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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YrTDxdGCPD7gTCsFkqXQTpF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000500555</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005004104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190036</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Changes in Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Women with Breast Cancer Using Aromatase Inhibitors and the Relation with Biochemical Variables</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9864-8793</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzaga</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0307-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paulo</surname>
            <given-names>Thais Reis Silva de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0282-8920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Viezel</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9494-3143</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vanzella</surname>
            <given-names>La&#237;s Manata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5071-0428</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Ismael Forte</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1891-3153</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Fisioterapia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Presidente Prudente</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisioterapia - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Natal</city>
          <state>RN</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Presidente Prudente</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Thais Reis Silva de Paulo,</bold> Campus Universit&#225;rio UFRN - Centro de Ci&#234;ncia da Sa&#250;de - Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica. Postal Code 59078-970, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN - Brazil. Email: <email>thais.reis.silva@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Paulo TRS, Viezel J, Freitas Jr. IF; acquisition of data: Paulo TRS, Viezel J; analysis and interpretation of the data: Gonzaga, LA, Vanzella LM; statistical analysis: Gonzaga, LA, Vanzella LM, Vanderlei LCM; writing of the manuscript: Gonzaga, LA, Paulo TRS, Vanzella LM; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Freitas Jr. IF, Vanderlei LCM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>555</fpage>
      <lpage>563</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The use of autonomic modulation as a predictor of cardiovascular risk in women with breast cancer is important.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the cardiac autonomic modulation of postmenopausal women using aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer treatment, as well as its relation with the following biochemical variables.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Postmenopausal women who did not have breast cancer (n = 33) and postmenopausal women with breast cancer (n = 15). For evaluation of the autonomic modulation the heart rate was recorded beat-to-beat for 30 minutes and the series of RR intervals obtained were used to calculate the following heart rate variability indices: Mean RR ms, SDNN (standard deviation of all normal RR intervals, expressed in milliseconds) ms, Mean HR, RMSSD (square root of the mean of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR interval) ms, NN50 (number of pairs of successive NNs that differ by more than 50 ms) count, pNN50% (proportion of NN50 divided by total number of NNs), RRtri (RR triangular), TINN (triangular interpolation of NN interval) ms, SD1 ms, SD2 ms, LF ms<sup>2</sup>, HF ms<sup>2</sup>, LH/HF ms<sup>2</sup>. The values of biochemical variables (fasting glycemia, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and C-reactive protein) were analyzed by blood sample.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Lower values of heart rate variability indices were observed in postmenopausal women with breast cancer in relation to postmenopausal women who did not have breast cancer: Mean RR (p = 0.03); SDNN (p = 0.03); RMSSD (p = 0.03); NN50 count (p = 0.03); pNN50 % (p = 0.03); RRtri (p = 0.02); SD1 (p = 0.01); SD2 (p = 0.02); LF ms<sup>2</sup> (p = 0.01); HF ms<sup>2</sup> (p = 0.03).There was an inversely proportional correlation between the indices SDNN, SD2, and HFms<sup>2</sup> with triglycerides (SDNN p = 0.04; SD2 p = 0.04; HF ms<sup>2</sup> p = 0.04). No statistically significant correlations were found between heart rate variability indices and others variables. Statistical significance was set at 5% for all analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Women with breast cancer present reduced autonomic modulation and in these women of heart rate variability indices are inversely correlated with triglyceride values.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Aromatase Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Breast Neoplasms</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Glucose</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Dieases/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Estrogen Replacement Therapy/adverse effects</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Breast cancer is the second most common type of neoplasm in the world and the most common among women. Annually, in both developing and developed countries, about 22% of new cases arise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and, according to the World Health Organization,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> in 2011 more than 508,000 deaths occurred worldwide due to this disease.</p>
      <p>Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy can be used as treatment for breast cancer. These treatments are indispensable and promote positive impacts on the cure for cancer, recurrence, and metastasis; however, the side effects can cause numerous discomforts, compromising other aspects related to women's health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Among the side effects precipitated by the various treatments for breast cancer, those related to hormone therapy, more specifically to the use of aromatase inhibitors (AI), deserve attention. These substances block the enzyme aromatase, responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogens in postmenopausal women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Estrogen is associated with a better lipid profile and an increase in the synthesis of vasodilatory enzymes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> so its reduction in women with breast cancer promoted by the use of AI, associated with its lower production in the menopausal period, may be related to a worse lipid profile and, consequently, a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this context, the evaluation of women with breast cancer who are in the menopause becomes fundamental so that CVD can be avoided and/or prevented. Autonomic modulation analysis can be used for this purpose since the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is one of the components involved in the etiology and consequences of cardiovascular disorders caused by the treatment of breast cancer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The use of autonomic modulation as a predictor of cardiovascular risk in women with breast cancer was evidenced by Lakoski et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> who identified autonomic dysfunctions in these women characterized by increased sympathetic modulation and decreased parasympathetic modulation, suggesting a higher risk of CVD in women with breast cancer.</p>
      <p>As can be observed, the risk of CVD in women with menopausal breast cancer may be related to a reduction in autonomic modulation and worsening of the lipid profile, which can be precipitated by both menopause and the use of AI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>These women are also more prone to weight gain after chemotherapy and, consequently, to suffer changes in visceral adiposity, leading to changes in lipid profile and insulin resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In addition, elevated levels of inflammation have been observed in cancer patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> a condition also responsible for lower survival in these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, the correlation between autonomic modulation and these factors has not been explored. Therefore, investigating the autonomic modulation of women with breast cancer in menopause who use AI and the relationship with cardiovascular biochemical variables could improve the targeting of future treatments and quality of life of women with breast cancer.</p>
      <p>In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the cardiac autonomic modulation of postmenopausal women using AI to treat breast cancer, as well as its relationship with the following cardiovascular biochemical variables: fasting glycemia, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and C-reactive protein (CRP).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a cross-sectional study, carried out from March 2015 to July 2016, in a city in the southeastern region of Brazil. A total of 348 women, who were treated for breast cancer and registered in the records of the Oncology Pharmacy of the city's Regional Hospital, were analyzed. The medical records of these patients were analyzed and only women who were using AI were invited to participate in the study, totalling 124 women. Postmenopausal women without breast cancer were invited and recruited through radio, television, and local newspapers, totalling 189 women.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria of the study were: aged between 50 and 80 years; being in the menopause, defined by the self report of absence of the menstrual cycle in the previous 12 months; signing the informed consent form to participate in the study, and not having participated in supervised physical exercise for at least six months immediately prior to the study. Specifically for women with breast cancer, in addition to all the criteria mentioned above, they were required to present stages I to IIIa of breast cancer,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> certified by doctors through the medical records.</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Institution's Ethics and Research Committee (Protocol No. 6727715.1.0000.5402/2015) and registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov Platform with the identifier NCT02804308.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental draw</title>
        <p>The experimental design of the present study included two groups of women with different characteristics: one with and one without breast cancer. According to the inclusion criteria specific to this study, the convenience sampling consisted of 48 postmenopausal women, who were distributed as follows: 33 without breast cancer and 14 survivors of breast cancer under treatment with AI. The selection of the participants in this study can be better visualized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Study design: recruitment and analysis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0555-90036-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>On the first day, all the women participating in the study answered questionnaires related to sociodemographic information (with questions related to age, education level, marital status, occupation, children, and self-reported diseases - cardiac, respiratory, metabolic, musculoskeletal). After answering the questionnaires, the volunteers underwent an evaluation of body composition using DEXA equipment - Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry, brand Lunar DPX-NT. Subsequently, the volunteers received a referral to the clinical analysis laboratory for blood sample collections, heart rate variability (HRV) assessments were scheduled, and the guidelines provided.</p>
        <p>For HRV analysis, the heart rate was recorded beat-to-beat in the morning (8 am to 11 am) in a quiet environment with a temperature between 21&#186;C and 24&#186;C and relative air humidity of 40-60% and the series of RR intervals obtained were used for the calculation of HRV indices.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Body composition</title>
        <p>Body composition was measured using DEXA Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry, brand Lunar DPX-NT, General Electric Healthcare, Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, UK, software version 4.7. The following outcome variables were collected: percentage of body fat (%), lean mass (kg), fat mass (kg), and total bone mineral density (g/cm<sup>2</sup>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of HRV</title>
        <p>For the analysis of HRV, initially, the volunteers were instructed not to consume alcoholic beverages and/or ANS stimulants such as coffee, tea, soda, and chocolate, and not to perform any type of intense physical exercise during the 24 hours preceding the evaluation.</p>
        <p>The Polar S810i heart rate monitor (Polar, Finland), previously validated equipment for recording heart rate and its use for calculation of HRV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> indices, was used to record heart rate. The equipment pick-up strap was positioned on the distal third of the sternum and the heart rate receiver on the volunteer's wrist. During the uptake, the volunteers were instructed to remain silent, awake, at rest, and breathing spontaneously for 30 minutes in the supine position.</p>
        <p>For the analysis of the HRV indices, 1000 RR intervals were obtained from the most stable section of the trace, which was subjected to digital filtering in the proprietary software of the cardio-frequency meter, Polar Pro Trainer 5 version 5.41.002, complemented by manual filtering for elimination of premature ectopic beats and artefacts and only series of RR intervals that presented more than 95% of sinus beats were included in the study. Calculations of the HRV indices were performed using Kubios HRV Analysis software version 2.0 (Kuopio University, Finland).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The following indices were analyzed in the time domain: Mean RR, which represents the mean RR intervals; Mean HR, which corresponds to mean heart rate; SDNN, which represents the standard deviation of all normal RR intervals; RMSSD, which corresponds to the square root of the sum of the square of the differences between the RR intervals in the record, divided by the number of RR intervals in a given time minus one RR interval; and finally the NN50 (number of pairs of successive NNs that differ by more than 50 ms) and pNN50 (proportion of NN50 divided by total number of NNs), where the NN50 is the counter of the number of times that successive NN intervals present a duration difference greater than 50ms, and the pNN50 is the ratio obtained by the NN50 / n ratio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In the frequency domain, low frequency (LF: 0.04 - 0.15 Hz) and high frequency (HF: 0.15 - 0.40 Hz) spectral components were analyzed in ms<sup>2</sup> as well as the ratio between the components (LF/HF). The spectral analysis was calculated using the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In addition, the RRtri (RR triangular), TINN (triangular interpolation of NN interval), and Poincar&#233; plot were also calculated, which was quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. The RRtri and TINN were calculated by constructing a density histogram of normal RR intervals, which contains the length of the RR intervals on the x-axis and the frequency with which they occurred on the y-axis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The union of the points of the columns of the histogram forms a figure similar to a triangle from which these indices are extracted.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The Poincar&#233; plot is the two-dimensional graphical representation of the correlation between consecutive RR intervals, where each interval is plotted against the next interval. For quantitative analysis of the plot, the SD1 (standard deviation of instantaneous beat-to-beat variability) and SD2 indices (long-term standard deviation of continuous RR intervals) were calculated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The qualitative analysis of the plot was carried out through the analysis of the figures formed by its attractor, which demonstrates the degree of complexity of the RR intervals. The following patterns were considered: I) Figure showing an increase in the dispersion of RR intervals, characteristic of a normal plot; II) Figure with small global dispersion, with no increase in the dispersion of RR intervals in the long term, characteristic of a plot with lower variability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood samples</title>
        <p>Blood collection was performed in a private laboratory and for the biochemical analyzes the volunteers respected a 12-hour fast. The collection was performed in a vacuum tube with separator gel without anticoagulant; after collection, the blood was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000 rpm to separate the serum from the other blood components, which was used for the analyzes.</p>
        <p>For the determination of glycemia, triglycerides, and the HDL-cholesterol fraction, a colourimetric enzyme kit was used in an Autohumalyzer A517 device<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> (HUMAN et al., 2004). CRP was measured using an enzyme ELISA kit: Immulite 2000 analyzer (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The descriptive data for characterization of the sample are expressed as percentage, mean, standard deviation. In order to compare the anthropometric variables, age, and the HRV indices between the groups, the normality of the data was initially tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. If the normal distribution was accepted, the Student's t-test for unpaired data was applied, while for non-normal distributions the Mann-Whitney test was applied. The continuous variables that did not present normal distribution were described through median and interquartile range and those that presented normal distribution were described through mean and standard deviation.</p>
        <p>The correlation between the HRV indices and the independent variables CRP, fasting glycemia, triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol was verified by linear regression in unadjusted and adjusted models, considering the age of the volunteers.</p>
        <p>For both analyzes, statistically, significant differences were considered when the "p" value was lower than 0.05. The program used for statistical analysis was the "Statistical Package for Social Sciences" version 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, United States of America).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> presents the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the postmenopausal women without breast cancer and breast cancer survivors who participated in the study. There were no significant differences between groups (p &gt; 0.05). The losses of the sample composition can be visualized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of postmenopausal women without breast cancer and breast cancer survivors who participated in the study</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Group with Breast Cancer (n = 14)</th>
              <th align="center">Group without Breast Cancer (n = 27)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center">62.17 &#177; 5.79</td>
              <td align="center">60.03 &#177; 7.57</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Education</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Illiterate<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">8.3%</td>
              <td align="center">12.4%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">First level completed<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">16.7%</td>
              <td align="center">37.6%</td>
              <td align="center">0.63</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Second level Completed<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">70.8%</td>
              <td align="center">25%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Superior<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">4.2%</td>
              <td align="center">25%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Marital status</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Single<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">4.2%</td>
              <td align="center">11.1%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Married<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">70.8%</td>
              <td align="center">61.1%</td>
              <td align="center">0.49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Divorced<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">16.7%</td>
              <td align="center">5.6%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Widow<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">8.3%</td>
              <td align="center">22.2%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Occupation</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">From home<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">41.7%</td>
              <td align="center">55.6%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Work<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">41.7%</td>
              <td align="center">5.6%</td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Retired<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">16.6%</td>
              <td align="center">38.8%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Self-Reported diseases</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Up to 2 diseases<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">62.4%</td>
              <td align="center">72.8%</td>
              <td align="center">0.49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">More than 2 diseases<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">16.6%</td>
              <td align="center">27.8%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total body mass (kg)<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center">70.62 &#177; 12.29</td>
              <td align="center">69.67 &#177; 12.99</td>
              <td align="center">0.61</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center">30.71 &#177; 6.03</td>
              <td align="center">30.19 &#177; 4.57</td>
              <td align="center">0.59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total lean mass (kg)<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center">34.94 &#177; 4.39</td>
              <td align="center">35.53 &#177; 4.76</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total fat mass (kg)<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center">33.38 &#177; 9.53</td>
              <td align="center">31.83 &#177; 9.54</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fat mass of thoracic (kg)<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center">18.17 &#177; 4.84</td>
              <td align="center">16.70 &#177; 4.75</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMD<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center">1.11 &#177; 0.11</td>
              <td align="center">1.17 &#177; 0.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMC<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center">2.12 &#177; 0.32</td>
              <td align="center">2.31 &#177; 0.32</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Student t test<sup>a</sup>: Mean &#177; standard deviation; Qui Square test<sup>b</sup>: categorical variables, percentage. BMI: body mass index; BMD: bone mineral density; BMC: bone mineral content.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Approximately 70.8% of women who survived breast cancer and 25% of the non-cancer group attended high school. Regarding marital status, 70.8% of women who survived and 60.1% without the disease are married. Of the women analyzed, 41.7% of the survivors of the disease and 55.6% of those without the disease worked from the home, while, 62.4% and 72.8%, respectively, reported having up to two diseases. Regarding the body composition variables analyzed (total body mass, BMI, total lean and fat mass, trunk fat mass, bone mineral density, and bone mineral content), there were no statistically significant differences between the groups.</p>
      <p>In women with breast cancer, it was observed that 52% had undergone mastectomy surgery and 67% received treatment with chemotherapy. Most women have diagnosed in breast cancer stage I and the mean time of AI use was 19.3 months.</p>
      <p>The Mean RR, SDNN, RMSSD, NN50, pNN50, RRtri, SD1, and SD2 indices demonstrated statistically significant reductions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>) (p &#8804; 0.05) in the breast cancer group when compared to the group without the disease. The Mean HR index (1/me), which represents the heart rate (HR), was lower in the group without the disease. For the TINN index, no significant differences were found between groups (p = 0.216).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Linear indices in time domain of heart rate variability in each group</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Group with breast cancer (n = 14)</th>
              <th align="center">Group without breast cancer (n = 27)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean RR ms<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center">707.76 &#177; 89.86 </td>
              <td align="center">867.80 &#177; 128.87</td>
              <td align="center">0.047</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SDNN ms<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center">17.92 &#177; 5.05</td>
              <td align="center">35.20 &#177; 14.94</td>
              <td align="center">0,042</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean HR 1/mim<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center">85.89 &#177; 10.49</td>
              <td align="center">70.77 &#177; 10.75</td>
              <td align="center">0,050</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RMSSD ms<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">11.30 &#177; 8.40</td>
              <td align="center">18.40 &#177; 16.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NN50 count<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.00 &#177; 4.00</td>
              <td align="center">15.00 &#177; 90.50</td>
              <td align="center">0.022</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pNN50 %<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.00 &#177; 0,40</td>
              <td align="center">1.50 &#177; 9.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.022</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RRtri<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center">5.76 &#177; 1.58</td>
              <td align="center">9.93 &#177; 4.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TINN ms<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center">86.00 &#177; 22.19</td>
              <td align="center">138.40 &#177; 79.38</td>
              <td align="center">0.243</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SD1 ms<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">8.00 &#177; 5.75</td>
              <td align="center">13.00 &#177; 11.35</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SD2 ms<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center">23.90 &#177; 6.51</td>
              <td align="center">46.91 &#177; 19.95</td>
              <td align="center">0.022</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Student t testa: Mean &#177; standard deviation; Mann Whitney testb: Median &#177; interquartile range; SDNN: standard deviation of all normal RR intervals; HR: heart rate; RMSSD: square root of the mean of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR interval; NN50: number of pairs of successive NNs that differ by more than 50 ms; pNN50: proportion of NN50 divided by total number of NNs; RRtri: RR triangular; TINN: triangular interpolation of NN interval; SD1: instantaneous variability of beat-to-beat variability, SD2: long-term standard deviation of continuous RR intervals index; ms: milliseconds.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In the qualitative analysis of the Poincar&#233; plot, there was a lower dispersion of the RR intervals in the cancer group compared to the non-disease group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Qualitative analysis of the Poincare plot. SD1 (standard deviation of instantaneous variability), SD2 (standard deviation of the continuous RR intervals). Control: SD1 = 18 ms; SD2 = 45 ms / Breast Cancer: SD1 = 10.9 ms; SD2 = 32.6 ms.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0555-90036-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The indices in the frequency domain of HRV are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>. For the VLF (ms<sup>2</sup>), LF (ms<sup>2</sup>), and HF (ms<sup>2</sup>) indices, statistically significant reductions (p &#8804; 0.05) were found in the breast cancer group when compared to the group without the disease, whereas the LF/HF ratio did not present significant differences between the groups (p = 0.747).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Linear indices in frequency domain of heart rate variability in each group.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Group with breast cancer (n = 14)</th>
              <th align="center">Group without breast cancer (n = 27)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF ms<sup>2 b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">67.00 &#177; 46.50</td>
              <td align="center">203.00 &#177; 257.50</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF ms<sup>2 b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">70.00 &#177; 61.50</td>
              <td align="center">136.00 &#177; 264.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF/HF ms<sup>2 b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.47 &#177; 0.99</td>
              <td align="center">0.71 &#177; 0.66</td>
              <td align="center">0.564</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Mann Whitney testb: Median &#177; interquartile range; ms<sup>2</sup>: milliseconds; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; VLF: very low frequency.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the correlation of HRV indices with the inflammatory marker PCR and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 5</xref> presents the variables blood glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein with and without age adjustments in women with breast cancer.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation of heart rate variability indices with the inflammatory marker PCR with and without adjustments for age in woman with breast cancer</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">PCR</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Without adjustment</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Adjusted (age)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">&#946;95% CI</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">&#946;95% CI</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean RR ms</td>
              <td align="center">-8.53 (-20.65; 3.58)</td>
              <td align="center">0.149</td>
              <td align="center">-6.36 ( -20.21; 7.48)</td>
              <td align="center">0.330</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SDNN ms</td>
              <td align="center">-0.92 (-1.98; 0.13)</td>
              <td align="center">0.082</td>
              <td align="center">-0.92 (-2.17; 0.32)</td>
              <td align="center">0.129</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean HR 1/min</td>
              <td align="center">0.81 (-0.34; 1.96)</td>
              <td align="center">0.150</td>
              <td align="center">0.62 ( -0.70; 1.94)</td>
              <td align="center">0.322</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RMSSD ms</td>
              <td align="center">-0.50 (-1.03; 0.02)</td>
              <td align="center">0.059</td>
              <td align="center">-0.52 ( -1.15; 0.09)</td>
              <td align="center">0.089</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NN50 count</td>
              <td align="center">-0.68 (-2.25; 0.88)</td>
              <td align="center">0.360</td>
              <td align="center">-0.86 (-2.69; 0.95)</td>
              <td align="center">0.315</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pNN50 %</td>
              <td align="center">-0.06 (-0.22; 0.08)</td>
              <td align="center">0.360</td>
              <td align="center">-0.08 (-0.26; 0.09)</td>
              <td align="center">0.315</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VLF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.00 ( -0.00; 0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.588</td>
              <td align="center">0.00 (-0.00; 0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.685</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">-12.40 (-34.90; 10.10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.251</td>
              <td align="center">-14.94 (-41.16; 11.27)</td>
              <td align="center">0.233</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">-4.59 (-10.64; 1.45)</td>
              <td align="center">0.123</td>
              <td align="center">-6.00 (-12.76; 0.76)</td>
              <td align="center">0.076</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF/HF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.00 (-0.07; 0.07)</td>
              <td align="center">0.972</td>
              <td align="center">0.01 (-0.09; 0.06)</td>
              <td align="center">0.699</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RR tri</td>
              <td align="center">-0.22 (-0.45; -0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.053</td>
              <td align="center">-0.23 (-0.50; 0.04)</td>
              <td align="center">0.087</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TINN ms</td>
              <td align="center">-3.07 (-8.00; 1.85)</td>
              <td align="center">0.198</td>
              <td align="center">-4.28 (-9.76; 1.19)</td>
              <td align="center">0.112</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SD1 ms</td>
              <td align="center">-0.36 (-0.74; 0.01)</td>
              <td align="center">0.056</td>
              <td align="center">-0.37 (-0.81; 0.07)</td>
              <td align="center">0.092</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SD2 ms</td>
              <td align="center">-1.26 (-2.74; 0.21)</td>
              <td align="center">0.086</td>
              <td align="center">-1.27 (-3.15; 0.47)</td>
              <td align="center">0.136</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>PCR: C reactive protein; SDNN: standard deviation of all normal RR intervals, expressed in milliseconds; HR: heart rate; RMSSD: square root of the mean of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR intervals; NN50: number of pairs of successive NNs that differ by more than 50 ms; pNN50: proportion of NN50 divided by total number of NNs; TINN: triangular interpolation of NN interval; VLF: very low frequency; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; RR tri: RR triangular; SD1: instantaneous variability of beat-to-beat variability; SD2: long-term standard deviation of continuous RR intervals index; ms: milliseconds.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation of heart rate variability indices with the metabolic variables blood glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein with and without adjustments for age in women with breast cancer</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Blood Glucose</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Triglycerides</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">HDL</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Without adjustment</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Adjusted (Age)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Without adjustment</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Adjusted (Age)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Without adjustment</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Adjusted (Age)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">&#946;95% CI</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">&#946;95% CI</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">&#946; 95% CI</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">&#946;95% CI</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">&#946;95% CI</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">&#946;95% CI</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean RR ms</td>
              <td align="center">-0.08 (-2.96; 2.79)</td>
              <td align="center">0.950</td>
              <td align="center">-0.23 (-3.08; 2.61)</td>
              <td align="center">0.86</td>
              <td align="center">-0.76 (-1.81; 0.29)</td>
              <td align="center">0.141</td>
              <td align="center">-0.75 (-1.78; 0.27)</td>
              <td align="center">0.135</td>
              <td align="center">-2.68 ( -10.25; 4.88)</td>
              <td align="center">0.454</td>
              <td align="center">-0.52 (-9.52; 8.47)</td>
              <td align="center">0,900</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SDNN ms</td>
              <td align="center">-0.06 (-0.34; 0.21)</td>
              <td align="center">0.609</td>
              <td align="center">-0.07 (-0.36; 0.22)</td>
              <td align="center">0.60</td>
              <td align="center">-0.09 (-0.19; -0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.045</td>
              <td align="center">-0.09 (-0.19; 0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.055</td>
              <td align="center">0.03 (-0.733; 0.79)</td>
              <td align="center">0.930</td>
              <td align="center">0.13 (-0.81; 1.07)</td>
              <td align="center">0,766</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean HR ms</td>
              <td align="center">-0.00 ( -0.28; 0.26)</td>
              <td align="center">0.943</td>
              <td align="center">-0.00 (-2.26; 0.27)</td>
              <td align="center">0.97</td>
              <td align="center">0.06 (-0.03; 0.16)</td>
              <td align="center">0.194</td>
              <td align="center">-0.81 (-2.18; 0.54)</td>
              <td align="center">0.189</td>
              <td align="center">0.26 ( -0.44; 0.98)</td>
              <td align="center">0.431</td>
              <td align="center">0.07 (-0.78; 0.92)</td>
              <td align="center">0,856</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RMSSD ms</td>
              <td align="center">-0.03 (-0.18; 0.10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.584</td>
              <td align="center">-0.03 (-0.19; 0.11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
              <td align="center">-0.04 (-0.09; 0.01)</td>
              <td align="center">0.107</td>
              <td align="center">-0.04 (-0.09; 0.01)</td>
              <td align="center">0.123</td>
              <td align="center">0.01 (-0.38; 0.40)</td>
              <td align="center">0.958</td>
              <td align="center">0.04( -0.43; 0.53)</td>
              <td align="center">0,828</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NN50 count</td>
              <td align="center">-0.05 (-0.40; 0.29)</td>
              <td align="center">0.738</td>
              <td align="center">-0.05 (-0.42; 0.32)</td>
              <td align="center">0.76</td>
              <td align="center">-0.05 (-0.18; 0.08)</td>
              <td align="center">0.448</td>
              <td align="center">-0.18 (-0.19; 0.09)</td>
              <td align="center">0.466</td>
              <td align="center">0.08 (-0.86; 1.04)</td>
              <td align="center">0.844</td>
              <td align="center">-0.06 (-1.12; 1.24)</td>
              <td align="center">0,913</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pNN50 %</td>
              <td align="center">-0.00 (-0.04; 0.03)</td>
              <td align="center">0.738</td>
              <td align="center">-0.00 (-0.04; 0.03)</td>
              <td align="center">0.76</td>
              <td align="center">-0.00 (-0.01; 0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.448</td>
              <td align="center">-0.18 (-0.20; 0.01)</td>
              <td align="center">0.466</td>
              <td align="center">0.00 (-0.08; 0.10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.844</td>
              <td align="center">0.00 (-0.11; 0.12)</td>
              <td align="center">0,913</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RR tri</td>
              <td align="center">-0.01 (-0.08; 0.04)</td>
              <td align="center">0.563</td>
              <td align="center">-0.01 (-0.08; 0.05)</td>
              <td align="center">0.563</td>
              <td align="center">-0.02 (-0.04; -0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.037</td>
              <td align="center">-0.02 (-0.04; -0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.046</td>
              <td align="center">0.02 ( -0.12; 0.20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.769</td>
              <td align="center">0.04 (-0.17; 0.27)</td>
              <td align="center">0,634</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TINN ms</td>
              <td align="center">-0.29 (-1.48; 0.89)</td>
              <td align="center">0.599</td>
              <td align="center">-0.26 (-1.51; 0.97)</td>
              <td align="center">0.646</td>
              <td align="center">-0.18 (-0.65; 0.28)</td>
              <td align="center">0.397</td>
              <td align="center">-0.19 (-0.67; 0.29)</td>
              <td align="center">0.405</td>
              <td align="center">1.62 (-1.45; 4.70)</td>
              <td align="center">0.273</td>
              <td align="center">1.57 (-2.25; 5.39)</td>
              <td align="center">0,955</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VLF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">-1.7E-005 (0.00; 0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.882</td>
              <td align="center">-2.0E-00 (-0.00; 0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.868</td>
              <td align="center">-5.5E-005 (0.00; 0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.218</td>
              <td align="center">-5.5E-005 (0.00; 0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.239</td>
              <td align="center">0.00 (-0.00; 0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.577</td>
              <td align="center">0.00 (-0.00; 0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0,642</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">-1.21 (-6.41; 3.97)</td>
              <td align="center">0.619</td>
              <td align="center">-1.20 (-6.70; 4.29)</td>
              <td align="center">0.639</td>
              <td align="center">-1.48 (-3.37; 0.41)</td>
              <td align="center">0.114</td>
              <td align="center">-1.48 (-3.48; 0.51)</td>
              <td align="center">0.131</td>
              <td align="center">0.95 (-13.16; 15.07)</td>
              <td align="center">0.885</td>
              <td align="center">-0.81 (-16.72; 18.35)</td>
              <td align="center">0,920</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">-0.62 (-2.11; 0.86)</td>
              <td align="center">0.381</td>
              <td align="center">-0.59 (-2.16; 0.96)</td>
              <td align="center">0.419</td>
              <td align="center">-0.53 (-1.05; -0.01)</td>
              <td align="center">0.045</td>
              <td align="center">-0.53 (-1.07; 0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.051</td>
              <td align="center">0.36 (-3.76; 4.49)</td>
              <td align="center">0.850</td>
              <td align="center">-0.14 (-5.23; 4.95)</td>
              <td align="center">0,951</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF/HF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">-0.00 (-0.02; 0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.291</td>
              <td align="center">-0.00 (-0.02; 0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.334</td>
              <td align="center">-0.00 (-0.00; 0.01)</td>
              <td align="center">0.390</td>
              <td align="center">0.00 (-0.01; 0.01)</td>
              <td align="center">0.482</td>
              <td align="center">0.00 (-0.03; 0.05)</td>
              <td align="center">0.674</td>
              <td align="center">-0.00 (-0.05; 0.04)</td>
              <td align="center">0,945</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SD1 ms</td>
              <td align="center">-0.28 (-0.13; 0.07)</td>
              <td align="center">0.568</td>
              <td align="center">0.10 (-0.48; 0.70)</td>
              <td align="center">0.561</td>
              <td align="center">-0.03 (-0.06; 0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.095</td>
              <td align="center">-0.03 (-0.07; 0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.110</td>
              <td align="center">0.00 (-0.28; 0.28)</td>
              <td align="center">0.991</td>
              <td align="center">0.03 (-0.31; 0.38)</td>
              <td align="center">0,830</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SD2 ms</td>
              <td align="center">-0.09 (-0.48; 0.29)</td>
              <td align="center">0.604</td>
              <td align="center">-0.10 (-0.51; 0.30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.596</td>
              <td align="center">-0.13 (-0.27; -0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.044</td>
              <td align="center">-0.13 (-0.27; 0.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.053</td>
              <td align="center">0.05 (-1.01; 1.11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.918</td>
              <td align="center">0.19 (-1.11; 1.50)</td>
              <td align="center">0,749</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>PCR: C reactive protein; SDNN: standard deviation of all normal RR intervals, expressed in milliseconds; HR: heart rate; RMSSD: square root of the mean of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR intervals; NN50: number of pairs of successive NNs that differ by more than 50 ms; pNN50: proportion of NN50 divided by total number of NNs; TINN: triangular interpolation of NN interval; VLF: very low frequency; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; RR tr: RR triangular; SD1: instantaneous variability of beat-to-beat variability; SD2: long-term standard deviation of continuous RR intervals index; ms: milliseconds.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>There were no statistically significant correlations between the indices and the inflammatory marker, even when adjusted for age (p &gt; 0.05), or between the Mean RR, Mean HR, RMSSD, NN50, pNN50, RR tri, TINN, VLF ms<sup>2</sup>, LF ms<sup>2</sup>, LF/HF, and SD1 for the variables blood glucose, triglycerides, and high density lipoprotein (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>When adjusted for age the RR tri, HF ms<sup>2</sup>, and SD2 indices presented inversely proportional correlations with the triglycerides [HF - &#946;95% CI = -0.53, p = 0.045; SD2 - &#946;95% CI = -0.13, p = 0.044]; RRtri - &#946; 95% CI = -0.02, p = 0.046].</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main findings of this study demonstrate that women who are survivors of breast cancer who use AI present reductions in HRV compared to women without cancer and that these HRV indices correlate with the lipid profile.</p>
      <p>In the present study, a statistically significant reduction in the SDNN and RR tri indices, as well as the RMSSD, SD1, NN50, and HF indices, can be observed in women with breast cancer using AI when compared to the non-cancer group, suggesting a reduction in global and vagal modulation, respectively. Moreover, the visual analysis of the Poincar&#233; plot demonstrates a lower dispersion of the RR intervals in the cancer group, indicating that these women present HRV reduction.</p>
      <p>Reduction in global variability and parasympathetic modulation was also observed by Caro-Mor&#225;n et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> in women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormone therapy after 1 year of treatment. The authors observed reduced values of SDNN, RMSSD, and HF ms<sup>2</sup> in the cancer group in relation to the group without the disease. In these women, no significant differences were found in the LF ms<sup>2</sup> and LF/HF indices, although higher values were found in the cancer group.</p>
      <p>It is important to note that higher parasympathetic modulation has been reported as an important factor related to a better prognosis for these patients, as observed by Giese-Davis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> who reported that high baseline HF values were associated with higher survival and lower cardiovascular risk. Greater parasympathetic modulation is generally associated with lower cardiovascular risk,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> so the reduced parasympathetic modulation found in the present study, observed through lower values of the RMSSD, pNN50, SD1, and HF ms<sup>2</sup> indices in the cancer group, may indicate higher cardiovascular risk and a worse prognosis in this population.</p>
      <p>High HRV is associated with higher levels of parasympathetic modulation and longer survival in patients with myocardial infarction and those under palliative care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Regarding cancer, alterations in autonomic modulation influence the development and prognosis of the disease.</p>
      <p>In a study carried out with an animal model it was shown that stimulation of the nervous system with the release of catecholamines can activate beta-adrenergic receptors in tumour cells, leading to more aggressive growth and dissemination of malignant cells, whereas in humans the use of beta- has been shown to be beneficial in reducing the risk of recurrence in patients with breast cancer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Regarding parasympathetic modulation, Erin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> demonstrated that vagal blockade promotes the increase of metastases in mice.</p>
      <p>Estrogen is indicated as the main cardioprotective factor for women and its reduction in menopause is related to the increase in sympathetic activity; a circumstance that may be aggravated in women with breast cancer due to treatment of the disease with AI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In this context, the present study presents important results regarding the clinical framework of these patients.</p>
      <p>Regarding the correlation between HRV indices and cardiovascular biochemical variables, no correlation was observed with CRP, fasting glycemia, or HDL-Cholesterol. CRP has been highlighted, since elevated levels of this protein are associated with an increased risk of peripheral arterial disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, and sudden death,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> and high levels of CRP are predictive of poor prognosis for cancer patients, regardless of lifestyle, menopausal status, and the presence of CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although no statistically significant negative correlations were observed between HRV and CRP levels, indices reflecting overall variability and parasympathetic modulation presented marginal statistical values in relation to the correlation with CRP levels of the cancer group (SDNN - &#946;95% CI = 0.92, p = 0.082; SD2 - &#946;95% CI = 1.26, p = 0.136; RMSSD - &#946; 95% CI = -0.50, = 0.089; SD1 - &#946;95% CI = 0.36, p = 0.092).</p>
      <p>Regarding the correlation between HRV and the triglyceride indices, we observed an inversely proportional correlation of triglycerides with the HFms<sup>2</sup> index &#946;95% CI = -0.53; p = 0.045) and, although not significant, the SD1 index presented similar behavior (&#946;95% CI = -0.03; p = 0.095). In addition, the indices that reflect global variability, SDNN and SD2, also presented inversely proportional correlations with the triglycerides (SDNN - &#946;95% CI = -0.09; p = 0.045; SD2 - &#946;95% CI = - 0.13; p = 0.044), suggesting that changes in autonomic modulation in women with breast cancer, characterized by a reduction in HRV, may be associated with a worse lipid profile. Studies show that ANS imbalance is associated with hormonal and metabolic alterations since this system plays a fundamental role in metabolic control.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The study presents some methodological points to be raised. In the analyzes, we did not take into account associated heart diseases or the use of medications which could alter cardiac activity. In addition, the sample size considered for correlation analyzes may not have been sufficient for correlations between CRP, blood glucose, HDL-Cholesterol and HRV to be considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>Despite this, the study presents an important clinical implication regarding alterations in the autonomic modulation of women with breast cancer who use AI and the inversely proportional relationship between HRV and triglyceride values in this population, suggesting a higher risk of CVD and a worse prognosis for these women. This information reinforces the need to use preventive strategies that are safe and effective in the clinical approach of these patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Based on our findings, women with breast cancer who use AI present reductions in HRV compared to women without cancer and in these women HRV indices are inversely correlated with triglyceride values.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Thais Reis Silva de Paulo, from Programa de P&#243;s gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Motricidade - UNESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia - UNESP under the protocol number 672.7715.1.00005402/2015. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <article-title>Effect of small litter size on the autonomic and metabolic responses of Wistars rats</article-title>
          <source>Rev. Nutr.</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>321</fpage>
          <lpage>330</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Altera&#231;&#245;es na Modula&#231;&#227;o Auton&#244;mica Card&#237;aca em Mulheres com C&#226;ncer de Mama em Uso de Inibidores de Aromatase e sua Rela&#231;&#227;o com Vari&#225;veis Bioqu&#237;micas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9864-8793</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzaga</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0307-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paulo</surname>
            <given-names>Thais Reis Silva de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0282-8920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Viezel</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9494-3143</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vanzella</surname>
            <given-names>La&#237;s Manata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5071-0428</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Ismael Forte</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1891-3153</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisioterapia - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Thais Reis Silva de Paulo,</bold> Campus Universit&#225;rio UFRN - Centro de Ci&#234;ncia da Sa&#250;de - Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica. CEP 59078-970, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN - Brasil. Email: <email>thais.reis.silva@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Paulo TRS, Viezel J, Freitas Jr. IF; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Paulo TRS, Viezel J; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gonzaga, LA, Vanzella LM; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Gonzaga, LA, Vanzella LM, Vanderlei LCM; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gonzaga, LA, Paulo TRS, Vanzella LM; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Freitas Jr. IF, Vanderlei LCM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica como um preditor de risco cardiovascular em mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama &#233; importante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa em uso de inibidores de aromatase como tratamento de c&#226;ncer de mama, e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com algumas vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliadas mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa sem c&#226;ncer de mama (n = 33) e mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa com c&#226;ncer de mama (n = 15). Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) foi registrada batimento a batimento por 30 minutos, e as s&#233;ries de intervalos RR obtidas foram usadas para o c&#225;lculo dos seguintes &#237;ndices de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: m&#233;dia de RR ms, SDNN (desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais) ms, FC, RMSSD (raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as ao quadrado entre os intervalos RR normais adjacentes) ms, contagem NN50 (n&#250;mero de pares de NNs sucessivos que se diferem em mais de 50 ms), pNN50% (propor&#231;&#227;o de NN50 dividida pelo n&#250;mero total de NNs), RRtri (RR triangular), TINN (interpola&#231;&#227;o triangular do intervalo NN) ms, DP1 ms, DP2 ms, LF (baixa frequ&#234;ncia) ms<sup>2</sup>, HF (alta frequ&#234;ncia) ms<sup>2</sup>, LH/HF ms<sup>2</sup>. Os valores das vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas (glicemia de jejum, triglicer&#237;deos, HDL-colesterol, e prote&#237;na C reativa) foram analisadas das amostras de sangue. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa com c&#226;ncer de mama apresentaram menores &#237;ndices de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas sem c&#226;ncer de mama: m&#233;dia de RR (p = 0,03); SDNN (p = 0,03); RMSSD (p = 0,03); contagem NN50 (p = 0,03); pNN50% (p = 0,03); RRtri (p = 0,02), DP1 (p = 0,01), DP2 (p = 0,02); LF ms<sup>2</sup> (p = 0,01); HF ms<sup>2</sup> (p = -0,03). Observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversamente proporcional dos &#237;ndices SDNN, DP2 e HF ms<sup>2</sup> com triglicer&#237;deos (SDNN p = 0,04, DP2 p = 0,04; HF ms<sup>2</sup> 0,04). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os &#237;ndices de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e as demais vari&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama apresentam modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica diminu&#237;da e &#237;ndices de variabilidade da FC inversamente correlacionados com valores de triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Inibidores de Aromatases</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasias da Mama</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Glicemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia de Reposi&#231;&#227;o de Estrog&#234;nios/efeitos adversos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O c&#226;ncer de mama &#233; o segundo tipo mais comum de c&#226;ncer no mundo, e o mais comum entre as mulheres. Anualmente, surgem aproximadamente 22% de novos casos tanto em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos como em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e, segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> em 2011 o c&#226;ncer de mama foi a causa de mais de 508 mil mortes no mundo.</p>
        <p>A quimioterapia, a radioterapia e a terapia hormonal podem ser usadas no tratamento de c&#226;ncer de mama. Esses tratamentos s&#227;o indispens&#225;veis, com impactos positivos na cura da doen&#231;a, e diminuindo taxas de recorr&#234;ncia e de met&#225;stase. No entanto, seus efeitos colaterais podem causar muitos desconfortos, comprometendo outros aspectos relacionados &#224; sa&#250;de da mulher.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Entre os efeitos colaterais consequentes dos tratamentos do c&#226;ncer de mama, aqueles relacionados &#224; terapia hormonal, mais especificamente ao uso de inibidores de aromatase (IA), merecem aten&#231;&#227;o. Esses compostos bloqueiam a a&#231;&#227;o da enzima aromatase, respons&#225;vel pela convers&#227;o de androg&#234;nios para estrog&#234;nios em mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O estrog&#234;nio est&#225; associado com um melhor perfil lip&#237;dico e um aumento na s&#237;ntese de enzimas vasodilatadoras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Assim, a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis desse horm&#244;nio em mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama, promovida pelo uso de IA, somada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da sua produ&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-menopausa, pode estar relacionada &#224; piora do perfil lip&#237;dico e, consequentemente, a um maior risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa com c&#226;ncer de mama &#233; fundamental para a preven&#231;&#227;o de DCVs. Nesse contexto, pode-se utilizar a an&#225;lise da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, uma vez que o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo (SNA) &#233; um dos componentes envolvidos na etiologia e nas consequ&#234;ncias das DCVs causadas pelo tratamento do c&#226;ncer de mama.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O uso da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica como um preditor de risco cardiovascular em mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama foi destacado por Lakoski et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> que identificaram disfun&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas nessas mulheres, caracterizadas por modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica aumentada e modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica diminu&#237;da, sugerindo um risco maior de DCV nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Assim, o risco de DCV em mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa com c&#226;ncer de mama pode estar relacionado a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e piora do perfil lip&#237;dico, que pode ser precipitado tanto pela menopausa como pelo uso de IA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Essas mulheres tamb&#233;m est&#227;o mais propensas a ganharem peso ap&#243;s quimioterapia e, consequentemente, sofrerem altera&#231;&#245;es na adiposidade visceral, levando a mudan&#231;as no perfil lip&#237;dico e &#224; resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis elevados de inflama&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o observados em pacientes com c&#226;ncer,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> condi&#231;&#227;o respons&#225;vel por baixa sobrevida dessas pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Contudo, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e esses fatores ainda n&#227;o foi explorada. Portanto, a investiga&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama na menopausa, em uso de IA, e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas cardiovasculares poderia contribuir para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de alvos de futuros tratamentos e melhoria da qualidade de vida de mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama.</p>
        <p>Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa em uso de IA para o tratamento de c&#226;ncer de mama, e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com as seguintes vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas cardiovasculares - glicemia de jejum, triglicer&#237;deos, HDL colesterol, e prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo transversal conduzido entre mar&#231;o de 2015 e julho de 2016, em uma cidade localizada na regi&#227;o sudeste do Brasil. Foram avaliadas 348 mulheres que receberam tratamento para c&#226;ncer de mama, com registros na Farm&#225;cia Oncol&#243;gica do Hospital Regional da cidade. Os prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos desses pacientes foram analisados, e somente as mulheres em uso de IA foram convidadas a participar do estudo, totalizando 189 mulheres.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o do estudo foram - idade entre 50 e 80 anos, estar na menopausa, definida como aus&#234;ncia de ciclo menstrual nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses relatada pelo pr&#243;prio paciente, assinatura do termo de consentimento, e n&#227;o ter participado de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico supervisionado h&#225; pelo menos seis menos antes do estudo. Especificamente para as mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama, al&#233;m dos crit&#233;rios mencionados acima, as pacientes deveriam estar em est&#225;gio I a IIIa do c&#226;ncer de mama,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> confirmado por registro nos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da (Protocolo n&#250;mero 6727715.1.0000.5402/2015) e registrado na plataforma ClinicalTrials.gov, sob n&#250;mero identificador NCT02804308.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho experimental</title>
          <p>O delineamento experimental incluiu dois grupos de mulheres com caracter&#237;sticas diferentes: um grupo de mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama, e um grupo de mulheres sem c&#226;ncer de mama. De acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o do estudo, a amostra por conveni&#234;ncia consistiu de 48 mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa, distribu&#237;das em: 33 mulheres sem c&#226;ncer de mama e 14 que sobreviveram ao c&#226;ncer de mama, em tratamento com IA. A sele&#231;&#227;o dos participantes do estudo pode ser visualizada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Delineamento do estudo: recrutamento dos pacientes e an&#225;lises.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0555-90036-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>No primeiro dia, todas as mulheres participantes do estudo responderam a question&#225;rios sobre informa&#231;&#245;es sociodemogr&#225;ficas (idade, n&#237;vel educacional, estado civil, profiss&#227;o, filhos), doen&#231;as pr&#233;vias - doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, respirat&#243;rias, metab&#243;licas e musculoesquel&#233;ticas - e uso cont&#237;nuo de medicamentos. Al&#233;m disso, as volunt&#225;rias com c&#226;ncer de mama tamb&#233;m responderam a um question&#225;rio sobre tratamento (tipo de cirurgia realizada, tipo de tratamento recebido - quimioterapia, radioterapia, tempo de uso de IA, est&#225;gio do c&#226;ncer, suplementa&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio). Ap&#243;s responderem aos question&#225;rios, os volunt&#225;rios foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal pelo exame de Absorciometria Radiol&#243;gica de Dupla Energia (DXA) (Lunar DPX-NT). Em seguida, as volunt&#225;rias receberam um guia de refer&#234;ncia para coleta de sangue no laborat&#243;rio de an&#225;lises cl&#237;nicas. Ainda, foram agendadas avalia&#231;&#245;es da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC).</p>
          <p>Para an&#225;lise da VFC, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) foi registrada batimento a batimento pela manh&#227; (8 horas e 11 horas), em ambiente tranquilo, temperatura entre 21&#186;C e 24&#186;C, e umidade relativa do ar entre 40 e 60%. As s&#233;ries dos intervalos RR obtidas foram usadas para o c&#225;lculo dos &#237;ndices de VFC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o corporal</title>
          <p>A composi&#231;&#227;o corporal foi medida por DXA e analisada pelo programa (Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, Reino Unido), vers&#227;o 4.7. As seguintes vari&#225;veis foram coletadas: porcentagem de gordura corporal (%), massa magra (Kg), massa gorda (Kg), e densidade mineral &#243;ssea total (g/cm<sup>2</sup>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da VFC</title>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise da VFC, as volunt&#225;rias inicialmente foram orientadas a n&#227;o consumirem bebidas alco&#243;licas e/ou estimulantes do SNA tais como caf&#233;, ch&#225;, refrigerantes e chocolate, e a n&#227;o realizarem nenhum tipo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico intenso durante as 24 horas antecedentes &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Para registro da FC, foi utilizado o monitor Polar S810i (Polar, Finl&#226;ndia), previamente validado para c&#225;lculo dos &#237;ndices da VFC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A cinta de monitoramento foi posicionada sobre o ter&#231;o mais distal do esterno, e o receptor da FC sobre o pulso das volunt&#225;rias. Durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o, as volunt&#225;rias foram orientadas a permanecerem em sil&#234;ncio, acordadas, em repouso, e respirando espontaneamente por 30 minutos em posi&#231;&#227;o supina.</p>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise dos &#237;ndices da VFC, foram obtidos mil intervalos RR da se&#231;&#227;o mais est&#225;vel do tra&#231;ado, submetidos &#224; filtragem digital no software propriet&#225;rio do cardiofrequenc&#237;metro Polar Pro Trainer 5 vers&#227;o 5.41.002, complementada pela filtragem manual para eliminar batimentos ect&#243;picos prematuros e artefatos. Somente s&#233;ries de intervalos RR que apresentaram mais de 95% de ritmo sinusal foram inclu&#237;das no estudo. Os &#237;ndices da VFC foram calculados usando o programa de an&#225;lise Kubios, vers&#227;o 2.0 (Universidade de Kuopio, Finl&#226;ndia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os seguintes &#237;ndices foram analisados do dom&#237;nio <italic>tempo</italic>: RR m&#233;dio, o qual representou a m&#233;dia de intervalos RR; FC m&#233;dia; SDNN (desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais), que representou o desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais; RMSSD (raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as ao quadrado entre os intervalos RR normais adjacentes), correspondendo &#224; raiz quadrada da soma do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre os intervalos RR, dividida pelo n&#250;mero de intervalos RR em um dado tempo menos um intervalo RR. Finalmente, foram analisados o NN50 (n&#250;mero de pares de NNs sucessivos que se diferem em mais de 50ms) e o pNN50 (propor&#231;&#227;o de NN50 dividida pelo n&#250;mero total de NNs), em que o NN50 foi a contagem do n&#250;mero de vezes que intervalos NN sucessivos apresentaram dura&#231;&#227;o maior que 50 ms, e o pNN50 foi a raz&#227;o NN50/n.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
          <p>No dom&#237;nio <italic>frequ&#234;ncia</italic>, foram analisados os componentes espectrais de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF: 0,04 - 0,15 Hz) e de alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF: 0,15 - 0,40 Hz) (ms<sup>2</sup>), bem como a raz&#227;o entre os componentes (LF/HF). A an&#225;lise espectral foi calculada usando o algoritmo transformada r&#225;pida de Fourier.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m calculamos o RRtri (RR triangular), o TINN (interpola&#231;&#227;o triangular do intervalo NN) e o gr&#225;fico de Poincar&#233;, o qual foi analisado quantitativamente e qualitativamente. O RRtri e o TINN foram calculados construindo-se um histograma de densidade de intervalos RR normais, composto pelo comprimento dos intervalos RR no eixo x e as frequ&#234;ncia em que ocorreram no eixo y.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A uni&#227;o dos pontos das colunas do histograma forma uma figura similar a um tri&#226;ngulo, da qual esses &#237;ndices foram extra&#237;dos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O gr&#225;fico de Poincar&#233; &#233; uma representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica bidimensional da correla&#231;&#227;o entre intervalos RR consecutivos, em que cada intervalo &#233; plotado contra o intervalo seguinte. Para a an&#225;lise quantitativa do gr&#225;fico, foram calculados o DP1 (desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea, batimento a batimento) e o DP2 (desvio padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR cont&#237;nuos em longo prazo).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise qualitativa do gr&#225;fico foi realizada pela an&#225;lise das figuras formadas por seu atrator, o qual mostra o grau de complexidade dos intervalos RR. Foram considerados os seguintes par&#226;metros: I) Figura demonstrando um aumento na dispers&#227;o dos intervalos RR, caracter&#237;stico de um gr&#225;fico normal; II) Figura mostrando baixa dispers&#227;o global, sem aumento na dispers&#227;o dos intervalos RR em longo prazo, caracter&#237;stico de um gr&#225;fico com baixa variabilidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostras de sangue</title>
          <p>A coleta de sangue foi realizada ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas, e as an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas realizadas em um laborat&#243;rio privado. As coletas foram feitas em um tubo a v&#225;cuo com gel separador, sem coagulante. Ap&#243;s a coleta, as amostras foram centrifugadas a 3000 rpm por 10 minutos para separar o soro dos demais componentes do sangue, o qual foi usado para as an&#225;lises.</p>
          <p>Para a determina&#231;&#227;o da glicemia, triglicer&#237;deos e HDL colesterol, um kit enzim&#225;tico colorim&#233;trico foi usado em um aparelho Autohumalyzer A517<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. A PCR foi medida utilizando um kit ELISA (Immulite 2000, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados descritivos para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra foram expressos em porcentagem, m&#233;dia, e desvio padr&#227;o. Para comparar as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas, idade, e os &#237;ndices de VFC entre os grupos, inicialmente a normalidade dos dados foi testada usando o teste Shapiro-Wilk. Se atestada a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o, o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para dados n&#227;o pareados foi aplicado, enquanto que dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram avaliados pelo teste Mann-Whitney. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas que n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas como mediana e intervalo interquartil, e aqueles com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
          <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndices da VFC e as vari&#225;veis independentes PCR, glicemia de jejum, triglicer&#237;deos, e colesterol HDL foi avaliada por regress&#227;o linear em modelos n&#227;o ajustados e ajustados, considerando a idade dos volunt&#225;rios.</p>
          <p>Para ambas as an&#225;lises, foi considerado um valor de p menor que 0,05 para indicar diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas. O programa usado para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foi o <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> vers&#227;o 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas das mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa sem c&#226;ncer de mama, e das mulheres que sobreviveram ap&#243;s o c&#226;ncer de mama participantes do estudo. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos (p &gt; 0,05). As perdas na composi&#231;&#227;o da amostra podem ser visualizadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas de mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa sem c&#226;ncer de mama e mulheres que sobreviveram ao c&#226;ncer de mama participantes do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo com c&#226;ncer de mama (n = 14)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo sem c&#226;ncer de mama (n = 27)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">62,17 &#177; 5,79</td>
                <td align="center">60,03 &#177; 7,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Analfabetismo<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">8,3%</td>
                <td align="center">12,4%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ensino fundamental completo <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">16,7%</td>
                <td align="center">37,6%</td>
                <td align="center">0,63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ensino m&#233;dio completo<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">70,8%</td>
                <td align="center">25%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ensino superior<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">4,2%</td>
                <td align="center">25%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Estado civil</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Solteiras <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">4,2%</td>
                <td align="center">11,1%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Casadas<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">70,8%</td>
                <td align="center">61,1%</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Divorciadas<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">16,7%</td>
                <td align="center">5,6%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vi&#250;vas<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">8,3%</td>
                <td align="center">22,2%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Emprego</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dom&#233;sticas<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">41,7%</td>
                <td align="center">55,6%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Empregadas<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">41,7%</td>
                <td align="center">5,6%</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aposentadas<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">16,6%</td>
                <td align="center">38,8%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;as relatadas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Menos de 2 doen&#231;as<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">62,4%</td>
                <td align="center">72,8%</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mais de 2 doen&#231;as<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">16,6%</td>
                <td align="center">27,8%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa corporal total (kg)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">70,62 &#177; 12,29</td>
                <td align="center">69,67 &#177; 12,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">30,71 &#177; 6,03</td>
                <td align="center">30,19 &#177; 4,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa magra total (kg)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">34,94 &#177; 439</td>
                <td align="center">35,53 &#177; 4,76</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa gorda total (kg)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">33,38 &#177; 9,53</td>
                <td align="center">31,83 &#177; 9,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa gorda do tronco (kg)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">18,17 &#177; 4,84</td>
                <td align="center">16,70 &#177; 4,75</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Densidade mineral &#243;ssea<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,11 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">1,17 &#177; 0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Conte&#250;do mineral &#243;sseo<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,12 &#177; 0,32</td>
                <td align="center">2,31 &#177; 0,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Teste t de Student<sup>a</sup>: M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; teste do qui quadradob: vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, porcentagem. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Aproximadamente 71% das mulheres que sobreviveram ao c&#226;ncer de mama, e 25% do grupo sem c&#226;ncer completaram o ensino m&#233;dio. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estado civil, 70,8% das mulheres que sobreviveram ao c&#226;ncer e 60,1% sem a doen&#231;a eram casadas. Das mulheres analisadas, 41,7% das mulheres que sobreviveram &#224; doen&#231;a e 55,6% daqueles sem a doen&#231;a trabalhavam de casa; 62,4% e 71,8% dessas, respectivamente, relataram ter at&#233; duas doen&#231;as. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal (massa corporal total, IMC, massa magra e massa gorda, massa de gordura do tronco, densidade mineral &#243;ssea e conte&#250;do mineral &#243;sseo), n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>Nas mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama, observou-se que 52% haviam se submetido &#224; mastectomia, e 67% receberam tratamento quimioter&#225;pico. A maioria das mulheres foi diagnosticada no est&#225;gio I da doen&#231;a, e o tempo m&#233;dio de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de IA foi de 19,3 meses.</p>
        <p>Houve redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa nos valores m&#233;dios de RR, SDNN, RMSSD, NN50, pNN50, RRtri, DP1, e DP2 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>) (p &#8804; 0,05) no grupo com c&#226;ncer de mama, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem a doen&#231;a. O &#237;ndice m&#233;dio da FC (1/me), que representa a FC, foi mais baixo no grupo sem a doen&#231;a. Para o &#237;ndice de TINN, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos (p = 0,216).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#205;ndices lineares no dom&#237;nio tempo da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em cada grupo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo com c&#226;ncer de mama (n = 14)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo sem c&#226;ncer de mama (n = 27)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RR m&#233;dio ms<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">707,76 &#177; 89,86</td>
                <td align="center">867,80 &#177; 128,87</td>
                <td align="center">0.047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SDNN ms<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">17,92 &#177; 5,05</td>
                <td align="center">35,20 &#177; 14,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC m&#233;dia 1/min<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">85,89 &#177; 10,49</td>
                <td align="center">70,77 &#177; 10,75</td>
                <td align="center">0,050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RMSSD ms<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">11,30 &#177; 8,40</td>
                <td align="center">18,40 &#177; 16,00</td>
                <td align="center">0.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem NN50<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,00 &#177; 4,00</td>
                <td align="center">15,00 &#177; 90,50</td>
                <td align="center">0.022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pNN50 %<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,00 &#177; 0,40</td>
                <td align="center">1,50 &#177; 9,05</td>
                <td align="center">0.022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RRtri<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">5,76 &#177; 1,58</td>
                <td align="center">9,93 &#177; 4,01</td>
                <td align="center">0.015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TINN ms<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">86,00 &#177; 22,19</td>
                <td align="center">138,40 &#177; 79,38</td>
                <td align="center">0.243</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DP1 ms<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">8,00 &#177; 5,75</td>
                <td align="center">13,00 &#177; 11,35</td>
                <td align="center">0.009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DP2 ms<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">23,90 &#177; 6,51</td>
                <td align="center">46,91 &#177; 19,95</td>
                <td align="center">0.022</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Teste t de Studenta: M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; teste de Mann Whitneyb : Mediana &#177; intervalo interquartil; SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; RMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as ao quadrado entre os intervalos RR normais adjacentes; NN50: n&#250;mero de pares de NNs sucessivos que se diferem em mais de 50ms; pNN50: propor&#231;&#227;o de NN50 dividida pelo n&#250;mero total de NNs; RRtri: RR triangular; TINN: interpola&#231;&#227;o triangular do intervalo NN; DP1 (desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea, batimento a batimento); DP2 (desvio padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR cont&#237;nuos em longo prazo); ms: milisegundos</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise qualitativa do gr&#225;fico de Poincar&#233;, houve uma menor dispers&#227;o dos intervalos RR no grupo com c&#226;ncer em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem a doen&#231;a (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise qualitativa do gr&#225;fico de Poincar&#233;; DP1 (desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea, batimento a batimento); DP2 (desvio padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR cont&#237;nuos em longo prazo). Controle: DP1 = 18 ms, DP2 = 45 ms; c&#226;ncer de mama: DP1 = 10,9 ms, DP2 = 10,9 ms, DP2 = 32.6 ms.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0555-90036-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os &#237;ndices no dom&#237;nio frequ&#234;ncia da VFC est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>. Houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas nos &#237;ndices de frequ&#234;ncia muito baixa (VLF, ms<sup>2</sup>), frequ&#234;ncia baixa (LF, ms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>), alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF, ms<sup>2</sup>) entre os grupos com c&#226;ncer de mama e sem a doen&#231;a, ao passo que a raz&#227;o LF/HF n&#227;o foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos (p = 0,747).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#205;ndices lineares no dom&#237;nio frequ&#234;ncia da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em cada grupo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo com c&#226;ncer de mama (n = 14)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo sem c&#226;ncer de mama (n = 27)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF ms<sup>2 b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">67,00 &#177; 46,50</td>
                <td align="center">203,00 &#177; 257,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF ms<sup>2 b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">70,00 &#177; 61,50</td>
                <td align="center">136,00 &#177; 264,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF/HF ms<sup>2 b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,47 &#177; 0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,71 &#177; 0,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,564</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Teste de Mann Whitney<sup>b</sup>: Mediana &#177; intervalo interquartil; ms: milisegundos; LF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: alta frequ&#234;ncia; VLF: frequ&#234;ncia muito baixa.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref> mostra a correla&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices da VFC com o marcador inflamat&#243;rio PCR. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref> apresenta os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de glicose, triglicer&#237;deos e HDL com e sem ajuste por idade em mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es dos &#237;ndices da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com o marcador inflamat&#243;rio prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) com e sem ajustes para idade em mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">PCR</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Sem ajuste</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Ajustado (idade)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">IC95%&#946;</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%&#946;</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RR m&#233;dio ms</td>
                <td align="center">-8,53 (-20,65; 3,58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,149</td>
                <td align="center">-6,36 ( -20,21; 7,48)</td>
                <td align="center">0,330</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SDNN ms</td>
                <td align="center">-0,92 (-1,98; 0,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,082</td>
                <td align="center">-0,92 (-2,17; 0,32)</td>
                <td align="center">0,129</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC m&#233;dia 1/min</td>
                <td align="center">0,81 (-0,34; 1,96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,150</td>
                <td align="center">0,62 ( -0,70; 1,94)</td>
                <td align="center">0,322</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RMSSD ms</td>
                <td align="center">-0,50 (-1,03; 0,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0,059</td>
                <td align="center">-0,52 ( -1,15; 0,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,089</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem NN50</td>
                <td align="center">-0,68 (-2,25; 0,88)</td>
                <td align="center">0,360</td>
                <td align="center">-0,86 (-2,69; 0,95)</td>
                <td align="center">0,315</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pNN50 %</td>
                <td align="center">-0,06 (-0,22; 0,08)</td>
                <td align="center">0,360</td>
                <td align="center">-0,08 (-0,26; 0,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,315</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VLF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,00 ( -0,00; 0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,588</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (-0,00; 0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,685</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-12,40 (-34,90; 10,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,251</td>
                <td align="center">- 14,94 (-41,16; 11,27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,233</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-4,59 (-10,64; 1,45)</td>
                <td align="center">0,123</td>
                <td align="center">-6,00 (-12,76; 0,76)</td>
                <td align="center">0,076</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF/HF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (-0,07; 0,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,972</td>
                <td align="center">0,01 (-0,09; 0,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,699</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RRtri</td>
                <td align="center">-0,22 (-0,45; -0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,053</td>
                <td align="center">-0,23 (-0,50; 0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,087</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TINN ms</td>
                <td align="center">-3,07 (-8,00; 1,85)</td>
                <td align="center">0,198</td>
                <td align="center">-4,28 (-9,76; 1,19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,112</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DP1 ms</td>
                <td align="center">-0,36 (-0,74; 0,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,056</td>
                <td align="center">-0,37 (-0,81; 0,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,092</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DP2 ms</td>
                <td align="center">-1,26 (-2,74; 0,21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,086</td>
                <td align="center">-1,27 (-3,15; 0,47)</td>
                <td align="center">0,136</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais, expressos em milisegundos; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; RMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as dos intervalos RR normais adjacentes ao quadrado; NN50: n&#250;mero de pares de NNs sucessivos que se diferem em mais de 50 ms; pNN50: propor&#231;&#227;o de NN50 dividida pelo n&#250;mero total de NNs; TINN: interpola&#231;&#227;o triangular do intervalo NN; VLF: frequ&#234;ncia muito baixa; LF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: alta frequ&#234;ncia; RRtri: RR triangular; DP1 (desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea, batimento a batimento); DP2 (desvio padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR cont&#237;nuos em longo prazo); ms: milissegundos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es dos &#237;ndices da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com as vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas: glicose, triglicer&#237;deos, e lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade plasm&#225;ticos com e sem ajustes por idade em mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">Glicemia</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">Triglicer&#237;deos</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">HDL</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Sem ajuste</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Ajustado (Age)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Sem ajuste</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Ajustado (Idade)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Sem ajuste</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Ajustado (Idade)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">IC95% &#946;</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">IC95% &#946; </th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">IC95% &#946;</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">IC95% &#946;</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">IC95% &#946;</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">IC95% &#946;</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RR m&#233;dio ms</td>
                <td align="center">-0,08 (-2,96; 2,79)</td>
                <td align="center">0,950</td>
                <td align="center">-0,23 (-3,08; 2,61)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
                <td align="center">-0,76 (-1,81; 0,29)</td>
                <td align="center">0,141</td>
                <td align="center">-0,75 (-1,78; 0,27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,135</td>
                <td align="center">-2,68 ( -10,25; 4,88)</td>
                <td align="center">0,454</td>
                <td align="center">-0,52 (-9,52; 8,47)</td>
                <td align="center">0,900</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SDNN ms</td>
                <td align="center">-0,06 (-0,34; 0,21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,609</td>
                <td align="center">-0,07 (-0,36; 0,22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
                <td align="center">-0,09 (-0,19; -0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,045</td>
                <td align="center">-0,09 (-0,19; 0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,055</td>
                <td align="center">0,03 (-0,733; 0,79)</td>
                <td align="center">0,930</td>
                <td align="center">0,13 (-0,81; 1,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,766</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC m&#233;dia ms</td>
                <td align="center">-0,00 ( -0,28; 0,26)</td>
                <td align="center">0,943</td>
                <td align="center">-0,00 (-2,26; 0,27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,06 (-0,03; 0,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,194</td>
                <td align="center">-0,81 (-2,18; 0,54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,189</td>
                <td align="center">0,26 ( -0,44; 0,98)</td>
                <td align="center">0,431</td>
                <td align="center">0,07 (-0,78; 0,92)</td>
                <td align="center">0,856</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RMSSD ms</td>
                <td align="center">-0,03 (-0,18; 0,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,584</td>
                <td align="center">-0,03 (-0,19; 0,11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
                <td align="center">-0,04 (-0,09; 0,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,107</td>
                <td align="center">-0,04 (-0,09; 0,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,123</td>
                <td align="center">0,01 (-0,38; 0,40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,958</td>
                <td align="center">0,04( -0,43; 0,53)</td>
                <td align="center">0,828</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem NN50 Contagem</td>
                <td align="center">-0,05 (-0,40; 0,29)</td>
                <td align="center">0,738</td>
                <td align="center">-0,05 (-0,42; 0,32)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
                <td align="center">-0,05 (-0,18; 0,08)</td>
                <td align="center">0,448</td>
                <td align="center">-0,18 (-0,19; 0,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,466</td>
                <td align="center">0,08 (-0,86; 1,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,844</td>
                <td align="center">-0,06 (-1,12; 1,24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,913</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pNN50 %</td>
                <td align="center">-0,00 (-0,04; 0,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,738</td>
                <td align="center">-0,00 (-0,04; 0,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
                <td align="center">-0,00 (-0,01; 0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,448</td>
                <td align="center">-0,18 (-0,20; 0,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,466</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (-0,08; 0,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,844</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (-0,11; 0,12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,913</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RR tri</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01 (-0,08; 0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,563</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01 (-0,08; 0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,563</td>
                <td align="center">-0,02 (-0,04; -0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
                <td align="center">-0,02 (-0,04; -0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
                <td align="center">0,02 ( -0,12; 0,20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,769</td>
                <td align="center">0,04 (-0,17; 0,27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,634</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TINN ms</td>
                <td align="center">-0,29 (-1,48; 0,89)</td>
                <td align="center">0,599</td>
                <td align="center">-0,26 (-1,51; 0,97)</td>
                <td align="center">0,646</td>
                <td align="center">-0,18 (-0,65; 0,28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,397</td>
                <td align="center">-0,19 (-0,67; 0,29)</td>
                <td align="center">0,405</td>
                <td align="center">1,62 (-1,45; 4,70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,273</td>
                <td align="center">1,57 (-2,25; 5,39)</td>
                <td align="center">0,955</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VLF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-1,7E-005 (0,00; 0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,882</td>
                <td align="center">-2,0E-00 (-0,00; 0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,868</td>
                <td align="center">-5,5E-005 (0,00; 0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,218</td>
                <td align="center">-5,5E-005 (0,00; 0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,239</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 da m&#233;dia (-0,00; 0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,577</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (-0,00; 0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,642</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-1,21 (-6,41; 3,97)</td>
                <td align="center">0,619</td>
                <td align="center">-1,20 (-6,70; 4,29)</td>
                <td align="center">0,639</td>
                <td align="center">-1,48 (-3,37; 0,41)</td>
                <td align="center">0,114</td>
                <td align="center">-1,48 (-3,48; 0,51)</td>
                <td align="center">0,131</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 (-13,16; 15,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,885</td>
                <td align="center">-0,81 (-16,72; 18,35)</td>
                <td align="center">0,920</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0,62 (-2,11; 0,86)</td>
                <td align="center">0,381</td>
                <td align="center">-0,59 (-2,16; 0,96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,419</td>
                <td align="center">-0,53 (-1,05; -0,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,045</td>
                <td align="center">-0,53 (-1,07; 0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
                <td align="center">0,36 (-3,76; 4,49)</td>
                <td align="center">0,850</td>
                <td align="center">-0,14 (-5,23; 4,95)</td>
                <td align="center">0,951</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF/HF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-0,00 (-0,02; 0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,291</td>
                <td align="center">-0,00 (-0,02; 0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,334</td>
                <td align="center">-0,00 (-0,00; 0,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,390</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (-0,01; 0,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,482</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (-0,03; 0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,674</td>
                <td align="center">-0,00 (-0,05; 0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,945</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DP1 ms</td>
                <td align="center">-0,28 (-0,13; 0,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,568</td>
                <td align="center">0,10 (-0,48; 0,70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,561</td>
                <td align="center">-0,03 (-0,06; 0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,095</td>
                <td align="center">-0,03 (-0,07; 0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,110</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (-0,28; 0,28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,991</td>
                <td align="center">0,03 (-0,31; 0,38)</td>
                <td align="center">0,830</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DP2 ms</td>
                <td align="center">-0,09 (-0,48; 0,29)</td>
                <td align="center">0,604</td>
                <td align="center">-0,10 (-0,51; 0,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,596</td>
                <td align="center">-0,13 (-0,27; -0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,044</td>
                <td align="center">-0,13 (-0,27; 0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,053</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 (-1,01; 1,11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,918</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (-1,11; 1,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,749</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR (milissegundos); FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; RMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as ao quadrado entre os intervalos RR normais adjacentes; NN50: n&#250;mero de pares NNs sucessivos que se diferem em mais de 50 ms; pNN50: propor&#231;&#227;o de NN50 dividida pelo n&#250;mero total de NNs; TINN: interpola&#231;&#227;o triangular do intervalo NN; VLF: frequ&#234;ncia muito baixa; LF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: alta frequ&#234;ncia; RR tri: RR triangular; DP1: desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea, batimento a batimento; DP2: desvio padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR cont&#237;nuos em longo prazo; ms: milissegundos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>N&#227;o foram observadas correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre os &#237;ndices e o marcador inflamat&#243;rio, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste por idade (p&gt;0,05), ou entre RR m&#233;dio, FC m&#233;dia, RMSSD, NN50, pNN50, RR tri, TINN, VLF ms<sup>2</sup>, LF ms<sup>2</sup>, LF/HF, e DP1 para as vari&#225;veis glicose, triglicer&#237;deos e HDL (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
        <p>Quando ajustados por idade, os &#237;ndices RRtri, HF ms<sup>2</sup>, e DP2 apresentaram correla&#231;&#245;es inversamente proporcionais com triglicer&#237;deos [HF - IC95% &#946; = -0,53; p = 0,045; DP2 - IC95%&#946; = -0,13; p = 0,044]; RRtri - IC95%&#946; = -0,02; p = 0,046].</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O principal achado deste estudo &#233; o fato de que mulheres que sobreviveram ao c&#226;ncer de mama, em uso de IA, apresentam redu&#231;&#245;es na VFC em compara&#231;&#227;o a mulheres sem c&#226;ncer, e que os &#237;ndices da VFC se correlacionaram com o perfil lip&#237;dico.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, houve redu&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas nos &#237;ndices SDNN, RRtri, RMSSD, DP1, NN50, e HF nas mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama em uso de IA em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem a doen&#231;a. Tal fato sugere uma redu&#231;&#227;o na modula&#231;&#227;o global e vagal. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise visual do gr&#225;fico de Poincar&#233; mostra uma menor dispers&#227;o dos intervalos RR no grupo com c&#226;ncer, indicando que essas mulheres apresentam redu&#231;&#227;o na VFC.</p>
        <p>Redu&#231;&#227;o na variabilidade global e na modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica tamb&#233;m foi observada por Caro-Mor&#225;n et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> em mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama submetidas &#224; quimioterapia, radioterapia, e terapia hormonal ap&#243;s um ano de tratamento. Os autores observaram valores reduzidos de SDNN, RMSSD, e HF ms<sup>2</sup> no grupo com c&#226;ncer em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem c&#226;ncer.</p>
        <p>Importante ressaltar que um aumento na modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica foi relatada como um fator importante relacionado a um melhor progn&#243;stico para esses pacientes, conforme observado por Giese-Davis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> que relataram que valores basais elevados de HF estiveram associados com maior sobrevida e um risco cardiovascular mais baixo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Assim, a menor modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica encontrada em nosso estudo, observada pelos valores mais baixos de RMSSD, pNN50, SD1, e HF ms<sup>2</sup> no grupo de mulheres com c&#226;ncer, pode indicar um pior progn&#243;stico dessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Uma alta VFC associou-se com modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica aumentada e maior sobrevida em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e em pacientes em tratamento paliativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao c&#226;ncer, mudan&#231;as na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica influenciam o desenvolvimento e o progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Em um estudo realizado com um modelo animal, mostrou-se que o est&#237;mulo do sistema nervoso com libera&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas pode ativar receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos em c&#233;lulas tumorais, levando a um crescimento e dissemina&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas tumorais mais agressivos, enquanto que em humanos, o uso de beta-adren&#233;rgicos parece contribuir &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de recorr&#234;ncia em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica, Erin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> mostraram que o bloqueio vagal promove um aumento de met&#225;stase em camundongos.</p>
        <p>O estrog&#234;nio &#233; indicado como o principal fator cardioprotetor nas mulheres, e sua redu&#231;&#227;o na menopausa est&#225; relacionada ao aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica. Tal circunst&#226;ncia pode ser ainda agravada nas mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama devido ao tratamento da doen&#231;a com IA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Nesse contexto, o presente estudo apresenta resultados importantes do perfil cl&#237;nico dessas pacientes.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; correla&#231;&#227;o entre os &#237;ndices da VFC e as vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas cardiovasculares, n&#227;o observamos correla&#231;&#227;o com PCR, glicemia de jejum ou HDL colesterol. A PCR, em particular, merece aten&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que n&#237;veis elevados dessa prote&#237;na est&#227;o associados com risco aumentado de doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral e morte s&#250;bita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Ainda, n&#237;veis elevados da PCR s&#227;o preditivos de um pior progn&#243;stico de pacientes com c&#226;ncer, independentemente do estilo de vida, fase anterior ou posterior &#224; menopausa, e presen&#231;a de DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar de n&#227;o termos observado correla&#231;&#245;es negativas estatisticamente significativas entre VFC e n&#237;veis de PCR, &#237;ndices que refletiam a variabilidade global e a modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica apresentaram valores estat&#237;stico marginais em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; correla&#231;&#227;o com n&#237;veis de PCR no grupo com c&#226;ncer (SDNN - IC95%&#946; = 0,92; p = 0,082; DP2 - IC95%&#946; = 1,26, p = 0,136; RMSSD - IC95%&#946; = -0,50 = 0,089; DP1 - IC 95% &#946; = 0,36; p=0,092).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; correla&#231;&#227;o entre a VFC e os n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos, observamos uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversamente proporcional entre esses n&#237;veis e o &#237;ndice de HFms<sup>2</sup> (IC95% &#946; = -0,53; p = 0,045) e, apesar de n&#227;o significativo, o DP1 apresentou comportamento similar (IC95% &#946; = -0,03; p = 0,095). Ainda, os &#237;ndices que refletem a variabilidade global, o SDNN e o DP2, tamb&#233;m apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o inversamente proporcional com os triglicer&#237;deos (SDNN - IC95%&#946; = -0,09; p = 0,045; DP2 - IC95%&#946; = - 0,13; p = 0,044), sugerindo que mudan&#231;as na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama, caracterizadas por redu&#231;&#227;o na VFC, podem estar associadas com um pior perfil lip&#237;dico. Estudos demonstraram que um desequil&#237;brio no SNA est&#225; associado com altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais e metab&#243;licas, uma vez que esse sistema exerce um papel fundamental no controle metab&#243;lico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O estudo apresenta algumas quest&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas a serem comentadas. Nas an&#225;lises, n&#227;o levamos em considera&#231;&#227;o doen&#231;as card&#237;acas associadas, ou o uso de medicamentos que poderiam afetar a atividade card&#237;aca. Al&#233;m disso, o tamanho da amostra considerada para as an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o pode n&#227;o ter sido suficiente para detectar correla&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas entre PCR, glicemia, HDL e VFC.</p>
        <p>Apesar disso, o estudo apresenta uma importante implica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em rela&#231;&#227;o a altera&#231;&#245;es na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama em uso de IA, al&#233;m de demonstrar uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversamente proporcional entre a VFC e os valores de triglicer&#237;deos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, sugerindo um risco aumentado de DCVs e um pior progn&#243;stico para essas mulheres. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o refor&#231;a a necessidade de se usar estrat&#233;gias preventivas seguras e efetivas na abordagem cl&#237;nica dessas pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Com base nesses resultados, mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama em uso de IA apresentam redu&#231;&#245;es na VFC em compara&#231;&#227;o a mulheres sem c&#226;ncer, e &#237;ndices da VFC inversamente correlacionados com valores de triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Thais Reis Silva de Paulo pelo Programa de P&#243;s gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Motricidade - UNESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia - UNESP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 672.7715.1.00005402/2015. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
