplastia a&#243;rtica. Apesar da interven&#231;&#227;o, deve-se levar em conta a alta gravidade cl&#237;nica em que estes fetos se encontram, o que tem impacto significativo na mortalidade fetal e neonatal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.5. Valvoplastia Pulmonar Fetal</title>
          <p>A APSI se associa &#224; hipoplasia vari&#225;vel do VD, da valva tric&#250;spide e da via de sa&#237;da do VD. No espectro mais grave da doen&#231;a, existe atresia fibromuscular do infund&#237;bulo e da valva pulmonar, com hipoplasia importante da cavidade ventricular direita e da valva tric&#250;spide, associadas a anomalias da circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Em contraste, no espectro mais favor&#225;vel, a atresia da valva pulmonar &#233; membranosa, com di&#226;metro do anel da valva tric&#250;spide e volume do ventr&#237;culo direito pr&#243;ximos ao normal, al&#233;m de aus&#234;ncia de anormalidades das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Alguns casos de estenose pulmonar cr&#237;tica observados na vida fetal podem evoluir para total interrup&#231;&#227;o do fluxo entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e a art&#233;ria pulmonar, e consequente hipoplasia da c&#226;mara ventricular direita. Estes casos se comportam de forma semelhante &#224; APSI com hipoplasia discreta a moderada do ventr&#237;culo direito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o fetal na APSI e na estenose pulmonar cr&#237;tica tem o objetivo de promover o crescimento e o desenvolvimento funcional do VD, e aumentar as chances de circula&#231;&#227;o biventricular no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-natal. A identifica&#231;&#227;o dos potenciais candidatos ao procedimento deve ser baseada nos riscos de o feto evoluir para circula&#231;&#227;o univentricular, sem a interven&#231;&#227;o fetal e na possibilidade de alterar tal progress&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B198">198</xref> A sele&#231;&#227;o dos candidatos para a interven&#231;&#227;o deve seguir os crit&#233;rios previamente descritos na sess&#227;o indica&#231;&#245;es. Outro crit&#233;rio importante na decis&#227;o &#233; a presen&#231;a de sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca fetal caracterizada pela onda "a" reversa no tra&#231;ado de fluxo do ducto venoso, o que denota aumento da press&#227;o no &#225;trio direito e poss&#237;vel evolu&#231;&#227;o para hidropisia fetal. Esta condi&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica &#233; obsevada em fetos que t&#234;m insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide importante e ventr&#237;culo direito com complac&#234;ncia muito reduzida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B215">215</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Do ponto de vista t&#233;cnico, esta interven&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais dif&#237;cil e desafiadora do que a valvoplastia a&#243;rtica. Devido &#224;s dimens&#245;es reduzidas e hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo direito, associadas &#224;s suas caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas (via de sa&#237;da localizada anteriormente e longe da via de entrada), o posicionamento da agulha abaixo da valva pulmonar requer grande habilidade e experi&#234;ncia do cirurgi&#227;o fetal. A pun&#231;&#227;o deve ser realizada o mais distante poss&#237;vel da via de sa&#237;da. No caso da atresia valvar pulmonar, o ideal &#233; que o guia utilizado tenha a ponta um pouco mais firme, para que o intervencionista perfure a valva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref> Alguns autores preferem introduzir uma agulha mais fina atrav&#233;s da primeira para furar a valva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B200">200</xref> O guia, ent&#227;o, &#233; posicionado em uma das art&#233;rias pulmonares, ou no ducto arterioso, para dar o suporte para o bal&#227;o. Nesta interven&#231;&#227;o, normalmente, segue-se a mesma rela&#231;&#227;o entre anel e bal&#227;o que na valvoplastia fetal a&#243;rtica. O resultado da interven&#231;&#227;o &#233; avaliado pela observa&#231;&#227;o da passagem de fluxo anter&#243;grado pela valva pulmonar, a redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo reverso pelo canal arterial e a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar. A insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar &#233; um marcador de sucesso t&#233;cnico e diminui com o avan&#231;ar da gesta&#231;&#227;o. A reestenose ainda na vida fetal &#233; comumente observada, sendo que a maioria dos fetos necessitar&#225; de uma nova valvoplastia no per&#237;odo neonatal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B200">200</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B216">216</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B217">217</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Muitas vezes, a recupera&#231;&#227;o total do ventr&#237;culo direito n&#227;o ocorre ao nascimento, havendo a necessidade de fluxo pulmonar acess&#243;rio, seja pelo implante de um stent no canal arterial ou pela confec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de um <italic>shunt</italic> sist&#234;mico-pulmonar (cirurgia de Blalock-Taussig modificada).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.6. Atriosseptostomia Fetal</title>
          <p>Embora a sobrevida do neonato portador de SHCE continue a melhorar na maioria dos servi&#231;os internacionais e, lentamente, em nosso meio, alguns aspectos anatomofuncionais s&#227;o fatores de risco para m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e &#243;bito neonatal ou p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B218">218</xref> A presen&#231;a de septo interatrial intacto ou gravemente restritivo constitui um dos piores fatores de risco para mortalidade neonatal, sendo respons&#225;vel por hipoxemia profunda ap&#243;s o nascimento e a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar venocapilar desencadeada pela arterializa&#231;&#227;o das veias pulmonares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B218">218</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Nesta condi&#231;&#227;o, as manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o, geralmente, ineficazes. Alguns servi&#231;os preconizam a realiza&#231;&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood de forma emergencial, com mortalidade chegando a 83% dos pacientes at&#233; o sexto m&#234;s de vida. Mesmo aqueles que conseguem ser submetidos a procedimentos intervencionistas neonatais imediatos para abertura do septo interatrial, a mortalidade ultrapassa 48%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B218">218</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref> Esta mortalidade, geralmente, n&#227;o se relaciona diretamente ao procedimento e acaba acontecendo ap&#243;s a primeira semana de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref> Acredita-se que, al&#233;m da hipoxemia profunda neonatal, as altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas pulmonares intraparenquimatosas secund&#225;rias &#224; hipertens&#227;o venocapilar pulmonar intra&#250;tero sejam uma das causas. Estudos anatomopatol&#243;gicos demonstraram, nestes casos, um processo de arterializa&#231;&#227;o das veias pulmonares associado &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o dos vasos linf&#225;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B221">221</xref> A incid&#234;ncia de septo interatrial gravemente restritiva ou intacto associada &#224; SHCE &#233; estimada em 6% dos casos, com algum grau de restri&#231;&#227;o acometendo, ao menos, 22% de seus portadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref> A descompress&#227;o atrial esquerda ainda na vida fetal parece ser essencial para prevenir a m&#225; apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica neonatal imediata e o remodelamento do leito vascular pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref> O principal marcador ecocardiogr&#225;fico de restri&#231;&#227;o significativa do forame oval na vida fetal &#233; a presen&#231;a de fluxo reverso de alta velocidade no tra&#231;ado de Doppler na veia pulmonar, que apresenta padr&#227;o bidirecional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> Este achado reflete o retorno sangu&#237;neo para o pulm&#227;o durante a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, j&#225; que o AE n&#227;o consegue se esvaziar para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e nem para o &#225;trio direito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref> Atualmente, considera-se indispens&#225;vel o exame de pelo menos uma veia pulmonar pelo Doppler pulsado durante o ecocardiograma de um feto com SHCE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B222">222</xref> O ecocardiografista deve ter em mente que esta informa&#231;&#227;o pode mudar significativamente a evolu&#231;&#227;o e o manejo pr&#233; e p&#243;s-natal destes pacientes. Al&#233;m do tra&#231;ado de Doppler da veia pulmonar, outros aspectos observados no ecocardiograma de fetos com esta condi&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o: dilata&#231;&#227;o das veias pulmonares, AE dilatado com o septo atrial abaulando para o &#225;trio direito; e aus&#234;ncia ou m&#237;nima passagem de fluxo de alta velocidade atrav&#233;s do septo interatrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O momento ideal para realizar a atriosseptostomia fetal ainda &#233; uma quest&#227;o a ser discutida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B223">223</xref> Pensando em prevenir o dano definitivo da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, o ideal &#233; que a interven&#231;&#227;o seja realizada imediatamente ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico. Entretanto, do ponto de vista t&#233;cnico, parece bastante dif&#237;cil criar um orif&#237;cio no septo interatrial que perdure por v&#225;rias semanas e seja efetivo para prevenir a hipoxemia neonatal grave. Parece consenso que o momento ideal seja entre 28 e 33 semanas gestacionais, quando o feto j&#225; apresenta maiores dimens&#245;es. Neste per&#237;odo, &#233; fact&#237;vel o emprego de bal&#245;es maiores capazes de abrir orif&#237;cios mais amplos no septo interatrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197">197</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O emprego de stents no septo interatrial, para que o orif&#237;cio criado se mantenha aberto at&#233; o nascimento, tamb&#233;m vem sendo preconizado por alguns autores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B224">224</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B225">225</xref> Este procedimento parece mais desafiador do que a atriosseptostomia, principalmente devido &#224; dificuldade do &#243;timo posicionamento do stent no septo. Um dos principais problemas &#233; visualizar o stent dentro da agulha met&#225;lica pelo ultrassom. O implante do stent &#233; particularmente interessante quando o septo interatrial &#233; muito espesso e, por este motivo, n&#227;o permite a abertura de um orif&#237;cio suficientemente grande, para aliviar a press&#227;o do AE. Devido ao perfil das agulhas dispon&#237;veis para as interven&#231;&#245;es fetais, o maior stent empregado &#233; o de 3 mm, podendo, em alguns casos, chegar a um di&#226;metro interno de 3,5 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> A taxa de mal posicionamento e emboliza&#231;&#227;o &#233; alta, segundo recentes publica&#231;&#245;es. Nos casos de emboliza&#231;&#227;o, o dispositivo fica sepultado no &#225;trio, sem maiores complica&#231;&#245;es, e o procedimento pode ser completado por uma atriosseptostomia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B224">224</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B225">225</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.7. Considera&#231;&#245;es Sobre as Interven&#231;&#245;es Card&#237;acas Fetais</title>
          <p>Uma s&#233;rie de princ&#237;pios importantes vem sendo reconhecida conforme as interven&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas fetais se desenvolvem. O sucesso t&#233;cnico do procedimento nem sempre se traduz em sucesso cl&#237;nico ap&#243;s o nascimento. O entendimento da hist&#243;ria natural da malforma&#231;&#227;o e o refino constante na habilidade de sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes s&#227;o absolutamente cr&#237;ticos quando se pensa em iniciar um programa de procedimentos invasivos e potencialmente arriscados. &#201; importante reconhecer que a maioria das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas n&#227;o &#233; letal e o tratamento cl&#225;ssico paliativo no per&#237;odo neonatal tamb&#233;m &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o na maioria das situa&#231;&#245;es. Entretanto, para algumas anomalias em que a mudan&#231;a da hist&#243;ria natural para melhor &#233; poss&#237;vel, ou para aquelas com um progn&#243;stico extremamente sombrio, a interven&#231;&#227;o fetal pode ser uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t47">tabela 8.3</xref> indica a Classe de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o e o N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia das diferentes interven&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas fetais adaptada da diretriz de Cardiologia Fetal publicada pela AHA em 2014.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t47">
            <label>Tabela 8.3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Objetivos e efeitos das intervenes fetais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Anomalia</th>
                  <th align="center">Objetivo da interveno</th>
                  <th align="center">Efeito</th>
                  <th align="center">CR/NE</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">EAoC com sinais de evoluo para a SHCE</td>
                  <td align="center">Abertura da valva Ao para promover fluxo antergrado, estimular o crescimento das estruturas esquerdas e criar possibilidade de correo biventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">Modifica a doena</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">SHCE com SIA intacto ou FO restritivo</td>
                  <td align="center">Abertura do SIA para alvio da hipertenso atrial esquerda; preveno da vasculopatia pulmonar, melhora da oxigenao ao nascimento</td>
                  <td align="center">Salva vida</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">EAoC com insuficincia mitral importante e AE gigante</td>
                  <td align="center">Abertura da valva Ao e/ou do SIA, alvio da hipertenso atrial esquerda e preveno da vasculopatia pulmonar, melhora da oxigenao ao nascimento</td>
                  <td align="center">Salva vida</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">APSI ou EPVC evoluindo com hipoplasia do VD</td>
                  <td align="center">Abertura da valva pulmonar para encorajar o crescimento das estruturas direitas e criar possibilidade de reparo biventricular ou tratar hidropisia fetal em caso de regurgitao tricspide grave</td>
                  <td align="center">Modifica a doena e/ou salva vida</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb/C</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN42">
                <p>AE: trio esquerdo; Ao: artica; APSI: atresia pulmonar com septo ntegro; CR: classe de recomendao; EAoC: estenose artica crtica; EPVC: estenose pulmonar valvar crtica; FO: forame oval; NE: nvel de evidncia; SHCE: sndrome de hioplasia do corao esquerdo; SIA: septo interatrial; VD: ventrculo direito. Fonte: Modificado de Donofrio et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Esta diretriz dever&#225; ser citada como:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Pedra SRFF, Zielinsky P, Binotto CN, Martins CN, Fonseca ESVB, Guimar&#227;es ICB et al. Diretriz Brasileira de Cardiologia Fetal - 2019. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019; 112(5):600-648.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Nota:</bold> estas Diretrizes se prestam a informar e n&#227;o a substituir o julgamento cl&#237;nico do m&#233;dico que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, deve determinar o tratamento apropriado para seus pacientes.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>9. Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Estas diretrizes s&#227;o o fruto do trabalho de muitas pessoas, cujo esfor&#231;o intelectual, criativo, "inform&#225;tico" e executivo, somados ao dos autores, formaram a base deste documento. Infelizmente raz&#245;es de ordem editorial n&#227;o permitiram que todas constassem entre os autores que representaram cada grupo. Entretanto, s&#227;o aqui citadas com o agradecimento formal dos autores, pela inestim&#225;vel colabora&#231;&#227;o, e considerados como coautores pelos mesmos. S&#227;o eles, em ordem alfab&#233;tica:</p>
        <p>Ana Maria Arregui Zilio, Antonio Luiz Piccoli Jr., Camila Ritter, Carlos Augusto Cardoso Pedra, Cleisson Fabio Peralta, Giovana Baldissera, Kenya Venusa Lampert, Luiza Van der Sand, Nat&#225;ssia Miranda Sulis, Stefano Boemler Busato e Victoria de Bittencourt Antunes.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
