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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GMwptmsBrhTwz9768xcQRmg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000500501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005005101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190040</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Left Atrial Stiffness: A Predictor of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence after Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0454-6740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4945-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbetta</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Mara dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4531-7621</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Othon Moura Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
            <state>RJ</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira Correia.</bold> Av. Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code 24220-000, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>etocorreia@outlook.com</email>, <email>etocorreiamed@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the data, writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Correia ETO, Barbetta LMS, Silva OMP, Mesquita ET; statistical analysis: Correia ETO, Barbetta LMS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>501</fpage>
      <lpage>508</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is a standard procedure for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) not responsive to previous treatments, that has been increasingly considered as a first-line therapy. In this context, perioperative screening for risk factors has become important. A previous study showed that a high left atrial (LA) pressure is associated with AF recurrence after ablation, which may be secondary to a stiff left atrium.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate, through a systematic review and meta-analysis, if LA stiffness could be a predictor of AF recurrence after RFCA, and to discuss its clinical use.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The meta-analysis followed the MOOSE recommendations. The search was performed in MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, until March 2018. Two authors performed screening, data extraction and quality assessment of the studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>All studies were graded with good quality. A funnel plot was constructed, which did not show any publication bias. Four prospective observational studies were included in the systematic review and 3 of them in the meta-analysis. Statistical significance was defined at p value &lt; 0.05. LA stiffness was a strong independent predictor of AF recurrence after RFCA (HR = 3.55, 95% CI 1.75-4.73, p = 0.0002).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>A non-invasive assessment of LA stiffness prior to ablation can be used as a potential screening factor to select or to closely follow patients with higher risks of AF recurrence and development of the stiff LA syndrome.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Atria</kwd>
        <kwd>Tachycardia, Paroxysmal</kwd>
        <kwd>Metanalysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is a standard procedure for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients not responsive to previous treatments.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> However, growing evidence has shown lower rates of AF recurrence and AF burden in patients with paroxysmal AF that were submitted to ablation as a first-line therapy option.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In addition to that, progression from paroxysmal AF to persistent AF appears to be delayed by early catheter ablation of AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Therefore, catheter ablation has been increasingly considered as a first-line therapy option, which makes it more important to use screening factors to closely follow patients with higher risk of AF recurrence and post-procedural complications.</p>
      <p>Recently, the importance of studying left atrial (LA) stiffness has been growing exponentially, since it has been linked to the stiff left atrial syndrome (SLAS), a severe consequence of RFCA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Moreover, a previous study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> showed that an increase in LA pressure is associated with AF recurrence after ablation. Since a high LA pressure may be secondary to an increase in LA stiffness,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> LA stiffness itself could be a predictor of AF recurrence after RFCA and, thereby promote a closer follow-up of patients at higher risk of AF recurrence and development of the SLAS. However, no systematic review or meta-analysis has been published to investigate this relationship, although these studies could provide the strongest and the highest quality of evidence.</p>
      <p>Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to investigate if LA stiffness itself could be a predictor of AF recurrence after RFCA and discusses the clinical usefulness of this new predictor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A systematic review was performed using the criteria established by the Meta-analysis of Observational studies in the Epidemiology Group (MOOSE).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Search strategy</title>
        <p>Two investigators (ETOC, ETM) searched the MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, until March 2018. We searched for a combination of English terms and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) descriptors, consisting of seven keywords [("left atrial" OR "left atrium") AND ("stiff" OR "stiffness" OR "compliance") AND ("ablation" OR "pulmonary vein isolation")]. A manual search of references was also used to identify possible studies for inclusion. If necessary, an English translation of the retrieved articles would be obtained. Each title and abstract were independently analysed by the two investigators, who selected the articles which would be relevant to the review. After that, the full texts of the remaining articles were reviewed to select which would be included in the qualitative or quantitative analysis. In case of disagreement, the decision was made by discussion and consensus of the authors.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
        <p>We included observational studies (with prospective or retrospective nature) in humans, whose objective was to study the association between LA stiffness and recurrence of AF after the first RFCA.</p>
        <p>For qualitative analysis, studies with the following characteristics were included: 1) The study evaluated AF recurrence after the first RFCA in human subjects; 2) Retrospective or prospective observational studies; 3) The mean follow-up period was longer than 6 months; 4) The study included more than 20 subjects.</p>
        <p>For the quantitative analysis, we included studies that fulfilled all the previous criteria and reported hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of LA stiffness as predictors of AF recurrence.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quality assessment</title>
        <p>The risk of bias in the studies was evaluated using the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Quality Assessment Tool for Case Series Studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The evaluation was done independently by two raters (ETOC, LMSB), and in case of disagreement the decision was made by consensus of the raters. The following characteristics were assessed: 1) Was the study question or objective clearly stated?; 2) Was the study population clearly and fully described, including a case definition?; 3) Were the cases consecutive?; 4) Were the subjects comparable?; 5) Was the intervention clearly described?; 6) Were the outcome measures clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants?; 7) Was the length of follow-up adequate?; 8) Were the statistical methods well-described?; 9) Were the results well-described? </p>
        <p>After these characteristics were assessed, the authors gave the studies one of the quality ratings (good, fair or poor). Studies were rated as 'poor' if they met less than three criteria, 'fair' if they met three to five criteria, and 'good' if they met more than five criteria. All four articles selected met almost all the criteria and received a good quality rating by the two raters. The quality assessment of the four studies is reported in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the included studies</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Study, year</th>
                <th align="left">Region</th>
                <th align="left">Study design</th>
                <th align="left">Number of Patients</th>
                <th align="left">Ablation strategy</th>
                <th align="left">Measurement of LA stiffness</th>
                <th align="left">Method of AF detection</th>
                <th align="left">Follow-up, months</th>
                <th align="left">Blanking period, months</th>
                <th align="left">Findings</th>
                <th align="left">Quality</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MachinoOhtsuka et al., 2011</td>
                <td align="left">Asia</td>
                <td align="left">Prospective case series, single centre</td>
                <td align="left">155</td>
                <td align="left">PVI</td>
                <td align="left">Ratio of the difference between the LA peak v-wave pressure and the LA x-wave pressure nadir of the global S-LAs [(LAP-v - LAP-x) / global S-LAs]</td>
                <td align="left">12-lead ECG, arrhythmia-related symptom, 24-hour Holter monitoring and portable ECG monitoring</td>
                <td align="left">Mean follow-up period of 33.8 &#177; 12.2 months (range, 14 to 54 months)</td>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="left">LA stiffness index was an independent predictor of recurrence of AF (HR: 2.88; 95% CI: 1.75 to 4.73, p &lt; 0.001)</td>
                <td align="left">Good</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Park et al., 2015<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Asia</td>
                <td align="left">Prospective case series, single centre</td>
                <td align="left">334</td>
                <td align="left">PVI</td>
                <td align="left">Direct measurement of LA pulse pressure (the difference between LAP peak and LAP nadir) and assumed a minimal change in LA volume based on the previous physiologic studies</td>
                <td align="left">ECG and 24- or 48-hour Holter monitoring</td>
                <td align="left">Mean follow-up period of 16.7 &#177; 11.8 months (range, 3 to 47 months)</td>
                <td align="left">NR</td>
                <td align="left">Low LA compliance was independently associated with two fold-higher risk of clinical AF recurrence (HR: 2.202; 95%CI: 1.077 to 4.503; p = 0.031)</td>
                <td align="left">Good</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kawasaki et al, 2016</td>
                <td align="left">Japan</td>
                <td align="left">Prospective, case series, single centre</td>
                <td align="left">109</td>
                <td align="left">PVI</td>
                <td align="left">LA stiffness was obtained by using ePCWP as ePCWP/LA strain obtained by STE</td>
                <td align="left">ECG and Holter recordings</td>
                <td align="left">At least 12 months</td>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="left">LA stiffness index was not a predictor of recurrence of AF (OR: 0.37, 95%, CI: 0.041 to 3.462, p = 0.39)</td>
                <td align="left">Good</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Khurram et al., 2016<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">North America</td>
                <td align="left">Prospective, case series, single centre</td>
                <td align="left">160</td>
                <td align="left">PVI</td>
                <td align="left">Ratio of change in LAP to the change in LA volume during passive filling of LA.</td>
                <td align="left">24-hour Holter monitoring or 30-day event monitoring</td>
                <td align="left">Mean follow-up period of 10.4 &#177; 7.6 months</td>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="left">LA stiffness index was an independent predictor of AF ablation outcome (HR: 8.22; 95% CI: 3.54 to 19.11; p &lt; 0.001)</td>
                <td align="left">Good</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>LA: Left atrial; LAP: Left atrial pressure; AF: atrial fibrillation; PVI: pulmonary vein isolation; NR: not reported; ECG: electrocardiogram; global S-LAs: average mean values for peak strain during ventricular systole (S-LAs) obtained from the 4- and 2-chamber views; ePCWP: estimated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; STE: speckle tracking echocardiography.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>The analysis included only the structured normal heart patient population.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Only the 160 patients included for outcome analysis are depicted in this table.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data extraction</title>
        <p>Data extraction was performed using a standard form by two investigators (ETOC, OMPS) and cross-verified by a third (ETM). Extracted data included: 1) First author's last name, publication year; 2) Characteristics of included studies: number of patients, region of the study, study design, ablation strategy, method of LA stiffness measurement, method of AF detection, length of follow-up period, length of blanking period and main findings; 4) Outcome results: HR and 95% CI of LA stiffness as a predictor of AF recurrence in multivariate analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The association between AF recurrence and LA stiffness following RFCA was measured by HR with 95% CI. Adjusted HRs were used, since all the studies included in the quantitative analysis employed multivariate analysis by Cox proportional hazard model to adjust for potential confounders. Log of the HR was obtained by calculating their natural logarithms. Then, standard errors were determined from the logarithmic scale and corresponding 95% CIs. The inverse variance method was used to weigh studies for the combined overall statistics. Statistical significance was defined at p-values &lt; 0.05. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the Cochran's Q test and I&#178; statistics and then evaluated by I&#178; values. I&#178; values less than 30% were defined as low heterogeneity; less than 60% were considered moderate heterogeneity; and above 60% defined as high heterogeneity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The random-effects model was chosen because of the different methods of LA stiffness measurements, what could lead to heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis was done by leaving out studies and checking the consistency of the overall effect estimate. A meta-regression was not done because of the small number of studies included. The results are presented in a forest plot with 95% CI. Publication bias was verified by a funnel plot, although only 3 studies were included, which made the interpretation more difficult. All analyses were done using Review Manager 5.3 software.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study selection</title>
        <p>Initially, a total of 62 studies were identified in the databases, 57 in PubMed and 5 in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. In the duplicate analysis, we identified 2 duplicates, which were then excluded. After a careful reading of the titles and abstracts, 57 of 62 studies were excluded because they were not related to the present review. The full texts of the five studies were analysed, and 4 of them included in the qualitative analysis. The study excluded, by Marino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> analysed only 20 patients and the mean follow-up period was shorter than 6 months. For the quantitative analysis, one full-text article was excluded because it did not report HR and 95% CI of LA stiffness as predictors of AF recurrence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Finally, four studies were included in the qualitative analysis and three in the quantitative analysis. The flow diagram of the study selection is depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flow diagram of the study selection.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0501-90040-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of the included studies</title>
        <p>Four studies were included in this review,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> all of them prospective single centre case series studies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The study of Machino-Ohtsuka et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> included 155 patients, and in the study by Khurram et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> 160 patients from the original study were included in the analysis of the outcomes, and hence included in the present review. The study of Park et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> analysed 1,038 patients, however only 334 patients had a structurally normal heart and were included in the analyses. Although Kawasaki et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> analysed 137 subjects, only 109 patients underwent first ablation, and were included in the present review. Overall, 758 and 649 patients were included in our qualitative and quantitative analysis, respectively. The mean follow-up period ranged from 10.4 to 33.8 months. Studies used different techniques to measure LA stiffness, which are depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. All studies performed pulmonary vein isolation as ablation strategy and Holter monitoring for diagnosing AF. Also, three<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> of four studies used electrocardiogram (ECG) to perform the diagnosis. Khurram et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> did not perform an ECG, although they also used 30-day event monitoring. Blanking period for AF recurrence post-RFCA lasted three months in two studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> one month in one study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and was not mentioned in the study by Park et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Characteristics from all included studies are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>LA stiffness as a predictor of AF recurrence</title>
        <p>Two<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> of the four included studies found that LA stiffness was the most important predictor for recurrence of AF post-ablation on a multivariate analysis, among several factors such as LA volume and persistent AF.</p>
        <p>Khurram et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> observed that LA stiffness index was an independent predictor of AF ablation outcome (HR: 8.22; 95% CI: 3.54 to 19.11; p &lt; 0.001). Besides that, 25% of patients (40 of 160) had AF recurrence after AF ablation during a follow-up period of 10.4 &#177; 7.6 months. Patients with AF recurrence had a higher LA stiffness index than those without recurrence. These findings are also confirmed by the study by Machino-Ohtsuka et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> which also showed that the patients with recurrence (29%, 45 of 155) had a higher LA stiffness than those without recurrence during a follow-up period of 33.8 &#177; 12.2 months. In addition, the study also showed that a higher LA stiffness index was an independent predictor of recurrence of AF (HR 2.88; 95% CI 1.75 to 4.73, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>Also, Park et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> showed that in a follow-up period of 16.7 &#177; 11.8 months, a low LA compliance was associated with a two-fold increased risk of AF recurrence. Also, in the multivariate analysis, adjusting for several factors, LA stiffness was the second most important predictor for AF recurrence after RFCA (HR), only behind persistent AF.</p>
        <p>Kawasaki et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> showed that in patients submitted to the first or second ablation, the recurrence group had a significant higher LA stiffness than the group with a successful ablation. However, in the multivariate analysis, when analysing patients undergoing the first RFCA, LA stiffness index was not a significant predictor of AF recurrence (OR).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Meta-analysis</title>
        <p>This meta-analysis showed that LA stiffness is associated with a higher AF recurrence after RFCA (HR = 3.55, 95% CI 1.75-4.73, p = 0.0002), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>. The heterogeneity test showed that there were significant differences between studies (p = 0.05, I&#178; = 67%). The sensitivity analysis, performed to find the origin of the heterogeneity, revealed that, after removing the study by Khurram et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> who used cardiac magnetic resonance to measure LA stiffness, there was no significant heterogeneity across the studies (p = 0.55, I&#178; = 0%). However, the overall outcome remained the same (HR = 2.64, 95% CI 1.75-3.97, p &lt; 0.00001). A funnel plot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>) was used to verify the existence of publication bias. There was no obvious asymmetry, suggesting that there was no publication bias.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Forest plot showing left atrial stiffness as a predictor of atrial fibrillation recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0501-90040-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Funnel plot showing no publication.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0501-90040-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>As mentioned before, catheter ablation has been increasingly considered as a first-line therapy, and therefore, the importance of screening factors has also increased. This systematic review shows that in two<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> of four included studies, the LA stiffness was the single most important predictor for recurrence of AF post-ablation on a multivariate analysis, among several factors such as LA volume and persistent AF. Moreover, this meta-analysis, including three studies, showed that LA stiffness is a strong predictor of AF recurrence after RFCA (HR = 3.55, 95% CI 1.75-4.73, p = 0.0002). Therefore, the use of LA stiffness in a preoperative routine may be useful for a close follow-up of patients with higher risk of developing the SLAS and AF recurrence.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>AF and stiffness of the left atrium</title>
        <p>Previous studies have shown, despite some limitations, that patients with paroxysmal AF have increased LA stiffness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Also, structural remodelling caused by AF leads to LA fibrosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> which may also be a mechanism of LA stiffening. Therefore, an increase in LA stiffness could be an important mechanism of AF genesis and propagation or a consequence of AF episodes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extensive Catheter Ablation</title>
        <p>Previous studies have shown that completely circumferentially scarred pulmonary vein by RFCA was associated with less AF recurrence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Also, the more scarring overlaps fibrosis, decreasing the amount of unablated fibrotic tissue, the better the arrhythmia free survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Thus, an extensive ablation appears to be the best option to reduce AF recurrence. However, in a previous study, LA scarring was associated with the development of the SLAS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> leading to poor clinical outcomes post-RFCA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>LA stiffness as a screening factor for catheter ablation</title>
        <p>In 1988, Pilote et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> described a condition in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery for LA scarring, characterised by loss of LA compliance, pulmonary hypertension, LA dysfunction and new-onset dyspnea, the so-called SLAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Subsequently, this syndrome was also reported by Gibson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> in patients undergoing RFCA, with a relatively rare occurrence (1.4%). Patients with a low-compliant left atrium before the ablation may be more susceptible to develop the SLAS, as RFCA is related to an increase in LA stiffness,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> probably because the formation of multiple scars in the LA wall induced by the procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Therefore, patients with low-compliant left atrium could benefit from a measure of LA stiffness derived from a non-invasive assessment prior to AF ablation, as part of the preoperative screening process, or even routine assessment. This could help to prevent AF recurrence and the SLAS, and to promote a close follow-up of these patients.</p>
        <p>Marino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> despite the study limitations, observed a linear relationship between left ventricular (LV) longitudinal strain and invasively measured LA stiffness (calculated during the ascending limb of the V-loop as the &#916;LA pressure/&#916;LA volume ratio). Since there is an association between the longitudinal deformation of the LA and the movement of the shared mitral annulus and the adjacent ventricle, information from LV longitudinal strain could be used to estimate LA stiffness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> With this non-invasive measurement by a simple ECG, LA stiffness could be a potential new screening factor in the preoperative routine.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Future studies</title>
        <p>The present review shows a need for further studies to better understand the relation between LA stiffness and AF. First, an increase in the number of studies and in total sample could increase reliability of results. Also, a development of a standard non-invasive LA stiffness index would contribute for screening of patients which would not benefit from the ablation. Finally, further studies are also needed to investigate if LA stiffness is a real risk factor that could lead to AF development and propagation or if it is just a consequence of AF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The present review has some limitations. First, in the quantitative analysis only three observational studies were included. Also, the I&#178; test showed a high heterogeneity (p = 0.05, I&#178; = 67%), although the overall outcome remained the same after excluding the study of Khurram et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> which caused heterogeneity. This heterogeneity might be related to several factors. First, the study of Khurram et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> took place in North America, while the other two studies were performed in Asia. Second, although all methods used for the measurement of LA stiffness were different between studies, the study by Khurram et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> was the most varied among all in this sense, because it used cardiac magnetic resonance, and did not use ECG for diagnosing AF. Also, the study by Khurram et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> had the shorter mean follow-up period of all studies. In addition to these limitations, although adjusted HRs from multivariate analysis were used to reduce the effect of confounding variables, they cannot exclude them completely.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The present review shows that LA stiffness is a strong predictor of AF recurrence after RFCA (HR = 3.55, 95% CI 1.75-4.73, p = 0.0002). Therefore, a standard non-invasive LA stiffness measure, could be routinely used prior to AF ablation, tracking patients with higher chances of AF recurrence and development of the SLAS.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rigidez do &#193;trio Esquerdo: Preditor de Recorr&#234;ncia de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial ap&#243;s Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter de Radiofrequ&#234;ncia - Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0454-6740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4945-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbetta</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Mara dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4531-7621</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Othon Moura Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira Correia,</bold> Av. Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP 24220-000, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>etocorreia@outlook.com</email>, <email>etocorreiamed@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Correia ETO, Barbetta LMS, Silva OMP, Mesquita ET; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Correia ETO, Barbetta LMS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (ACRF) &#233; um procedimento padr&#227;o para pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) n&#227;o responsivos a tratamentos pr&#233;vios, que tem sido cada vez mais considerada como terapia de primeira linha. Nesse contexto, o <italic>screening</italic> para fatores de risco perioperat&#243;rio tornou-se importante. Um estudo pr&#233;vio mostrou que uma press&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) elevada est&#225; associada a recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, podendo ser secund&#225;ria a um AE r&#237;gido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar, por meio de revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise, se a rigidez do AE &#233; um preditor de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s ACRF, e discutir seu uso na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. M&#233;todos: A metan&#225;lise foi realizada seguindo-se as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do MOOSE. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE e Cochrane <italic>Central Register of Controlled Trials</italic>, at&#233; mar&#231;o de 2018. Dois autores realizaram triagem, extra&#231;&#227;o de dados e avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade dos estudos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Todos os estudos obtiveram boa qualidade. Um gr&#225;fico de funil foi constru&#237;do, n&#227;o identificando vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. Quatro estudos prospectivos observacionais foram inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e 3 deles na metan&#225;lise. Foi adotado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de p &lt; 0,05. Rigidez do AE foi um forte preditor independente da recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s ACRF (HR = 3,55, IC 95% 1,75-4,73, p = 0,0002).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da rigidez do AE antes da abla&#231;&#227;o pode ser utilizada como um potencial fator de rastreamento para a sele&#231;&#227;o ou acompanhamento de pacientes com maiores riscos de recorr&#234;ncia de FA e desenvolvimento da s&#237;ndrome do AE r&#237;gido.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;trios do Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Parox&#237;stica</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (ACRF) &#233; um procedimento padr&#227;o para o tratamento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) em pacientes n&#227;o responsivos a tratamentos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Contudo, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias crescentes de baixas taxas de recorr&#234;ncia de FA e menor carga da doen&#231;a em pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o como op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica de primeira linha.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, realizada precocemente, parece retardar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da FA parox&#237;stica para FA persistente. Assim, essa estrat&#233;gia tem sido cada vez mais considerada como tratamento de primeira linha, o que torna ainda mais importante o uso de fatores de rastreamento para um acompanhamento pr&#243;ximo de pacientes em risco elevado de recorr&#234;ncia de FA e complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, a import&#226;ncia do estudo da rigidez do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) cresceu exponencialmente, uma vez que ela tem sido associada &#224; s&#237;ndrome do &#225;trio esquerdo r&#237;gido (SAER), uma consequ&#234;ncia grave da ACRF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Al&#233;m disso, um estudo pr&#233;vio mostrou que um aumento na press&#227;o do AE est&#225; associado com recorr&#234;ncia da FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Uma vez que um aumento na rigidez do AE pode causar aumento na sua press&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> por si s&#243;, poderia ser usado como preditor de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s a ACRF e, assim, contribuir para um acompanhamento mais pr&#243;ximo dos pacientes com risco elevado de recorr&#234;ncia de FA e desenvolvimento de SAER. Contudo, at&#233; o momento, n&#227;o foi publicada nenhuma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica ou metan&#225;lise investigando essa rela&#231;&#227;o, apesar desses estudos serem considerados os de maior e mais forte qualidade de evid&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>Portanto, esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise tem como objetivo investigar se a rigidez do AE poderia ser um preditor de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s a ACRF, e discutir a utilidade cl&#237;nica desse novo preditor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi realizada utilizando os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelo grupo MOOSE (<italic>Meta-analysis of Observational studies in the Epidemiology Group</italic>).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gia de pesquisa</title>
          <p>Dois pesquisadores (ETOC e ETM) realizaram uma busca nos bancos de dados MEDLINE e Cochrane at&#233; mar&#231;o de 2018. Realizamos a busca de uma combina&#231;&#227;o de termos em ingl&#234;s e descritores MeSH (<italic>English terms and Medical Subject Headings</italic>), consistindo de sete palavras-chave: [("left atrial" OR "left atrium") AND ("stiff" OR "stiffness" OR "compliance") AND ("ablation" OR "pulmonary vein isolation")]. Tamb&#233;m realizamos uma busca manual das refer&#234;ncias para identificar poss&#237;veis estudos para inclus&#227;o. Quando necess&#225;rio, obtivemos a tradu&#231;&#227;o do ingl&#234;s para o portugu&#234;s dos t&#237;tulos dos artigos. Cada t&#237;tulo e resumo foram analisados de forma independente pelos dois pesquisadores, que selecionaram os artigos relevantes para a revis&#227;o. Em seguida, os textos dos artigos remanescentes foram revisados para selecionar quais seriam inclu&#237;dos nas an&#225;lises qualitativa e quantitativa. Em caso de desacordo, a decis&#227;o foi feita por discuss&#227;o e consenso dos autores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Inclu&#237;mos estudos observacionais (natureza prospectiva ou retrospectiva) realizados em humanos, cujo objetivo foi estudar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez do AE e recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s a primeira ACRF. Para a an&#225;lise qualitativa, inclu&#237;mos estudos com as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: 1) O estudo avaliou recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s a primeira ACRF em humanos; 2) Estudos observacionais retrospectivos ou prospectivos; 3) O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi superior a seis meses; 4) O estudo incluiu mais de 20 indiv&#237;duos.</p>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise quantitativa, inclu&#237;mos estudos que preencheram os crit&#233;rios mencionados acima e relataram raz&#227;o de risco (<italic>hazard ratio - HR</italic>) e intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% da rigidez do AE como preditores de recorr&#234;ncia de FA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade</title>
          <p>O risco de vi&#233;s nos estudos foi avaliado utilizando o instrumento de avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade para estudos de caso (<italic>Quality Assessment Tool for Case Series Studies</italic>) do Instituto Nacional do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Pulm&#227;o e Sangue (<italic>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada independentemente por dois avaliadores (ETOC e LMSB), e em caso de discord&#226;ncia, a decis&#227;o foi tomada por consenso entre os pesquisadores. As seguintes caracter&#237;sticas foram avaliadas: 1) A pergunta ou objetivo do estudo estava claramente apresentado no estudo?; 2) A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo estava descrita de maneira clara e completa?; 3) Os casos eram consecutivos?; 4) Os indiv&#237;duos eram compar&#225;veis?; 5) A interven&#231;&#227;o estava claramente descrita?; 6) Os desfechos estavam claramente definidos, eram v&#225;lidos, confi&#225;veis e usados de maneira consistente em todos os participantes do estudo?; 7) O tempo de acompanhamento foi adequado?; 8) Os m&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos estavam bem descritos?; 9) Os resultados estavam bem descritos?</p>
          <p>Depois que essas caracter&#237;sticas foram avaliadas, os autores atribu&#237;ram aos estudos uma classifica&#231;&#227;o de qualidade (boa, suficiente ou baixa). Estudos foram avaliados como de 'baixa' qualidade se preenchessem menos de tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios, 'suficiente' se atingisse de tr&#234;s a cinco crit&#233;rios, e de 'boa' qualidade se preenchessem mais que cinco crit&#233;rios. Todos os quatro artigos selecionados atingiram quase todos os crit&#233;rios e receberam uma boa classifica&#231;&#227;o de qualidade pelos dois avaliadores. A avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade dos quatro estudos est&#225; descrita na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
                <col width="9%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Estudo, ano</th>
                  <th align="center">Regi&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Delineamento do estudo</th>
                  <th align="center">N&#250;mero de pacientes</th>
                  <th align="center">Estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Medida da rigidez do AE</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;todo de detec&#231;&#227;o da FA</th>
                  <th align="center">Acompanhamento, meses</th>
                  <th align="center">Per&#237;odo sem recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Achados</th>
                  <th align="center">Qualidade</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Machino Ohtsuka et al., 2011</td>
                  <td align="center">&#193;sia</td>
                  <td align="center">Unic&#234;ntrico, prospectivo, s&#233;rie de caso</td>
                  <td align="center">155</td>
                  <td align="center">PVI</td>
                  <td align="center">Raz&#227;o da diferen&#231;a entre pico de press&#227;o da onda V no AE e nadir da press&#227;o da onda x no AE do S-LAs [(PAE-v - PAE-x) / global S-LAs]</td>
                  <td align="center">ECG 12-deriva&#231;&#245;es, sintoma relacionado &#224; arritmia, monitoramento Holter 24 horas e monitoramento ECG port&#225;til</td>
                  <td align="center">Acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 33,8 &#177; 12,2 meses (14 a 54 meses)</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">&#205;ndice de rigidez do AE foi um preditor independente de recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (HR: 2.88; IC95%I: 1,75 a 4,73; p &lt; 0,001)</td>
                  <td align="center">Bom</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Park et al., 2015<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">&#193;sia</td>
                  <td align="center">Unic&#234;ntrico, prospectivo, s&#233;rie de caso</td>
                  <td align="center">334</td>
                  <td align="center">PVI</td>
                  <td align="center">Medida direta da press&#227;o do pulso da AE (diferen&#231;a entre pico da PAE e nadir da PAE) e assumindo uma mudan&#231;a m&#237;nima no volume do AE com base em estudos fisiol&#243;gicos pr&#233;vios</td>
                  <td align="center">ECG e monitoramento por Holter 24 ou 48 horas </td>
                  <td align="center">Per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 16,7&#177;11,8 meses (3 a 47 meses)</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixa complac&#234;ncia do AE associou-se de maneira independente com risco duas vezes maior de recorr&#234;ncia de FA (HR: 2,202; IC95%: 1,077 -4,503; P = 0,031)</td>
                  <td align="center">Bom</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Kawasaki et al, 2016</td>
                  <td align="center">Jap&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Unic&#234;ntrico, prospectivo, s&#233;rie de caso</td>
                  <td align="center">109</td>
                  <td align="center">IVP</td>
                  <td align="center">Rigidez do AE foi obtida usando PEAP estimada como PEAP estimada/<italic>strain</italic> do AE obtido por STE</td>
                  <td align="center">ECG e Holter</td>
                  <td align="center">M&#237;nimo 12 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">&#205;ndice de rigidez do AE n&#227;o foi um preditor de recorr&#234;ncia de FA (OR: 0,37; IC95%: 0,041 a 3,462, p = 0,39)</td>
                  <td align="center">Bom</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Khurram et al., 2016<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Am&#233;rica do Norte</td>
                  <td align="center">Unic&#234;ntrico, prospectivo, s&#233;rie de caso</td>
                  <td align="center">160</td>
                  <td align="center">IVP</td>
                  <td align="center">Raz&#227;o da mudan&#231;a na PAE /mudan&#231;a no volume do AE durante enchimento do AE</td>
                  <td align="center">Holter 24-horsa ou monitoramento de evento por 30 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">Acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 10,4 &#177; 7,6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">&#205;ndice de rigidez do AE foi um preditor do desfecho da FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o (HR: 8,22; IC95%: 3,54 a 19,11; p &lt; 0,001)</td>
                  <td align="center">Bom</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; PAE: press&#227;o no &#225;trio esquerdo; IVP: isolamento da veia pulmonar; NR: n&#227;o relatado; ECG: eletrocardiograma; S-LAs [(PAE-v - PAE-x) / global S-LAs]: valores m&#233;dios para pico de strain durante s&#237;stole ventricular (S-LAs) obtidos de visualiza&#231;&#245;es de duas c&#226;maras e de quatro c&#226;maras; PAE: press&#227;o de encravamento da art&#233;ria pulmonar; STE: ecocardiografia speckle-tracking.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>A an&#225;lise incluiu somente popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com cora&#231;&#227;o de estrutura normal.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Somente os 160 pacientes inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise de desfecho est&#227;o representados nesta tabela.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
          <p>A extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi realizada por dois pesquisadores (ETOC e OMPS), utilizando-se um formul&#225;rio padr&#227;o, e verificada por um terceiro pesquisador (ETM). Os dados extra&#237;dos inclu&#237;ram: 1) O sobrenome do primeiro autor; 2) Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos: n&#250;mero de pacientes, regi&#227;o do estudo, delineamento do estudo, estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o, m&#233;todo usado na medida da rigidez do AE, m&#233;todo de detec&#231;&#227;o da FA, per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, per&#237;odo de tempo sem FA ap&#243;s o tratamento (<italic>blanking period</italic>) e principais achados; 4) Desfechos: HR e IC de 95% da rigidez do AE como preditores de recorr&#234;ncia da FA na an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre recorr&#234;ncia de FA e rigidez do AE ap&#243;s a ACRF foi medida pelo HR e IC 95%. Foram usados HRs ajustados, uma vez que todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise quantitativa empregaram an&#225;lise multivariada pelo modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox para ajuste quanto a potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o. Log do HR foi obtido calculando-se seus logaritmos naturais. Em seguida, os erros padr&#245;es da escala logar&#237;tmica e IC 95% correspondentes foram calculados. O m&#233;todo do inverso da vari&#226;ncia foi usado para ponderar os estudos na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica global. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados como estatisticamente significativos. A heterogeneidade entre os estudos foi avaliada pelo teste Q de Cochran Q e estat&#237;stica I<sup>2</sup>, e em seguida por valores de I<sup>2</sup>. I<sup>2</sup> menores que 30% foram definidos como baixa heterogeneidade; menor que 60% como heterogeneidade moderada; e mais que 60% como alta heterogeneidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios foi escolhido devido aos diferentes m&#233;todos de medida da rigidez do AE usados nos estudos, o que poderia ser causa de heterogeneidade. An&#225;lise de sensibilidade foi realizada excluindo-se alguns estudos e avaliando-se a consist&#234;ncia do efeito total estimado. N&#227;o foi realizada meta-regress&#227;o devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos inclu&#237;dos. Os resultados est&#227;o apresentados em um gr&#225;fico em floresta (<italic>forest plot</italic>) com IC 95%. A presen&#231;a de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o foi verificada por um gr&#225;fico de funil, apesar de que somente 3 estudos foram inclu&#237;dos, o que dificulta a interpreta&#231;&#227;o. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o programa Review Manager 5.3.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, 62 estudos foram identificados nas bases de dados PubMed e no registro central de ensaios controlados da Cochrane (<italic>Central Register of Controlled Trials</italic>). Na an&#225;lise dos estudos em duplicata, foram identificados dois estudos, os quais foram exclu&#237;dos. Ap&#243;s uma leitura cuidados dos t&#237;tulos e resumos, 57 dos 62 estudos foram exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o estarem relacionados &#224; revis&#227;o. Cinco estudos foram analisados na &#237;ntegra, e quatro deles inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise qualitativa. No estudo exclu&#237;do, de Marino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> somente 20 pacientes foram analisados e o per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi inferior a 6 meses. Para a an&#225;lise quantitativa, um artigo completo foi exclu&#237;do por n&#227;o haver utilizado o HR e IC 95% da rigidez do AE como preditores de recorr&#234;ncia de FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Por fim, quatro estudos foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise qualitativa e tr&#234;s na an&#225;lise quantitativa. O fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos est&#225; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0501-90040-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
          <p>Quatro estudos foram inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> todos estudos de s&#233;rie de casos, unic&#234;ntricos, prospectivos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). O estudo de Machino-Ohtsuka et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> incluiu 155 pacientes, e no estudo de Khurram et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> 160 pacientes do estudo foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise dos desfechos e, portanto, inclu&#237;dos na presente revis&#227;o. No estudo de Park et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> 1038 pacientes foram analisados, por&#233;m somente 334 pacientes apresentavam o cora&#231;&#227;o com estrutura normal, e foram inclu&#237;dos nas an&#225;lises. Apesar de Kawasaki et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> terem avaliado 137 indiv&#237;duos, somente 109 foram submetidos &#224; primeira abla&#231;&#227;o, e foram inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o. Ao todo, 758 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos em nossa an&#225;lise qualitativa, respectivamente. O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento variou entre 10,4 a 33,8 meses. Os estudos utilizaram diferentes m&#233;todos para medir a rigidez do AE, representados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>. Todos os estudos realizaram isolamento da veia pulmonar como estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o, e exame de Holter para o diagn&#243;stico de FA. Ainda, em tr&#234;s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> dos quatro estudos utilizou-se eletrocardiograma (ECG) para o diagn&#243;stico. Khurram et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> n&#227;o realizaram um ECG, apesar de terem realizado um monitoramento de 30 dias quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos. O tempo sem recorr&#234;ncia de FA (<italic>blanking period</italic>) ap&#243;s a ACRF foi de tr&#234;s meses em dois estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> um m&#234;s em um estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e n&#227;o foi mencionado no estudo de Park et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> As caracter&#237;sticas de todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Rigidez do AE como preditor de recorr&#234;ncia da FA</title>
          <p>Dois<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> dos quatro estudos encontraram que a rigidez do AE foi o preditor mais importante de recorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o em uma an&#225;lise multivariada, entre outros fatores, tais como volume do AE e FA persistente.</p>
          <p>Khurram et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> observaram que o &#237;ndice de rigidez do AE foi um preditor independente do desfecho da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA (HR: 8,22; IC95% 3,54 - 19,11; p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, 25% dos pacientes (40 de 160) apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia de FA durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 10,4 &#177; 7,6 meses. Pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia de FA apresentaram maior &#237;ndice de rigidez do AE em compara&#231;&#227;o aos sem recorr&#234;ncia. Esses achados tamb&#233;m foram confirmados pelo estudo de Machino-Ohtsuka et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> que tamb&#233;m mostrou que os pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia (29%; 45 de 155) apresentaram maior rigidez do AE em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles que n&#227;o apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia durante um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 33,8 &#177; 12,2 meses. Ainda, o estudo tamb&#233;m mostrou que um &#237;ndice de rigidez do AE maior foi um preditor independente de recorr&#234;ncia de FA (HR 288; IC95% 1,75 a 4,73, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <p>Park et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> mostraram que, em um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 16,7 &#177; 11,8 meses, uma baixa complac&#234;ncia do AE associou-se com risco duas vezes maior de recorr&#234;ncia de FA. Al&#233;m disso, na an&#225;lise multivariada, ajustada quanto a v&#225;rios fatores, a rigidez do AE foi o segundo preditor mais importante de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s a ACRF (HR), ficando atr&#225;s somente de FA persistente.</p>
          <p>Kawasaki et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> mostraram que, em pacientes submetidos &#224; primeira ou &#224; segunda abla&#231;&#227;o, o grupo de pacientes que apresentou recorr&#234;ncia de FA apresentou maior rigidez do AE que o grupo de pacientes em que a abla&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com sucesso. No entanto, na an&#225;lise multivariada, ao analisar pacientes submetidos &#224; primeira ACRF, o &#237;ndice de rigidez do AF n&#227;o foi um preditor significativo de recorr&#234;ncia de FA (OR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Metan&#225;lise</title>
          <p>Esta metan&#225;lise mostrou que a rigidez do AE associa-se com maior recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s ACRF (HR = 3,55, IC95% 1,75-4,73, p = 0,0002), como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>. O teste de heterogeneidade mostrou diferen&#231;as significativas entre os estudos (p = 0,05, I&#178; = 67%). A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, realizada para se identificar a origem da heterogeneidade, mostrou que, excluindo-se o estudo de Khurram et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> que utilizaram resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca para medir a rigidez do AE, n&#227;o se observou heterogeneidade entre os estudos (p = 0,55, I&#178; = 0%). Contudo, o resultado geral, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao HR e IC95%, permaneceu o mesmo (HR = 2,64, IC95% 1,75-3,97, p &lt; 0,00001). Um gr&#225;fico de funil (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>) foi usado para verificar a exist&#234;ncia de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o foi observada assimetria evidente, sugerindo ent&#227;o, que n&#227;o houve vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico de floresta mostrando a rigidez do &#225;trio esquerdo como preditor de recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ap&#243;s procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0501-90040-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico de funil apresentando vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o bias.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0501-90040-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Conforme mencionado anteriormente, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter tem sido cada vez mais considerada como tratamento de primeira linha e, portanto, a import&#226;ncia de fatores de rastreamento tamb&#233;m tem aumentado. Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica mostrou que, em dois dos quatro estudos inclu&#237;dos, a rigidez do AE foi o preditor mais importante de recorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o em uma an&#225;lise multivariada, entre outros fatores, tais como volume do AE e FA persistente. Al&#233;m disso, a metan&#225;lise, incluindo tr&#234;s estudos, mostrou que a rigidez do AE foi um forte preditor de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s ACRF (HR = 3,55; IC95% 1,75-4,73, p = 0,0002). Assim, o uso rotineiro da rigidez do AE no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio pode ser &#250;til para um acompanhamento de perto de pacientes com risco elevado de desenvolverem SAER e recorr&#234;ncia de FA.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>FA e rigidez do AE</title>
          <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram, apesar de algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, que pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica apresentam rigidez do AE aumentada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o remodelamento estrutural causado pela FA leva &#224; fibrose do AE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> o que pode ser um mecanismo no processo de rigidez do AE. Portanto, um aumento na rigidez do AE poderia ser um mecanismo importante da g&#234;nese e propaga&#231;&#227;o da FA ou consequ&#234;ncia de seus epis&#243;dios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Abla&#231;&#227;o extensiva por cateter</title>
          <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram que a abla&#231;&#227;o circunferencial completa da veia pulmonar promovida pela ACRF associou-se com menor recorr&#234;ncia de FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Ainda, quanto mais a cicatriza&#231;&#227;o sobrep&#245;e-se &#224; fibrose, diminuindo a quantidade de tecido fibr&#243;tico sem abla&#231;&#227;o, melhor a taxa de sobrevida livre de epis&#243;dios de arritmia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Assim, uma abla&#231;&#227;o extensa parece ser a melhor escolha para reduzir a recorr&#234;ncia de FA. No entanto, em um estudo pr&#233;vio, a presen&#231;a de cicatrizes no AE esteve associada com o desenvolvimento da SAER<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> e, consequentemente, a piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos ap&#243;s a ACRF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Rigidez do AE como fator de rastreamento para abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter</title>
          <p>Em 1988, Pilote et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> descreveram uma condi&#231;&#227;o em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia da valva mitral por cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do AE, caracterizada por perda da complac&#234;ncia do AE, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, disfun&#231;&#227;o do AE, e dispneia de causa recente, a chamada SAER.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Em seguida, essa s&#237;ndrome foi relatada por Gibson et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> em pacientes submetidos &#224; ACRF, com ocorr&#234;ncia relativamente rara (1,4%). Pacientes com baixa complac&#234;ncia do AE antes da abla&#231;&#227;o podem ser mais suscept&#237;veis a desenvolverem a SAER, uma vez que a ACRF est&#225; relacionada ao aumento da rigidez do AE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> provavelmente devido &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplas cicatrizes na parede do AE induzidas pelo procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Assim, pacientes com baixa complac&#234;ncia do AE poderiam beneficiar-se de uma medida da rigidez do AE por meio de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva antes da abla&#231;&#227;o do AE, como parte do procedimento de rastreamento pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, ou mesmo avalia&#231;&#227;o de rotina. Isso contribuiria na preven&#231;&#227;o de recorr&#234;ncia da FA e do desenvolvimento da SAER, e na promo&#231;&#227;o de um acompanhamento mais pr&#243;ximo desses pacientes.</p>
          <p>Marino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo, observaram uma rela&#231;&#227;o linear entre o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e mediram a rigidez do AE (calculada durante o enchimento atrial, definida como a raz&#227;o &#916; press&#227;o do AE/ &#916; volume do AE). Uma vez que existe uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal do AE e o movimento do anel mitral e ventr&#237;culo adjacente, o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal do ventr&#237;culo direito poderia ser usado para estimar a rigidez do AE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Com esse m&#233;todo de medida n&#227;o invasivo, utilizando um simples ECG, a rigidez do AE poderia ser um novo fator potencial de rastreamento na avalia&#231;&#227;o de rotina no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudos futuros</title>
          <p>A presente revis&#227;o mostra a necessidade de estudos futuros para melhor compreender a rela&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez do AE e FA. Primeiramente, um aumento no n&#250;mero de estudos e na amostra total poderia aumentar a confiabilidade dos resultados. Ainda, um desenvolvimento de um &#237;ndice n&#227;o invasivo padronizado de rigidez do AE contribuiria para o rastreamento de pacientes que n&#227;o se beneficiariam de abla&#231;&#227;o. Finalmente, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para investigar se a rigidez do AE &#233; um fator de risco real que poderia levar ao desenvolvimento e &#224; propaga&#231;&#227;o da FA, ou se &#233; uma consequ&#234;ncia da FA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Esta revis&#227;o apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, na an&#225;lise quantitativa, apenas tr&#234;s estudos observacionais foram inclu&#237;dos. Ainda, o teste I<sup>2</sup> mostrou alta heterogeneidade (p = 0,05; I&#178; = 67%), apesar de o desfecho global ter permanecido o mesmo ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o do estudo de Khurram et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (causa da heterogeneidade). Essa heterogeneidade pode ser relevante por v&#225;rios fatores. Primeiro, o estudo de Khurram et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> foi conduzido na Am&#233;rica do Norte, enquanto que os outros dois estudos na &#193;sia. Segundo, apesar de todos os m&#233;todos usados para a medida da rigidez do AE terem sido diferentes entre os estudos, o estudo de Khurram et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> foi o mais variado em termos de m&#233;todo, uma vez que utilizaram resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, e n&#227;o terem usado ECG no diagn&#243;stico de FA. Al&#233;m disso, esse estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> teve o menor tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento entre todos os estudos. Finalmente, apesar de termos usados HRs ajustados, obtidos da an&#225;lise multivariada, para reduzir o efeito das vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o, eles n&#227;o conseguem excluir tal efeito totalmente.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A presente revis&#227;o mostra que a rigidez do AE &#233; um forte preditor de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s a ACRF (HR = 3,55; IC95% 1,75-4,73; p = 0,0002). Assim, uma medida padr&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da rigidez do AR poderia ser usada de rotina antes da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA, rastreando pacientes com maiores chances de recorr&#234;ncia de FA e desenvolvimento de SAER.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
