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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ySJSQysZSws47SR4dFzqFxx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000500509</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190087</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Left Atrial Stiffness, a Marker of Atrial Cardiomyopathy, and Atrial Fibrillation - Relationships and Predictors for Procedure Success after Catheter Ablation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7881-0447</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan Chen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Tan Chen Wu,</bold> Unidade de Arritmia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>tanchen.cardio@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>509</fpage>
      <lpage>510</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Function, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Recurrence</kwd>
        <kwd>Treatment Outcome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Over the past years, catheter ablation (CA) for atrial fibrillation (AF) has established itself as a well-recognized strategy in the management of patients with AF and an important option for rhythm control. Although CA is more effective than antiarrhythmic drug therapy, AF recurrences are common during the follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Late recurrence, during the first 9 months after the blanking period, occurs in 25%-40% of cases and is predominantly linked to the recovery of electrical conduction between the pulmonary veins (PVs) and the left atrium (LA), irrespective of the type of AF. The incidence of very late recurrence (after more than 12 months postablation) has been shown to be higher than previously expected, with an annual recurrence rate estimated at 7.6%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Bunch et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> reported AF recurrence rates ranging from 52% (&#8804; 50 years + paroxysmal AF) to 75% (&gt; 80 years + paroxysmal AF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In a series of 509 consecutive patients undergoing paroxysmal AF ablation by Teunissen et al., after a single procedure, antiarrhythmic drugs free success rate was 41.3%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>. The predominant mechanism of very late recurrence includes, in addition to the PV connection, the development of non-PV triggers, and development and maturation of substrate. The predictors appears to be the nonparoxysmal form of AF at baseline, organic heart disease, advanced age, and obesity.</p>
    <p>AF is often associated with atrial structural remodeling and causes LA fibrosis/scarring and dilatation. Substrate progression is a multifactorial and time-dependent response of cardiac myocytes to varying "stressors", including electrical, mechanical, and metabolic stressors. Some components of the LA changes are reversible (adaptive), whereas others are permanent (maladaptive). Most risk factors affect AF by causing structural remodeling. Progression of atrial damage due to underlying heart disease is a major factor. Recent studies suggest that AF recurrence can be prevented by effectively managing risk factors such as sleep apnea, obesity, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, presumably by curtailing further damage and/or reversing existing abnormalities. Conversely, AF itself can cause progression of the substrate. In addition to complexion-channel remodeling that accelerates repolarization and alters conduction properties, rapid activation of atrial cardiomyocytes causes profibrotic changes in fibroblast function and promotes atria fibrosis.</p>
    <p>Increased LA scar is associated with increases LA stiffness, which reflects a deteriorated reservoir function. Therefore, LA stiffness could be associated with LA histological changes and predicts sinus rhythm maintenance after treatment in AF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Timely intervention for patients with these conditions may interrupt and perhaps reverse LA remodeling, with a consequent reduction in LA size and improved function.</p>
    <p>The scar tissue formation after CA may also adversely impact the diastolic properties of the LA, especially after multiple ablation procedures, worsening the diastolic function or LA compliance. Stiff LA syndrome has been recognized as pulmonary hypertension and dyspnea that develops after CA, a potential complication of the procedure with a low prevalence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Thus, evaluation of the LA as cardiovascular biomarker, especially in AF, has become increasingly important.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> LA remodeling is monitored in clinical practice using various noninvasive imaging modalities, but it has not been yet incorporated into clinical decision making. In this published issue, Correia et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> investigated, through a systematic review and meta-analysis, if LA stiffness could be a predictor of AF recurrence after CA, and to discuss its clinical use.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Only 4 prospective observational studies were included in the systematic review and 3 of them in the meta-analysis, with different methods, and most of all used LA pressure measured invasively during CA to estimate LA stiffness. They found that LA stiffness was a strong independent predictor of AF recurrence after CA (HR = 3.55, 95% CI 1.75-4.73, p = 0.0002), and concluded that a non-invasive assessment of LA stiffness prior to CA can be used as a potential screening factor to select or to closely follow patients with higher risks of AF recurrence and development of the stiff LA syndrome. The small number of studies, with heterogeneity and a short mean follow-up in 3 studies were limitations in this meta-analysis.</p>
    <p>These findings add to our knowledge by clarifying the association between atrial remodeling and outcomes after AF ablation. Current guidelines recommendation is to perform CA as second-line treatment after failure or intolerance to at least one antiarrhythmic drug. As first-line treatment, the indication recommendations are weaker and only limited to patients with paroxysmal AF. These recommendations usually lead physicians to treat patients with CA after a longer history period of clinical AF. The development of tools and methods to determine markers of atrial cardiomyopathy may allow to avoid the mismatch of the best time for CA, in accordance with more substrate and patient-oriented process of diagnosis and therapy of AF. Certainly, further studies will be required to support identification by noninvasive cardiac imaging of patients for whom CA should be considered early before there is significant LA functional remodeling with associated fibrosis.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Left Atrial Stiffness: A Predictor of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence after Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rigidez Atrial Esquerda, Marcador de Cardiomiopatia Atrial e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial - Associa&#231;&#245;es e Preditores de Sucesso do Procedimento ap&#243;s Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7881-0447</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan Chen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Tan Chen Wu,</bold> Unidade de Arritmia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>tanchen.cardio@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o do &#193;trio Esquerdo</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodelamento Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Recorr&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Resultado do Tratamento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter (AC) da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) se estabeleceu como uma estrat&#233;gia bem reconhecida no tratamento de pacientes com FA, sendo uma op&#231;&#227;o importante para o controle do ritmo. Embora a AC seja mais eficaz que a terapia farmacol&#243;gica com antiarr&#237;tmicos, as recidivas de FA s&#227;o comuns no seguimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
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      <p>A recidiva tardia, durante os primeiros 9 meses ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de "blanking", ocorre em 25% a 40% dos casos e est&#225; predominantemente relacionada &#224; recupera&#231;&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica entre as veias pulmonares (VPs) e o &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), independentemente do tipo de FA. A incid&#234;ncia de recidiva muito tardia (ap&#243;s mais de 12 meses p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o) tem se mostrado maior do que esperado anteriormente, com uma taxa de recidiva anual estimada em 7,6%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Bunch e colaboradores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> relataram taxas de recidiva de FA variando de 52% (&#8804; 50 anos + FA parox&#237;stica) a 75% (&gt; 80 anos + FA parox&#237;stica).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Em uma s&#233;rie composta por 509 pacientes consecutivos submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o parox&#237;stica de FA relatados por Teunissen e colaboradores, a taxa de sucesso livre de antiarr&#237;tmicos foi de 41,3% ap&#243;s o primeiro procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O mecanismo predominante de recidiva muito tardia inclui, al&#233;m da reconex&#227;o de VP, a forma&#231;&#227;o de focos deflagradores extra VP e a evolu&#231;&#227;o e a matura&#231;&#227;o do substrato, sendo que os preditores parecem ser a forma n&#227;o-parox&#237;stica da FA de base, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca org&#226;nica, idade avan&#231;ada e obesidade.</p>
      <p>A FA est&#225; frequentemente associada ao remodelamento atrial e causa fibrose/cicatriza&#231;&#227;o e dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE. A progress&#227;o do substrato &#233; uma resposta multifatorial e tempo-dependente dos mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos aos "estressores" variados, incluindo estressores el&#233;tricos, mec&#226;nicos e metab&#243;licos. Alguns componentes das altera&#231;&#245;es do AE s&#227;o revers&#237;veis (adaptativos), enquanto outros s&#227;o permanentes (mal adaptativos). A maioria dos fatores de risco afeta a FA causando remodela&#231;&#227;o estrutural. A progress&#227;o do dano atrial ocorre principalmente em consequ&#234;ncia &#224; cardiopatia subjacente. Estudos recentes sugerem que a recidiva da FA pode ser evitada por meio do manejo eficaz de fatores de risco, como apneia do sono, obesidade, hipertens&#227;o arterial, hiperglicemia e dislipidemia, presumivelmente pela redu&#231;&#227;o de danos adicionais e/ou revers&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es existentes. Por outro lado, a pr&#243;pria FA pode causar progress&#227;o do substrato. Al&#233;m do remodelamento dos canais i&#244;nicos que acelera a repolariza&#231;&#227;o e altera as propriedades de condu&#231;&#227;o, a r&#225;pida ativa&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos atriais causa altera&#231;&#245;es profibr&#243;ticas na fun&#231;&#227;o dos fibroblastos e promove fibrose atrial.</p>
      <p>O aumento da cicatriz no AE est&#225; associado ao aumento da rigidez atrial esquerda, o que reflete uma deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o de reservat&#243;rio. Portanto, a rigidez do AE pode estar associada a altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas do AE e predizer a manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal ap&#243;s o tratamento em pacientes com FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A interven&#231;&#227;o no tempo oportuno em pacientes com essas altera&#231;&#245;es pode interromper e talvez reverter o remodelamento do AE, com a consequente redu&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do AE e melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido cicatricial ap&#243;s AC tamb&#233;m pode prejudicar as propriedades diast&#243;licas do AE, principalmente ap&#243;s m&#250;ltiplos procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o, piorando a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ou a complac&#234;ncia do AE. A s&#237;ndrome do AE r&#237;gido tem sido reconhecida como hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e dispneia que se desenvolvem ap&#243;s a AC, uma poss&#237;vel complica&#231;&#227;o do procedimento com baixa preval&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
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      <p>Assim, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do AE como biomarcador cardiovascular, principalmente na FA, tem ganhado import&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> O remodelamento do AE &#233; avaliada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica por meio de diversas modalidades de imagem n&#227;o invasivas, mas ainda n&#227;o foi incorporada &#224; tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, Correia et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> investigaram, por meio de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise, se a rigidez do AE poderia ser um preditor de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s a AC e discutir seu uso cl&#237;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Apenas 4 estudos observacionais prospectivos foram inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e 3 deles na metan&#225;lise, com diferentes m&#233;todos, sendo que quase todos usaram a press&#227;o do AE medida invasivamente durante a AC para estimar a rigidez do AE. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que a rigidez do AE foi forte preditor independente de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s AC (HR = 3,55, IC 95%, 1,75-4,73, p = 0,0002), tendo conclu&#237;do que a avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da rigidez do AE antes da AC pode ser usada como um poss&#237;vel fator de rastreamento para selecionar ou acompanhar de perto os pacientes com maiores riscos de recorr&#234;ncia de FA e desenvolvimento da s&#237;ndrome do AE r&#237;gido. O pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos, com heterogeneidade e curto per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de seguimento em tr&#234;s estudos, foram as limita&#231;&#245;es nesta metan&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>Esses achados aumentam nosso conhecimento ao esclarecer a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o remodelamento atrial e os desfechos ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA. A recomenda&#231;&#227;o atual das diretrizes &#233; realizar a AC como tratamento de segunda linha ap&#243;s falha ou intoler&#226;ncia a pelo menos um medicamento antiarr&#237;tmico. Como tratamento de primeira linha, as indica&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o mais fracas e limitadas apenas aos pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica. Essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es geralmente levam aos m&#233;dicos a indicarem a abla&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s um longo per&#237;odo de tratamento cl&#237;nico da FA. O desenvolvimento de ferramentas e m&#233;todos para determinar marcadores de cardiomiopatia atrial pode evitar a perda do momento ideal para a AC, com o processo diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento individualizado orientado pelo substrato. Certamente, mais estudos ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para fundamentar a identifica&#231;&#227;o por exames complementares n&#227;o invasivos de pacientes para os quais a AC deve ser considerada precocemente antes do estabelecimento do remodelamento funcional significativo do AE com fibrose associada.</p>
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      <fn-group>
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          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Rigidez do &#193;trio Esquerdo: Preditor de Recorr&#234;ncia de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial ap&#243;s Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter de Radiofrequ&#234;ncia - Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</p>
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