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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Fx4YzmvCpfTjTs8kF6DFMFQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000500526</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005006104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190055</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Analysis of the Appropriate Use Criteria for Coronary Angiography in Two Cardiology Services of Southern Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1294-161X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Luciano</surname>
            <given-names>Luis S&#233;rgio Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7847-4009</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto L&#233;o da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Londero</surname>
            <given-names>Ozir Miguel</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Waldrich</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Panata</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4919-6027</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trombetta</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Preve</surname>
            <given-names>Julio Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7960-7926</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fattah</surname>
            <given-names>Tammuz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9338-2682</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Giuliano</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thiago</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Koenig S&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Jos&#233;</city>
          <state>SC</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Prof. Dr. Polydoro Ernani S&#227;o Thiago</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Florian&#243;polis</city>
          <state>SC</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Prof. Dr. Polydoro Ernani S&#227;o Thiago - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luis S&#233;rgio Carvalho Luciano,</bold> Rua Adolfo Donato da Silva, s/n - Praia Comprida - Secretaria do Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica do ICSC. Postal Code 88103-901, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC - Brazil. E-mail: <email>luiscl@cardiol.br</email>, <email>luiscl@msn.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Luciano LSC, da Silva RL; Acquisition of data: Luciano LSC, da Silva RL, Waldrich L, Panata L, Preve JC, Fattah T, Giuliano LC, Thiago LEKS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Luciano LSC, da Silva RL, Londero Filho OM; Statistical analysis: Luciano LSC, da Silva RL, Trombetta AP;Writing of the manuscript: Luciano LSC, da Silva RL; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Luciano LSC, da Silva RL, Londero Filho OM, Trombetta AP, Preve JC, Giuliano LC, Thiago LEKS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>526</fpage>
      <lpage>531</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Despite its great relevance, there are no studies in our country evaluating the application of the 2012 guidelines for the appropriate use of cardiac diagnostic catheterization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To analyze the adequacy of coronary angiography performed in two hospitals in the southern region of Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This is a multicenter cross-sectional study, which analyzed indications, results and proposals for the treatment of 737 coronary angiograms performed in a tertiary hospital with multiple specialties (Hospital A) and a tertiary cardiology hospital (Hospital B). Elective or emergency coronary angiographies were included, except for cases of acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation. The level of statistical significance adopted was 5% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of the 737 coronary angiograms, 63.9% were performed in male patients. The mean age was 61.6 years. The indication was acute coronary syndrome in 57.1%, and investigation of coronary artery disease in 42.9% of the cases. Regarding appropriation, 80.6% were classified as appropriate, 15.1% occasionally appropriate, and 4.3% rarely appropriate. The proposed treatment was clinical for 62.7%, percutaneous coronary intervention for 24.6%, and myocardial revascularization surgery for 12.7% of the cases. Of the coronary angiographies classified as rarely appropriate, 56.2% were related to non-performance of previous functional tests, and 21.9% showed severe coronary lesions. However, regardless of the outcome of coronary angiography, all patients in this group were indicated for clinical treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>We observed a low number of rarely appropriate coronary angiograms in our sample. The guideline recommendation in these cases was adequate, and no patient required revascularization treatment. Most of these cases are due to non-performance of functional tests.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/diagnostic imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Multicenter Study</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The management of coronary artery disease (CAD), the leading cause of mortality in the developed world, is based on the use of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Six decades after the first selective coronary angiography performed by Dr. Sones under improbable circumstances,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> coronary angiography remains the gold standard for diagnosis of CAD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> although noninvasive methods have progressively gained some space.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Advances in medical technology were followed by rising costs, motivating research on cost-effectiveness issues. The identification of the exaggerated use of medical procedures has led to questions about when they will actually be needed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In 2011 a significant drop in the rate of inappropriate angioplasties in the American state of New York was observed after the government announced that the payment would be connected to appropriation. That is, the financial question influenced the selection of patients for angioplasty. Analyzes of appropriate use should follow the progression of ways of financing.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In an effort to present criteria for rational use of cardiology services, the American College of Cardiology Foundation, and 11 other medical entities have issued the 2012 guideline for appropriate use of diagnostic cardiac catheterization. This recommendation has the potential to impact clinical decisions, the quality of health care, and health policies through the efficient use of resources.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In Brazil, this issue was previously studied with the 1999 guideline. An analysis of 145 coronary angiograms in patients with suspected stable ischemic disease was published in 2005. It was also observed that 34.5% of the indications were appropriate, and 65.5% uncertain, or inappropriate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Also, based on the 1999 guideline, an Italian group studied the indications of 460 coronariographies, with no inappropriate angiography in its sample.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Based on the perspectives of the 2012 guideline, the indications of coronary angiography in New York,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and in a large Canadian cohort of patients suspected of having a stable CAD, were evaluated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The results in the literature are discordant regarding the validation of the guideline, generating concern about its reliability to guide decision-making.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The objective of this study is to analyze the appropriation of coronary angiographies performed in two hospitals in the southern region of Brazil in accordance with the 2012 guidelines.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is an observational, cross-sectional, multicenter study. The two centers together perform more than 1,700 procedures per year; one of them is a tertiary hospital with multiple specialties (Hospital A) and the other a tertiary cardiology hospital (Hospital B). All the elective or emergency coronary angiograms were included in the period from May to October 2016. Catheterizations performed in cases of acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation were excluded. The information was entered into a database at the time of the procedure. The work was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of the institutions involved.</p>
      <p>All indications were classified as appropriate, occasionally appropriate, or rarely appropriate, according to current terminology,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and following the 2012 guidelines for appropriate use of diagnostic cardiac catheterization. In this guideline, indications are divided into three broad groups: 1. Evaluation of CAD; 2. Evaluation due to conditions other than CAD (valvar, pericardial or cardiomyopathy diseases); 3. Right heart catheterization. The guideline covers 102 possible indications, which were classified by a score that combines evidence-based medicine and practical experience of the members of a technical panel. Each indication received an average score of 1 to 9, being classified as appropriate when between 7 and 9, occasionally appropriate when between 4 and 6, and rarely appropriate when between 1 and 3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The analysis also included age, sex, clinical status, coronary angiographic findings regarding the presence of obstructive disease, and the treatment proposal.</p>
      <p>The clinical picture was simply characterized as an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or as a stable condition, which included all patients who did not fit the first group. ACS was characterized by presenting with typical chest pain at rest or in progress, associated or not with the electrocardiographic alteration suggestive of ischemia (ST segment depression and/or T wave alteration), and may or may not be associated with changes in myocardial necrosis markers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In order to check if the recommendation of the guideline adequately predicts the angiographic result and therapeutic perspective, the coronary angiography result was classified according to the extent of the severe CAD, and the treatment proposal for each case was documented.</p>
      <p>A reduction of greater than or equal to 50% in the diameter of the left coronary artery trunk (LCT), and greater than or equal to 70% for the other vessels, was considered severe, either by visual angiographic evaluation or by quantitative angiography, with the projection in which the lesion was more severe being chosen.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Patients with severe LCT lesions were classified regardless of the presence of other severe lesions.</p>
      <p>The treatment proposal was defined by the hemodynamicist in charge, after coronary angiography, and may be clinical treatment, coronary angioplasty or myocardial revascularization surgery, according to available clinical data and the anatomical result found in the examination.</p>
      <p>Data analysis was performed in order to also allow the comparison between two services with different profiles, with Hospital A being a general hospital and Hospital B a reference center for high complexity in cardiology in the state, with a large flow of coronary patients in its emergency service. The two services are provided exclusively by the Unified Health System (SUS).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>For data analysis, the IBM SPSS Statistics 23 software (IBM Corp. Released 2015, IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) was used. The results were expressed in numbers and (absolute and relative) proportion, for categorical variables, and in measures of central trend (mean) and dispersion (standard deviation) for continuous variables. The chi-square test was used to study possible associations between categorical variables. For the comparison between continuous variables, the unpaired Student t test was used. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to evaluate the sample normality assumption. The level of statistical significance adopted was 5%, considering a 95% confidence interval.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 737 coronary angiograms analyzed, 76.8% were performed at Hospital B, 63.9% in male patients. The mean age was 61.6 years. The indication for coronary angiography was due to ACS in 57.1%, and CAD investigation in 42.9% of the cases. Regarding appropriation, 80.6% of the coronary angiograms were classified as appropriate, 15.1% occasionally appropriate, and 4.3% rarely appropriate. We observed that 41.2% of coronary angiograms did not show severe CAD, 27.4% severe single-vessel CAD, 17.2% two-vessel CAD, 11.3% three-vessel CAD, and 2.8% severe LCT lesion. The proposed treatment was clinical for 62.7% of the patients, percutaneous coronary intervention for 24.6%, and myocardial revascularization surgery for 12.7% of the cases.</p>
      <p>There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of male and female patients between the two institutions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The mean age was 59.1 years in Hospital A, and 62.3 years in Hospital B (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of patients between the two institutions according to gender, clinical presentation, classification of appropriate use, coronary angiography result and treatment</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Source</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Hospital A</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Hospital B</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Score n = 171</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">Score n = 566</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Gender</td>
              <td align="center">Female</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">40.9%</td>
              <td align="center">196</td>
              <td align="center">34.6%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.132</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Male</td>
              <td align="center">101</td>
              <td align="center">59.1%</td>
              <td align="center">370</td>
              <td align="center">65.4%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Clinic</td>
              <td align="center">ACS</td>
              <td align="center">46</td>
              <td align="center">26.9%</td>
              <td align="center">375</td>
              <td align="center">66.3%</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Stable</td>
              <td align="center">125</td>
              <td align="center">73.1%</td>
              <td align="center">191</td>
              <td align="center">33.7%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Evaluation of appropriation</td>
              <td align="center">Rarely Appropriate</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">5.8%</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">3.9%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.084</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Occasionally Appropriate</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">35.7%</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">8.8%</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Appropriate</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">58.5%</td>
              <td align="center">494</td>
              <td align="center">87.3%</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5">Result</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">90</td>
              <td align="center">52.6%</td>
              <td align="center">214</td>
              <td align="center">37.8%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Single-vessel</td>
              <td align="center">38</td>
              <td align="center">22.2%</td>
              <td align="center">164</td>
              <td align="center">29.0%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.078</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Two-vessel </td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">15.8%</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">17.7%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.568</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Three-vessel</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">7.0%</td>
              <td align="center">71</td>
              <td align="center">12.5%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.045</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">LCT</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">2.3%</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">3.0%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.647</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Treatment</td>
              <td align="center">Clinical</td>
              <td align="center">122</td>
              <td align="center">71.3%</td>
              <td align="center">340</td>
              <td align="center">60.1%</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Angioplasty</td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">18.1%</td>
              <td align="center">150</td>
              <td align="center">26.5%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.025</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Surgical</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">10.5%</td>
              <td align="center">76</td>
              <td align="center">13.4%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.318</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>ACS: acute coronary syndrome; LCT: left coronary artery trunk.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>* Statistical significance analyzes performed using the chi-square test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>All patients with ACS have appropriate indication for coronary angiography. In this group of patients there was no statistically significant difference regarding the distribution by gender, coronary angiography result and treatment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of patients with ACS within the two institutions according to gender, result of coronary angiography and treatment</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Source</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Hospital A</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Hospital B</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Score n = 46</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">Score n = 375</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Gender </td>
              <td align="center">Female</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">41.3%</td>
              <td align="center">124</td>
              <td align="center">33.1%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.266</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Male</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">58.7%</td>
              <td align="center">251</td>
              <td align="center">66.9%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5">Result</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">21.7%</td>
              <td align="center">96</td>
              <td align="center">25.6%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.569</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Single-vessel</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">26.1%</td>
              <td align="center">126</td>
              <td align="center">33.6%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.305</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Two-vessel</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">32.6%</td>
              <td align="center">81</td>
              <td align="center">21.6%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.093</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Three-vessel</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">13.0%</td>
              <td align="center">57</td>
              <td align="center">15.2%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.698</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">LCT</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">6.5%</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">4.0%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.424</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Treatment</td>
              <td align="center">Clinical</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">43.5%</td>
              <td align="center">188</td>
              <td align="center">50.1%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.394</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Angioplasty</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">41.3%</td>
              <td align="center">130</td>
              <td align="center">34.7%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.374</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Surgical</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">15.2%</td>
              <td align="center">57</td>
              <td align="center">15.2%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.997</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>ACS: acute coronary syndrome; LCT: left coronary artery trunk.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>* Statistical significance analyzes performed using the chi-square test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Among the stable patients, there was a lower proportion of patients with appropriate indications in Hospital A compared to Hospital B and a higher proportion of occasionally appropriate ones. Among the stable patients, no difference was observed regarding the distribution by gender, outcome and treatment. There was a higher incidence of indication for preoperative cardiac surgery exams at Hospital B when compared to Hospital A, and a predominance of CAD investigation at Hospital A (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of patients being investigated for CAD within the two institutions according to gender, assessment of appropriation, reason for indication, result of coronary angiogram and treatment</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Source</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Hospital A</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Hospital B</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Score n = 125</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">Score n = 191</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Gender </td>
              <td align="center">Female</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
              <td align="center">40.8%</td>
              <td align="center">72</td>
              <td align="center">37.7%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.580</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Male</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">59.2%</td>
              <td align="center">119</td>
              <td align="center">62.3%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Evaluation of Appropriation</td>
              <td align="center">Appropriate</td>
              <td align="center">54</td>
              <td align="center">43.2%</td>
              <td align="center">119</td>
              <td align="center">62.3%</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Occasionally Appropriate</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">48.8%</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">26.2%</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Rarely Appropriate</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">8%</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">11.5%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.317</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Reason for Indication</td>
              <td align="center">Diagnosis of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
              <td align="center">77.6%</td>
              <td align="center">114</td>
              <td align="center">59.7%</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Reassessment of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">11.2%</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">17.3%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.146</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Pre-Op. of Cardiac Surgery</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">4.8%</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">20.9%</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Pre-Op. of Non-Cardiac Surgery</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">6.4%</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">2.1%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.049</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5">Result</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">64%</td>
              <td align="center">118</td>
              <td align="center">61.8%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.690</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Single-vessel</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">20.8%</td>
              <td align="center">38</td>
              <td align="center">19.9%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.844</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Two-vessel</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">9.6%</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">9.9%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.919</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Three-vessel</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">4.8%</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">7.3%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.366</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">LCT</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.8%</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">1%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.824</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Treatment</td>
              <td align="center">Clinical</td>
              <td align="center">102</td>
              <td align="center">81.6%</td>
              <td align="center">152</td>
              <td align="center">79.6%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.658</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Angioplasty</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">9.6%</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">10.5%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.801</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Surgical</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">8.8%</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">9.9%</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.733</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>CAD: coronary artery disease; LCT: left coronary artery trunk.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>* Statistical significance analyzes performed using the chi-square test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Of the 737 patients, 32 (4.3%) had their coronary angiography classified as rarely appropriate. Of these, 18 cases (56.2%) were related to non-performance of previous functional tests; six (18.8%) were asymptomatic patients or those with stable symptoms who underwent prior revascularization; six (18.8%) were stable asymptomatic non-cardiac surgery patients with functional capacity &#8805; 4 METS; one (3.1%) had known CAD receiving clinical treatment, and with low-risk findings in noninvasive tests, or stable symptoms, and one (3.1%) with mild or moderate aortic valve stenosis of native or prosthetic valve, and asymptomatic regarding valve disease.</p>
      <p>Among those classified as rarely appropriate, seven cases (21.9%) had severe coronary lesions but, regardless of the result of the coronary angiography, all patients in this group were indicated for clinical treatment. Of the seven patients, in four (57.1%) lesions were observed in vessels of fine caliber (&lt; 2 mm); in two (28.6%), there were distal lesions in vessels of fine caliber, and one (14.3%) underwent coronary angiography due to moderate aortic valve stenosis, being asymptomatic from the cardiological point of view.</p>
      <p>In 13.5% of those classified as occasionally appropriate, and in 43.8% of the appropriate, the option was either percutaneous or surgical revascularization.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The balance between cost and effectiveness is necessary because funding sources are pressed by increased demand, technology, and consequently, resources. The rational use of these resources is part of the physician's social responsibility.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Even so, many cardiologists believe that angioplasty is beneficial for patients with stable CAD, and the approach continues to be the search for ischemia. It is not surprising that a substantial minority of cardiologists believe that angioplasty and coronary stenting prevent myocardial infarction. These beliefs are seen in practice with poor application of resources: it is estimated that up to half of elective angioplasties may be inappropriate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> This reality also applies to diagnostic methods, such as coronary angiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Historically there is great international variability in the proper use of diagnostic cardiac catheterization. This issue was studied in more than ten countries between 1987 and 2006, with appropriate use rates between 34.5%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and 91%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> with most studies showing rates of appropriation above 72%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Differently from other large multicenter retrospective studies analyzing the 2012 guideline for appropriate use of diagnostic cardiac catheterization,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> the present study validates the guideline when we relate the adequacy of coronary angiography and the treatment. Another relevant aspect is the possibility of analyzing the characteristics of two institutions with different profiles (general tertiary hospital and tertiary cardiology hospital) within the same micro-region. In addition, although the 2012 guideline still uses the classification of appropriate, uncertain and inappropriate, we chose to use the most current classification of appropriate, occasionally appropriate and rarely appropriate, used in the most recent guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We included the cases of ACS in our analysis, which were not included in other studies, because it is the subgroup of patients that accounts for the main difference between the centers studied, and due to the relevance of documenting these institutional characteristics. The cases of ACS do not qualitatively stratify coronary angiography indications, since, in these cases, all of them are classified as appropriate. We observed the expected predominance of these cases in the cardiology hospital (Hospital B), and higher prevalence of stable patients in the general hospital (Hospital A) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). To analyze the quality of the indications for coronary angiography, the analysis of the subgroup of patients in the CAD investigation was performed.</p>
      <p>The results of analysis of a large retrospective cohort with 48,336 patients with suspected stable CAD in the region of Ontario, Canada, were published in 2015.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In the Canadian study, rates of 58.2% of appropriate cases, 31% of occasionally appropriate ones, and 10,8% of rarely appropriate cases were observed, which are similar to those found in our sample of patients being investigated for CAD, with 54.7% classified as appropriate, 35.1% occasionally appropriate, and 10.2% rarely appropriate.</p>
      <p>Despite the apparent balance in the proportion of indications, while 18.9% of the patients classified as rarely appropriate in the Canadian study underwent revascularization procedures, 100% of the patients so classified in our study were referred for clinical treatment despite the presence of severe coronary lesions. This can be explained by the presence of distal lesions in thin or minor vessels that make clinical treatment the best option in this context. This information validates the application of the guideline in our population, since patients with an indication of rarely appropriate for coronary angiography would not have an indication of treatment of revascularization as a complement to the optimal drug therapy.</p>
      <p>Another large retrospective study in the state of New York analyzed the indications of 8,986 coronary angiographies, and found that 24.9% of their cases were classified as rarely appropriate,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> a number that is considerably larger than the 10.8% and 10.2% in the Canadian study and in our sample, respectively. To explain why about a quarter of cases were classified as rarely appropriate, it was argued that at the time of coronary angiography, the 2012 guideline for the appropriate use of diagnostic cardiac catheterization had not yet been published. However, the situation is similar to that of the Canadian cohort, which had its coronary angiograms performed between 2008 and 2011, and presented more modest proportions of rarely appropriate coronary angiograms. A significant portion of the rarely appropriate coronary angiographies enters this classification due to non-performance of previous functional tests,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> a situation that is responsible for 56.2% of these cases in our sample. The performance of functional tests would provide the reclassification of these cases, improving the use of coronary angiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>When we observed the differences between the two institutions involved in the present study, a higher proportion of coronary angiographies with appropriate indication at Hospital B, and a higher proportion of occasionally appropriate at Hospital A (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>) were evident in the subgroup of patients being investigated for CAD. The highest proportion of preoperative cardiac surgery tests performed at Hospital B, an indication classified as appropriate by the guideline,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> explains part of this difference. The performance of cardiac surgeries in Hospital B, an institution dedicated to cardiology, appears as the main factor for the difference of appropriation between the two institutions.</p>
      <p>The limitations of our study are the reduced size of its sample, which precludes a detailed analysis of each indication of the guideline; and failure to follow patients for prognostic evaluation related to outcome and treatment. In addition, more than 50% of our sample are cases of ACS, in which invasive stratification is appropriate according to the guideline, limiting the analysis of the quality of the indication in this scenario. The results represent the reality of the patients treated in two public hospitals located in the southern region of Brazil. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the indications of coronary angiography in other contexts and regions of the country.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>We conclude that our sample has appropriation indices similar to those in the literature, with a small rate of rarely appropriate procedures. The guideline recommendation in rarely appropriate cases was adequate in our study, with no patients in this group requiring revascularization treatment. Most of these cases are due to non-performance of previous functional tests.</p>
      <p>The difference between the two hospitals, a general and a cardiology hospital, was inherent in the population served, with similar adjusted appropriate use rates.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina under the protocol number CAAE 83732218.8.0000.0113. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. As it was not an experimental study, the informed consent was dispensed by the Ethics Committee.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise do Uso dos Crit&#233;rios de Indica&#231;&#227;o de Coronariografia em Dois Servi&#231;os de Cardiologia do Sul do Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1294-161X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Luciano</surname>
            <given-names>Luis S&#233;rgio Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7847-4009</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto L&#233;o da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Londero</surname>
            <given-names>Ozir Miguel</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Waldrich</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Panata</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4919-6027</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trombetta</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Preve</surname>
            <given-names>Julio Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7960-7926</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fattah</surname>
            <given-names>Tammuz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9338-2682</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Giuliano</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thiago</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Koenig S&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Prof. Dr. Polydoro Ernani S&#227;o Thiago - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luis S&#233;rgio Carvalho Luciano,</bold> Rua Adolfo Donato da Silva, s/n - Praia Comprida - Secretaria do Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica do ICSC. CEP 88103-901, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC - Brasil. E-mail: <email>luiscl@cardiol.br</email>, <email>luiscl@msn.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Luciano LSC, da Silva RL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Luciano LSC, da Silva RL, Waldrich L, Panata L, Preve JC, Fattah T, Giuliano LC, Thiago LEKS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Luciano LSC, da Silva RL, Londero Filho OM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Luciano LSC, da Silva RL, Trombetta AP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Luciano LSC, da Silva RL; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Luciano LSC, da Silva RL, Londero Filho OM, Trombetta AP, Preve JC, Giuliano LC, Thiago LEKS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Apesar de sua grande relev&#226;ncia, n&#227;o existem trabalhos em nosso pa&#237;s que avaliem a aplica&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes de 2012 para uso apropriado do cateterismo card&#237;aco diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar a apropria&#231;&#227;o das coronariografias realizadas em dois hospitais da regi&#227;o sul do Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal multic&#234;ntrico, que analisou as indica&#231;&#245;es, resultados e propostas de tratamento de 737 coronariografias realizadas em um hospital terci&#225;rio com m&#250;ltiplas especialidades (Hospital A) e um hospital cardiol&#243;gico terci&#225;rio (Hospital B). Foram inclu&#237;das coronariografias eletivas ou de urg&#234;ncia, com exce&#231;&#227;o dos casos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Do total de 737 coronariografias, 63,9% foram realizadas em pacientes do sexo masculino. A m&#233;dia de idade foi 61,6 anos. A indica&#231;&#227;o foi s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda em 57,1% e investiga&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em 42,9% dos casos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; apropria&#231;&#227;o, 80,6% foram classificadas como apropriadas, 15,1% ocasionalmente apropriadas e 4,3% raramente apropriadas. O tratamento proposto foi cl&#237;nico para 62,7%, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea para 24,6% e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica para 12,7% dos casos. Das coronariografias classificadas como raramente apropriadas, 56,2% foram relacionadas &#224; n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o de provas funcionais pr&#233;vias e 21,9% apresentaram les&#245;es coronarianas graves. Por&#233;m, independentemente do resultado da coronariografia, todos os pacientes nesse grupo foram indicados para tratamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Observamos baixo n&#250;mero de coronariografias raramente apropriadas em nossa amostra. A recomenda&#231;&#227;o da diretriz nesses casos foi adequada, sendo que nenhum paciente necessitou de tratamento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. A maior parte desses casos se deve &#224; n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o de provas funcionais.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana/diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudo Multic&#234;ntrico</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O manejo da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), principal causa de mortalidade do mundo desenvolvido, &#233; baseado no uso de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos. Seis d&#233;cadas ap&#243;s a primeira coronariografia seletiva, realizada pelo Dr. Sones em circunst&#226;ncias improv&#225;veis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> a angiografia coron&#225;ria continua sendo o padr&#227;o ouro para diagn&#243;stico da DAC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> embora m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos venham ganhando espa&#231;o progressivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Avan&#231;os na tecnologia m&#233;dica foram acompanhados de aumento dos custos, motivando a pesquisa sobre quest&#245;es de custo-efetividade. A identifica&#231;&#227;o do uso exagerado de procedimentos m&#233;dicos trouxe consigo questionamentos de quando ser&#227;o realmente necess&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Em 2011 foi observada uma queda significativa na taxa de angioplastias inapropriadas no estado americano de Nova Iorque ap&#243;s o governo anunciar que o pagamento seria vinculado &#224; apropria&#231;&#227;o. Ou seja, a quest&#227;o financeira influenciou a sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes para angioplastia. An&#225;lises de uso apropriado devem acompanhar a evolu&#231;&#227;o das formas de financiamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No esfor&#231;o de apresentar crit&#233;rios de uso racional dos servi&#231;os cardiol&#243;gicos, o American College of Cardiology Foundation e outras onze entidades m&#233;dicas publicaram a diretriz de 2012 para uso apropriado do cateterismo card&#237;aco diagn&#243;stico. Essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o tem o potencial de impactar as decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, a qualidade da assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica e as pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de por meio do uso eficiente dos recursos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No Brasil essa quest&#227;o foi previamente estudada com a diretriz de 1999. Foi publicada em 2005 a an&#225;lise de 145 coronariografias em pacientes com suspeita de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica est&#225;vel. Observou-se que 34,5% das indica&#231;&#245;es foram apropriadas e 65,5% incertas ou inapropriadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Tamb&#233;m com base na diretriz de 1999, um grupo italiano estudou as indica&#231;&#245;es de 460 coronariografias, com nenhuma angiografia inapropriada em sua amostra.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> J&#225; sob as perspectivas da diretriz de 2012 foram avaliadas as indica&#231;&#245;es de coronariografias no estado de Nova Iorque<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e em uma grande coorte canadense de pacientes com suspeita de DAC est&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Os resultados na literatura s&#227;o discordantes quanto &#224; valida&#231;&#227;o da diretriz, gerando preocupa&#231;&#227;o a respeito de sua confiabilidade para guiar a tomada de decis&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo desse estudo &#233; analisar a apropria&#231;&#227;o das coronariografias realizadas em dois hospitais da regi&#227;o sul do Brasil de acordo com a diretriz de 2012.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo observacional, transversal e multic&#234;ntrico. Os dois centros executam juntos mais de 1.700 procedimentos por ano, sendo eles um hospital terci&#225;rio com m&#250;ltiplas especialidades (Hospital A) e um hospital cardiol&#243;gico terci&#225;rio (Hospital B). Foram inclu&#237;das todas as coronariografias eletivas ou de urg&#234;ncia, no per&#237;odo de maio a outubro de 2016. Foram exclu&#237;dos os cateterismos realizados nos casos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST. As informa&#231;&#245;es foram inseridas em um banco de dados no momento da realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento. O trabalho foi aprovado pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica em Pesquisa das institui&#231;&#245;es envolvidas.</p>
        <p>Todas as indica&#231;&#245;es foram classificadas como apropriadas, ocasionalmente apropriadas ou raramente apropriadas, de acordo com a terminologia atual<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e respeitando as diretrizes para uso apropriado do cateterismo card&#237;aco diagn&#243;stico de 2012. Nessa diretriz as indica&#231;&#245;es se dividem em tr&#234;s grandes grupos: 1. Avalia&#231;&#227;o de DAC; 2. Avalia&#231;&#227;o por condi&#231;&#245;es outras que n&#227;o DAC (doen&#231;as valvares, peric&#225;rdicas ou cardiomiopatias); 3. Cateterismo card&#237;aco direito. A diretriz contempla ao todo 102 poss&#237;veis indica&#231;&#245;es, que foram classificadas por um escore que combina medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias e experi&#234;ncia pr&#225;tica dos membros de um painel t&#233;cnico. Cada indica&#231;&#227;o recebeu um escore m&#233;dio de 1 a 9, sendo classificada como apropriada quando entre 7 e 9, ocasionalmente apropriada quando entre 4 e 6 e raramente apropriada quando entre 1 e 3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise tamb&#233;m incluiu idade, sexo, quadro cl&#237;nico, resultado da coronariografia quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a obstrutiva e a proposta de tratamento.</p>
        <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico foi simplificadamente caracterizado como s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) ou como um quadro est&#225;vel, que englobou todos os pacientes que n&#227;o se enquadraram no primeiro grupo. A SCA foi caracterizada por apresenta&#231;&#227;o com dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica em repouso ou progressiva, associada ou n&#227;o a altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica sugestiva de isquemia (infradesnivelamento do segmento ST e/ou altera&#231;&#227;o na onda T), podendo ou n&#227;o estar associada a altera&#231;&#245;es de marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De modo a verificar se a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da diretriz prediz adequadamente o resultado angiogr&#225;fico e perspectiva terap&#234;utica, o resultado da coronariografia foi classificado de acordo com a extens&#227;o da DAC grave e foi documentada a proposta de tratamento para cada caso.</p>
        <p>Foi considerada grave uma redu&#231;&#227;o maior ou igual a 50% no di&#226;metro da luz do tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE) e maior ou igual a 70% para os demais vasos, por avalia&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica visual ou por angiografia quantitativa, escolhendo-se a proje&#231;&#227;o em que a les&#227;o se mostrou mais grave.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os pacientes portadores de les&#227;o grave de TCE foram assim classificados independentemente da presen&#231;a de outras les&#245;es graves.</p>
        <p>A proposta de tratamento foi definida pelo hemodinamicista respons&#225;vel ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da coronariografia, podendo ser ela de tratamento cl&#237;nico, angioplastia coronariana ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, conforme dados cl&#237;nicos dispon&#237;veis e resultado anat&#244;mico encontrado em exame.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise dos dados foi realizada de forma a tamb&#233;m possibilitar a compara&#231;&#227;o entre dois servi&#231;os com diferentes perfis, sendo o Hospital A um hospital geral e o Hospital B um centro de refer&#234;ncia para alta complexidade em cardiologia no estado, com um grande fluxo de pacientes coronariopatas em seu servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia. Os dois servi&#231;os atendem exclusivamente pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para an&#225;lise dos dados, foi utilizado o programa IBM SPSS Statistics 23 (IBM Corp. Released 2015. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Os resultados foram expressos em n&#250;meros e propor&#231;&#227;o (absoluta e relativa), para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, e em medidas de tend&#234;ncia central (m&#233;dia) e de dispers&#227;o (desvio-padr&#227;o), para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para estudar poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foi utilizado o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado. Foi aplicado o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov para avaliar o pressuposto de normalidade amostral. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%, considerando um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Do total de 737 coronariografias analisadas, 76,8% foram realizadas no Hospital B, 63,9% em pacientes do sexo masculino. A m&#233;dia geral de idade foi 61,6 anos. A indica&#231;&#227;o da coronariografia foi SCA em 57,1% e investiga&#231;&#227;o de DAC em 42,9% dos casos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; apropria&#231;&#227;o, 80,6% das coronariografias foram classificadas como apropriadas, 15,1% ocasionalmente apropriadas e 4,3% raramente apropriadas. Observamos que 41,2% das coronariografias n&#227;o evidenciaram DAC grave, 27,4% DAC grave uniarterial, 17,2% biarterial, 11,3% triarterial e 2,8% les&#227;o grave de TCE. O tratamento proposto foi cl&#237;nico para 62,7% dos pacientes, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea para 24,6% e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica para 12,7%.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na preval&#234;ncia de pacientes dos sexos masculino ou feminino entre as duas institui&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>). A m&#233;dia de idade foi 59,1 anos no Hospital A e 62,3 anos no Hospital B (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes entre as duas institui&#231;&#245;es de acordo com sexo, apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, classifica&#231;&#227;o de uso apropriado, resultado da coronariografia e tratamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Origem</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Hospital A</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Hospital B</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Contagem n = 171</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">Contagem n = 566</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">40,9%</td>
                <td align="center">196</td>
                <td align="center">34,6%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,132</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">101</td>
                <td align="center">59,1%</td>
                <td align="center">370</td>
                <td align="center">65,4%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Cl&#237;nica</td>
                <td align="center">SCA</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">26,9%</td>
                <td align="center">375</td>
                <td align="center">66,3%</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Est&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">125</td>
                <td align="center">73,1%</td>
                <td align="center">191</td>
                <td align="center">33,7%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Apropria&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Raramente Apropriado</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">5,8%</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">3,9%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,084</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ocasionalmente Apropriado</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">35,7%</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">8,8%</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Apropriado</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">58,5%</td>
                <td align="center">494</td>
                <td align="center">87,3%</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Resultado</td>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">52,6%</td>
                <td align="center">214</td>
                <td align="center">37,8%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Uniarterial</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">22,2%</td>
                <td align="center">164</td>
                <td align="center">29,0%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,078</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Biarterial</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">15,8%</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">17,7%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,568</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Triarterial</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">7,0%</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">12,5%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TCE</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">2,3%</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">3,0%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,647</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">Cl&#237;nico</td>
                <td align="center">122</td>
                <td align="center">71,3%</td>
                <td align="center">340</td>
                <td align="center">60,1%</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Angioplastia</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">18,1%</td>
                <td align="center">150</td>
                <td align="center">26,5%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Cir&#250;rgico</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">10,5%</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
                <td align="center">13,4%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,318</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; TCE: tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>* An&#225;lises de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica realizadas com aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste qui-quadrado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Todos os pacientes com SCA t&#234;m indica&#231;&#227;o apropriada para coronariografia. Nesse grupo de pacientes n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo, resultado da coronariografia e tratamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com SCA entre as duas institui&#231;&#245;es de acordo com sexo, resultado da coronariografia e tratamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Origem</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Hospital A</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Hospital B</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Contagem n = 46</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">Contagem n = 375</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">41,3%</td>
                <td align="center">124</td>
                <td align="center">33,1%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,266</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">58,7%</td>
                <td align="center">251</td>
                <td align="center">66,9%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Resultado</td>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">21,7%</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">25,6%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,569</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Uniarterial</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">26,1%</td>
                <td align="center">126</td>
                <td align="center">33,6%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,305</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Biarterial</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">32,6%</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
                <td align="center">21,6%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,093</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Triarterial</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">13,0%</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">15,2%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,698</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TCE</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">6,5%</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">4,0%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,424</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">Cl&#237;nico</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">43,5%</td>
                <td align="center">188</td>
                <td align="center">50,1%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,394</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Angioplastia</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">41,3%</td>
                <td align="center">130</td>
                <td align="center">34,7%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,374</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Cir&#250;rgico</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">15,2%</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">15,2%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,997</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; TCE: Tronco da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria Esquerda.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>* An&#225;lises de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica realizadas com aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste qui-quadrado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>J&#225; entre os pacientes est&#225;veis houve menor propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com indica&#231;&#245;es apropriadas no Hospital A em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Hospital B e maior propor&#231;&#227;o de ocasionalmente apropriados. Entre os est&#225;veis tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo, resultado e tratamento. Observou-se uma maior incid&#234;ncia de indica&#231;&#227;o de exames pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios de cirurgia card&#237;aca no Hospital B quando comparado ao Hospital A, e um predom&#237;nio de investiga&#231;&#227;o de DAC no Hospital A (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em investiga&#231;&#227;o de DAC entre as duas institui&#231;&#245;es de acordo com sexo, avalia&#231;&#227;o da apropria&#231;&#227;o, motivo de indica&#231;&#227;o, resultado da coronariografia e tratamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Origem</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Hospital A</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Hospital B</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Contagem n = 125</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">Contagem n = 191</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Sexo</td>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">40,8%</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">37,7%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,580</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">59,2%</td>
                <td align="center">119</td>
                <td align="center">62,3%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Apropria&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="left">Apropriado</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">43,2%</td>
                <td align="center">119</td>
                <td align="center">62,3%</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ocasionalmente Apropriado</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">48,8%</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">26,2%</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raramente Apropriado</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">8%</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">11,5%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,317</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Motivo de Indica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="left">Diagn&#243;stico de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">97</td>
                <td align="center">77,6%</td>
                <td align="center">114</td>
                <td align="center">59,7%</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reavalia&#231;&#227;o de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">11,2%</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">17,3%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,146</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#233;-Op. de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">4,8%</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">20,9%</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#233;-Op. de Cirurgia N&#227;o Card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">6,4%</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">2,1%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,049</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Resultado</td>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">64%</td>
                <td align="center">118</td>
                <td align="center">61,8%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,690</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uniarterial</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">20,8%</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">19,9%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,844</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Biarterial</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">9,6%</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">9,9%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,919</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triarterial</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">4,8%</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">7,3%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,366</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TCE</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,8%</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,824</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Tratamento</td>
                <td align="left">Cl&#237;nico</td>
                <td align="center">102</td>
                <td align="center">81,6%</td>
                <td align="center">152</td>
                <td align="center">79,6%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,658</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angioplastia</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">9,6%</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">10,5%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,801</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cir&#250;rgico</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">8,8%</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">9,9%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,733</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; TCE: tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>* An&#225;lises de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica realizadas com aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste qui-quadrado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dos 737 pacientes, 32 (4,3%) tiveram sua coronariografia classificada como raramente apropriada. Desses, 18 casos (56,2%) foram relacionados a n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o de provas funcionais pr&#233;vias, seis (18,8%) se tratavam de pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via assintom&#225;ticos ou com sintomas est&#225;veis, seis (18,8%) pacientes est&#225;veis em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca assintom&#225;ticos com capacidade funcional &#8805; 4 METS, um (3,1%) com DAC conhecida em tratamento cl&#237;nico e achados de baixo risco em testes n&#227;o invasivos ou sintomas est&#225;veis e um (3,1%) com estenose valvar a&#243;rtica leve ou moderada de valva nativa ou prot&#233;tica e assintom&#225;tico no que diz respeito &#224; doen&#231;a valvar.</p>
        <p>Dentre os classificados como raramente apropriados, sete casos (21,9%) apresentaram les&#245;es coronarianas graves, por&#233;m, independentemente do resultado da coronariografia, todos os pacientes nesse grupo foram indicados para tratamento cl&#237;nico. Dos sete pacientes, em quatro (57,1%) foram observadas les&#245;es em vasos de fino calibre (&lt; 2 mm), em dois (28,6%) les&#245;es distais em vasos de fino calibre e um (14,3%) foi submetido &#224; coronariografia por apresentar estenose valvar a&#243;rtica de grau moderado estando assintom&#225;tico do ponto de vista cardiol&#243;gico.</p>
        <p>Em 13,5% dos classificados como ocasionalmente apropriados e 43,8% dos apropriados a op&#231;&#227;o foi por revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O equil&#237;brio entre custo e efetividade &#233; necess&#225;rio uma vez que as fontes de financiamento est&#227;o pressionadas pelo aumento de demanda, tecnologia e, consequentemente, recursos. O uso racional desses recursos faz parte da responsabilidade social do m&#233;dico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Ainda assim, muitos cardiologistas t&#234;m a cren&#231;a de que a angioplastia &#233; ben&#233;fica para pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel e a abordagem continua sendo a busca por isquemia. N&#227;o &#233; surpreendente que uma minoria substancial de cardiologistas acredite que angioplastia e implante de <italic>stent</italic> coron&#225;rio previnam infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Essas cren&#231;as s&#227;o vistas na pr&#225;tica com a m&#225; aplica&#231;&#227;o dos recursos: estima-se que at&#233; metade das angioplastias eletivas podem ser inapropriadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Essa realidade tamb&#233;m se aplica aos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos, como a coronariografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Historicamente h&#225; uma grande variabilidade internacional no uso apropriado do cateterismo card&#237;aco diagn&#243;stico. Essa quest&#227;o foi estudada em mais de dez pa&#237;ses entre os anos de 1987 e 2006, com &#237;ndices de uso apropriado entre 34,5%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e 91%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> com a maioria dos estudos mostrando taxas de apropria&#231;&#227;o superiores a 72%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diferentemente de outros grandes estudos retrospectivos multic&#234;ntricos que analisaram a diretriz para uso apropriado do cateterismo card&#237;aco diagn&#243;stico de 2012,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> o presente estudo valida a diretriz quando relacionamos a adequa&#231;&#227;o da coronariografia e o tratamento. Outro aspecto relevante &#233; a possibilidade de analisar as caracter&#237;sticas de duas institui&#231;&#245;es com perfis diferentes (hospital terci&#225;rio geral e hospital terci&#225;rio cardiol&#243;gico) dentro de uma mesma microrregi&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, apesar da diretriz de 2012 ainda empregar a classifica&#231;&#227;o em apropriado, incerto e inapropriado, optamos por utilizar a classifica&#231;&#227;o mais atual entre apropriado, ocasionalmente apropriado e raramente apropriado, empregada nas diretrizes mais recentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Inclu&#237;mos em nossa an&#225;lise os casos de SCA, n&#227;o inclu&#237;dos em outros trabalhos, por se tratar do subgrupo de pacientes que respondem pela principal diferen&#231;a entre os centros estudados e pela relev&#226;ncia de documentar estas caracter&#237;sticas institucionais. Os casos de SCA n&#227;o estratificam qualitativamente as indica&#231;&#245;es de coronariografia, uma vez que, nesses casos, todas s&#227;o classificadas como apropriadas. Observamos a predomin&#226;ncia esperada desses casos no hospital cardiol&#243;gico (Hospital B), e a maior preval&#234;ncia de pacientes est&#225;veis no hospital geral (Hospital A) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>). Para analisar a qualidade das indica&#231;&#245;es de coronariografia foi realizada a an&#225;lise do subgrupo de pacientes em investiga&#231;&#227;o de DAC.</p>
        <p>Os resultados da an&#225;lise de uma grande coorte retrospectiva com 48.336 pacientes com suspeita de DAC est&#225;vel da regi&#227;o de Ont&#225;rio, Canad&#225;, foram publicados em 2015.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No estudo canadense foi observada uma taxa de 58,2% de casos apropriados, 31% ocasionalmente apropriados e 10,8% raramente apropriados, propor&#231;&#245;es similares &#224;s que encontramos em nossa amostra de pacientes em investiga&#231;&#227;o de DAC, com 54,7% classificados como apropriados, 35,1% ocasionalmente apropriados e 10,2% raramente apropriados.</p>
        <p>Apesar do aparente equil&#237;brio na propor&#231;&#227;o das indica&#231;&#245;es, enquanto 18,9% dos pacientes classificados como raramente apropriados no estudo canadense foram submetidos a procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, 100% dos pacientes assim classificados em nosso estudo foram encaminhados para tratamento cl&#237;nico a despeito da presen&#231;a de les&#245;es coronarianas graves. Isso pode ser explicado pela presen&#231;a de les&#245;es distais, em vasos finos ou de menor import&#226;ncia que tornam o tratamento cl&#237;nico a melhor op&#231;&#227;o nesse contexto. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o valida a aplica&#231;&#227;o da diretriz em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, na medida em que pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o raramente apropriada para coronariografia n&#227;o teriam indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o complementar ao medicamentoso &#243;timo.</p>
        <p>Outro grande estudo retrospectivo realizado no estado de Nova Iorque analisou as indica&#231;&#245;es de 8.986 coronariografias e observou que 24,9% de seus casos foram classificados como raramente apropriados,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> n&#250;mero consideravelmente maior que os 10,8% e 10,2% no estudo canadense e em nossa amostra, respectivamente. Para explicar o motivo de aproximadamente um quarto dos casos ter sido classificado como raramente apropriado, argumentou-se que no momento da realiza&#231;&#227;o das coronariografias a diretriz para uso apropriado do cateterismo card&#237;aco diagn&#243;stico de 2012 ainda n&#227;o fora publicada. Por&#233;m, a situa&#231;&#227;o &#233; semelhante &#224; da coorte canadense, que teve suas coronariografias realizadas entre 2008 e 2011, e apresentou propor&#231;&#245;es mais modestas de coronariografias raramente apropriadas. Uma parcela significativa das coronariografias raramente apropriadas &#233; enquadrada nessa classifica&#231;&#227;o devido a n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o de provas funcionais pr&#233;vias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> situa&#231;&#227;o respons&#225;vel por 56,2% desses casos em nossa amostra. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de provas funcionais promoveria a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o destes casos, aprimorando o uso da coronariografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quando observamos as diferen&#231;as entre as duas institui&#231;&#245;es envolvidas no presente estudo, no subgrupo de pacientes em investiga&#231;&#227;o de DAC, fica evidente uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de coronariografias com indica&#231;&#227;o apropriada no Hospital B e maior propor&#231;&#227;o de ocasionalmente apropriadas no Hospital A (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). A maior propor&#231;&#227;o de exames realizados como pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca no Hospital B, indica&#231;&#227;o classificada como apropriada pela diretriz,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> explica parte desta diferen&#231;a. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgias card&#237;acas no Hospital B, institui&#231;&#227;o dedicada &#224; cardiologia, aparece como o fator principal para a diferen&#231;a de apropria&#231;&#227;o entre as duas institui&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo apresenta como limita&#231;&#245;es o tamanho reduzido de sua amostra, impossibilitando uma an&#225;lise pormenorizada de cada indica&#231;&#227;o da diretriz; e a n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o de seguimento dos pacientes para avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica relacionada ao resultado e tratamento. Al&#233;m disso, mais de 50% de nossa amostra s&#227;o casos de SCA, situa&#231;&#227;o em que a estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva &#233; apropriada de acordo com a diretriz, limitando a an&#225;lise da qualidade da indica&#231;&#227;o nesse cen&#225;rio. Os resultados representam a realidade dos pacientes atendidos em dois hospitais p&#250;blicos localizados na regi&#227;o sul do Brasil. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios novos estudos para avaliar as indica&#231;&#245;es das coronariografias nos demais contextos e regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Conclu&#237;mos que nossa amostra apresenta &#237;ndices de apropria&#231;&#227;o similares aos da literatura, com uma pequena taxa de procedimentos raramente apropriados. A recomenda&#231;&#227;o da diretriz em casos raramente apropriados foi adequada em nosso estudo, com nenhum paciente desse grupo necessitando de tratamento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. A maior parte desses casos se deve &#224; n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o de provas funcionais pr&#233;vias.</p>
        <p>A diferen&#231;a entre os dois hospitais, geral e cardiol&#243;gico, foi inerente &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o atendida, com similares &#237;ndices de uso apropriado ajustados.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 83732218.8.0000.0113. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. Por n&#227;o se tratar de estudo experimental, o consentimento informado foi dispensado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
