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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cy9PxzshTNSZsg8x8bzWS4p</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000500545</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005009101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190072</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resistance Exercise Modulates Oxidative Stress Parameters and TNF-&#945; Content in the Heart of Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1746-8289</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Effting</surname>
            <given-names>Pauline Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2572-5724</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brescianini</surname>
            <given-names>Stella M. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0592-7337</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sorato</surname>
            <given-names>Helen R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1528-3221</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5868-7058</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fidelis</surname>
            <given-names>Giulia dos S. Pedroso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7787-8530</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto L. da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4908-2257</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6774-0893</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nesi</surname>
            <given-names>Renata T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8888-1281</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ceddia</surname>
            <given-names>Rolando B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3116-4553</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinho</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Fisiologia e Bioqu&#237;mica do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Crici&#250;ma</city>
          <state>SC</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia e Bioqu&#237;mica do Exerc&#237;cio (LAFIBE) - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (PPGCS) - Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Crici&#250;ma, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Bioqu&#237;mica do Exerc&#237;cio em Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Bioqu&#237;mica do Exerc&#237;cio em Sa&#250;de (BioEx) - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (PPGCS) - Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">York University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Kinesiology and Health Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Muscle Health Research Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Toronto</city>
          <state>ON</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CA">Canad&#225;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Muscle Health Research Center, School of Kinesiology and Health Center - York University, Toronto, ON - Canad&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Crici&#250;ma</city>
          <state>SC</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia Experimental - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (PPGCS) - Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Crici&#250;ma, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Pauline Souza Effting,</bold> Rua Alda Agliardi Colombo, 210. Postal Code 88816-735, Pedro Zanivan, Crici&#250;ma, SC - Brazil. E-mail: <email>paulinese@gmail.com</email>, <email>paulinese@outlook.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Conception and design of the research: Ceddia RB, Pinho RA; Acquisition of data: Brescianini SMS, Fernandes BB, Fidelis GSP, da Silva PRL, Nesi RT; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Effting PS, Brescianini SMS, Silveira PCL, Nesi RT, Pinho RA; Statistical analysis: Effting PS, Silveira PCL, Pinho RA; Obtaining financing: Pinho RA; Writing of the manuscript: Effting PS, Pinho RA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ceddia RB, Pinho RA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>545</fpage>
      <lpage>552</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Obesity can be characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation and is associated with an excesso production of reactive oxygen species, factors that contribute to coronary heart disease and other cardiomyopathies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To verify the effects of resistance exercise training on oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters on mice with obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> 24 Swiss mice were divided into 4 groups: standard diet (SD), SD + resistance exercise (SD + RE), diet-induced obesity (DIO), DIO + RE. The animals were fed SD or HFD for 26 weeks and performed resistance exercises in the last 8 weeks of the study. The insulin tolerance test (ITT) and body weight monitoring were performed to assess the clinical parameters. Oxidative stress and inflammation parameters were evaluated in the cardiac tissue. Data were expressed by mean and standard deviation (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> The DIO group had a significant increase in reactive oxygen species levels and lipid peroxidation with reduction after exercise. Superoxide dismutase and the glutathione system showed no significant changes in DIO animals, with an increase in SD + RE. Only catalase activity decreased with both diet and exercise influence. There was an increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-&#945;) in the DIO group, characterizing a possible inflammatory condition, with a decrease when exposed to resistance training (DIO+RE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> The DIO resulted in a redox imbalance in cardiac tissue, but the RE was able to modulate these parameters, as well as to control the increase in TNF-&#945; levels.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Diet, High-Fat</kwd>
        <kwd>Mice</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The World Health Organization (WHO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> defines obesity as an abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat that brings health risks. The WHO brings data from the Global Health Observatory showing a worldwide prevalence of obesity of 39% in men and women over 18 years of age (2016 updated data). In this scenario, obesity is also a risk factor for lifestyle-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> It can be characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation and is associated with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, as well as an excess production of reactive oxygen species.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies have shown that hyperglycemia and alterations in glucose uptake in diabetes may lead to oxidative stress with consequent mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as to an inflammatory process with the presence of elevated proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-&#945;. Both cases may be triggering factors for coronary heart disease and other cardiomyopathies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> (see review by Adeghate and Singh). Gamez-Mendez et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> also showed that 8 weeks of high-fat diet (HFD) led to an increase in oxidative stress, resulting in an imbalance of vasoactive substances and consequent endothelial dysfunction of the coronary arteries in obese rats.</p>
      <p>Studies point to physical exercise as an important ally in reducing the risks related to obesity due to its ability to reestablish the balance between pro-anti-inflammatory cytokines and regulate the cell redox state.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> According to Boardman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> physical exercise is not only an important therapeutic approach in obesity, but it is also crucial for cardiac function improvement and ischemic injury prevention in obese and/or diabetic animals.</p>
      <p>Although the literature indicates that exercise is important to prevent or complement the treatment of obesity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> one should consider the characteristics of the performed exercise, such as: intensity, duration, frequency and type.</p>
      <p>Based on the aforementioned facts, this study aimed to identify whether resistance exercise (RE) modifies the oxidative stress and inflammation parameters caused by an HFD in an experimental model of obesity.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>Male Swiss mice (40 days), obtained at the <italic>vivarium</italic> of Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense - UNESC (Crici&#250;ma/SC - Brazil), with an average weight of 35.45 g (&#177; 1.29) were studied. The animals were kept at a 12/12h light/dark cycle at 22&#186;C in collective boxes (6 animals per box) and randomly divided into four groups (n = 6): standard diet (SD); diet-induced obesity (DIO); SD + RE; DIO + RE. The random selection procedure was carried out by arbitrarily or randomly allocating the animals to the respective groups, without prior performance evaluation or using any other indicator that allowed the groups to be divided.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diet</title>
        <p>The animals were fed <italic>ad libitium</italic> for 26 weeks with low-fat SD (SD: 27%, 23% and 50% of calories from proteins, fats and carbohydrates, respectively - 3.3kcal/g) or HFD (HFD: 15%, 59% and 26% of calories from proteins, fats and carbohydrates, respectively - 5.3kcal/g). The SD was purchased from the <italic>Puro Trato Nutri&#231;&#227;o Animal</italic> (Puro Lab 22PB) Santo Augusto/RS - Brazil, and the HFD from PragSolu&#231;&#245;es Bioci&#234;ncia, Ja&#250;/SP - Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exercise</title>
        <p>The exercise adaptation protocol was started in the 17<sup>th</sup>week of the diet and the RE protocol in the 18<sup>th</sup>. The resistance training was performed in a 1-m ladder apparatus with 2cm steps and 85&#186;-slope.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The animals were familiarized with the climbing exercise on the steps for 5 consecutive days without load. The training protocol, adapted from Scheffer et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> started 3 days after the last adaptation training, and was performed with a 48-h interval between sessions, for 8 weeks, totaling 28 training sessions. The exercise was performed with intensity progression by adding a weight to the animal's tail (load increase of 20% to 75% of body weight), and volume progression (5-10 series per session) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>), with a 2-min interval between sessions in the rest area (closed box at the top of the steps measuring 20x20x20 cm). Each series was performed until the animals completed 5 repetitions/climbings (without interval), or could not climb the stairs even after encouragement (manual stimulation at the base of the tail).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resistance training protocol</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Weeks</th>
                <th align="center">Load</th>
                <th align="center">Series</th>
                <th align="center">Interval between series</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1<sup>st</sup></td>
                <td align="center">20%</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2min)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2<sup>nd</sup></td>
                <td align="center">20%</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2min)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3<sup>rd</sup></td>
                <td align="center">50%</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2min)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4<sup>th</sup></td>
                <td align="center">50%</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2min)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5<sup>th</sup></td>
                <td align="center">50%</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2min)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6<sup>th</sup></td>
                <td align="center">50%</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2min)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7<sup>th</sup></td>
                <td align="center">75%</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2min)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8<sup>th</sup></td>
                <td align="center">75%</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2min)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Source: Study data. Adapted from Scheffer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
						</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Body weight and insulin tolerance test (ITT)</title>
        <p>Individual body weight was measured at the start of the study and at weeks 3, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22 and 26. After 17 weeks on the diet, an ITT was performed to confirm insulin resistance. After 6 hours of fasting,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> all animals received a dose of 2 U/kg of insulin. Blood glucose was measured with a glycometer using a drop of blood collected from a small incision at the tip of the animal's tail. The same protocol was performed at the end of the experiment, 48 hours after the last exercise session.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Euthanasia</title>
        <p>24 h after the last insulin tolerance test, euthanasia by decapitation was performed and the left ventricle of the heart was surgically extracted, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80&#186;C for biochemical analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biochemical analyses</title>
        <p>For the biochemical assays described below and ELISA test, all samples were homogenized in 50 mM phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), with the addition of 10uM aprotinin. The homogenate was centrifuged for 10 min at 4&#186;C and the supernatant was stored at -80&#186;C. Protein levels were determined in all samples using the Bradford method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Oxidation of dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH)</title>
          <p>Reactive species levels were measured based on oxidation of the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) probe in a fluorescent 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF) compound as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> An aliquot of the lysate was incubated with 80 mM DCFH-DA at 37&#186;C for 15 minutes. The production of reactive species was quantified using a standard DCF curve and data were expressed as nM DCF/mg protein.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Antioxidant enzyme activity</title>
          <p>The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was estimated by inhibiting the auto oxidation of adrenaline and read spectrophotometrically at 480 nm according to the method described by McCord and Fridovich.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Catalase (CAT) activity was established based on the rate of hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) decomposition, generated by the enzyme present in the sample using a 10 mM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> solution in potassium phosphate buffer with pH of 7.0. The maximum rate of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> decomposition was measured at 240 nm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Values were expressed as units of SOD or CAT per mg of protein.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Total glutathione (GSH) levels</title>
          <p>GSH levels were measured using the Hissin method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Samples were incubated in 0.6% sulfosalicylic acid followed by a reaction of the GSH present in the sample with 2-nitrobenzoic acid (5,5'-Dithiobis) (DTNB) producing an oxidized glutathione-TNB adduct (GS-TNB). The resulting color from the reaction between the DTNB and thiols compared to the standard curve for GSH was kinetically established at 412 nm for 10 min. Values were expressed as nmol/min/mg protein.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Lipoperoxidation</title>
          <p>The concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the samples were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Agilent Technologies 1200 Series; Santa Clara, CA, USA),according to Grotto et al. (2007)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> using a derivative of thiobarbituric acid (TBA). A standard curve was created using MDA tetrabutylammonium salt at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 5 &#181;mol/L. The MDA was determined at 532 nm and the results were expressed as umol/L of MDA/milligram protein.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inflammatory Parameter</title>
        <p>The concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-&#945;) was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer's recommendations (ThermoFisher Scientific, cat.KMC3011). The results were expressed in pg/mg of protein.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Initially, the data were assessed using Grubbs test to verify possible outliers followed by the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, and in both of them the data met the assumptions for the use of parametric tests. Then, the Two-way ANOVA test was performed, followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test when necessary. For analysis of the ITT data (table 2), the one-way variance test (one-way ANOVA) of repeated measures was performed, followed by post-hoc Tukey test when necessary. The level of significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. The Graph Pad Prism software, version 5, was used as the statistical package. All data were expressed as mean and standard deviation, except for figure 1A, expressed as mean and standard error of mean.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Body weight and insulin resistance</title>
        <p>The RE had a beneficial effect, preventing the DIO + RE group from continuing to gain weight even with the HFD consumption, not characterizing weight loss, but rather weight maintenance, even without food intake control (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">C</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A &#8211; Total body weight during the study; B - Delta (body weight variation in relation to the start of the study); C - weight comparison between the 1st week (start), 18<sup>th</sup> week (pre-exercise) and 26<sup>th</sup> week (post-exercise); D - Glucose decay rate in the insulin tolerance test (kITT). Figure A, B and D - <sup>*</sup>p &lt; 0.05 vs. respective untrained of the same period, <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0.05, <sup>##</sup>p &lt; 0.01 and <sup>###</sup>p &lt; 0,001 vs. respective SD of the same period; <sup>&amp;</sup>p &lt; 0.05 vs. same group of the previous week. Figure C - *p &lt; 0.001 vs. respective untrained of the same period; #p &lt; 0.01 and ##p &lt; 0.001 vs. respective SD of the same period; <sup>&amp;</sup>p &lt; 0.05, <sup>&amp;&amp;</sup>p &lt; 0.001 vs. same group of the previous week.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0545-90072-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The pre-exercise ITT showed that the DIO animals had insulin resistance (p &gt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The results demonstrated that HFD can lead to a loss of glucose uptake even with an external insulin stimulus (2U/kg body weight). The RE (p &lt; 0.05), even with HFD intake, was able to delay the progression of the disease, maintaining a better glucose decay rate when compared to the sedentary DIO group (p &lt; 0.01). There was no significant difference between pre- and post-exercise in any group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1D</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Insulin tolerance test (ITT) &#8211; blood glucose curve</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Time of collection (Glucose mg/dL and variation in relation to time 0 min)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">0 min</th>
                <th align="center">5 min</th>
                <th align="center">10 min</th>
                <th align="center">15 min</th>
                <th align="center">20 min</th>
                <th align="center">25 min</th>
                <th align="center">30 min</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Pre-exercise</td>
                <td align="center">SD</td>
                <td align="center">154.3</td>
                <td align="center">139.2 (-15.0)</td>
                <td align="center">98.7 (-55.5)</td>
                <td align="center">77.5 (-76.8)</td>
                <td align="center">65.2 (-89.0)</td>
                <td align="center">56.7 (-97.5)</td>
                <td align="center">43.2 (-111.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">SD + RE</td>
                <td align="center">129.3</td>
                <td align="center">134.7 (+5.5)</td>
                <td align="center">57.7 (-71.5)</td>
                <td align="center">54.7 (-74.5)</td>
                <td align="center">46.7 (-82.5)</td>
                <td align="center">35.3 (-94.0)</td>
                <td align="center">25.5 (-103.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DIO</td>
                <td align="center">191.0<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">186.0 (-5.0)</td>
                <td align="center">125.5 (-65.5)</td>
                <td align="center">118.0 (-73.0)</td>
                <td align="center">106.5 (-84.5)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">101.3 (-89.8)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">99.0 (-92.0)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DIO + RE</td>
                <td align="center">163.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">164.5 (+0.8)</td>
                <td align="center">128.0 (-35.8)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">115.2 (-48.5)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">107.3 (-56.5)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">100.8 (-63.0)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">99.5 (-64.3)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Post-exercise</td>
                <td align="center">SD</td>
                <td align="center">129.0</td>
                <td align="center">97.5 (-31.5)</td>
                <td align="center">71.0 (-58.0)</td>
                <td align="center">54.5 (-74.5)</td>
                <td align="center">59.0 (-70.0)</td>
                <td align="center">37.5 (-91.5)</td>
                <td align="center">27.0 (-102.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">SD + RE</td>
                <td align="center">122.3</td>
                <td align="center">102.0 (-20.3)</td>
                <td align="center">66.2 (-56.0)</td>
                <td align="center">53.5 (-68.8)</td>
                <td align="center">42.0 (-80.3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">23.0 (-99.3)</td>
                <td align="center">15.8 (-106.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DIO</td>
                <td align="center">150.8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">120.7 (-30.0)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">110.5 (-40.3)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">105.5 (-45.3)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">97.0 (-53.8)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">94.0 (-56.8)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">92.0 (-58.8)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DIO + RE</td>
                <td align="center">127.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">133.5 (+5.8)</td>
                <td align="center">93.7 (-34.0)</td>
                <td align="center">68.0 (-59.8)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">64.3 (-63.5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">58.5 (-69.3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">46.5 (-81.3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Source: study data. Pre-adaptation/exercise (week 17) and post-exercise (week 26). Blood glucose was measured after 6 hours of fasting (data from the table) at times 0 min (baseline), followed by an intraperitoneal insulin injection (2 U/kg) and measurements at times 5-30 min.</attrib>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 versus respective untrained;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 versus respective standard diet;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 versus respective pre-exercise. SD: standard diet; RE: resistance exercise; DIO: diet-induced obesity.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>DCFH oxidation</title>
        <p>DCFH oxidation levels were measured as indicators of the reactive species production, especially hydrogen peroxide, and the results showed that in untrained animals, DIO caused an increase in DCF levels (p &lt; 0.001) in comparison to animals with SD. HFD-fed animals submitted to resistance training (DIO + RE) showed a significant decrease in DCF levels compared to the DIO group (p &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Redox balance and inflammatory parameters in cardiac tissue of animals fed standard or high-fat diet and subsequently submitted to resistance training. A - DCFH oxidation; B - MDA content; C - SOD enzyme activity; D - CAT enzyme activity; E - Total glutathione content (reduced and oxidized); F - levels of TNF-&#945;. <sup>*</sup>p &lt; 0.05, <sup>**</sup>p &lt; 0.01 and <sup>***</sup>p &lt; 0.001 vs. respective untrained; <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0.05, <sup>##</sup>p &lt; 0.01 and <sup>###</sup>p &lt; 0.001 vs. respective SD.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0545-90072-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Lipoperoxidation</title>
        <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>, MDA levels suggest an increase in lipoperoxidation in DIO animals (p &lt; 0.05), with reversion of the condition (p &lt; 0.05) with resistance training (DIO + RE).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SOD Activity</title>
        <p>The results observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2C</xref> show that DIO did not alter SOD activity, but resistance training was able to increase its activity in the SD + RE group (p &lt; 0.05), an increase not observed when exercise was performed in the obese group.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CAT Activity</title>
        <p>The results observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2D</xref> show a reduction in CAT activity in trained animals (SD + RE, p &lt; 0.001 and SD, DIO + RE, p &lt; 0.01 <italic>vs</italic>. untrained animals). On the other hand, the HFD animals also showed a decrease in CAT (p &lt; 0.05), but only when compared to the SD animals.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>GSH</title>
        <p>Total glutathione levels were not significantly altered in both the interventions used in the present study (diet and exercise) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2E</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inflammatory Parameter</title>
        <p>The levels of TNF-&#945; were used as an inflammatory indicator in cardiac tissue and the results observed in figure 2F showed an increase in TNF-&#945; content in DIO animals (p &lt; 0.05), which was significantly reduced (p &lt; 0.05) after the intervention with resistance physical exercise (DIO + RE).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Studies have shown that the consumption of a diet rich in fat, concomitant with a sedentary lifestyle, can trigger several health problems<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> with a significant impact on the cardiovascular system. Therefore, experimental studies have been used to study the cellular effects of a high fat diet.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The results of body weight and ITT showed that the adopted experimental model was effective in increasing weight and causing insulin resistance. Increased body weight has been associated to inflammatory changes and oxidative stress, and both these alterations to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> but recent studies have also shown that cardiac cells are also susceptible to weight gain, by elevating inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> In this context, previous studies suggested an important role of physical exercise, specifically aerobic or endurance, on the biochemical and molecular changes occurring in the myocardium as the result of a diet rich in fat.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, these effects depend on the characteristics of the exercise, such as duration, frequency, intensity and type.</p>
      <p>The initial results of our study show that DIO animals have elevated levels of DCF, an indirect indicator of hydrogen peroxide production.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> These data were also observed by a recent study published in 2017 by Zeng et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The authors showed high myocardial susceptibility to oxidative stress, with a significant increase in DCFH oxidation, both <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic>, mediated by a high-fat diet. These increased DCF values, observed in DIO animals, were significantly reduced after resistance training, which suggests an important role of this type of training in the regulation of cell oxidant levels. Such effect may be associated to the fact that resistance training has a modulatory role on endogenous antioxidant enzymes. This observation is based on previous studies of our group in other experimental models of inflammation, which show the important role of resistance training on the enzymatic antioxidant system in different tissues.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>SOD and CAT are two enzymes that act synergistically in the formation (via superoxide radical dismutation) and catalysis of hydrogen peroxide, respectively. DIO animals showed no changes in SOD activity, suggesting that an increased production of DCF may be associated with other stimuli independent from SOD. One of the factors responsible for it is that, although the oxidation of DCFH to DCF is widely used as an indicator of hydrogen peroxide production, studies have observed that DCFH can also be oxidized by other reactive species, on a smaller scale, such as hydroxyl, peroxyl, nitric oxide and peroxide nitrite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> It is also noteworthy that the formation of hydrogen peroxide is not totally dependent on SOD activity. On a smaller scale, auto-oxidation events of biomolecules also contribute to the formation of hydrogen peroxide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> These conditions would limit SOD activity, which may justify the results found.</p>
      <p>Catalases constitute a group of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Our results show a reduction in the activity of this enzyme after resistance training in the group exposed to SD. As observed, SOD activity was increased in this same group, thus generating higher levels of hydrogen peroxide. However, the decrease in enzyme activity suggests a lower hydrogen peroxide catalysis, but it is worth noting that hydrogen peroxide can be catalyzed under these conditions by other cell detoxification systems, such as glutathione and peroxins,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> which could justify our results since the glutathione system showed an increase in this group (SD + RE). Furthermore, we observed reduced levels of CAT after resistance training in the DIO + RE group and, therefore, considering that the diet significantly increases the production of cell oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, a reduced CAT activity could have an impact on the possible oxidative damages in the myocardium, if hydrogen peroxide were not catalyzed by other aforementioned systems (not investigated in the present study, although they deserve attention in future studies).</p>
      <p>Aiming to observe the effects of RE on oxidative damage in the myocardium induced by the DIO model, we evaluated the levels of MDA, a byproduct of lipoperoxidation, and observed that DIO animals showed greater lipid damage in relation to the SD group and that the RE was able to reverse these effects. These effects of the DIO model on lipoperoxidation levels were also observed in a study with BL6/C57 mice performed by Muthulakshmi and Saravanan (2013).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Positive RE results are possibly associated with the exercise capacity to promote the modulation of antioxidant systems, in addition to the activity of primary antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and CAT. One of the mechanisms that can be mediated by RE is the Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2 (NRF2) translocation to the nucleus and expression of several antioxidant enzymes such as NADH: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO1). which help to detoxify the biological system and contribute to the reduction of oxidative stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Merry and Ristow (2016)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> suggest that exercise may stimulate NRF2 translocation to functionally regulate mitochondrial biogenesis of skeletal muscle and the expression of antioxidants defense genes. Although these results are obtained from aerobic training and in skeletal muscle, it is believed that such effects may also occur via resistance training, as resistance training activates the Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>, which enhances the phosphorylation of NRF2 in the cell and increases the level of phosphorylated NRF2 in the nucleus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The increased production of oxidants in the myocardium can be mediated by a possible inflammatory response induced by obesity/HFD with the secretion of different mediators. In this context, TNF-&#945; is a mediator sensitive to the HFD model that shows a wide range of pro-inflammatory actions. Our results showed a significant increase in TNF-&#945; levels in DIO animals with a consequent reduction after resistance training. Increased levels of TNF-&#945; in the myocardium induced by a HFD have also been observed in previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> The effects of exercise may be related to the fact that aerobic and resistance exercises promote increased secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines and regulate TNF-&#945; levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> During the exercise, the muscles release myosins, which are involved in tissue growth, repair and anti-inflammatory responses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> IL-6 is the primary myosin released in response to exercise and increases IL-10 and decreases TNF-&#945; levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> IL-10 reduces cardiac dysfunction by decreasing cardiac fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> In this scenario, HFD-induced obesity decreases IL-10 protein levels, but physical training significantly increases the IL-10 levels in cardiac tissues.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to data from previous studies, the control of TNF-&#945; secretion in the myocardium by RE is considered an important factor in the cardioprotection mechanisms related to oxidative stress.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our results showed an important effect of RE on the control/stabilization of body weight even without food intake control. It was also demonstrated that there is a redox alteration in the cardiac tissue with an obesity model, but it does not seem to be mediated mainly by the classic antioxidant production and control of hydrogen peroxide, but rather by other reactive species. However, RE was able to reverse lipid damage and the production of reactive species, even with the consumption of a HFD, as well as positively modulate one of the main cytokines responsible for the activation of the inflammatory process.</p>
      <p>Therefore, RE can be a great ally in the health process regarding the therapeutic approach to obesity. Some limitations found in these studies were the data related to the quantification of serum insulin to better confirm insulin resistance, and the evaluation of other molecules that can alter the cell redox balance. These tests were not performed for technical reasons.</p>
      <p>Finally, other studies should be performed aiming to better explain how RE promotes these effects, particularly in the regulation of reactive species such as hydroxyl, peroxyl, nitric oxide and peroxide nitrite, as well as other inflammatory and anti-inflammatory parameters in cardiac tissue.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study was funded by CNPq and Capes.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Pauline Souza Effting, from Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of the Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense under the protocol number 067/2014-2.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5868-7058</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fidelis</surname>
            <given-names>Giulia dos S. Pedroso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7787-8530</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto L. da</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4908-2257</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6774-0893</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nesi</surname>
            <given-names>Renata T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8888-1281</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ceddia</surname>
            <given-names>Rolando B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3116-4553</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinho</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia e Bioqu&#237;mica do Exerc&#237;cio (LAFIBE) - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (PPGCS) - Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Crici&#250;ma, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Bioqu&#237;mica do Exerc&#237;cio em Sa&#250;de (BioEx) - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (PPGCS) - Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Muscle Health Research Center, School of Kinesiology and Health Center - York University, Toronto, ON - Canad&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia Experimental - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (PPGCS) - Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Crici&#250;ma, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Pauline Souza Effting,</bold> Rua Alda Agliardi Colombo, 210. CEP 88816-735, Pedro Zanivan, Crici&#250;ma, SC - Brasil. E-mail: <email>paulinese@gmail.com</email>, <email>paulinese@outlook.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ceddia RB, Pinho RA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Brescianini SMS, Fernandes BB, Fidelis GSP, da Silva PRL, Nesi RT; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Effting PS, Brescianini SMS, Silveira PCL, Nesi RT, Pinho RA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Effting PS, Silveira PCL, Pinho RA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Pinho RA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Effting PS, Pinho RA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ceddia RB, Pinho RA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> A obesidade pode ser caracterizada por uma inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de baixo grau e est&#225; associada &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o excessiva de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio, fatores que contribuem para doen&#231;as coronarianas e outras cardiomiopatias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Verificar os efeitos do treinamento resistido sobre os par&#226;metros de estresse oxidativo e par&#226;metro inflamat&#243;rio em camundongos com obesidade induzida por dieta hiperlip&#237;dica (DIO).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> 24 camundongos Swiss foram divididos em 4 grupos: dieta padr&#227;o (DP), DP + exerc&#237;cio resistido (DP+ER), obesidade induzida por DIO, DIO + ER. Os animais foram alimentados por 26 semanas com DP ou hiperlip&#237;dica realizando treinamento resistido nas 8 semanas finais do estudo. Para avaliar par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos foi realizado o teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; insulina (TTI) e monitoramento do peso corporal. No tecido card&#237;aco foram avaliados par&#226;metros de estresse oxidativo e inflama&#231;&#227;o. Dados expressos por m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> O grupo DIO teve um aumento significativo nos n&#237;veis esp&#233;cies reativas e peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica com redu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio. A super&#243;xido dismutase e o sistema glutationa n&#227;o demonstraram altera&#231;&#245;es importantes nos animais DIO, com eleva&#231;&#227;o perante DP+ER. Somente a atividade da catalase reduziu tanto com influ&#234;ncia da dieta como do exerc&#237;cio. Ocorreu um aumento do fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TNF-&#945;) no grupo DIO, caracterizando um poss&#237;vel quadro inflamat&#243;rio, com redu&#231;&#227;o quando expostos ao treino resistido (DIO+ER).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> A DIO ocasionou um desequil&#237;brio redox no tecido card&#237;aco, por&#233;m o ER foi capaz de modular estes par&#226;metros, bem como controlar o aumento do TNF-&#945;. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta Hiperlip&#237;dica</kwd>
        <kwd>Camundongos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de<sup>1</sup> define a obesidade como um ac&#250;mulo anormal ou excessivo de gordura que apresenta riscos &#224; sa&#250;de. A mesma traz dados do Observat&#243;rio Mundial da Sa&#250;de demonstrando uma preval&#234;ncia mundial de obesidade de 39% em homens e mulheres acima de 18 anos (dados atualizados 2016). Nesse cen&#225;rio, a obesidade tamb&#233;m se apresenta como um fator de risco para doen&#231;as relacionadas ao estilo de vida, como doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e diabetes <italic>melitus</italic> tipo II.<sup>2</sup> Pode ser caracterizada por uma inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de baixo grau e est&#225; associada a n&#237;veis aumentados de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias bem como a produ&#231;&#227;o excessiva de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio.<sup>3,4</sup></p>
        <p>Estudos demonstram que a hiperglicemia e altera&#231;&#245;es da capta&#231;&#227;o de glicose presentes no diabetes podem levar a um quadro de estresse oxidativo com consequente disfun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial, bem como a um processo inflamat&#243;rio com presen&#231;a elevada de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, como o TNF-&#945;. Ambos os casos podem ser fatores desencadeantes para doen&#231;as coronarianas e outras cardiomiopatias<sup>5</sup> (ver revis&#227;o de Adeghate e Singh).% Gamez-Mendez et al.,<sup>6</sup> tamb&#233;m demonstraram que 8 semanas de dieta hiperlip&#237;dica (DIO) levaram a um aumento do quadro de estresse oxidativo, o que gerou um desequil&#237;brio de subst&#226;ncia vasoativas e consequente disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias de ratos obesos.</p>
        <p>Estudos apontam o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico como importante aliado em diminuir os riscos relacionados &#224; obesidade devido sua capacidade em reestabelecer o equil&#237;brio entre citocinas pr&#243;-anti-inflamat&#243;rias e regular o estado redox da c&#233;lula.<sup>7,8</sup> Segundo Boardman et al.,<sup>9</sup> na obesidade, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico n&#227;o &#233; apenas uma importante abordagem terap&#234;utica, mas &#233; tamb&#233;m crucial para melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e prevenir a les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica em animais obesos e/ou diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        <p>Apesar da literatura apontar que a pr&#225;tica do exerc&#237;cio &#233; importante para prevenir ou complementar o tratamento da obesidade,<sup>10</sup> deve-se levar em conta &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas do exerc&#237;cio praticado, como: intensidade, dura&#231;&#227;o, frequ&#234;ncia e tipo.</p>
        <p>Com base no exposto, esse estudo teve por objetivo identificar se o exerc&#237;cio resistido (ER) altera par&#226;metros de estresse oxidativo e de inflama&#231;&#227;o ocasionado pela ingest&#227;o de uma DIO em um modelo experimental de obesidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Foram utilizados camundongos Swiss machos (40 dias), pesando em m&#233;dia 35,45 g (&#177;1,29) fornecidos pelo Biot&#233;rio da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense - UNESC (Crici&#250;ma/SC - Brasil). Os animais foram mantidos em um ciclo claro/escuro 12/12h, a 22&#186;C, em caixas coletivas (6 animais/caixa) e divididos randomicamente em quatro grupos (n = 6): dieta padr&#227;o (DP); obesidade induzida por DIO; DP + ER; DIO + ER. O procedimento de escolha aleat&#243;ria se deu por alocar os animais nos respectivos grupos de forma arbitr&#225;ria ou aleat&#243;ria, sem haver avalia&#231;&#227;o de desempenho pr&#233;vio ou utilizar qualquer outro indicador que permitisse a divis&#227;o dos grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dieta</title>
          <p>Os animais foram alimentados <italic>ad libitium</italic> por 26 semanas com DP com baixo teor lip&#237;dico (DP: 27%, 23% e 50% das calorias provenientes de prote&#237;nas, gorduras e carboidratos, respectivamente - 3,3 kcal/g) ou com DIO (DIO: 15%, 59% e 26% das calorias provenientes de prote&#237;nas, gorduras e carboidratos, respectivamente - 5,3 kcal/g). A DP foi adquirida da Puro Trato Nutri&#231;&#227;o Animal (Puro Lab 22PB) Santo Augusto/RS - Brasil, e a DIO da PragSolu&#231;&#245;es Bioci&#234;ncia, Ja&#250;/SP - Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exerc&#237;cio</title>
          <p>O protocolo de adapta&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio foi iniciado na 17&#170; semana de dieta e o protocolo de ER na 18&#170;. O treinamento resistido foi realizado em um aparato de escada de 1m com degraus de 2cm de dist&#226;ncia e inclina&#231;&#227;o de 85&#186;.<sup>11</sup> Os animais foram familiarizados com o exerc&#237;cio de subida nos degraus por 5 dias consecutivos, sem carga. O protocolo de treinamento, adaptado de Scheffer et al.,<sup>12,13</sup> teve in&#237;cio 3 dias ap&#243;s o &#250;ltimo treino de adapta&#231;&#227;o e foi realizado com intervalo de 48h entre as sess&#245;es, por 8 semanas, totalizando 28 treinos. O exerc&#237;cio foi realizado com progress&#227;o de intensidade acoplando um peso &#224; cauda do animal (incremento de carga de 20% a 75% do peso corporal), e progress&#227;o de volume (5-10 s&#233;ries por sess&#227;o) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>), com intervalo de 2 min entre as s&#233;ries na &#225;rea de descanso (caixa fechada no topo dos degraus medindo 20x20x20 cm). Cada s&#233;rie foi realizada at&#233; que os animais completassem 5 repeti&#231;&#245;es/escaladas (sem intervalo), ou n&#227;o conseguissem mais subir as escadas mesmo ap&#243;s incentivo (est&#237;mulo manual na base da cauda).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>protocolo de treinamento resistido</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Semanas</th>
                  <th align="center">Carga</th>
                  <th align="center">S&#233;ries</th>
                  <th align="center">Intervalo entre s&#233;ries</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1&#170;</td>
                  <td align="center">20%</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2min)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2&#170;</td>
                  <td align="center">20%</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2min)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3&#170;</td>
                  <td align="center">50%</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2min)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4&#170;</td>
                  <td align="center">50%</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2min)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">5&#170;</td>
                  <td align="center">50%</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2min)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">6&#170;</td>
                  <td align="center">50%</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2min)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">7&#170;</td>
                  <td align="center">75%</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2min)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">8&#170;</td>
                  <td align="center">75%</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2min)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Fonte: dados da pesquisa. Adaptado de Scheffer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
							</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Peso corporal e teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; insulina (TTI)</title>
          <p>O peso corporal individual foi mensurado no in&#237;cio do estudo e nas semanas 3, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22 e 26. Ap&#243;s 17 semanas de dieta foi realizado um TTI para confirmar um quadro de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. Ap&#243;s 6 horas de jejum,<sup>14</sup> todos os animais receberam uma dose de 2 U/kg de insulina. A glicose sangu&#237;nea foi mensurada com um glicos&#237;metro utilizando uma gota de sangue coletada de uma pequena incis&#227;o na ponta da cauda do animal. O mesmo protocolo foi realizado ao final do experimento, 48 horas ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eutan&#225;sia</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 24h do &#250;ltimo teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; insulina foi realizada a eutan&#225;sia por decapita&#231;&#227;o e o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o foi cirurgicamente extra&#237;do, imediatamente congelado em nitrog&#234;nio l&#237;quido, e armazenado &#224; -80&#186;C para an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;mica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas</title>
          <p>Para os ensaios bioqu&#237;micos descritos a seguir e teste de ELISA, todas as amostras foram homogeneizadas em tamp&#227;o PBS (fosfato-salino) 50 mM, com adi&#231;&#227;o de 10 uM de aprotinina. O homogeneizado foi centrifugado por 10min a 4&#186;C e o sobrenadante foi estocado &#224; -80&#186;C. Os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na foram determinados em todas as amostras utilizando o m&#233;todo Bradford.<sup>15</sup></p>
          <sec>
            <title>Oxida&#231;&#227;o de diclorodiidrofluoresc&#237;na (DCFH)</title>
            <p>Os n&#237;veis de esp&#233;cies reativas foram mensurados com base na oxida&#231;&#227;o da sonda 2',7'- diclorodiidrofluoresc&#237;na diacetato (DCFH-DA) em um composto fluorescente 2',7'- diclorodiidrofluoresce&#237;na (DCF), como previamente descrito.<sup>16</sup> Uma al&#237;quota do lisado foi incubada com DCFH-DA 80 mM a 37&#186;C durante 15 minutos. A produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas foi quantificada utilizando uma curva padr&#227;o de DCF e os dados foram expressos como nM DCF/mg de prote&#237;na.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Atividade de enzimas antioxidantes</title>
            <p>A atividade da super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD) foi estimada atrav&#233;s da inibi&#231;&#227;o da auto oxida&#231;&#227;o da adrenalina e lida espectofotometricamente a 480 nm de acordo com o m&#233;todo descrito por McCord e Fridovich.<sup>17</sup> A atividade da catalase (CAT) foi determinada com base na taxa de decomposi&#231;&#227;o de Per&#243;xido de Hidrog&#234;nio (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) gerada pela enzima presente na amostra usando uma solu&#231;&#227;o H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> em 10mM em tamp&#227;o fosfato de pot&#225;ssio, pH 7,0. A taxa m&#225;xima de decomposi&#231;&#227;o H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> foi medida em 240 nm.<sup>18</sup> Os valores foram expressos como unidades de SOD ou CAT por mg de prote&#237;na.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>N&#237;veis de glutationa total (GSH)</title>
            <p>Os n&#237;veis de GSH foram pelo m&#233;todo de Hissin.<sup>19</sup> As amostras foram incubadas em 0,6% de &#225;cido sulfosalic&#237;lico seguido por uma rea&#231;&#227;o de GSH presente na amostra com <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://br.vwr.com/store/product/3002050/acido-2-nitrobenzoico-5-5-dithiobis-reagente-de-ellmans-dtnb">&#225;cido 2-nitrobenz&#243;ico (5,5'-Dithiobis</ext-link>) (DTNB) produzindo um aducto de glutationa-TNB oxidado (GS-TNB). A cor resultante a partir da rea&#231;&#227;o entre o DTNB e ti&#243;is contra a curva padr&#227;o de GSH foi determinado cineticamente a 412 nm depois por 10 min. Valores expressos em nmol/min/mg de prote&#237;na.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Lipoperoxida&#231;&#227;o</title>
            <p>As concentra&#231;&#245;es de malondialde&#237;do (MDA) nas amostras foram determinadas por cromatografia l&#237;quida de alta performance (HPLC) (Agilent Technologies 1200 Series; Santa Clara, CA, EUA) de acordo com Grotto et al.,<sup>20</sup> utilizando uma deriva&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico (TBA). Uma curva padr&#227;o foi preparada utilizando sal de tetrabutilam&#244;nio de MDA em concentra&#231;&#245;es que variam de 0,5 a 5 &#181;mol/L. O MDA foi determinado &#224; 532 nm e os resultados foram expressos em umol/L de MDA/miligrama de prote&#237;na.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metro inflamat&#243;rio</title>
          <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o do fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-&#945;) foi avaliado por ensaio de imuno absor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (ELISA) de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do fabricante (ThermoFisher Scientific, cat.KMC3011). Resultados expressos em pg/mg de prote&#237;na.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, os dados foram confrontados pelo teste de Grubbs para verifica&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis <italic>outliers</italic> seguido pelo teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk, sendo que os mesmos atenderam &#224;s pressuposi&#231;&#245;es para o uso de testes param&#233;tricos. Foi ent&#227;o realizado o teste vari&#226;ncia de duas vias (<italic>two-way</italic> ANOVA) seguido pelo teste <italic>post-hoc</italic> Bonferroni quando necess&#225;rio. Para an&#225;lise dos dados do TTI (Tabela 2) foi realizado o teste de vari&#226;ncia de uma via (<italic>one-way</italic> ANOVA) de medida repetida seguido pelo <italic>post-hoc</italic> teste de Tukey quando necess&#225;rio. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de p &lt; 0,05. Foi utilizado o Graph Pad Prism vers&#227;o 5 como pacote estat&#237;stico. Todos os dados foram expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, exceto pela figura 1A, expressa em m&#233;dia e erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Peso corporal e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina</title>
          <p>O ER teve um efeito ben&#233;fico impedindo que o grupo DIO+ER continuasse ganhando peso mesmo frente ao consumo da DIO, n&#227;o caracterizando emagrecimento, mas sim uma manuten&#231;&#227;o do peso mesmo sem controle de ingesta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1A</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">C</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A - Peso corporal total ao longo do estudo; B &#8211; delta (varia&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal em rela&#231;&#227;o ao in&#237;cio do estudo); C &#8211; compara&#231;&#227;o dos pesos entre 1&#170; semana (in&#237;cio), 18&#170; saemana (pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio) e 26&#170; semana (p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio); D - Taxa de decaimento da glicose no teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; insulina (kITT). Figura A, B e D - <sup>*</sup>p &lt; 0,05 vs. respectivo n&#227;o treinado do mesmo per&#237;odo, <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0,05, <sup>##</sup>p &lt; 0,01 e <sup>###</sup>p &lt; 0,001 vs. respectivo DP do mesmo per&#237;odo; <sup>&amp;</sup>p &lt; 0,05 vs. mesmo grupo da semana anterior. Figura C - <sup>*</sup>p &lt; 0,001 vs. respectivo n&#227;o treinado do mesmo per&#237;odo; <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0,01 e <sup>##</sup>p &lt; 0,001 vs. respectivo DP do mesmo per&#237;odo; <sup>&amp;</sup>p &lt; 0,05, <sup>&amp;&amp;</sup>p &lt; 0,001 vs. mesmo grupo da semana anterior.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0545-90072-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>O TTI realizado pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio demonstrou que os animais expostos &#224; DIO apresentam um quadro de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (p &gt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). Os resultados demonstraram que a DIO pode levar a um preju&#237;zo da capta&#231;&#227;o da glicose mesmo frente &#224; um est&#237;mulo externo de insulina (2U/kg de peso). O ER (p &lt; 0,05), mesmo frente ao consumo de DIO, foi capaz de retardar a progress&#227;o do quadro, mantendo melhor taxa de decaimento da glicose quando comparada ao grupo DIO sedent&#225;rio (p &lt; 0,01). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre pr&#233; e p&#243;s exerc&#237;cio em nenhum grupo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1D</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; insulina (TTI) &#8211; Curva de glicemia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Tempo de coleta (Glicose mg/dL e varia&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo 0 min)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">0 min</th>
                  <th align="center">5 min</th>
                  <th align="center">10 min</th>
                  <th align="center">15 min</th>
                  <th align="center">20 min</th>
                  <th align="center">25 min</th>
                  <th align="center">30 min</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="4">Pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio</td>
                  <td align="center">DP</td>
                  <td align="center">154,3</td>
                  <td align="center">139,2 (-15,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,7 (-55,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">77,5 (-76,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">65,2 (-89,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">56,7 (-97,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">43,2 (-111,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DP+ER</td>
                  <td align="center">129,3</td>
                  <td align="center">134,7 (+5,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">57,7 (-71,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,7 (-74,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,7 (-82,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,3 (-94,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,5 (-103,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DIO</td>
                  <td align="center">191,0<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">186,0 (-5,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">125,5 (-65,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">118,0 (-73,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">106,5 (-84,5)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">101,3 (-89,8)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">99,0 (-92,0)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DIO+ER</td>
                  <td align="center">163,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">164,5 (+0,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">128,0 (-35,8)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">115,2 (-48,5)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">107,3 (-56,5)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">100,8 (-63,0)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">99,5 (-64,3)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="4">P&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio</td>
                  <td align="center">DP</td>
                  <td align="center">129,0</td>
                  <td align="center">97,5 (-31,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,0 (-58,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,5 (-74,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">59,0 (-70,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">37,5 (-91,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,0 (-102,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DP+ER</td>
                  <td align="center">122,3</td>
                  <td align="center">102,0 (-20,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">66,2 (-56,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">53,5 (-68,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,0 (-80,3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">23,0 (-99,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,8 (-106,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DIO</td>
                  <td align="center">150,8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">120,7 (-30,0)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">110,5 (-40,3)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">105,5 (-45,3)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">97,0 (-53,8)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">94,0 (-56,8)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">92,0 (-58,8)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DIO+ER</td>
                  <td align="center">127,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">133,5 (+5,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">93,7 (-34,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,0 (-59,8)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">64,3 (-63,5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">58,5 (-69,3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">46,5 (-81,3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Fonte: dados da pesquisa. Pr&#233;-adapta&#231;&#227;o/exerc&#237;cio (semana 17) e p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio (semana 26). Ap&#243;s 6 horas de jejum foi mensurada da glicose sangu&#237;nea (dados da tabela) nos tempos 0 min (basal), seguida da aplica&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de insulina (2 U/kg) e mensura&#231;&#245;es nos tempos 5-30 min.</attrib>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 versus respectivo n&#227;o treinado;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 versus respectiva dieta padr&#227;o;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 versus respectivo pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio. DP: dieta padr&#227;o; ER: exerc&#237;cio resistido; DIO: dieta hiperlip&#237;dica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Oxida&#231;&#227;o do DCFH</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis de oxida&#231;&#227;o de DCFH foram mensurados como indicadores da produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas, especialmente per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio, e os resultados demonstraram que em animais n&#227;o treinados, a DIO causou aumento dos n&#237;veis de DCF (p &lt; 0,001) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais com DP. Por sua vez, nos animais alimentados com DIO e submetidos ao treinamento resistido (DIO+ER), foi observado uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa dos n&#237;veis de DCF em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo DIO (p &lt; 0,01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2A</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Balan&#231;o redox e par&#226;metro inflamat&#243;rio em tecido card&#237;aco de animais alimentados com dieta padr&#227;o ou hiperlip&#237;dica e posteriormente submetidos ao treinamento resistido. A - Oxida&#231;&#227;o de DCFH; B &#8211; Conte&#250;do de MDA; C &#8211; Atividade da enzima SOD; D &#8211; Atividade da enzima CAT; E &#8211; Conte&#250;do de glutationa total (reduzida e oxidada); F &#8211; n&#237;veis de TNF-&#945;. <sup>*</sup>p &lt; 0,05, <sup>**</sup>p &lt; 0,01 e <sup>***</sup>p &lt; 0,001 vs. respectivo n&#227;o treinado; <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0,05, <sup>##</sup>p &lt; 0,01 e <sup>###</sup>p &lt; 0,001 vs. respectivo DP.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0545-90072-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Lipoperoxida&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Como observado na figura 2B, os n&#237;veis de MDA sugerem uma eleva&#231;&#227;o da lipoperoxida&#231;&#227;o nos animais DIO (p &lt; 0,05), com revers&#227;o do quadro (p &lt; 0,05) perante o treinamento resistido (DIO+ER).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Atividade da SOD</title>
          <p>Os resultados observados na figura 2C mostram que a DIO n&#227;o alterou a atividade da SOD, por&#233;m o treino resistido foi capaz de aumentar sua atividade no grupo DP+ER (p &lt; 0,05), aumento esse, n&#227;o observado, quando o exerc&#237;cio foi realizado no grupo obeso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Atividade da CAT</title>
          <p>Os resultados observados na figura 2D demonstram uma redu&#231;&#227;o na atividade da CAT nos animais treinados (DP+ER, p &lt; 0,001 e DP; DIO+ER, p &lt; 0,01 vs. respectivo n&#227;o treinado). J&#225; os animais DIO, tamb&#233;m apresentava uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da CAT (p &lt; 0,05), por&#233;m somente quando comparado ao respectivo DP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>GSH</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis totais de glutationa n&#227;o foram significativamente alterados em ambas as interven&#231;&#245;es utilizadas no presente estudo (diet&#233;tica e exerc&#237;cio) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2E</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metro inflamat&#243;rio</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis de TNF-&#945; foram utilizados como indicador inflamat&#243;rio no tecido card&#237;aco e os resultados observados na figura 2F revelam um aumento no conte&#250;do de TNF-&#945; nos animais DIO (p &lt; 0,05), sendo reduzida significativamente (p &lt; 0,05) ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o com exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resistido (DIO+ER).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que o consumo de uma dieta rica em gordura, concomitante a um estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio, pode desencadear diversos problemas de sa&#250;de<sup>21,22</sup> com impacto significativo sobre o sistema cardiovascular. Nesse sentido, estudos experimentais t&#234;m sido utilizados para estudar os efeitos celulares provados por dieta rica em gordura.<sup>6,23,24</sup> Os resultados de peso corporal e do TTI demonstraram que o modelo experimental adotado foi eficaz no aumento do peso e na instala&#231;&#227;o de um quadro de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina sist&#234;mica. O aumento do peso corp&#243;reo tem sido relacionado com altera&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias e estresse oxidativo e ambas as altera&#231;&#245;es com a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina em m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico,<sup>25,26</sup> mas recentes estudos tamb&#233;m t&#234;m demostrado que as c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas s&#227;o tamb&#233;m suscept&#237;veis ao aumento de peso elevando mediadores inflamat&#243;rios e de estresse oxidativo.<sup>6,23,24,27,28</sup> Nesse contexto, estudos pr&#233;vios t&#234;m sugerido um importante papel do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, em particular, aer&#243;bio ou de endurance, sobre as mudan&#231;as bioqu&#237;micas e moleculares que ocorrem no mioc&#225;rdio decorrente de uma dieta rica em gordura.<sup>3,7</sup> Contudo, esses efeitos s&#227;o de maneira-dependente &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas do exerc&#237;cio como dura&#231;&#227;o, frequ&#234;ncia, intensidade e tipo.</p>
        <p>Resultados iniciais do nosso estudo demostram que animais DIO apresentam n&#237;veis elevados de DCF, um indicador indireto da produ&#231;&#227;o de per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio.<sup>29</sup> Esses dados s&#227;o tamb&#233;m observados por recente estudo publicado em 2017 por Zeng et al.,<sup>23</sup> Os autores revelaram uma elevada susceptibilidade do mioc&#225;rdio ao estresse oxidativo com significativo aumento na oxida&#231;&#227;o de DCFH, tanto <italic>in vitro</italic> quanto <italic>in vivo</italic>, mediado por dieta rica em gordura. Esses valores aumentados de DCF, observado nos animais DIO, foram significativamente reduzidos ap&#243;s o treinamento resistido, o que sugere um papel importante desse tipo de treinamento na regula&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de oxidantes celulares. Tal efeito pode estar associado ao fato do treinamento resistido exercer papel modulat&#243;rio sobre enzimas antioxidantes end&#243;genas. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o &#233; pautada em estudos pr&#233;vios de nosso grupo em outros modelos experimentais inflamat&#243;rios que mostram importante papel do treinamento resistido sobre o sistema antioxidante enzim&#225;ticos em diferentes tecidos.<sup>30,31</sup></p>
        <p>A SOD e a CAT s&#227;o duas enzimas que atuam sinergicamente na forma&#231;&#227;o (via dismuta&#231;&#227;o do radical super&#243;xido) e cat&#225;lise do per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio, respectivamente. Os animais DIO n&#227;o apresentaram mudan&#231;as na atividade da SOD, o que sugere que a produ&#231;&#227;o aumentada de DCF pode estar associada a outros est&#237;mulos independente da SOD. Um dos fatores para isso &#233; que apesar da oxida&#231;&#227;o de DCFH para DCF ser amplamente usado com indicador de produ&#231;&#227;o de per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio, estudos t&#234;m observado que DCFH tamb&#233;m pode ser oxidado por outras esp&#233;cies reativas, em menor escala, como hidroxila, peroxila, &#243;xido n&#237;trico e per&#243;xido nitrito.<sup>29</sup> Tamb&#233;m cabe observar que a forma&#231;&#227;o de per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio n&#227;o &#233; totalmente dependente da atividade da SOD. Em menor escala, eventos de auto oxida&#231;&#227;o de biomol&#233;culas tamb&#233;m contribuem para a forma&#231;&#227;o de per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio.<sup>32</sup> Essas condi&#231;&#245;es limitariam a atividade da SOD, o que pode justificar os resultados encontrados.</p>
        <p>Catalases s&#227;o um grupo de enzimas que catalisam a decomposi&#231;&#227;o do per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio para &#225;gua e oxig&#234;nio. Nossos resultados mostram uma redu&#231;&#227;o na atividade dessa enzima ap&#243;s o treinamento resistido no grupo exposto a DP. Como observado, a atividade da SOD foi aumentada nesse mesmo grupo, gerando, portanto, maiores n&#237;veis de per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio. Contudo, a redu&#231;&#227;o na atividade da enzima sugere uma menor cat&#225;lise do per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio, mas vale a ressalva que o per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio pode ser catalisado, sob essas condi&#231;&#245;es, por outros sistemas de detoxifica&#231;&#227;o celular como sistema glutationa e peroxinas,<sup>33</sup> o que poderia justificar nossos resultados j&#225; que o sistema glutationa apresentou aumento no grupo em quest&#227;o (DP+ER). Ainda, observamos n&#237;veis reduzidos de CAT ap&#243;s o treinamento resistido no grupo DIO+ER e, portanto, considerando que a dieta aumenta significativamente a produ&#231;&#227;o de oxidantes celulares como o per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio, uma atividade reduzida da CAT, poderia impactar nos poss&#237;veis danos oxidativos no mioc&#225;rdio se o per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio n&#227;o fosse catalisado por outros sistemas j&#225; mencionados (n&#227;o investigado no presente estudo, mas que merece aten&#231;&#227;o em estudos futuros).</p>
        <p>No sentido de observar os efeitos do ER sobre os danos oxidativos no mioc&#225;rdio induzidos pelo modelo de DIO, n&#243;s avaliamos os n&#237;veis de MDA, um subproduto da lipoperoxida&#231;&#227;o, e observamos que animais DIO apresentam maiores danos em lip&#237;deos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo com DP e que o ER foi capaz de reverter esses efeitos. Esses efeitos do modelo de DIO sobre os n&#237;veis de lipoperoxida&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foram observados em um estudo com camundongos BL6/C57 conduzido por Muthulakshmi and Saravanan (2013).<sup>34</sup> Os resultados positivos do ER est&#227;o, possivelmente, associados com a capacidade do exerc&#237;cio em promover uma modula&#231;&#227;o dos sistemas antioxidantes para al&#233;m da atividade de enzimas antioxidantes prim&#225;rias como SOD e CAT. Um dos mecanismos que pode ser mediado pelo ER &#233; a transloca&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Fator Nuclear Eritroide 2 - tipo 2 (</italic>NRF2) para o n&#250;cleo e promover a express&#227;o de diversas enzimas antioxidantes como NADH: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1 e Heme Oxigenase 1 (HO1), que ajudam a detoxificar o sistema biol&#243;gico e contribuir para a redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo.<sup>35</sup> Merry and Ristow (2016)<sup>36</sup> sugerem que o exerc&#237;cio pode estimular a transloca&#231;&#227;o do NRF2 para regular funcionalmente a biog&#234;nese mitocondrial do m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico e a express&#227;o de genes de defesa antioxidantes. Embora esses resultados sejam a partir de treinamento aer&#243;bio e em m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico, acredita-se que tais efeitos possam tamb&#233;m ocorrer via treinamento resistido, uma vez que o treinamento resistido ativa Prote&#237;na Quinase Ativada por Adenosina Monofosfato (AMPK)<sup>37</sup> que aumenta a fosforila&#231;&#227;o do NRF2 na c&#233;lula e eleva o n&#237;vel de NRF2 fosforilado no n&#250;cleo.<sup>38</sup></p>
        <p>O aumento na produ&#231;&#227;o de oxidantes no mioc&#225;rdio pode ser mediado por uma poss&#237;vel resposta inflamat&#243;ria induzida pela obesidade/DIO com secre&#231;&#227;o de diferentes mediadores. Nesse contexto, o TNF-&#945; &#233; um mediador sens&#237;vel ao modelo DIO que apresenta uma vasta gama de a&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias. Nossos resultados demostraram um aumento significativo nos n&#237;veis de TNF-&#945; em animais DIO com consequente redu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o treinamento resistido. N&#237;veis aumentados de TNF-&#945; no mioc&#225;rdio induzidos pela DIO tamb&#233;m foram observados em estudos pr&#233;vios.<sup>3,28</sup> Os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio podem estar relacionados ao fato do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio e resistido promoverem aumento na secre&#231;&#227;o de citocinas anti-inflamat&#243;rias e regular os n&#237;veis de TNF-&#945;.<sup>30,31</sup> Durante o exerc&#237;cio, os m&#250;sculos liberam miocinas que est&#227;o envolvidas no crescimento, reparo e respostas anti-inflamat&#243;rias dos tecidos.<sup>39</sup> A IL-6 &#233; a miocina prim&#225;ria liberada em resposta ao exerc&#237;cio e aumenta os n&#237;veis da IL-10 e diminui os n&#237;veis do TNF-&#945;.<sup>40</sup> A IL-10 reduz a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da fibrose card&#237;aca.<sup>39</sup> Nesse cen&#225;rio, a obesidade induzida por DIO diminui os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na de IL-10, mas o treinamento f&#237;sico aumenta significativamente os n&#237;veis de IL-10 nos tecidos card&#237;acos.<sup>3</sup></p>
        <p>Conforme dados de estudos pr&#233;vios, considera-se o controle da secre&#231;&#227;o de TNF-&#945; no mioc&#225;rdio pelo ER um fator importante nos mecanismos de cardioprote&#231;&#227;o relacionados ao estresse oxidativo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nossos resultados demostraram um importante efeito do ER sobre o controle/estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal mesmo sem controle de ingesta. Tamb&#233;m ficou demonstrado que existe uma altera&#231;&#227;o redox do tecido card&#237;aco frente a um modelo de obesidade, por&#233;m parece n&#227;o ser mediado majoritariamente pela produ&#231;&#227;o e controle antioxidante cl&#225;ssica de per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio, e sim por outras esp&#233;cies reativas. Por&#233;m o ER foi capaz de reverter o dano em lip&#237;deos e a produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas, mesmo com o consumo de DIO, bem como modular positivamente uma das principais citocinas respons&#225;veis pela ativa&#231;&#227;o do processo inflamat&#243;rio. </p>
        <p>Desta forma, o ER pode ser um grande aliado no processo de sa&#250;de referente &#224; abordagem terap&#234;utica da obesidade. Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es encontradas nestes estudos foram referentes a dados relacionados &#224; quantifica&#231;&#227;o da insulina s&#233;rica para melhor confirmar o quadro de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, e a avalia&#231;&#227;o de outras mol&#233;culas que podem alterar o balan&#231;o redox da c&#233;lula. Estes testes n&#227;o foram realizados por raz&#245;es t&#233;cnicas.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, outros estudos devem ser conduzidos a fim de melhor esclarecer como o ER promove esses efeitos, em particular na regula&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas como hidroxila, peroxila, &#243;xido n&#237;trico e per&#243;xido nitrito, bem como outros par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios e anti-inflamat&#243;rios no tecido card&#237;aco.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p> O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq e Capes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Pauline Souza Effting pela Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 067/2014-2.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
