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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jnygBBLHZwQLYWMbhRbRDJd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000500594</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190033</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Report of a Family with Craniofrontonasal Syndrome and Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Is it a New Finding?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3787-0619</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kilit</surname>
            <given-names>Celal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1126-7336</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kilit</surname>
            <given-names>T&#252;rkan Pasali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Dumlupinar University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>K&#252;tahya</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Dumlupinar University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Cardiology, K&#252;tahya - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Dumlupinar University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Internal Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>K&#252;tahya</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Dumlupinar University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Internal Medicine, K&#252;tahya - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Celal Kilit,</bold> Dogal Sokak, Kent Sitesi, 7 Daire: 5. 43020, Zafertepe - Turkey. E-mail: <email>ckilit@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data: Kilit C; writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Kilit C, Kilit TP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>594</fpage>
      <lpage>596</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Wolff-Parkinson White Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Craniofacial Abnormalities</kwd>
        <kwd>Comparative Studies</kwd>
        <kwd>Craniofacial Dysostose</kwd>
        <kwd>Tachycardia, Supraventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Craniofrontonasal syndrome (CFNS; OMIM# 304110) is one of the craniofacial conditions that fall into the group called Craniofacial Dysostosis syndromes. Alternative names are Craniofrontonasal Dysplasia and Craniofrontonasal Dysostosis. CFNS is a rare X-linked disorder caused by mutations in the ephrin-B1 gene (EFNB1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> CFNS predominantly affects the head, face and limbs and characterized by coronal craniosynostosis, frontal bossing, severe hypertelorism, craniofacial asymmetry, down slant palpebral fissure, broad nasal root, bifid nasal tip, grooved fingernails, curly wiry hair, and abnormalities of the thoracic skeleton.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Phenotypic expression varies greatly amongst affected individuals. Paradoxical to other X-linked conditions, CFNS generally affects females more frequently and more severely than males.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Cellular or metabolic interference due to X inactivation explains this situation. There is no accurate measurement of its birth frequency and the incidence values that were reported ranged from 1:100,000 to 1:120,000. CFNS is not diagnosed in males unless they are a member of a family known to have the condition or the father of a daughter with the condition. In females, physical characteristics play a supportive role in establishing the diagnosis but the diagnosis CFNS is determined by the presence of a mutation in the EFNB1 gene.</p>
      <p>Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a pre-excitation syndrome which is a common cause of supraventricular tachycardia with prevalence in Western countries of 1.5 to 3.1 per 1000 persons.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> It is maintained by accessory pathway or pathways secondary to a developmental cardiac defect in atrioventricular electrical insulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Among patients with the WPW syndrome, 3.4% have first degree-relatives with a pre-excitation syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A familial form of WPW has infrequently been reported and is usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There are very few cases describing association of CFNS with heart defects. We identified a CFNS family with WPW syndrome.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>A 16 years old inbred girl was referred to the cardiology clinic because of paroxysmal palpitation. Her parents are consanguineous. The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) showed short PR interval and Delta waves, and widened QRS complexes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The patient was considered as type-A WPW syndrome. Transthoracic echocardiography was normal. Patient, her sister and father have molecularly confirmed CFNS and both have heterozygous missense mutation (c.451G &gt; A; Gly151Ser) in exon 3 of EFNB1 gene. She has undergone surgery for frontonasal dysplasia. Father was also had WPW syndrome and he had a successful catheter ablation for left lateral accessory pathway. The patient was refereed to electrophysiology department for electrophysiological study and transcatheter ablation of the accessory pathway.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The 12-lead ECG of the patient showing Type A Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern: PR interval &lt; 120 ms, positive delta waves (black arrowheads) in all precordial leads (V1-V6) with R/S &gt; 1 in V1.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0594-90033-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The EFNB1 gene, which maps to Xq13.1, encodes a member of the ephrin family of transmembrane ligands for ephrin tyrosine-kinase receptor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> This ephrin receptor is responsible for the cell migration, regulation of embryonic tissue-border formation, and is important for skeletal and craniofacial development.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In mice, the orthologous EFNB1 gene is expressed in the frontonasal neural crest and demarcates the position of the future coronal suture. As the ephrin receptor and its EFNB1 ligand are both bound to the (trans)membrane of the cell it's cascade is activated through cell-cell interactions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> These cell-cell interactions are disturbed due to the presence of cells with the mutant EFNB1 gene, as a result causing incomplete tissue-border formation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>WPW syndrome is characterized with the existence of anomalous bundles of conducting tissue that bypassed all or part of the normal atrioventricular (AV) conduction system. This tissue directly connects the atria and ventricles, thereby allowing electrical activity to bypass the AV node. Tissue in the accessory pathways, which are congenital in origin and result from failure of resorption of the myocardial syncytium at the annulus fibrosis of the AV valves during fetal development, typically conducts electrical impulses more quickly than the AV node, resulting in the shorter PR interval seen on the ECG. The familial occurrence of the WPW syndrome is well documented, is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, and is sometimes associated with familial cardiomyopathy. Mutations in the genes encoding the gamma-2 regulatory subunit of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (PRKAG2) and lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) have been associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in association with WPW syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Studies of two families with affected subjects who had ventricular pre-excitation with conduction abnormalities and cardiac hypertrophy, mapped the PRKAG2 gene responsible for WPW to chromosome 7q34-q36.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A missense mutation, Arg531Gly, was identified in affected individuals who had ventricular pre-excitation and conduction system disease with childhood onset and absence of cardiac hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There are very few cases describing association of CFNS with heart defects such as atrial septal defect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> To date, there are no reported cases of CFNS with WPW syndrome, suggesting that this novel finding can be part of this condition. Approximately 100 different mutations have been reported in CFNS and Gly151Ser mutation in EFNB1 gene may cause familial WPW syndrome in this CFNS family.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>To our knowledge, this is the first report of a family with WPW syndrome and CFNS. Genetic analyses are needed to explain this association between CFNS and WPW syndrome. Clinicians must be aware in patients with CFNS syndrome in terms of the presence of ventricular pre-excitation.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ur&#237;a-G&#243;mez</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Granillo-Alvarez</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Identification and expression analysis of a novel intragenic EFNB1 mutation causing craniofrontonasal syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Meta Gene</source>
          <day>28</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <fpage>25</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relato de uma Fam&#237;lia com S&#237;ndrome Craniofrontonasal e S&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White: &#201; um Novo Achado?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3787-0619</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kilit</surname>
            <given-names>Celal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1126-7336</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kilit</surname>
            <given-names>T&#252;rkan Pasali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Dumlupinar University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Cardiology, K&#252;tahya - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Dumlupinar University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Internal Medicine, K&#252;tahya - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Celal Kilit,</bold> Dogal Sokak, Kent Sitesi, 7 Daire: 5. 43020, Zafertepe - Turquia. E-mail: <email>ckilit@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Kilit C; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Kilit C, Kilit TP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White</kwd>
        <kwd>Anormalidades Craniofaciais</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos Comparativos</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Supraventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Hereditariedade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome Craniofrontonasal (CFNS; OMIM # 304110) &#233; uma das condi&#231;&#245;es craniofaciais que se enquadram no grupo denominado s&#237;ndromes de Disostose Craniofacial. Nomes alternativos s&#227;o: Displasia Craniofrontonasal e Disostose Craniofrontonasal. A CFNS &#233; um dist&#250;rbio raro ligado ao cromossomo X causado por muta&#231;&#245;es no gene da efrina-B1 (EFNB1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A CFNS afeta predominantemente a cabe&#231;a, face e membros e &#233; caracterizada por craniossinostose coronal, mand&#237;bula frontal, hipertelorismo grave, assimetria craniofacial, fenda palpebral inclinada para baixo, raiz nasal ampla, ponta nasal b&#237;fida, unhas sulcadas, pelos crespos e anormalidades do esqueleto tor&#225;cico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica varia muito entre os indiv&#237;duos afetados. Paradoxalmente a outras condi&#231;&#245;es ligadas ao cromossomo X, a CFNS geralmente afeta mais e mais gravemente as mulheres que os homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A interfer&#234;ncia celular ou metab&#243;lica devida &#224; inativa&#231;&#227;o do X explica essa situa&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o h&#225; medida precisa de sua frequ&#234;ncia de nascimento e os valores de incid&#234;ncia que foram relatados variaram de 1: 100.000 a 1: 120.000. A CFNS n&#227;o &#233; diagnosticada em homens, a menos que sejam membros de uma fam&#237;lia conhecida por ter a condi&#231;&#227;o ou o pai de uma filha com a doen&#231;a. No sexo feminino, as caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas desempenham um papel de suporte no estabelecimento do diagn&#243;stico, mas o diagn&#243;stico de CFNS &#233; determinado pela presen&#231;a de uma muta&#231;&#227;o no gene EFNB1.</p>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o que &#233; uma causa comum de taquicardia supraventricular, com preval&#234;ncia nos pa&#237;ses ocidentais de 1,5 a 3,1 para 1000 pessoas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> &#201; mantido por via acess&#243;ria ou vias secund&#225;rias a um defeito card&#237;aco de desenvolvimento no isolamento el&#233;trico atrioventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Entre os pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de WPW, 3,4% tem parentes de primeiro grau com s&#237;ndrome de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Uma fam&#237;lia com a syndrome de WPW &#233; rara e &#233; geralmente herdada como um tra&#231;o autoss&#244;mico dominante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>H&#225; pouqu&#237;ssimos casos descrevendo a associa&#231;&#227;o de CFNS com defeitos card&#237;acos. N&#243;s identificamos uma fam&#237;lia com a CFNS com a s&#237;ndrome de WPW.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de Caso</title>
        <p>Uma menina de 16 anos foi encaminhada ao servi&#231;o de cardiologia devido &#224; palpita&#231;&#227;o parox&#237;stica. Seus pais s&#227;o consangu&#237;neos. O eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es mostrou curto intervalo PR e ondas Delta e complexos QRS alargados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). A paciente foi diagnosticada com a s&#237;ndrome de WPW tipo A. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica foi normal. Paciente, sua irm&#227; e seu pai confirmaram molecularmente a CFNS e ambos t&#234;m muta&#231;&#227;o missense heterozig&#243;tica (c.451G &gt; A; Gly151Ser) no exon 3 do gene EFNB1. Ela foi submetida a cirurgia para displasia frontonasal. O pai tamb&#233;m tem s&#237;ndrome de WPW e teve sucesso na abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para via acess&#243;ria lateral esquerda. A paciente foi encaminhada ao setor de eletrofisiologia para estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico e abla&#231;&#227;o transcateter da via acess&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es da paciente mostrando Wolff-Parkinson-White tipo A: Intervalo PR &lt; 120 ms, ondas delta positivas (setas pretas) em todas as deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais (V1-V6) com R/S &gt; 1 em V1.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0594-90033-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O gene EFNB1, que mapeia para Xq13.1, codifica um membro da fam&#237;lia das efrinas de ligantes transmembranares para o receptor de efrina tirosina-quinase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Esse receptor de efrina &#233; respons&#225;vel pela migra&#231;&#227;o celular, regula&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o de bordas de tecido embrion&#225;rio e &#233; importante para o desenvolvimento esquel&#233;tico e craniofacial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Em camundongos, o gene ort&#243;logo EFNB1 &#233; expresso na crista neural frontonasal e demarca a posi&#231;&#227;o da futura sutura coron&#225;ria. Como o receptor de efrina e seu ligante de EFNB1 est&#227;o ligados &#224; membrana (trans) da c&#233;lula, sua cascata &#233; ativada por meio de intera&#231;&#245;es c&#233;lula-c&#233;lula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Essas intera&#231;&#245;es c&#233;lula-c&#233;lula s&#227;o alteradas devido &#224; presen&#231;a de c&#233;lulas com o gene mutante EFNB1, o que resulta na forma&#231;&#227;o incompleta de bordas teciduais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome de WPW &#233; caracterizada pela exist&#234;ncia de feixes an&#244;malos de tecido condutor que contornou todo ou parte do sistema normal de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (AV). Este tecido conecta diretamente os &#225;trios e ventr&#237;culos, permitindo assim que a atividade el&#233;trica contorne o n&#243; AV. O tecido nas vias acess&#243;rias, de origem cong&#234;nita e resultante da falha de reabsor&#231;&#227;o do sinc&#237;cio mioc&#225;rdico no anel fibroso das v&#225;lvulas AV durante o desenvolvimento fetal, geralmente conduz impulsos el&#233;tricos mais rapidamente que o n&#243; AV, resultando no menor intervalo PR visto no ECG. A ocorr&#234;ncia familiar da s&#237;ndrome de WPW &#233; bem documentada, e tipicamente herdada em um padr&#227;o autoss&#244;mico dominante e &#224;s vezes &#233; associada &#224; cardiomiopatia familiar. Muta&#231;&#245;es nos genes que codificam a subunidade reguladora gama-2 da prote&#237;na quinase ativada por monofosfato de adenosina (PRKAG2) e da prote&#237;na de membrana 2 associada ao lisossomo (LAMP2) t&#234;m sido associadas &#224; hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em associa&#231;&#227;o com a s&#237;ndrome de WPW.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Estudos de duas fam&#237;lias com indiv&#237;duos afetados que tiveram pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular com anormalidades de condu&#231;&#227;o e hipertrofia card&#237;aca mapearam o gene PRKAG2 respons&#225;vel pela WPW no cromossomo 7q34-q36.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Uma muta&#231;&#227;o missense, Arg531Gly, foi identificada em indiv&#237;duos afetados que tinham pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular e doen&#231;a do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o no in&#237;cio da inf&#226;ncia e aus&#234;ncia de hipertrofia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Existem pouqu&#237;ssimos casos descrevendo a associa&#231;&#227;o de CFNS com defeitos card&#237;acos, como a comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o h&#225; casos relatados de CFNS com a s&#237;ndrome de WPW, sugerindo que este novo achado possa fazer parte dessa condi&#231;&#227;o. Aproximadamente 100 muta&#231;&#245;es diferentes foram relatadas na CFNS e a muta&#231;&#227;o Gly151Ser no gene EFNB1 pode causar s&#237;ndrome familiar de WPW nesta fam&#237;lia de CFNS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Para nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro relato de uma fam&#237;lia com s&#237;ndrome de WPW e CFNS. An&#225;lises gen&#233;ticas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para explicar essa associa&#231;&#227;o entre a CFNS e a s&#237;ndrome de WPW. Os m&#233;dicos devem estar atentos em pacientes com CFNS em termos da presen&#231;a de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
