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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HBL8GX8n6CxPwmhHkRDcDTv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000500534</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005006102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190050</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Thermoregulation in Hypertensive Rats during Exercise: Effects of Physical Training</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2459-6094</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Henrique Lobo Silame</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6042-7757</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Drummond</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Rios</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5720-8054</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Helton Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3942-3353</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Mateus Teixeira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5354-7913</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro-J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3510-7070</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4927-4024</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Natali</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4001-4429</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#237;mola-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Thales Nicolau</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Vi&#231;osa</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa (UFV), Vi&#231;osa, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei, S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Thales Nicolau Pr&#237;mola Gomes,</bold> Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa - Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Av. Ph. Rolfs, s/n. Postal Code 36570-000, Campus Universit&#225;rio, Vi&#231;osa, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>thales.gomes@ufv.br</email>, <email>thalesprimola@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Gomes LHLS, Natali AJ, Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN; Acquisition of data: Gomes LHLS, Rezende LMT, Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN; Analysis and interpretation of the data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gomes LHLS, Drummond LR, Campos HO, Rezende LMT, Carneiro-J&#250;nior MA, Oliveira A, Natali AJ, Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN; Statistical analysis: Gomes LHLS, Drummond LR, Campos HO, Rezende LMT, Oliveira A, Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN; Obtaining financing: Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN; Writing of the manuscript: Gomes LHLS, Drummond LR, Campos HO, Carneiro-J&#250;nior MA, Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>534</fpage>
      <lpage>542</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) show deficit in thermal balance during physical exercise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the effects of low-intensity physical exercise training on thermal balance of hypertensive rats undergoing an acute exercise protocol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Sixteen-week-old male Wistar rats and SHR were allocated into four groups: control Wistar rats (C-WIS), trained Wistar (T-WIS), control SHR (C-SHR) and trained SHR (T-SHR). Treadmill exercise training was performed for 12 weeks. Blood pressure, resting heart rate and total exercise time was measured before and after the physical exercise program. After the exercise program, a temperature sensor was implanted in the abdominal cavity, and the animals subjected to an acute exercise protocol, during which internal body temperature, tail skin temperature and oxygen consumption until fatigue were continuously recorded. Mechanical efficiency (ME), work, heat dissipation threshold and sensitivity were calculated. Statistical significance was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Physical training and hypertension had no effect on thermal balance during physical exercise. Compared with C-WIS, the T-WIS group showed higher heat production, which was counterbalanced by higher heat dissipation. Hypertensive rats showed lower ME than normotensive rats, which was not reversed by the physical training.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Low-intensity physical training did not affect thermal balance in SHR subjected to acute exercise.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise/physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Exertion</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Temperature Changes</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatigue</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>During exercise, elevation of core body temperature (CBT) results from an imbalance between heat production and dissipation, since heat production increases exponentially before the mechanisms of heat dissipation are activated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Hyperthermia may be a sign that individuals will reach fatigue and interrupt exercise, and hence an adequate control of the CBT is critical for maintenance of physical performance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Arterial hypertension is a public health problem in the world and considered one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Among the experimental models used in studies on the pathophysiology of arterial hypertension, the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) is the most commonly used. Similar to humans, SHR develop progressive left ventricular hypertension in response to blood pressure elevation and to increased peripheral vascular resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In recent studies of our group, we observed that untrained SHR showed disturbances in the regulation of body temperature during acute physical exercise. During exercise, hypertensive animals showed lower heat dissipation and higher heat production, leading to marked increase in CBT compared with normotensive animals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> This was associated with lower mechanical efficiency (ME) in hypertensive animals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several benefits of aerobic physical training have been demonstrated in hypertensive individuals, including reduction of blood pressure, improvement of cardiac function, and reduction in total peripheral resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> However, the effects of low-intensity, aerobic physical training on thermal balance in hypertensive animals have not been investigated.</p>
      <p>Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of low-intensity physical training on thermal balance of hypertensive rats subjected to an acute physical exercise protocol. We tested the hypothesis that low-intensity exercise could promote positive adaptations and reversal of the effects on the thermal balance in SHRs.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental animals</title>
        <p>Sixteen-week-old normotensive Wistar rats and SHR were randomly stratified into four groups: control Wistar rats (C-WIS, n = 8), trained Wistar (T-WIS, n = 8), control SHR (C-SHR, n = 8) and trained SHR (T-SHR, n =8). Sample size was determined based on sample size calculation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The animals were housed in group cages in a temperature-controlled room under a 12-h light-dark cycle, and had free access to water and food. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DPB) and mean blood pressure (MBP) were measured using tail plethysmography (LE5001; Panlab, Spain). Resting heart rate (RHR) was measured through the sensor placed on the tail, connected to a computer system (PowerLab 4/30; LabChart/ADInstruments, USA) before the first and 48 hours after the last session of physical training. All exercise protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa (Protocol # 76/2014) and conducted according to the Helsinki declaration.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Physical training protocol</title>
        <p>Prior to the beginning of exercise training, rats were adapted to a motorized treadmill (Insight Instruments, Brazil), five minutes/day at 5 m/min for five days. In addition, all animals underwent an incremental exercise test (starting at 5 m/min, increasing by 3 m/min every 3 minutes until fatigue) at the beginning of the study, at week 4 and at week 8 of training to determine total exercise time (TET) and maximum running speed (MRS). The exercise program was performed five days a week, 60 minutes/day, at 50-60% MRS for 12 weeks, in a temperature-controlled room (approximately 22&#186;C). Both intensity and duration of exercise were gradually increased as proposed by Lavorato et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Animals of the control group were handled in the same manner as the hypertensive group and underwent the same treadmill exercise program two days a week, 5 minutes/day at 5 m/minute.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental protocol following the physical training</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Familiarization with the experimental protocol</title>
          <p>The animals were familiarized with the treadmill (Panlab, Harvard Apparatus, Spain) - five minutes per day, 5 degrees of inclination for three consecutive days, at 11 m/min, 13 m/min and 15 m/min). A thermocouple was taped to the tail of the rat and the electrical stimulation delivered at 0.4 - 0.6 mA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> This protected the animals from having their legs wrapped around the thermocouple wire and reduced their exposure to electrical stimulation during the running test.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Temperature sensor implantation</title>
          <p>Immediately prior to the surgery, the animals received a prophylactic dose of antibiotic (enrofloxacin 10 mg. kg-1, intramuscular) and analgesics (tramadol, 4 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup>, subcutaneously). Anesthesia was induced with 1.5% isoflurane (BioChimico, Brazil) and 100% oxygen (White-Martins, Brazil) at constant flow of 1L/min. Following preparation of the incision site, a temperature sensor (G2 E-Mitter, Mini-Mitter, USA) was implanted in the abdominal cavity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> After this procedure, the animals were housed in individual boxes and received two additional doses of tramadol in regular intervals of 8 hours.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Acute physical exercise protocol</title>
          <p>After 48 hours of recovery from the surgery, each animal underwent to two exercise sessions at constant speed (60% of MRS), 5&#186; slope and electrical stimulation (0.4-0.6 mA) until fatigue. Treadmill speed was 16.0 &#177; 0.4 m/min; 23.0 &#177; 0.7 m/min; 16.2 &#177; 0.5 m/min; 19.6 &#177; 0.8 m/min for C-WIS, T-WIS, C-SHR and T-SHR, respectively. Fatigue was defined as the point when the animals were unable to keep pace with the treadmill. The animals received electrical stimulation up to ten seconds.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The experimental conditions were randomized and balanced. All exercise sessions were carried out from 7 to 12 o&#8217;clock, with 48-hour interval between the sessions.</p>
          <p>During each session, CBT, skin temperature (T<sub>skin</sub>) and VO<sub>2</sub> were recorded every minute. Measurements of the CBT were made by telemetry (ER-4000 energizer/receptor, Mini-Mitter Respironics, USA). T<sub>skin</sub> was measured using a thermometer (THR-140, Instrutherm Instruments, Brazil) connected to a thermocouple (S-09K, Instrutherm Instruments, Brazil) using an impermeable adhesive tape at approximately 20 mm from the lateral base of the tail.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> VO<sub>2</sub> (ml.Kg<sup>-0.75</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>) was measured by an open-circuit indirect calorimetry system (Panlab, Harvard Apparatus, Spain). The temperature was maintained at 25&#186;C throughout the exercise session.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Calculations</title>
          <p>Work (W) = body mass (Kg)&#183;force of gravity (9.8 m/s<sup>2</sup>) &#183;TET (min)&#183;treadmill speed (m.min<sup>-1</sup>)&#183;cos &#952; (treadmill slope).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> ME = (W/energy cost)&#183;100.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
          <p>The threshold for cutaneous heat loss was defined as the mean CBT registered at the time when T<sub>skin</sub> significantly increased from the lowest measure registered during exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Heat loss sensitivity was calculated from the regression slope of CBT and T<sub>skin</sub> during the first four minutes after the threshold was achieved.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Heat accumulation (HA) = (&#916;CBT)&#183;body mass (g)&#183;h, where &#916;CBT corresponded to variation of CBT (T<sub>final</sub>-T<sub>initial</sub>), and h corresponds to specific heat of body tissues (0.826 cal.g<sup>-1</sup>.&#186;C<sup>-1</sup>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> HA was normalized by 100 g of body mass. The HA/W ratio (cal.j<sup>-1</sup>) was considered an index of thermal efficiency.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Normally distributed variables were expressed as mean &#177; SD. CBT, T<sub>skin</sub> and VO<sub>2</sub> were compared using the two-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc analysis with t-test (LSD, Least Significant Difference) or the Scott Knott test, as appropriate. TET, E, ME, SBP, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), MBP and RHR were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey&#8217;s post-hoc test. Paired t-test was used to assess the effects of low-intensity exercise on body mass, SBP, DBP, MBP and RHR. The level of significance was set at 5%. All statistical analyses were performed using the Sisvar software, version 5.6 (Brazil).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The effects of physical training on body mass, SBP, DBP, MBP, RHR and TET are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Body mass increased in all groups after 12 weeks of training. Lower body mass and higher SBP, DBP, MBP and RHR were observed in SHRs compared with Wistar rats. After the exercise program, RHR was significantly lower in Wistar rats, which was not observed in SHRs. Besides, the low-intensity physical training significantly reduced SBP (12%), DBP (18%) and MBP (12%) in T-SHR, whereas the SBP increased in C-SHR after 12 weeks. The exercise training increased physical performance in both Wistar and SHR groups. Also, T-SHR showed lower physical capacity compared with T-WIS.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General characteristics of the animals studied; data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">C-WIS (n = 8)</th>
              <th align="center">T-WIS (n = 8)</th>
              <th align="center">C-SHR (n = 8)</th>
              <th align="center">T-SHR (n = 8)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Initial BM (g)</td>
              <td align="center">390.0 &#177; 16.9</td>
              <td align="center">356.6 &#177; 23.7 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">258.6 &#177; 14.7 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">271.3 &#177; 13.5 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Final BM (g)</td>
              <td align="center">462.6 &#177; 15.8 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">421.0 &#177; 35.9 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">326.5 &#177; 20.9 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">309.1 &#177; 24.6 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Initial SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">132.2 &#177; 9.8</td>
              <td align="center">123.7 &#177; 7.6</td>
              <td align="center">172.5 &#177; 14.9 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">189.7 &#177; 9.6 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Final SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">129.6 &#177; 7.6</td>
              <td align="center">127.8 &#177; 8.7</td>
              <td align="center">190.0 &#177; 8.4 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">167.3 &#177; 16.6 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Initial DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">84.0 &#177; 13.2</td>
              <td align="center">90.0 &#177; 13.2</td>
              <td align="center">135.5 &#177; 18.1 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">143.3 &#177; 17.8 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Final DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">90.3 &#177; 7.9</td>
              <td align="center">98.5 &#177; 14.1</td>
              <td align="center">144.5 &#177; 18.6 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">117.3 &#177; 28.0 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Initial MBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">100.3 &#177; 10.7</td>
              <td align="center">100.8 &#177; 10.7</td>
              <td align="center">147.6 &#177; 16.1 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">157.7 &#177; 14.9 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Final MBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">104.0 &#177; 7.3</td>
              <td align="center">107.2 &#177; 13.2</td>
              <td align="center">158.6 &#177; 12.1 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">133.1 &#177; 22.6 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Initial RHR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">338.7 &#177; 19.5</td>
              <td align="center">340.2 &#177; 12.1</td>
              <td align="center">374.2 &#177; 11.0 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">370.1 &#177; 12.4 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Final RHR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">337.5 &#177; 10.7</td>
              <td align="center">311.7 &#177; 12.1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">374.2 &#177; 16.4 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">365.7 &#177; 18.6 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TET (min)</td>
              <td align="center">21.9 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">34.8 &#177; 4.2 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">23.4 &#177; 2.5</td>
              <td align="center">28.4 &#177; 3.6 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">+</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>C-WIS: control Wistar; T-WIS: trained Wistar, C-SHR: control SHR, T-SHR: trained SHR. BM: body mass; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MBP: mean blood pressure; RHR: resting heart rate; TET: total exercise time at week 8 of the incremental test.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05: initial vs. final.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05: trained vs. controls within same lineage;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>+</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05: WIS vs. SHR at the same training level</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The effects of acute exercise (at 60% of RMS) on CBT, VO<sub>2</sub> and T<sub>skin</sub> are described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. Hypertension and physical training had no effect on CBT during moderate exercise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>). The T-WIS group showed higher VO<sub>2</sub> (from 6 minutes to 16 minutes, and at the point of fatigue; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>) and T<sub>skin</sub> (from 14 minutes to 18 minutes, and at the point of fatigue; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1 C</xref>) compared with the WIS-C. The C-SHR group showed higher T<sub>skin</sub> than the C-WIS (from 13 minutes to 17 minutes; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>). Low-intensity training had no effect on T<sub>skin</sub> or VO<sub>2</sub> in SHR during moderate exercise. In addition, a lower T<sub>skin</sub> was found in the T-SHR group at the point of fatigue compared with the T-WIS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Internal body temperature (CBT, A), oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>, B) and tail skin temperature (T<sub>skin</sub>, C) during acute exercise, until fatigue. Control Wistar (C-WIS), trained Wistar (T-WIS), control SHR (C-SHR), trained SHR (T-SHR). Data expressed as mean &#177; SD; * p &lt; 0.05: C-SHR vs. C-WIS; # p &lt; 0.05: T-WIS vs. C-WIS; + p &lt; 0.05: T-SHR vs. T-WIS.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0534-90050-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows the threshold and sensitivity of heat dissipation during acute exercise. These parameters did not change with hypertension or low-intensity physical training.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Heat dissipation threshold (&#186;C) (A) and sensitivity (B) during the acute physical exercise protocol. Data expressed as mean &#177; SD. C-WIS: control Wistar, T-WIS: trained Wistar, C-SHR: control SHR, T-SHR: trained SHR.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0534-90050-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In addition, neither hypertension nor physical training affected W during acute exercise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3A</xref>). Hypertensive animals showed lower ME compared with normotensive animals, both in control and trained groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3B</xref>). Also, physical training had no effect on ME in both Wistar and SHR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3B</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Work (W, A) and mechanical efficiency (ME, B) during the acute physical exercise protocol. Data expressed as mean &#177; SD; * p &lt; 0.05: C-SHR vs. C-WIS; + p &lt; 0.05: T-SHR vs. T-WIS. C-WIS: control Wistar, T-WIS: trained Wistar, C-SHR: control SHR, T-SHR: trained SHR.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0534-90050-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Results of HA and HA/W ratio are illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>. The T-WIS group showed higher HA than the C-WIS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4A</xref>), and the T-SHR had lower HA compared with T-WIS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4A</xref>). However, when HA was corrected for W, no difference was found in the effects of SAH and physical training (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4B</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Heat accumulation (HA, A) and heat accumulation/work ratio (HA/W, B). Data expressed as mean &#177; SD; # p &lt; 0.05: T-WIS vs. C-WIS. + p &lt; 0.05: T-SHR vs. T-WIS, C-WIS: control Wistar, T-WIS: trained Wistar, C-SHR: control SHR, T-SHR: trained SHR.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0534-90050-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of low-intensity physical training on thermal balance in hypertensive rats subjected to an acute exercise program. We tested the hypothesis that low-intensity training could promote positive adaptations and ultimately reversal of the changes in the thermal balance of SHRs. For this purpose, we evaluated CBT, heat production and heat dissipation in response to exercise. Altogether, our results showed that low-intensity physical training did not cause significant changes in the variables related to thermal balance, and thus, our hypothesis was rejected.</p>
      <p>Thermal balance results from the relationship between heat production and dissipation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> resulting in the CBT regulation within satisfactory limits. During acute physical exercise, heat production occurs before heat dissipation, and consequently CBT increases more rapidly than dissipation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> This dynamics was observed in the present study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) for the thermal balance variables in all experimental groups, <italic>i.e</italic>., for heat production (VO<sub>2</sub>), heat dissipation (T<sub>skin</sub>) and resulting outcome (CBT). Throughout the exercise session, the CBT threshold for heat dissipation is achieved and the thermoeffector response of heat dissipation occurs, measured by vasodilation in the tail skin. These adaptations allow achievement of thermal balance and regulation of CBT within adequate limits,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> which was also observed in our study. An important adjustment, commonly reported in the literature, that confirms this pattern of response is the absence of vasodilation, and even occurrence of vasoconstriction, in the animals&#8217; tails in the beginning of exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>).</p>
      <p>Although recent studies of our group have shown that untrained SHR show disturbances in the regulation of body temperature during acute exercise, findings of the present study do not confirm the hypothesis that these thermal balance changes could be reversed by low-intensity aerobic physical training. In these previous studies, untrained SHR showed higher CBT during constant-intensity acute exercise (60% MRS) associated with higher heat production and dissipation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> It is worth pointing out that the age of the animals and the absolute running speed during the acute exercise protocol were different among these studies, which could explain this difference. Future studies should test other exercise intensities and duration, since the effects of training are known to be dependent on these variables.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study, the intensity of acute physical exercise (60% of MRS) was established according to the American College of Sports Medicine recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> It is of note that, during the acute exercise session, although the animals were subjected to the same relative exercise intensity, the absolute speed was higher in trained animals. Gant et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> analyzed the relationship between CBT and relative exercise intensity. Although the authors did not observe differences in CBT between groups of animals with different VO<sub>2max</sub> throughout one hour of exercise at 60% of VO<sub>2max</sub>, when subjected to exercise at similar absolute intensity, these groups showed different CBT between them. These data suggest that the magnitude of hyperthermia may be associated with the absolute exercise load, regardless of the training status. In the present study, the T-WIS group showed greater heat production compared with the C-WIS group. This may be due to the higher intensity of exercise, which was counterbalanced by higher heat dissipation, resulting in comparable CBT values in relation to the C-WIS group.</p>
      <p>Low-intensity physical exercise increased physical capacity in SHR and reduced blood pressure, without promoting resting bradycardia. The mechanisms responsible for the reduction of blood pressure levels in hypertensive rats following aerobic physical training include structural, vascular and neurohumoral adaptations, such as reduction in sympathetic vasomotor activity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> lower vascular reactivity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> reduction in peripheral vascular resistance,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> reduction of oxidative stress,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> and changes in the endothelium-derived relaxing and contractile factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Hypertensive animals showed lower ME compared with normotensive animals, as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> This could be explained, at least in part, by the higher proportion of type IIA fibers to type I fibers in the soleus muscle, as type I fibers are inherently more efficient than type IIA fibers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> The physiological mechanisms responsible for the change of the muscle fiber profile may be associated with microcirculation rarefaction that precedes microvascular apoptosis, which would result in reduction of type I muscle fibers and augmented muscle anaerobiosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> However, the lower ME did not compromised work performance in the SHR group during acute physical exercise. Low-intensity exercise did not increase ME, neither in normotensive nor in hypertensive rats.</p>
      <p>The present study has some limitations. It is possible that the difference in body mass between hypertensive and normotensive animals may have influenced the changes in CBT induced by exercise, since the energy cost of running and heat dissipation from the skin depend on body mass.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Nevertheless, this limitation is somewhat expected when both normotensive animals and SHR are studied, especially when they are matched by age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> On the other hand, Drummond et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> demonstrated that differences in the thermoregulation between normotensive animals and SHR during acute exercise were not dependent on variations of body mass. These differences could also affect the ability of the animals to be trained, since they could be associated with differences in body composition, and consequently in differences in physical capacity. Finally, we cannot affirm that the results would have been the same if physical training had been started before a SBP higher than 150 mmHg was achieved by the SHR, or if animals of different ages were studied.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Low-intensity physical training did not affect thermal balance in hypertensive rats subjected to an acute exercise protocol.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPEMIG, CNPq and CAPES.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Luis Henrique Lobo Silame Gomes, from Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa under the protocol number 76/2014. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <source>J Appl Physiol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
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              <surname>Cezar</surname>
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              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
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              <surname>Jay</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
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    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Termorregula&#231;&#227;o durante o Exerc&#237;cio em Ratos Hipertensos: Efeitos do Treinamento F&#237;sico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2459-6094</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Henrique Lobo Silame</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6042-7757</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Drummond</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Rios</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5720-8054</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Helton Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3942-3353</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Mateus Teixeira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5354-7913</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro-J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3510-7070</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4927-4024</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Natali</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4001-4429</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#237;mola-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Thales Nicolau</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa (UFV), Vi&#231;osa, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei, S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Thales Nicolau Pr&#237;mola Gomes,</bold> Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa - Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Av. Ph. Rolfs, s/n. CEP 36570-000, Campus Universit&#225;rio, Vi&#231;osa, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>thales.gomes@ufv.br</email>, <email>thalesprimola@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Gomes LHLS, Natali AJ, Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Gomes LHLS, Rezende LMT, Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gomes LHLS, Drummond LR, Campos HO, Rezende LMT, Carneiro-J&#250;nior MA, Oliveira A, Natali AJ, Gomes TNP; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Gomes LHLS, Drummond LR, Campos HO, Rezende LMT, Oliveira A, Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gomes LHLS, Drummond LR, Campos HO, Carneiro-J&#250;nior MA, Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) apresentam d&#233;ficits no balan&#231;o t&#233;rmico durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico de baixa intensidade sobre o balan&#231;o t&#233;rmico de ratos hipertensos submetidos a um protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos machos Wistar e SHR, com 16 semanas de idade, foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais: Wistar controle (WIS-C), Wistar treinado (WIS-T), SHR controle (SHR-C) e SHR treinado (SHR-T). O treinamento f&#237;sico em esteira rolante foi realizado durante 12 semanas. A press&#227;o arterial, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso e o tempo de exerc&#237;cio foram medidos previamente e ap&#243;s o programa de treinamento f&#237;sico. Ap&#243;s o programa de treinamento f&#237;sico, um sensor de temperatura foi implantado na regi&#227;o intraperitoneal e os ratos foram submetidos a um protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo com registros cont&#237;nuos da temperatura corporal interna, temperatura da pele da cauda e do consumo de oxig&#234;nio at&#233; a fadiga. A efici&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica (EM), o trabalho, o limiar e a sensibilidade para dissipa&#231;&#227;o de calor foram calculados. Para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico e a hipertens&#227;o arterial n&#227;o alteraram o balan&#231;o t&#233;rmico durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. O grupo WIS-T quando comparado ao WIS-C, apresentou maior produ&#231;&#227;o de calor, que foi contrabalanceado por uma maior dissipa&#231;&#227;o de calor. Os animais hipertensos apresentaram menor EM em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais normotensos, e o treinamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o foi capaz de reverter esta altera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico de baixa intensidade n&#227;o provocou altera&#231;&#245;es no balan&#231;o t&#233;rmico de ratos hipertensos submetidos a um protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio/fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Esfor&#231;o F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Altera&#231;&#245;es na Temperatura Corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>Fadiga</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o da temperatura corporal interna (T<sub>int</sub>) durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; resultante do desequil&#237;brio entre a produ&#231;&#227;o e a dissipa&#231;&#227;o de calor, uma vez que a produ&#231;&#227;o de calor aumenta exponencialmente antes da ativa&#231;&#227;o dos mecanismos de dissipa&#231;&#227;o de calor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Dessa forma, o controle da T<sub>int</sub> &#233; cr&#237;tico para a manuten&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, j&#225; que a hipertermia pode ser um sinal que desencadear&#225; a fadiga, levando &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica mundial e considerada um dos principais fatores de risco para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Dentre os modelos experimentais utilizados para a compreens&#227;o da fisiopatologia da hipertens&#227;o arterial, o SHR (ratos espontaneamente hipertensos, do ingl&#234;s <italic>spontaneously hypertensive rat</italic>) tem sido o mais utilizado. Tais animais, &#224; semelhan&#231;a dos seres humanos, desenvolvem hipertrofia ventricular esquerda gradualmente, em resposta &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e ao aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em estudos recentes de nosso grupo, observou-se que os animais SHR n&#227;o treinados apresentaram desequil&#237;brios na regula&#231;&#227;o da temperatura corporal durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo. Foi demonstrado que durante o exerc&#237;cio os animais hipertensos apresentam menor dissipa&#231;&#227;o de calor e maior produ&#231;&#227;o de calor, resultando em um aumento exacerbado da T<sub>int</sub> quando comparado aos animais normotensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Associado a isso foi evidenciado uma menor efici&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica (EM) nos animais hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diversos benef&#237;cios do treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico t&#234;m sido demonstrados em hipertensos, dentre eles, a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica total.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No entanto, os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico de baixa intensidade sobre o balan&#231;o t&#233;rmico em animais hipertensos ainda n&#227;o foram estudados.</p>
        <p>Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico de baixa intensidade sobre o balan&#231;o t&#233;rmico de ratos hipertensos submetidos a um protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo. Foi testada a hip&#243;tese de que o treinamento de baixa intensidade poderia promover adapta&#231;&#245;es positivas, de forma a reverter os desequil&#237;brios previamente observados no balan&#231;o t&#233;rmico de SHRs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais experimentais</title>
          <p>Foram utilizados ratos Wistar normotensos e SHR, com 16 semanas de idade no in&#237;cio do per&#237;odo experimental. Os animais foram divididos randomicamente, por estratifica&#231;&#227;o, em 4 grupos: Wistar controle (WIS-C, n = 8); Wistar treinado (WIS-T, n = 8); Hipertenso controle (SHR-C, n = 8) e Hipertenso treinado (SHR-T, n = 8). O tamanho da amostra foi determinado baseando-se em c&#225;lculo amostral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Os animais foram alojados em caixas coletivas em uma sala com temperatura de 22 &#177; 2&#186;C, ciclo claro-escuro (12:12h) e com livre acesso &#224; ra&#231;&#227;o e &#225;gua. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) e a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) foram obtidas por pletismografia de cauda (LE5001; Panlab, Espanha). A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso (FCR) foi medida com o uso de um sensor de cauda acoplado a um sistema computadorizado (PowerLab 4/30; LabChart/ADInstruments, EUA) antes da primeira e 48 horas ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima sess&#227;o de treinamento f&#237;sico. Todos os protocolos experimentais foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa (Protocolo # 76/2014) e foram realizados de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de treinamento f&#237;sico</title>
          <p>Previamente ao treinamento f&#237;sico, os animais foram adaptados a uma esteira rolante motorizada (<italic>Insight Instruments</italic>, Brasil) durante 5 dias, 5 min/dia, na velocidade de 5 m/min. Todos os animais realizaram um teste incremental (velocidade inicial: 5 m/min, com incrementos de 3 m/min a cada 3 minutos at&#233; a fadiga) para determinar o tempo total de exerc&#237;cio (TTE) e a velocidade m&#225;xima de corrida (VMC) no in&#237;cio, no fim da 4&#170; e 8&#170; semana de treinamento. O programa de treinamento f&#237;sico foi realizado 5 dias/semana, 60 min/dia, 50-60% VMC, durante 12 semanas, em uma sala com temperatura ambiente de aproximadamente 22&#186;C. A intensidade e a dura&#231;&#227;o foram gradualmente aumentadas como previamente descrito por Lavorato et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Os animais dos grupos controle foram manipulados de maneira semelhante ao grupo treinado e colocados na esteira 2 dias/semana, 5 min/dia a 5 m/min.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo experimental p&#243;s-treinamento f&#237;sico</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Familiariza&#231;&#227;o ao protocolo experimental</title>
            <p>Os animais foram familiarizados (5 min/dia, 5&#186; de inclina&#231;&#227;o, durante 3 dias consecutivos, com velocidades de 11 m/min, 13 m/min e 15 m/min) ao exerc&#237;cio em esteira rolante individual (Panlab, Harvard Apparatus, Espanha). Um termopar foi fixado &#224; cauda do animal e a estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica mantida entre 0,4 - 0,6 mA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Este procedimento foi realizado a fim de evitar que o animal entrela&#231;asse no fio do termopar, al&#233;m de reduzir a exposi&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos ao est&#237;mulo el&#233;trico durante a corrida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Implante de sensor de temperatura</title>
            <p>Imediatamente antes da cirurgia, os animais foram tratados com uma dose profil&#225;tica de antibi&#243;tico (enrofloxacina, 10 mg. kg<sup>-1</sup>, via intramuscular) e de analg&#233;sico (tramadol, 4 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup>, via subcut&#226;nea). A anestesia foi induzida por isoflurano 1,5% (BioChimico, Brasil) e oxig&#234;nio 100% (White-Martins, Brasil), em fluxo constante de 1L/min. Ap&#243;s a prepara&#231;&#227;o do local da incis&#227;o, um sensor de temperatura G2 E-Mitter (Mini Mitter, EUA) foi implantado na regi&#227;o intraperitoneal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, os animais foram alojados em caixas individuais e mais duas doses do mesmo analg&#233;sico foram administradas em intervalos regulares de 8 horas.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo</title>
            <p>Ap&#243;s 48 horas de recupera&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia, cada animal foi submetido a duas sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio com velocidade constante (60% VMC), 5&#186; de inclina&#231;&#227;o com estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica (0,4 - 0,6 mA), at&#233; a fadiga. A velocidade da esteira foi de 16,0 &#177; 0,4 m/min; 23,0 &#177; 0,7 m/min; 16,2 &#177; 0,5 m/min; 19,6 &#177; 0,8 m/min para os grupos WIS-C, WIS-T, SHR-C e SHR-T, respectivamente. A fadiga foi determinada como o momento em que os animais n&#227;o eram mais capazes de manter o ritmo de corrida, submetendo-se &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica por at&#233; dez segundos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> As situa&#231;&#245;es experimentais foram randomizadas e equilibradas. O exerc&#237;cio foi realizado sempre entre 7:00-12:00 h, com intervalo de 48 horas entre as sess&#245;es.</p>
            <p>Durante o exerc&#237;cio foram realizados registros da T<sub>int</sub>, da T<sub>pele</sub> e do VO<sub>2</sub> a cada minuto. A T<sub>int</sub> foi registrada por telemetria (ER-4000 energizer/receptor, Mini-Mitter Respironics, EUA). A T<sub>pele</sub> foi medida utilizando um term&#244;metro (THR-140, Instrutherm Instruments, Brasil), acoplado a um termopar (S-09K, Instrutherm Instruments, Brasil), fixado por uma fita adesiva imperme&#225;vel cerca de 20 mm a partir da base lateral da cauda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O VO<sub>2</sub> (ml.Kg<sup>-0,75</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>) foi mensurado por um sistema de calorimetria indireta de fluxo aberto (Panlab, Harvard Apparatus, Espanha). Durante toda a coleta de dados a temperatura no interior da esteira foi mantida em 25&#186;C.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>C&#225;lculos</title>
            <p>Trabalho (W) = massa corporal (Kg)&#183;for&#231;a da gravidade (9,8 m/s<sup>2</sup>) &#183;TTE (min)&#183;velocidade da esteira (m.min<sup>-1</sup>)&#183;cos &#952; (inclina&#231;&#227;o da esteira).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> EM = (W/custo energ&#233;tico)&#183;100.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
						</p>
            <p>O limiar para dissipa&#231;&#227;o de calor cut&#226;nea foi obtido como o valor m&#233;dio de T<sub>int</sub> registrado no momento em que a T<sub>pele</sub> aumentava significativamente em compara&#231;&#227;o com o valor mais baixo atingido ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
						</p>
            <p>A sensibilidade termoefetora foi calculada pela inclina&#231;&#227;o da reta gerada pela regress&#227;o linear constru&#237;da a partir dos valores de T<sub>int</sub> e T<sub>pele</sub> dos 4 primeiros minutos ap&#243;s o alcance do limiar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Ac&#250;mulo de calor (AC) = (&#916;T<sub>int</sub>)&#183;massa corporal (g)&#183;c, onde &#916;T<sub>int</sub> representa a varia&#231;&#227;o na T<sub>int</sub> (T<sub>final</sub>-T<sub>inicial</sub>) e c corresponde ao calor espec&#237;fico dos tecidos do corpo (0,826 cal.g<sup>-1</sup>.&#186;C<sup>-1</sup>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> O AC foi normalizado por 100 g de massa corporal. A raz&#227;o AC/W (cal.j<sup>-1</sup>) foi considerada como um &#237;ndice de efici&#234;ncia t&#233;rmica.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para avaliar a normalidade dos dados foi utilizado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Uma vez que as vari&#225;veis apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, os dados foram expressos como a m&#233;dia &#177; DP. A T<sub>int</sub>, a T<sub>pele</sub> e o VO<sub>2</sub> foram comparadas utilizando ANOVA <italic>two-way</italic> com parcelas subdivididas, seguido do <italic>post hoc</italic> mais adequado, teste <italic>t (LSD</italic>) ou <italic>Scott Knott</italic>. O TTE, o W, a EM, a PAS, a PAD, a PAM e a FCR foram analisados por ANOVA <italic>two way</italic>, seguido do <italic>post hoc</italic> de <italic>Tukey</italic>. O teste <italic>t</italic> pareado foi aplicado para identificar os efeitos do treinamento de baixa intensidade na massa corporal, na PAS, na PAD, na PAM e na FCR. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de 5%. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o software Sisvar, vers&#227;o 5.6 (Brasil).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Os resultados dos efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico na massa corporal, PAS, PAD, PAM, FCR e TTE s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>. A massa corporal aumentou em todos os grupos ap&#243;s 12 semanas. Os SHRs apresentaram uma menor massa corporal e maiores valores de PAS, PAD, PAM e FCR comparados aos ratos Wistar. A FCR dos ratos Wistar foi reduzida ap&#243;s o treinamento f&#237;sico, no entanto, esta redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi observada nos SHRs. O treinamento f&#237;sico de baixa intensidade reduziu significativamente a PAS (12%), a PAD (18%) e a PAM (12%) nos SHRs. Enquanto, no grupo SHR-C a PAS aumentou ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de 12 semanas. O treinamento f&#237;sico aumentou o desempenho tanto no grupo Wistar quanto no SHR. Al&#233;m disso, o grupo SHR-T apresentou uma menor capacidade f&#237;sica quando comparado ao grupo WIS-T.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">WIS-C (n = 8)</th>
                <th align="center">WIS-T (n = 8)</th>
                <th align="center">SHR-C (n = 8)</th>
                <th align="center">SHR-T (n = 8)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MC inicial (g)</td>
                <td align="center">390,0 &#177; 16,9</td>
                <td align="center">356,6 &#177; 23,7 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">258,6 &#177; 14,7 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">271,3 &#177; 13,5 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MC final (g)</td>
                <td align="center">462,6 &#177; 15,8 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">421,0 &#177; 35,9 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">326,5 &#177; 20,9 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">309,1 &#177; 24,6 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS inicial (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">132,2 &#177; 9,8</td>
                <td align="center">123,7 &#177; 7,6</td>
                <td align="center">172,5 &#177; 14,9 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">189,7 &#177; 9,6 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS final (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">129,6 &#177; 7,6</td>
                <td align="center">127,8 &#177; 8,7</td>
                <td align="center">190,0 &#177; 8,4 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">167,3 &#177; 16,6 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD inicial (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">84,0 &#177; 13,2</td>
                <td align="center">90,0 &#177; 13,2</td>
                <td align="center">135,5 &#177; 18,1 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">143,3 &#177; 17,8 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD final (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">90,3 &#177; 7,9</td>
                <td align="center">98,5 &#177; 14,1</td>
                <td align="center">144,5 &#177; 18,6 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">117,3 &#177; 28,0 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAM inicial (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">100,3 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">100,8 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">147,6 &#177; 16,1 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">157,7 &#177; 14,9 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAM final (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">104,0 &#177; 7,3</td>
                <td align="center">107,2 &#177; 13,2</td>
                <td align="center">158,6 &#177; 12,1 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">133,1 &#177; 22,6 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FCR inicial (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">338,7 &#177; 19,5</td>
                <td align="center">340,2 &#177; 12,1</td>
                <td align="center">374,2 &#177; 11,0 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">370,1 &#177; 12,4 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FCR final (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">337,5 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">311,7 &#177; 12,1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">374,2 &#177; 16,4 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">365,7 &#177; 18,6 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TTE (min)</td>
                <td align="center">21,9 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">34,8 &#177; 4,2 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">23,4 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">28,4 &#177; 3,6 <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>WIS-C: Wistar controle; WIS-T: Wistar treinado; SHR-C: SHR controle; SHR-T: SHR treinado; MC: massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; FCR: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso; TTE: tempo total de exerc&#237;cio no teste progressivo na 8&#170; semana.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05: inicial vs. final.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05: treinado vs. controle dentro da mesma linhagem.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>+</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05: WIS vs. SHR no mesmo n&#237;vel de treinamento.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As respostas da T<sub>int</sub>, do VO<sub>2</sub> e da T<sub>pele</sub> durante o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo a 60% VMC s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>. A hipertens&#227;o e o treinamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o modificaram a T<sub>int</sub> durante o exerc&#237;cio moderado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1A</xref>). O grupo WIS-T apresentou maior VO<sub>2</sub> (minuto 6 ao 16 e no ponto de fadiga; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1B</xref>) e T<sub>pele</sub> (minuto 14 ao 18 e no ponto de fadiga; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1C</xref>) quando comparado ao grupo WIS-C. A T<sub>pele</sub> do grupo SHR-C foi maior em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo WIS-C (minuto 13 ao 17; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1C</xref>). O treinamento f&#237;sico de baixa intensidade n&#227;o alterou a T<sub>pele</sub> e o VO<sub>2</sub> em SHRs durante o exerc&#237;cio moderado. Al&#233;m disso, o grupo SHR-T apresentou uma menor T<sub>pele</sub> no momento de fadiga, quando comparada ao WIS-T (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1C</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Temperatura corporal interna (T<sub>int</sub>, A), consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>, B) e temperatura da pele da cauda (T<sub>pele</sub>, C) durante protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo at&#233; a fadiga. Wistar controle (WIS-C), Wistar treinado (WIS-T), SHR controle (SHR-C), SHR treinado (SHR-T). Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. * p &lt; 0,05: SHR-C vs. WIS-C. # p &lt; 0.05: WIS-T vs. WIS-C. + p &lt; 0.05: SHR-T vs. WIS-T.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0534-90050-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref> apresenta os valores do limiar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2A</xref>) e sensibilidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2B</xref>) para a dissipa&#231;&#227;o de calor durante o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo. A hipertens&#227;o arterial e o treinamento f&#237;sico de baixa intensidade n&#227;o alteraram esses par&#226;metros.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Limiar para dissipa&#231;&#227;o de calor (&#186;C) (A) e sensibilidade (B) durante protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. WIS-C: Wistar controle); WIS-T: Wistar treinado; SHR-C: SHR controle; SHR-T: SHR treinado.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0534-90050-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve efeito da hipertens&#227;o arterial e do treinamento f&#237;sico sobre o W realizado durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3A</xref>). Os animais hipertensos apresentaram menor EM em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais normotensos, tanto no grupo controle quanto no treinado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3B</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve efeito do treinamento f&#237;sico sobre a EM nas duas linhagens (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Trabalho (W, A) e efici&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica (EM, B) durante protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. * p &lt; 0,05: SHR-C vs. WIS-C. + p &lt; 0,05: SHR-T vs. WIS-T. Wistar controle); WIS-T: Wistar treinado; SHR-C: SHR controle; SHR-T: SHR treinado.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0534-90050-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os valores referentes ao AC e a rela&#231;&#227;o AC/W s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>. O grupo WIS-T apresentou um maior AC em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo WIS-C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4A</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, o grupo SHR-T apresentou menor AC em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo WIS-T (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4A</xref>). Por&#233;m, quando o AC foi corrigido pelo W realizado n&#227;o foram observados os efeitos da hipertens&#227;o arterial e do treinamento f&#237;sico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ac&#250;mulo de calor (AC, A) e raz&#227;o ac&#250;mulo de calor /trabalho (AC/W, B). Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. # p &lt; 0,05: WIS-T vs. WIS-C. + p &lt; 0,05: SHR-T vs. WIS-T. WIS-T: Wistar treinado; SHR-C: SHR controle; SHR-T: SHR treinado</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0534-90050-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico de baixa intensidade sobre o balan&#231;o t&#233;rmico de ratos hipertensos submetidos a um protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo. Foi testada a hip&#243;tese de que o treinamento de baixa intensidade poderia promover adapta&#231;&#245;es positivas, de forma a reverter os desequil&#237;brios previamente observados no balan&#231;o t&#233;rmico de SHRs. Para tal, foram avaliadas as respostas da T<sub>int</sub>, da produ&#231;&#227;o de calor e da dissipa&#231;&#227;o de calor. Os principais resultados encontrados, quando analisados em conjunto, mostraram que o treinamento f&#237;sico de baixa intensidade n&#227;o foi capaz de gerar adapta&#231;&#245;es significativas nas vari&#225;veis associadas ao balan&#231;o t&#233;rmico. Assim, nossa hip&#243;tese de que o treinamento de baixa intensidade poderia promover adapta&#231;&#245;es positivas, de forma a reverter os desequil&#237;brios previamente observados no balan&#231;o t&#233;rmico de SHRs n&#227;o foi confirmada.</p>
        <p>O balan&#231;o t&#233;rmico ocorre por meio da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a produ&#231;&#227;o e a dissipa&#231;&#227;o de calor,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> resultando na regula&#231;&#227;o da T<sub>int</sub> em limites adequados. Durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo em ratos, a produ&#231;&#227;o de calor tem uma cin&#233;tica temporal de aumento adiantada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dissipa&#231;&#227;o, fazendo com que a T<sub>int</sub> aumente mais rapidamente no in&#237;cio do exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Esta din&#226;mica foi observada no presente trabalho (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>) em todos os grupos experimentais para as vari&#225;veis do balan&#231;o t&#233;rmico, ou seja, para a produ&#231;&#227;o de calor (VO<sub>2</sub>), para a dissipa&#231;&#227;o de calor (T<sub>pele</sub>) e para a vari&#225;vel resultante (T<sub>int</sub>). Com o passar do tempo de exerc&#237;cio o limiar de T<sub>int</sub> para a dissipa&#231;&#227;o de calor &#233; atingido e a resposta termoefetora de dissipa&#231;&#227;o se inicia, medida por meio da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o da pele da cauda. Tais ajustes atuam para que o equil&#237;brio t&#233;rmico seja alcan&#231;ado e haja a regula&#231;&#227;o da T<sub>int</sub> em limites adequados,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> o que tamb&#233;m ocorreu no presente trabalho. Um ajuste importante, comumente observado na literatura, que confirma este padr&#227;o de resposta &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, ocorrendo at&#233; mesmo vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o, na cauda dos animais no in&#237;cio do exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1C</xref>).</p>
        <p>Embora estudos recentes de nosso grupo tenham mostrado que animais SHR n&#227;o treinados apresentaram desequil&#237;brios no balan&#231;o t&#233;rmico para regular a temperatura corporal durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo, o presente trabalho n&#227;o confirmou a hip&#243;tese de que estes desequil&#237;brios poderiam ser revertidos pelo treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico de baixa intensidade. Estes estudos anteriores demonstram que animais SHRs n&#227;o treinados apresentaram maiores valores de T<sub>int</sub> durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo de intensidade constante (60% VMC), associados &#224; maior produ&#231;&#227;o e &#224; menor dissipa&#231;&#227;o de calor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Vale ressaltar que a idade dos animais e a velocidade absoluta de corrida durante o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio agudo foram diferentes entres estes estudos, o que poderia explicar o presente resultado. Estudos futuros dever&#227;o testar tamb&#233;m outras intensidades e dura&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio, pois sabe-se que os efeitos do treinamento s&#227;o dependentes destas vari&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo (60% VMC) foi determinada de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es propostas pelo <italic>American College of Sports Medicine</italic> para hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> &#201; interessante ressaltar que durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo, os animais exercitaram-se em uma mesma intensidade relativa, no entanto, com velocidades absolutas maiores nos grupos treinados. Gant et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> analisaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a T<sub>int</sub> e intensidade relativa de exerc&#237;cio. Durante 1h de exerc&#237;cio a 60% do VO<sub>2max</sub> n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as na T<sub>int</sub> entre grupos com diferentes VO<sub>2max</sub>. Por&#233;m, diferen&#231;as na T<sub>int</sub> foram encontradas quando as intensidades absolutas de exerc&#237;cio foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Estes dados sugerem que a magnitude da hipertermia pode estar associada &#224; carga absoluta de exerc&#237;cio, independente do estado de treinamento. No presente trabalho, o grupo WIS-T, quando comparado ao WIS-C, apresentou maior produ&#231;&#227;o de calor. Isso pode ter ocorrido devido &#224; maior intensidade de exerc&#237;cio, que foi contrabalanceada por uma maior dissipa&#231;&#227;o de calor e consequente manuten&#231;&#227;o da T<sub>int</sub> em valores semelhantes aos do grupo WIS-C.</p>
        <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico de baixa intensidade aumentou a capacidade f&#237;sica dos SHRs e foi eficiente na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, por&#233;m n&#227;o promoveu bradicardia de repouso. Os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pela redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos em hipertensos ap&#243;s o treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio incluem adapta&#231;&#245;es estruturais, vasculares e neuro-humorais, tais como: redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade vasomotora simp&#225;tica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> menor reatividade vascular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> e altera&#231;&#227;o do balan&#231;o entre fatores relaxantes e contr&#225;teis derivados do endot&#233;lio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os animais hipertensos apresentaram menor EM em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais normotensos, como previamente descrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Esta menor EM exibida pelos SHRs pode ser explicada, pelo menos parcialmente, pela maior raz&#227;o de fibras musculares do tipo IIA por fibras tipo I no m&#250;sculo s&#243;leo. Sabe-se que as fibras do tipo I s&#227;o inerentemente mais eficientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Os mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos que alteram o perfil de fibra muscular podem estar associados &#224; rarefa&#231;&#227;o da microcircula&#231;&#227;o, que levariam &#224; apoptose dos microcapilares, diminuindo ent&#227;o as fibras musculares do tipo I e gerando um estado elevado de anaerobiose muscular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Entretanto, a menor EM n&#227;o comprometeu o trabalho realizado pelos SHRs durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo. O treinamento f&#237;sico de baixa intensidade n&#227;o foi capaz de aumentar a EM, tanto em ratos normotensos quanto em hipertensos.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es. A diferen&#231;a entre a massa corporal de animais hipertensos e normotensos apresentadas no presente trabalho pode ter interferido nas altera&#231;&#245;es na temperatura interna induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio, j&#225; que o custo energ&#233;tico da corrida e a dissipa&#231;&#227;o de calor cut&#226;nea s&#227;o dependentes da massa corporal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Por&#233;m, essa &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o esperada quando se trabalha com animais normotensos e SHRs e se faz a op&#231;&#227;o por parear os animais pela idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No entanto, Drummond et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> demonstraram que as diferen&#231;as termorregulat&#243;rias encontradas entre animais normotensos e SHRs durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo n&#227;o foram dependentes das diferen&#231;as na massa corporal. Estas diferen&#231;as poderiam interferir tamb&#233;m na treinabilidade dos animais, uma vez que poderiam estar associadas a diferen&#231;as na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e, consequentemente, na capacidade f&#237;sica. Por fim, o presente trabalho n&#227;o pode afirmar que os resultados encontrados seriam os mesmos caso o treinamento f&#237;sico fosse iniciando antes dos SHRs apresentarem n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos sist&#243;licos acima de 150 mmHg, bem como em outras idades.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico de baixa intensidade n&#227;o provocou altera&#231;&#245;es no balan&#231;o t&#233;rmico de ratos hipertensos submetidos a um protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPEMIG, CNPq e CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Luis Henrique Lobo Silame Gomes pela Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 76/2014. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
