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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">67CR38GBGwSLZ5y8pprbvWM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000500532</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190084</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Appropriate Use Criteria for Coronary Angiography at Two Hospitals in Southern Brazil: "Doing the Right Things And Doing Things Right"</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2986-8618</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalhaes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5047-0690</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cade</surname>
            <given-names>Jamil R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Marcelin</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiologia Intervencionista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Marcelina - Cardiologia Intervencionista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Santa Marcelina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Santa Marcelina - Escola de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jamil R. Cade,</bold> Hospital Santa Marcelina - Cardiologia Intervencionista - R. Santa Marcelina, 196. Postal Code 08270-070, Vila Carmosina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>jamilcade@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>532</fpage>
      <lpage>533</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/diagnostic imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Cardiovascular disease and particularly coronary artery disease (CAD) remain a global health issue,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> notwithstanding major advances in cardiovascular care that have resulted in a reduction in CAD mortality over the last decades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Indeed, the most recent trends point towards a bottoming out of CAD mortality rates and, for certain subgroups, rates might even be increasing.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The reasons for these alarming trends relate to the prevalence of risk factors, health care system failures in dealing with chronic diseases, unequal access to technology, decreasing levels of investment in cardiovascular research, and persistent heterogeneity in the quality of care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In contrast, cardiovascular health care costs continue to follow a linear upward trend.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> As a consequence, the delivery of high-value cardiovascular care has been reduced.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In the long run, cardiovascular research and innovation should stimulate the development of novel drugs and therapies. In the short term, for struggling health care systems facing escalating costs, avoiding inappropriate tests and ineffective therapies is part of a value-based healthcare agenda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The fundamental concept of moving from volume to value may mitigate conflicting expectations among payers, providers, patients and physicians, who should share a common objective of reducing unwarranted health costs while improving outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>However, it is time for this agenda to be transformed from discussion into action. Taking the lead in this transformation over the last decade, physicians representing the North American medical societies have come together to provide evidence-based recommendations and expert opinions for a range of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. These evolving recommendations, namely Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC), aim to assist physicians in providing high-value cardiovascular care.</p>
    <p>In this issue of Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Luciano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> present results on the use of AUC for diagnostic catheterization (DC) in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> From May to October 2016, data were obtained for DC performed at two tertiary hospitals (a general hospital vs. a cardiology hospital). The authors collected data that allowed appropriateness scores to be assigned for each DC, namely, "appropriate" (7 to 9), "occasionally appropriate" (4 to 6) or "rarely appropriate" (1 to 3). Of note, according to the original AUC, the same scoring system was used, but the descriptive terms used were "appropriate", "uncertain" and "inappropriate", respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Additionally, the authors compared each of the three AUC categories between hospitals and with the presence of CAD. The presence of obstructive CAD was defined as angiographic obstruction of more than 50% in the left main coronary artery or 70% elsewhere.</p>
    <p>The sample included 737 DC in patients with a mean age of 62 years. Taken together, 80.6% of the exams were deemed appropriate according to AUC criteria, and 15.1% occasionally appropriate (uncertain), while 4.3% were rarely appropriate (inappropriate). Among similar studies, the rates of appropriate, uncertain and inappropriate use of diagnostic catheterization were 52.8%, 31% and 10.8% in Ontario, and 35%, 40% and 25% in New York, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Notably, in the Brazilian study, the rate of inappropriate use in stable patients only (~10.1%) was similar to that in the Ontario cohort (10.8%) and roughly two-fold lower than in the US study. Interestingly, both Canada and Brazil have public universal health systems, which differ from that in the United States, where the health system is predominately financed by private funds.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The second finding that deserves careful attention is the lack of severe obstructive CAD in 41.2% of DC. Although this frequency is lower than that in the Canadian cohort (54.5%), it stills represents an important source of cardiovascular expenditure that can be improved through a comprehensive and specialized assessment (pre-test probability). Indeed, the frequency of normal DC findings was significantly lower at the specialized cardiology hospital than at the general hospital (37.8% vs. 52.6%; p = 0.008), despite a three-times higher volume at the former. Moreover, among patients under CAD investigation, the rates of appropriate DC were significantly higher at the cardiology hospital compared with the general hospital (87.3% vs. 58.5%; p &lt; 0.01). Therefore, these results constitute indirect evidence of higher quality performance in high-volume and specialized centers of cardiovascular care.</p>
    <p>There are a number of caveats relating to the study. First, the sample size was relatively small. Second, the AUC categorization was made by the same non-blinded physician who performed the DC and participated in the final decision on whether to proceed with intervention. Third, neither baseline risk factors nor stress test findings were reported, particularly for the general hospital that had a higher proportion of CAD investigation (stable patients) compared with cardiology hospital (73% vs. 34%) Fourth, there was a lack of functional and intravascular invasive imaging assessments. Finally, the sample included only patients from the public health system and clinical outcomes were not presented.</p>
    <p>A further interesting finding of Luciano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> relates to the reasons behind the rarely appropriate (inappropriate) category of DC and the decision-making upstream. The higher the frequency of inappropriate DC, the more likely the frequency of further inappropriate interventions, a phenomenon called the "diagnostic-therapeutic cascade".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The danger of this cascade was averted in the two Brazilian hospitals, however, where ALL patients rated as receiving an inappropriate DC, 21.9% of whom had severe obstructive CAD, remained under clinical treatment, which was carried out according to the best evidence available. We commend the authors and physicians for "doing the right things AND doing things right", thus benefiting patients and the health care system.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Analysis of the Appropriate Use Criteria for Coronary Angiography in Two Cardiology Services of Southern Brazil</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Crit&#233;rios de Uso Apropriado na Angiografia Coron&#225;ria em Dois Hospitais do Sul do Brasil: "Fazendo as Coisas Certas, da Maneira Certa"</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2986-8618</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalhaes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5047-0690</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cade</surname>
            <given-names>Jamil R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Marcelina - Cardiologia Intervencionista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Santa Marcelina - Escola de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jamil R. Cade,</bold> Hospital Santa Marcelina - Cardiologia Intervencionista R. Santa Marcelina, 196. CEP 08270-070, Vila Carmosina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>jamilcade@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana/diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular, principalmente a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), continua sendo um problema de sa&#250;de mundial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> apesar dos grandes avan&#231;os nos tratamentos que t&#234;m contribu&#237;do para a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DAC nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> De fato, tend&#234;ncias mais recentes apontam para um achatamento das taxas de mortalidade por DAC, mas para alguns subgrupos, essas taxas podem estar aumentando.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Os motivos para essa tend&#234;ncia alarmante est&#227;o relacionados &#224; preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco, falhas no sistema de sa&#250;de na abordagem de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, acesso desigual &#224; tecnologia, n&#237;veis decrescente de investimentos em pesquisas, e heterogeneidade na qualidade do cuidado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, os gastos com os cuidados com as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares continuam a seguir uma tend&#234;ncia linear crescente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> e, consequentemente, a oferta de um cuidado de alto valor tem diminu&#237;do.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Em longo prazo, pesquisas cardiovasculares e inova&#231;&#227;o deveriam estimular o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos e novas terapias. Em curto prazo, para os sistemas de sa&#250;de que lutam contra gastos cada vez maiores, evitar exames inadequados e terapias ineficazes atenderia &#224; estrat&#233;gia de sa&#250;de baseada em valor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O conceito fundamental de se focar em valor em vez de volume pode amenizar expectativas conflitantes entre pagantes, provedores, pacientes e m&#233;dicos, os quais deveriam compartilhar de um objetivo comum de se reduzir gastos desnecess&#225;rios na sa&#250;de e melhorar os resultados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>No entanto, est&#225; na hora de transformar essa discuss&#227;o em a&#231;&#227;o. Na lideran&#231;a dessa transforma&#231;&#227;o, durante a &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, m&#233;dicos representantes de sociedades m&#233;dicas norte americanas se re&#250;nem para apresentar recomenda&#231;&#245;es baseadas em evid&#234;ncias e opini&#245;es de especialistas sobre muitos procedimentos terap&#234;uticos e diagn&#243;sticos. Essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es, chamadas de Crit&#233;rios de Uso Apropriado (AUC, <italic>Appropriate Use Criteria</italic>), t&#234;m o objetivo de auxiliar m&#233;dicos na promo&#231;&#227;o do cuidado cardiovascular de alto valor.</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Luciano et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> apresentam os resultados do uso dos AUC no cateterismo diagn&#243;stico (CD) no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> De maio a outubro de 2016, foram obtidos dados de CDs realizados em dois hospitais terci&#225;rios (um hospital geral e um hospital de cardiologia). Os autores coletaram dados que os permitiram atribuir escores de adequa&#231;&#227;o para cada CD. Os escores foram: "apropriado" (7-9), "ocasionalmente apropriado" (4-6), ou "raramente apropriado" (1-3). De acordo com os AUC originais, o mesmo sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o foi utilizado, mas os termos descritivos eram "apropriado", "incerto" e "inapropriado".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Al&#233;m disso, os autores compararam cada uma das categorias dos AUC entre os hospitais e a presen&#231;a de DAC. A presen&#231;a de DAC obstrutiva foi definida como obstru&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica de mais de 50% na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda ou de 70% em outro local.</p>
      <p>A amostra incluiu 737 CDs em pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 62 anos. No total, 80,6% dos exames foram considerados apropriados de acordo com os AUC, 15,1% ocasionalmente apropriados (incerto), e 4,3% raramente apropriado (inapropriado). Em estudos similares conduzidos na Am&#233;rica do Norte, as taxas de uso apropriado, incerto e inapropriado do CD foram 52,8%, 31% e 10,8%, respectivamente, em Ont&#225;rio, e 35%, 40% e 25%, respectivamente, em Nova Iorque.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> No estudo brasileiro, a taxa de uso inapropriado em pacientes est&#225;veis (10,1%) foi similar &#224; encontrada na coorte de Ont&#225;rio (10,8%) e quase duas vezes menor que a do estudo realizado em Nova Iorque. Um dado interessante &#233; que tanto o Canad&#225; como o Brasil possuem sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico universal, diferentemente do sistema dos EUA, predominantemente financiado por fundos privados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O segundo achado que merece aten&#231;&#227;o especial &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva grave em 41,2% dos CDs. Apesar dessa frequ&#234;ncia ser mais baixa que a da coorte canadense (54.5%), ela ainda representa uma importante fonte de gastos com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, que poderia ser melhorada por meio de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente e especializada (probabilidade pr&#233;-teste). De fato, a frequ&#234;ncia de CDs normais foi significativamente menor no hospital especializado em cardiologia, que no hospital geral (37,8% vs. 52,6%; p = 0,008), apesar de um volume tr&#234;s vezes maior no primeiro hospital. Ainda, nos pacientes em investiga&#231;&#227;o para DAC, as taxas de CDs apropriadas foram significativamente maiores no hospital cardiol&#243;gico em compara&#231;&#227;o ao hospital geral (87,3% vs. 58,5%; p &lt; 0,01). Portanto, esses resultados constituem evid&#234;ncia indireta de melhor desempenho dos centros cardiovasculares com alto volume.</p>
      <p>H&#225; muitas ressalvas, por&#233;m, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estudo. Primeiramente, o tamanho da amostra foi relativamente pequeno. Segundo, a categoriza&#231;&#227;o dos AUCs foi feito pelo mesmo m&#233;dico (n&#227;o cego) que realizou o CD e participou da decis&#227;o de se fazer ou n&#227;o a interven&#231;&#227;o. Terceiro, n&#227;o foram relatados no estudo os fatores de risco basais ou resultados de teste de esfor&#231;o, particularmente para o hospital geral, o qual apresentou maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes (est&#225;veis) com DAC em compara&#231;&#227;o ao hospital cardiol&#243;gico (73% vs. 34%). Quarto, n&#227;o foi realizada avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional ou por imagem intravascular invasiva. Finalmente, a amostra incluiu somente pacientes usu&#225;rios do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de, e n&#227;o foram apresentados desfechos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>Um outro achado interessante do estudo de Luciano et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> relaciona-se &#224;s raz&#245;es por tr&#225;s da categoria raramente apropriado (inapropriado) para o CD e o processo de tomadas de decis&#245;es. Quanto maior a frequ&#234;ncia de CD inapropriado, maior a probabilidade de outras interven&#231;&#245;es inapropriadas, um fen&#244;meno chamado "cascata diagn&#243;stica-terap&#234;utica".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> O perigo dessa cascata foi evitado nos dois hospitais brasileiros; contudo, onde todos os pacientes categorizados como "inapropriado", 21,9% deles apresentaram DAC obstrutiva grave, continuaram em tratamento cl&#237;nico, o qual foi realizado com base na melhor evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel. Parabenizamos os autores e os m&#233;dicos por fazerem as coisas certas, da maneira certa, beneficiando tanto os pacientes como o sistema de sa&#250;de.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: An&#225;lise do Uso dos Crit&#233;rios de Indica&#231;&#227;o de Coronariografia em Dois Servi&#231;os de Cardiologia do Sul do Brasil</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
