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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Dsh9HpCtWTC5qzwQ7hr8trB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000500491</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005003101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190018</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Unscheduled Emergency Visits after Cardiac Devices Implantation: Comparison between Cardioverter Defibrillators and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices in less than one year of Follow Up</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Warpechowski</surname>
            <given-names>Stefan</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ley</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Lessa Gaudie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Dytz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saffi</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio Lumertz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Zwan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ley</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Lessa Gaudie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Tofani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Glotz de </given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Abdala Karam</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3905-102X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leiria</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria</bold>, Av. Princesa Isabel, 370. Postal Code 90620-000, Santana. Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>pesquisa.leiria@gmail.com</email>, <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript: Warpechowski Neto S, Ley LLG, Almeida ED, Saff MAL, Dutra LZ, Ley ALG, Sant'Anna RT, Lima GG, Kalil RAK, Leiria TLL; acquisition of data: Warpechowski Neto S, Ley LLG, Almeida ED, Saff MAL, Dutra LZ, Ley ALG, Lima GG, Kalil RAK; statistical analysis: Warpechowski Neto S, Ley LLG, Almeida ED, Dutra LZ, Ley ALG, Sant'Anna RT, Lima GG, Leiria TLL; obtaining funding: Kalil RAK, Leiria TLL; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Warpechowski Neto S, Ley LLG, Almeida ED, Saff MAL, Dutra LZ, Ley ALG, Sant'Anna RT, Lima GG, Kalil RAK, Leiria TLL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>491</fpage>
      <lpage>498</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The use of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIED), such as the Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT), is increasing. The number of leads may vary according to the device. Lead placement in the left ventricle increases surgical time and may be associated with greater morbidity after hospital discharge, an event that is often confused with the underlying disease severity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the rate of unscheduled emergency hospitalizations and death after implantable device surgery stratified by the type of device.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Prospective cohort study of 199 patients submitted to cardiac device implantation. The groups were stratified according to the type of device: ICD group (n = 124) and CRT group (n = 75). Probability estimates were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method according to the outcome. A value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant in the statistical analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Most of the sample comprised male patients (71.9%), with a mean age of 61.1 &#177; 14.2. Left ventricular ejection fraction was similar between the groups (CRT 37.4 &#177; 18.1 vs. ICD 39.1 &#177; 17.0, p = 0.532). The rate of unscheduled visits to the emergency unit related to the device was 4.8% in the ICD group and 10.6% in the CRT group (p = 0.20). The probability of device-related survival of the variable &#8220;death&#8221; was different between the groups (p = 0.008).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Patients after CRT implantation show a higher probability of mortality after surgery at a follow-up of less than 1 year. The rate of unscheduled hospital visits, related or not to the implant, does not differ between the groups.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Defibrillators, Implantable</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Readmission</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In the cardiovascular disease scenario, patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) after acute myocardial infarction show an increased risk of sudden death related to cardiac arrhythmia. The use of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIED), such as Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs), has shown to be beneficial in improving survival rates in this patient profile.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) also demonstrates benefits in reducing hospitalization rates, improving ventricular function, as well as decreasing mortality in the context of heart failure (HF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>During the CIED implantation, according to the clinical indication, it is necessary to use one, two or even three intracardiac leads. In CRT, the difficulty in cannulating the coronary sinus, or the lack of an adequate venous branch for this purpose, tends to increase the surgical procedure complexity, which may be associated with greater morbidity in the follow-up after hospital discharge - a situation often attributed or confused with the underlying disease severity. Regardless of the implantation route used for left ventricular estimation, we know there are lead dislodgement and dysfunction rates of approximately 5%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> after the surgery, and the presence of a higher number of leads makes the probability of this type of event occurrence even higher. On the other hand, unscheduled emergency visits related to CIED occur, not necessarily because of the leads, in up to 12% of patients undergoing this type of therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Local data that assess the rate of unscheduled hospital visits related to the implants are limited to the southeast region, and there is no recent literature disclosing data from the southern region of the country. The present study aims to contribute to this issue.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>This was a prospective single-center cohort study developed in a high-complexity cardiology hospital located in southern Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Population</title>
        <p>Patients aged 18 years or older submitted to ICD implantation or CRT from February 2014 to July 2015 were consecutively included. The cases of changes in generators without lead implantation were excluded.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection</title>
        <p>Data collection was performed from the moment immediately prior to the device implantation and, subsequently, at the time of visits to the emergency unit for medical care. The obtained data, recorded in the electronic medical record, were exported to an Excel database. The analyzed variables were clinical ones and related to the implant. The clinical variables were: (1) LVEF at the two-dimensional echocardiogram (Teicholtz or Simpson method, when indicated); (2) HF etiology, defined as valvular, ischemic or non-ischemic. In case of more than one etiology, we selected the one considered to be predominantly accountable for the condition; (3) patient functional class, classified according to the New York Heart Association classification. The variables related to the CIED implant were: (1) operative wound infections; (2) operative wound pain; (3) need to replace the leads; (4) upper limb venous thrombosis; and (5) device pocket hematoma.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcomes</title>
        <p>The primary outcome was the occurrence of an unscheduled hospital visit related to the CIED implant. Visits resulting from HF worsening or progression were also considered for this analysis. The secondary outcome was all-cause mortality.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical Considerations</title>
        <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, under number 4983/14.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 18.0, was used for the analyses based on the data stored in the Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. A two-tailed <italic>p</italic> value of less than 0.05 was considered significant in the statistical analyses. Continuous variables with parametric distribution were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, while nonparametric variables were shown as median and interquartile range. The comparisons were made with Student's <italic>t</italic>-test for independent samples in variables with central tendency distribution and with Mann-Whitney test in those considered to be asymmetric. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies and compared with the chi-square test. Probability estimates were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method using long-rank. It was not possible to perform the multivariate analysis using Cox Regression due to the absence of events occurring in the ICD group, which prevented the calculation of the hazard ratio (HR).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>During the study period, 1,174 surgeries were performed for device implantation. Of these, 224 were for ICD/CRT, 25 of which were exclusively for generator change, and were excluded from the evaluation. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows patient inclusion flowchart. The final analysis was performed with 199 patients. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the characteristics of the assessed population. There was a higher prevalence of male individuals in both groups. The mean age was similar, as well as the ejection fraction. The non-ischemic cardiomyopathy was the most prevalent etiology in both groups. Most implants were performed through the Brazilian Unified Public Health System (SUS). There was a statistically significant difference between the functional classes, with a higher percentage of patients in class III in both groups. Of all procedures, 57% were carried out for primary prevention of sudden death.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Inclusion flowchart of the study patients. CIED: cardiac implantable electronic device. ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0491-90018-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sample characteristics. Porto Alegre, RS</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Total n = 199</th>
              <th align="center">ICD n = 124</th>
              <th align="center">CRT-P/D n = 75</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years<bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></bold></td>
              <td align="center">61.1 &#177; 14.2</td>
              <td align="center">61.1 &#177; 14.3</td>
              <td align="center">61.0 &#177; 14.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.963</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">143(71.9)</td>
              <td align="center">94(75.8)</td>
              <td align="center">49(65.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.153</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)<bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></bold></td>
              <td align="center">38.4 &#177; 17.4</td>
              <td align="center">39.1 &#177; 17.0</td>
              <td align="center">37.4 &#177; 18.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.532</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Etiology<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.043</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
              <td align="center">116(58.3)</td>
              <td align="center">66(53.2)</td>
              <td align="center">50(66.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
              <td align="center">79(39.7)</td>
              <td align="center">56(45.2)</td>
              <td align="center">23(30.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valvular etiology</td>
              <td align="center">4(2)</td>
              <td align="center">2(1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">2(2.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Type of health care<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.349</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SUS</td>
              <td align="center">134(67.3)</td>
              <td align="center">87(70.2)</td>
              <td align="center">47(62.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Supplementary health care</td>
              <td align="center">65(32.7)</td>
              <td align="center">37(29.8)</td>
              <td align="center">28(37.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Functional Class</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">I</td>
              <td align="center">39(19.5)</td>
              <td align="center">32(25.8)</td>
              <td align="center">7(9.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">II</td>
              <td align="center">24(12)</td>
              <td align="center">13(10.4)</td>
              <td align="center">11(14.6)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III</td>
              <td align="center">72(36.1)</td>
              <td align="center">36(29)</td>
              <td align="center">36(48)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IV</td>
              <td align="center">31(15.5)</td>
              <td align="center">21(16.9)</td>
              <td align="center">10(13.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Data shown as mean &#177; standard deviation;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Absolute and relative frequency; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; CRT-P/D: cardiac resynchronization therapy; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SUS: Brazilian Unified Health System.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcomes</title>
        <p>Regarding the outcomes, the rate of unscheduled visits to the emergency unit related to the device was 4.8% in the ICD group and 10.6% in the CRT group (p = 0.20). Operative wound pain was the most prevalent complication related to the device (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Outcomes of the study population. Device-related unscheduled emergency visit</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Total n = 199</th>
                <th align="center">ICD n = 124</th>
                <th align="center">CRT-P/D n = 75</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Device-related unscheduled emergency visit<bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></bold></td>
                <td align="center">14(7%)</td>
                <td align="center">6(4.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">8(10.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Device-related complications<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.45</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Surgical wound infection</td>
                <td align="center">5(2.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">2(1.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">3(4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Surgical wound pain</td>
                <td align="center">6(3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2(1.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">4(5.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lead change</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1(1.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Upper limb venous thrombosis</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pocket hematoma</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inappropriate shocks</td>
                <td align="center">2(1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2(1.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Mortality</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.008</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Related to device implantation</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Other causes</td>
                <td align="center">4(2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">4(5.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Data shown as absolute and relative frequency; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; CRT-P/D: cardiac resynchronization therapy.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows the incidence of the primary outcome of emergency visits-free survival during a median follow-up of 285 days (p = 0.214). The incidence of unscheduled visits related to clinical conditions (not related to device implantation) did not differ between the groups, being 28.2% in the ICD group and 18.6% in the CRT group (p = 0.17), including readmissions due to HF, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier estimate of survival probability according to device-related unscheduled emergency visits.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Note: p = 0.214.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0491-90018-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Outcomes of the study population. Unscheduled emergency visit unrelated to the device</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Total n = 199</th>
                <th align="center">ICD n = 124</th>
                <th align="center">CRT-P/D n = 75</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Unscheduled emergency visit unrelated to the device</td>
                <td align="center">49(24.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">35(28.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">14(18.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1(1.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tiredness</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Headache/vertigo</td>
                <td align="center">3(1.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">3(2.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glycemic disorders</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1(1.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LUL pain - non-anginal</td>
                <td align="center">2(1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2(1.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chest pain</td>
                <td align="center">13(6.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">9(7.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">4(5.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abdominal pain</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart failure</td>
                <td align="center">18(9%)</td>
                <td align="center">13(10.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">5(6.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acute lower limb ischemia</td>
                <td align="center">2(1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2(1.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lower-limb myalgia</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1(1.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nausea/vomiting</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pneumonia</td>
                <td align="center">2(1%)</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1(1.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Deep vein thrombosis</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulmonary thromboembolism</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1(1.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Herpes zoster</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1(0.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.43</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>* Data shown as absolute and relative frequency; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; CRT-P/D: cardiac resynchronization therapy; LUL: left upper limb</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> shows the survival curve in both groups. There were 4 deaths in the CRT group and none in the ICD group. None of the deaths were related to the procedure itself. The causes of death were: 1 hemorrhagic stroke, 1 sudden death at home, 1 death due to multiple organ failure as a complication of infective endocarditis (secondary to a dental abscess, diagnosed 194 days after the implant) and 1 due to refractory HF.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier estimate of device-related survival probability.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Note: p = 0.008.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0491-90018-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Artificial cardiac stimulation has shown significant benefits since its initial implantation in 1958, crossing generations in continuous technical evolution and extending its range from the atrioventricular conduction disorders to dyssynchrony reduction. However, it still shows a significant percentage of complications, despite almost sixty years of use. Currently, the volume of procedures for CIED implantation shows increasing annual rates, due to the technological evolution of the method, the increase in the indications and the higher number of eligible patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> At the same time, the greater longevity of the affected populations is a non-modifiable risk factor for long-term complications. Such a change in the scenario limits the comparison of current data with the first era of stimulation, not only by the device evolution curve, the implant technique and population factor alterations, but also by the database of previous records - many of them comprising only complications demanding surgical intervention. Over the years, the variability of complication definitions has become more homogeneous, with a further description of conservative management adverse effects, with the inaccuracies in temporal definition of events having been overcome, now dichotomized as early or late within a time frame of 2 months.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The current series, many limited to the review of the last 20 years, indicate the first sixty days as the period with the highest incidence of complications, with rates that fluctuate around 10%, in their majority.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study brings current national data on morbidity and mortality after ICD/CRT implantation. Our hospital is a tertiary cardiology center that performs approximately 1,000 device implants per year. The total incidence of complications related to the devices was 7% in the studied period, similar to that of other studies on the subject.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Our sample had an incidence of cable dislocation, infections and mortality of 0.5%, 2.5% and 2%, respectively.</p>
      <p>Van Rees et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> in a systematic review of 18 clinical trials involving ICD/CRT implantation, found a mortality rate of 2.7% after ICD implantation (0.6% if considering only those without thoracotomy) and 0.7% after CRT. The incidence of lead dislodgement was 1.8% in the ICD group (without thoracotomy) and 5.9% in the CRT studies. Device pocket hematomas occurred in 2.4% of those with ICD and 2.2% with CRT; however, these percentages represented only cases that required surgical intervention. In our study, there was no difference between devices regarding the incidence of cable dislodgement, which is probably due to the low incidence of this complication in our sample. The incidence of CIED pocket hematoma found in our center was 0.8% in the ICD group and 0% in the CRT group.</p>
      <p>When compared to other cohorts, we also found similar incidences of CIED-related complications. In a cohort of 1,929 patients, the incidence of surgical reintervention due to stimulation cable dislodgement, infection and mortality was, respectively, 4.4%, 1.5% and 3.2%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Our cohort showed lower mortality and cable dislodgement rates, but 1% more incidence of bleeding. Among the patients with CRT, the incidence of cable dislodgement was 5%, compared to 1.3% in our cohort.</p>
      <p>A retrospective record of 30,984 Medicare users submitted to device implantation found an incidence of major complications (cable dislodgement, cardiac tamponade, hemothorax and pneumothorax) of 4.26%, with no difference between CRT and ICD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In the same analysis, ICD implantation showed a higher incidence of mechanical complications and infections, whereas CRT implantation showed a higher incidence of hematoma and hemorrhage - findings that were opposite to those identified in our study.</p>
      <p>In a prospective Dutch cohort of 1,517 patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> early complications were 9.2% and tended to a decrease after the first 6 months of implantation; the main ones, in order of frequency, were related to the cable in 5.54% (3.34% of dislodgement), device pocket (4.75%, excluding infection), hematoma 2.9%, local trauma (2.77% - with pneumothorax being 2.24%) and pocket infection (0.64%). In the late period, cable complications remained the same and pocket-related complications decreased, especially regarding the infection and local hematoma subcomponents. There was no evaluation of CRT and ICD implants, with the sample being restricted to the conventional pacemaker implant. Nevertheless, the rates of infection and cable dislodgement were higher than that recorded in the present study.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Infections</title>
        <p>An analysis of the PEOPLE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> study (prospective cohort) evaluated 6,314 CIED implants at 44 centers. After 1 year, there were 633 deaths (10.1%), 548 (8.9%) non-infectious complications and 42 infections (0.56% in patients submitted to the first CIED implantation). In the multivariate analysis, the factors related to a higher risk of infection were the occurrence of fever in the 24 hours prior to the implantation, use of a temporary pacemaker and the need for early reintervention. Our sample found an incidence of pacemaker pocket infection in 2.5% of cases. The higher incidence, albeit in accordance with the literature, may be due to the fact that we did not evaluate the <italic>de novo</italic> implants and did not collect data regarding the use of a temporary pacemaker prior to the procedure.</p>
        <p>A Polish registry with 1,105 patients showed substantially lower infection rates when compared to the other recent studies: 0.1% at 2 months and 0.4% at the late follow-up of 2.4 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Although the antimicrobial prophylaxis is a well-established outcome factor of protection,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> the registry differed from the others by the extended use of prophylaxis for a period of 5 days for surgical time &gt;1h or immunosuppressive condition such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease, neoplasia or age &gt;75 years. On the other hand, the percentages of device pocket hematoma were higher (6.1%), associated with platelet antiaggregation, triple therapy or, mainly, anticoagulation (present in 56% of patients). If, on the one hand, there is evidence that the occurrence of hematoma increases by 15-fold the risk of local infection,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> prospective studies on the duration of anticoagulation do not show worse outcomes with their maintenance in the peri-implantation period: on the contrary, they show a decrease of events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In a direct comparison between the two forms of stimulation, the ICD and CRT did not significantly differ, although absolute rates were higher in the ICD group.</p>
        <p>In the present study, there was a difference between the groups regarding the proportions of ischemic etiology, which was higher in the ICD group, and in the functional class, characterized by higher class I proportions in the ICD group and class III in the CRT group. Among the non-device-related hospitalizations, the difference in functional class did not translate into a statistical discrepancy regarding the percentage of unscheduled visits, either in absolute numbers or the specific causal etiology (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Although there were no recorded deaths, the ICD group showed a higher proportion of important events, such as chest pain in the ischemic scenario, HF decompensation and acute limb ischemia. Compared to predictors of cardiac mortality models in resynchronization therapy,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> only 25% of the recorded deaths had an ejection fraction &lt; 25% (specifically 28, 20, 58 and 29%) and 75% used loop diuretics at doses of 80mg/day or more. Right ventricular contractile dysfunction, an important factor associated with mortality, was not specifically analyzed in the present study. Inappropriate shocks, an important source of emergency consultations, were recorded in only 2 patients (14.28% of device-related visits) - both with cardioverter defibrillators.</p>
        <p>Compared with recent national data,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> the present study displayed a large difference regarding pocket hematoma rates, showing a much lower percentage in our cohort, but a higher percentage of unplanned device-related readmissions (7% <italic>vs</italic>. 3.6%). It is important to emphasize that the current study did not account for the implantation of pacemakers without the ICD or CRT functions, situations that represented the majority of patients that were initially candidates for follow-up (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) and who, in fact, were included in a similar study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> hindering the direct comparison between the findings. Furthermore, it should be remembered that the two assessed populations showed very different percentages of patients in functional class I and II (84.8% <italic>vs</italic>. 31.5% in this study).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Among the main limitations of the study is the small sample size when compared to the larger series, and the follow-up period duration, which may have been short for some outcomes and prevents the direct comparison with the larger cohorts in the literature; the analysis of the MIRACLE-ICD study subgroup,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> for instance, suggests that left ventricular cable dislodgements becomes more frequent in the long term, so our follow-up may have underestimated the occurrence of this complication in the CRT group.</p>
        <p>Also, we emphasize the fact that the data represent the practices and the results of a single cardiology center in the south of Brazil, with the limitations of unicentric studies on the extrapolation of results. Compared with recent local literature,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> there are methodological differences regarding patient eligibility (mainly related to the type of device eligible for evaluation) and, consequently, considerable differences in baseline functional class and contractile function that limit the direct comparison between the studies regarding readmission predictors.</p>
        <p>The difference between etiology and functional class between the groups is also a factor to be remembered. Although not statistically significant regarding the percentage of unscheduled visits to the emergency unit, regardless of whether or not it is associated with the procedure, the population&#8217;s characteristics could lead to different results in the long-term follow-up, given the chronicity of the underlying diseases and their several forms of temporal evolution.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The results showed that patients submitted to CRT implantation, when compared to the ICD implantation cases, show a higher probability of mortality in the follow-up period of less than 1 year. In contrast, the implant-related unscheduled hospital visit rate does not differ between the groups.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPPIC (Fundo de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa do Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia under the protocol number 5374/17. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgment</title>
      <p>The authors thank the Research Unit of the Cardiology Institute / University Foundation of Cardiology for the technical support in the publication of this work.</p>
    </ack>
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          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>399</fpage>
          <lpage>409</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Silva KR, Albertini CM, Crevelari ES, Carvalho EI, Fiorelli AI, Martinelli M Filho, et al. Complications after surgical procedures in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: results of a prospective registry. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;107(3):245-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albertini</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crevelari</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>EI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fiorelli</surname>
              <given-names>AI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinelli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Complications after surgical procedures in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: results of a prospective registry</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>245</fpage>
          <lpage>256</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Consultas N&#227;o Programadas em Emerg&#234;ncia ap&#243;s Implante de Dispositivos Card&#237;acos: Comparativo entre Cardiodesfibriladores e Ressincronizadores em Seguimento Inferior a 1 Ano</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Warpechowski</surname>
            <given-names>Stefan</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ley</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Lessa Gaudie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Dytz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lumertz</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio Saffi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Zwan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ley</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Lessa Gaudie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Tofani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Glotz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Abdala Karam</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3905-102X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leiria</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria</bold>, Av. Princesa Isabel, 370. CEP 90620-000, Santana. Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>pesquisa.leiria@gmail.com</email>, <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Warpechowski Neto S, Ley LLG, Almeida ED, Saff MAL, Dutra LZ, Ley ALG, Sant'Anna RT, Lima GG, Kalil RAK, Leiria TLL; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Warpechowski Neto S, Ley LLG, Almeida ED, Saff MAL, Dutra LZ, Ley ALG, Lima GG, Kalil RAK; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Warpechowski Neto S, Ley LLG, Almeida ED, Dutra LZ, Ley ALG, Sant'Anna RT, Lima GG, Leiria TLL; obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Kalil RAK, Leiria TLL; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Warpechowski Neto S, Saff MAL, Sant'Anna RT, Leiria TLL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O uso de dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis (DCEI) como o cardiodesfibrilador (CDI) e terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) - &#233; cada vez maior. O n&#250;mero de eletrodos de estimula&#231;&#227;o e desfibrila&#231;&#227;o varia de acordo com o dispositivo. A coloca&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo aumenta o tempo cir&#250;rgico podendo associar-se a maior morbidade no acompanhamento ap&#243;s alta hospitalar, evento muitas vezes confund&#237;vel com a gravidade da patologia base.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a taxa de interna&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o programada na emerg&#234;ncia e &#243;bito ap&#243;s cirurgia de dispositivos implant&#225;veis estratificados pelo tipo de aparelho.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte prospectivo analisando 199 pacientes submetidos &#224; implante de dispositivos card&#237;acos. Os grupos foram divididos de acordo com o tipo de dispositivo: CDI (n = 124) e TRC (n = 75). Estimativas de probabilidades foram analisadas pelo m&#233;todo de <italic>Kaplan-Meier</italic> de acordo com o desfecho. Valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A maioria da amostra era do sexo masculino (71,9%) - idade m&#233;dia de 61,1 &#177; 14,2. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi similar entre os grupos (TRC 37,4 &#177; 18,1 vs. CDI 39,1 &#177; 17,0; p = 0,532). A taxa de visita n&#227;o programada na emerg&#234;ncia relacionada ao dispositivo foi de 4,8% no grupo CDI e de 10,6% no grupo TRC (p = 0,20). A probabilidade de sobrevida relacionada ao dispositivo da vari&#225;vel &#8220;&#243;bito&#8221; mostrou-se diferente entre os grupos (p = 0,008).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Paciente ap&#243;s o implante de TRC apresenta maior probabilidade de mortalidade ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico no seguimento menor que 1 ano. A taxa de visita hospitalar n&#227;o programada, relacionadas ou n&#227;o ao implante, n&#227;o difere entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas de Imagem de Sincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Dispositivos de Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Readmiss&#227;o do Paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>No cen&#225;rio da doen&#231;a cardiovascular, pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) reduzida ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio apresentam maior risco de morte s&#250;bita relacionada a arritmia card&#237;aca. O uso de dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis (DCEI) como o cardiodesfibrilador (CDI) tem se mostrado favor&#225;vel na melhora das taxas de sobrevida neste perfil de paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC), tamb&#233;m demonstra benef&#237;cio na redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, na melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular bem como diminui&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade no contexto da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Durante o implante dos DCEIs, de acordo com a indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, faz-se necess&#225;rio o uso de um, dois ou at&#233; tr&#234;s eletrodos intracard&#237;acos. Na TRC, a dificuldade de canula&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano, ou a inexist&#234;ncia de ramo venoso adequado para tal fim, tende a aumentar a complexidade do ato cir&#250;rgico, o que pode associar-se a maior morbidade no acompanhamento ap&#243;s alta hospitalar - situa&#231;&#227;o muitas vezes atribu&#237;da ou confundida com a gravidade da doen&#231;a base. Independente da via de implante utilizada para a estima&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, sabemos que existe uma taxa de deslocamento e disfun&#231;&#227;o dos eletrodos de aproximadamente 5%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> ap&#243;s a cirurgia e a presen&#231;a de um maior n&#250;mero de eletrodos faz com que a probabilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia desse tipo de evento torne-se mais elevada. Por outro lado, visitas n&#227;o programadas a emerg&#234;ncia relacionadas ao DCEI ocorrem, n&#227;o necessariamente por causa dos eletrodos, em at&#233; 12% dos pacientes submetidos a essa forma de terapia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Dados locais que avaliam a taxa de visita hospitalar n&#227;o programada relacionada ao implante de DCEI limitam-se a regi&#227;o sudeste, sem literatura recente englobando dados da regi&#227;o sul do pa&#237;s. O presente estudo visa contribuir com essa quest&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte prospectivo unic&#234;ntrico desenvolvido em hospital cardiol&#243;gico de alta complexidade do sul do Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos, de maneira consecutiva, pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, submetidos a implante de CDI ou TRC no per&#237;odo de fevereiro de 2014 a julho de 2015. Foram exclu&#237;das as trocas de geradores sem implante de eletrodos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de dados</title>
          <p>A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir do momento imediatamente anterior ao implante do dispositivo e, posteriormente, na ocasi&#227;o dos atendimentos m&#233;dicos na emerg&#234;ncia. Os dados obtidos, registrados no prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico, foram exportados para banco de dados em formato Excel. As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram cl&#237;nicas e relacionadas ao implante. As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas foram: (1) FEVE por ecocardiograma bidimensional (m&#233;todo de <italic>Teicholtz</italic> ou <italic>Simpson</italic> quando indicado); (2) etiologia da IC, definida como valvar, isqu&#234;mica ou n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. Em caso de mais de uma etiologia, foi selecionada aquela considerada como predominantemente respons&#225;vel pelo quadro; (3) classe funcional do paciente, graduada de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>. As vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao implante do DCEI foram: (1) infec&#231;&#227;o da ferida operat&#243;ria; (2) dor em ferida operat&#243;ria; (3) necessidade de reposi&#231;&#227;o dos eletrodos; (4) trombose venosa de membro superior; e (5) hematoma de loja do dispositivo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos</title>
          <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de visita hospitalar n&#227;o programada relacionada ao implante do DCEI. Visitas decorrentes de piora ou progress&#227;o da IC tamb&#233;m foram consideradas para esta an&#225;lise. O desfecho secund&#225;rio foi mortalidade por qualquer causa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica</title>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, sob o n&#250;mero 4983/14.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>A partir do armazenamento dos dados em planilhas Microsoft Excel, o pacote estat&#237;stico <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS),</italic> vers&#227;o 18.0 foi utilizado para as an&#225;lises. Um valor de p bicaudal menor que 0,05 foi considerado significativo nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o param&#233;trica foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, enquanto as n&#227;o param&#233;tricas apresentadas como mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico. As compara&#231;&#245;es foram feitas com teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes nas vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o de tend&#234;ncia central e com teste de Mann-Whitney naquelas consideradas assim&#233;tricas. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas (n) e relativas (%) e comparadas com teste qui-quadrado. As estimativas de probabilidades foram calculadas pelo m&#233;todo de <italic>Kaplan-Meier</italic> com uso de long-rank. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar uma an&#225;lise multivariada por meio da Regress&#227;o de Cox devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de eventos ocorridos no grupo CDI, o que impossibilitou o c&#225;lculo do <italic>hazard ratio</italic> (HR).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No per&#237;odo do estudo foram realizadas 1.174 cirurgias para implante de dispositivos. Destas, 224 foram para CDI/TRC, sendo 25 exclusivamente para troca de gerador, exclu&#237;das da avalia&#231;&#227;o. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figura 1</xref> demonstra o fluxograma de inclus&#227;o dos pacientes. A an&#225;lise final foi realizada com 199 pacientes. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> demonstra as caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada. Houve maior preval&#234;ncia do sexo masculino em ambos os grupos. A idade m&#233;dia foi similar, assim como a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. A miocardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica foi a etiologia mais prevalente em ambos os grupos. A maioria dos implantes foram realizados pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de. Houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre as classes funcionais, com maior percentual de pacientes em classe III em ambos os grupos. De todos os procedimentos, 57% foram para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma de inclus&#227;o dos pacientes no Estudo. DCEI: dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis. CDI: cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel. TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0491-90018-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra. Porto Alegre, RS</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Total n = 199</th>
                <th align="center">CDI n = 124</th>
                <th align="center">TRC-P/D n = 75</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos<bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></bold></td>
                <td align="center">61,1 &#177; 14,2</td>
                <td align="center">61,1 &#177; 14,3</td>
                <td align="center">61,0 &#177; 14,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,963</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo, masculino<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">143(71,9)</td>
                <td align="center">94(75,8)</td>
                <td align="center">49(65,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,153</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)<bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></bold></td>
                <td align="center">38,4 &#177; 17,4</td>
                <td align="center">39,1 &#177; 17,0</td>
                <td align="center">37,4 &#177; 18,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,532</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etiologia<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,043</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Miocardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">116(58,3)</td>
                <td align="center">66(53,2)</td>
                <td align="center">50(66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">79(39,7)</td>
                <td align="center">56(45,2)</td>
                <td align="center">23(30,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Etiologia valvar</td>
                <td align="center">4(2)</td>
                <td align="center">2(1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">2(2,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tipo de atendimento<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,349</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SUS</td>
                <td align="center">134(67,3)</td>
                <td align="center">87(70,2)</td>
                <td align="center">47(62,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sa&#250;de suplementar</td>
                <td align="center">65(32,7)</td>
                <td align="center">37(29,8)</td>
                <td align="center">28(37,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Classe Funcional</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I</td>
                <td align="center">39(19,5)</td>
                <td align="center">32(25,8)</td>
                <td align="center">7(9,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">24(12)</td>
                <td align="center">13(10,4)</td>
                <td align="center">11(14,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">72(36,1)</td>
                <td align="center">36(29)</td>
                <td align="center">36(48)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IV</td>
                <td align="center">31(15,5)</td>
                <td align="center">21(16,9)</td>
                <td align="center">10(13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa; CDI: cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel; TRC-P/D: ressincronizador card&#237;aco; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SUS: sistema &#250;nico de sa&#250;de.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos</title>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos, a taxa de visita n&#227;o programada na emerg&#234;ncia relacionada ao dispositivo foi de 4,8% no grupo CDI e 10,6% no grupo TRC (p = 0,20). A dor na ferida operat&#243;ria mostrou-se a mais prevalente dentre as complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao dispositivo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Desfechos da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Visita n&#227;o programada &#224; emerg&#234;ncia, relacionada ao dispositivo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Total n = 199</th>
                  <th align="center">CDI n = 124</th>
                  <th align="center">TRC-P/D n = 75</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Visita n&#227;o programada na emerg&#234;ncia relacionada ao dispositivo<bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></bold></td>
                  <td align="center">14(7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(4,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(10,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao dispositivo<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,45</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o da ferida operat&#243;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">5(2,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2(1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dor na ferida operat&#243;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">6(3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2(1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4(5,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Reposi&#231;&#227;o eletrodos</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1(1,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Trombose venosa membro superior</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hematoma de loja</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Choque inapropriado</td>
                  <td align="center">2(1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2(1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Mortalidade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,008</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Relacionada ao implante do dispositivo</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outras causas</td>
                  <td align="center">4(2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">4(5,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Dados apresentados em frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa; CDI: cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel; TRC-P/D: ressincronizador card&#237;aco.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref> demonstra a incid&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio de sobrevida livre de visitas &#224; emerg&#234;ncia durante um per&#237;odo mediano de acompanhamento de 285 dias (p = 0,214). A incid&#234;ncia de visitas n&#227;o programadas relacionadas a patologias cl&#237;nicas (n&#227;o relacionadas ao implante do dispositivo) tamb&#233;m n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos sendo de 28,2% no grupo CDI e de 18,6% no grupo TRC (p = 0,17), incluindo-se as readmiss&#245;es por IC, como mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier da probabilidade de sobrevida de acordo com as visitas n&#227;o programadas na emerg&#234;ncia relacionadas ao dispositivo.</title>
              </caption>
              <attrib>Nota: p = 0,214.</attrib>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0491-90018-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Desfecho da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Visita n&#227;o programada &#224; emerg&#234;ncia, n&#227;o relacionada ao dispositivo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Total n = 199</th>
                  <th align="center">CDI n = 124</th>
                  <th align="center">TRC-P/D n = 75</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Visita n&#227;o programada na emerg&#234;ncia, n&#227;o relacionada ao dispositivo</td>
                  <td align="center">49(24,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35(28,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14(18,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVE</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1(1,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cansa&#231;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cefal&#233;ia/vertigem</td>
                  <td align="center">3(1,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(2,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dist&#250;rbios glic&#234;micos</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1(1,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dor MSE - n&#227;o anginosa</td>
                  <td align="center">2(1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2(1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dor tor&#225;cica</td>
                  <td align="center">13(6,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(7,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4(5,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dor abdominal</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">18(9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13(10,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5(6,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Isquemia aguda de membro inferior</td>
                  <td align="center">2(1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2(1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mialgia - membros inferiores</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1(1,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#225;useas/v&#244;mitos</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pneumonia</td>
                  <td align="center">2(1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(1,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Trombose venosa profunda</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tromboembolismo pulmonar</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1(1,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Herpes zoster</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>* Dados apresentados em frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa; CDI: cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel; TRC-P/D: ressincronizador card&#237;aco; MSE: membro superior esquerdo; AVE acidente vascular encef&#225;lico.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref> demonstra a curva de sobrevida de ambos os grupos. Ocorreram 4 &#243;bitos no grupo TRC e nenhum no grupo CDI. Nenhum dos &#243;bitos foi relacionado com o procedimento em si. As causas do &#243;bito foram: 1 acidente vascular encef&#225;lico hemorr&#225;gico, 1 morte s&#250;bita domiciliar, 1 &#243;bito por fal&#234;ncia org&#226;nica m&#250;ltipla como complica&#231;&#227;o de endocardite infecciosa (esta, secund&#225;ria a abscesso dent&#225;rio, com diagn&#243;stico 194 dias ap&#243;s o implante do dispositivo) e 1 por IC refrat&#225;ria.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier da probabilidade de sobrevida relacionada ao dispositivo.</title>
              </caption>
              <attrib>Nota: p = 0,008.</attrib>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-05-0491-90018-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial tem benef&#237;cios solidificados desde o seu implante inicial, em 1958, atravessando gera&#231;&#245;es em cont&#237;nua evolu&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica e ampliando sua abrang&#234;ncia desde os dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular at&#233; a redu&#231;&#227;o de dissincronia. No entanto, ainda apresenta complica&#231;&#245;es em percentuais significativos a despeito de quase sessenta anos de exist&#234;ncia. Atualmente, o volume de procedimentos para implante de DCEI apresenta taxas anuais crescentes, dadas a evolu&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica do m&#233;todo, a amplia&#231;&#227;o das indica&#231;&#245;es e maior n&#250;mero de pacientes eleg&#237;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Paralelamente, a maior longevidade das popula&#231;&#245;es de abrang&#234;ncia constitui-se fator de risco n&#227;o modific&#225;vel para complica&#231;&#245;es a longo prazo. Tamanha mudan&#231;a de cen&#225;rio limita a compara&#231;&#227;o de dados atuais com a primeira era de estimula&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o s&#243; pela curva de evolu&#231;&#227;o dos dispositivos, da t&#233;cnica de implante e das altera&#231;&#245;es no fator populacional, mas tamb&#233;m pela base de registros pr&#233;vios - muitos apenas de complica&#231;&#245;es demandantes de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Ao longo dos anos, a variabilidade nas defini&#231;&#245;es de complica&#231;&#245;es tornou-se mais homog&#234;nea - com o acr&#233;scimo da descri&#231;&#227;o de efeitos adversos de manejo conservador - e j&#225; est&#227;o superadas as imprecis&#245;es na defini&#231;&#227;o temporal dos eventos, hoje dicotomizados como precoces ou tardios com o marco temporal de 2 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> As s&#233;ries atuais, muitas limitadas &#224; revis&#227;o dos &#250;ltimos 20 anos, apontam os primeiros sessenta dias como o per&#237;odo de maior incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es em taxas que oscilam em torno de 10%, em sua maioria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este trabalho traz dados nacionais contempor&#226;neos acerca da morbimortalidade ap&#243;s implante de CDI/CRT. Nosso hospital &#233; um centro cardiol&#243;gico terci&#225;rio que realiza cerca de 1.000 implantes de dispositivos por ano. A incid&#234;ncia total de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas aos dispositivos foi de 7% no per&#237;odo estudado, semelhante &#224; de outros estudos sobre o tema.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Nossa amostra apresentou incid&#234;ncias de deslocamento de cabos, infec&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade de 0,5%, 2,5% e 2%, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Van Rees et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de 18 ensaios cl&#237;nicos envolvendo implante de CDI/TRC, verificaram uma incid&#234;ncia de mortalidade de 2,7% ap&#243;s implante de CDI (0,6% se considerado somente aqueles sem toracotomia) e de 0,7% ap&#243;s TRC. A incid&#234;ncia de deslocamento de eletrodos foi de 1,8% no grupo CDI (sem toracotomia) e de 5,9% nos estudos com TRC. Hematomas de loja do dispositivo ocorreram em 2,4% daqueles com CDI e 2,2% com TRC, entretanto estes percentuais representaram somente casos que demandaram interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Em nosso estudo n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os dispositivos na incid&#234;ncia de deslocamento de cabos, o que provavelmente deve-se &#224; baixa incid&#234;ncia de ocorr&#234;ncia desta complica&#231;&#227;o em nossa amostra. A incid&#234;ncia de hematoma de loja do DCEI encontrada em nosso centro foi de 0,8% no grupo CDI e 0% no grupo TRC.</p>
        <p>Quando comparado a outras coortes, tamb&#233;m encontramos incid&#234;ncias semelhantes de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas aos DCEI. Em uma coorte de 1.929 pacientes as incid&#234;ncias de reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica por deslocamento de cabos de estimula&#231;&#227;o, de infec&#231;&#245;es e de mortalidade foram, respectivamente, 4,4%, 1,5% e 3,2%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Nossa coorte apresentou menor mortalidade e deslocamento de cabos, por&#233;m 1% a mais de incid&#234;ncia de sangramentos. Dentre os pacientes com TRC, a incid&#234;ncia de deslocamento de cabo foi de 5%, comparado a 1,3% em nossa coorte.</p>
        <p>Um registro retrospectivo com 30.984 usu&#225;rios do <italic>Medicare</italic> submetidos a implante de dispositivos constatou uma incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores (deslocamento de cabo, tamponamento card&#237;aco, hemot&#243;rax e pneumot&#243;rax) de 4,26%, sem diferen&#231;a entre TRC e CDI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Na mesma an&#225;lise, o implante de CDI apresentou maior incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas e infec&#231;&#245;es, ao passo que o implante de TRC apresentou maior incid&#234;ncia de hematoma e hemorragia - achados inversos aos identificados no nosso trabalho.</p>
        <p>Em coorte prospectiva holandesa com 1.517 pacientes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> as complica&#231;&#245;es precoces foram 9,2% e tenderam a redu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s os primeiros 6 meses do implante; as principais, em ordem de frequ&#234;ncia, foram relacionadas ao cabo 5,54% (sendo 3,34% de deslocamento), loja do dispositivo (4,75%, excluindo-se infec&#231;&#227;o), hematoma 2,9%, trauma local (2,77% - sendo pneumot&#243;rax 2,24%) e infec&#231;&#227;o de loja (0,64%). No per&#237;odo tardio, complica&#231;&#245;es de cabo mantiveram mesma propor&#231;&#227;o e complica&#231;&#245;es relacionados &#224; loja reduziram, sobretudo nos subcomponentes de infec&#231;&#227;o e hematoma local. N&#227;o houve avalia&#231;&#227;o de implante de TRC e CDI, restringindo-se a amostra ao implante de marcapasso convencional. Ainda assim, as taxas de infec&#231;&#227;o e deslocamento de cabo foram superiores ao registrado no presente trabalho.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Infec&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Uma an&#225;lise do estudo <italic>PEOPLE</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (coorte prospectiva) avaliou 6.314 implantes de DCEI em 44 centros. Ap&#243;s 1 ano, ocorreram 633 mortes (10,1%), 548 (8,9%) complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o-infecciosas e 42 infec&#231;&#245;es (0,56% em pacientes com primeiro implante de DCEI). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, os fatores relacionados a maior risco de infec&#231;&#227;o foram a ocorr&#234;ncia de febre nas 24h anteriores ao implante, uso de marcapasso tempor&#225;rio e necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o precoce. Nossa amostra verificou uma incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o de loja de marcapasso em 2,5% dos casos. A maior incid&#234;ncia, ainda que em conformidade com a literatura, pode dever-se ao fato de n&#227;o termos avaliado quais eram os implantes <italic>de novo</italic> e de n&#227;o termos coletado dados com rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de marcapasso tempor&#225;rio antes do procedimento.</p>
          <p>Um registro polon&#234;s com 1.105 pacientes apontou taxas de infec&#231;&#227;o substancialmente menor comparado aos demais trabalhos recentes: 0,1% em 2 meses e 0,4% no seguimento tardio de 2,4 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Embora a profilaxia antimicrobiana seja fator bem estabelecido de prote&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> o registro diferiu dos demais pelo uso estendido de profilaxia por per&#237;odo de 5 dias de tempo cir&#250;rgico &gt;1h ou condi&#231;&#227;o de imunossupress&#227;o como diabetes, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, neoplasia ou idade acima de 75 anos. Por outro lado, percentuais de hematoma em loja do dispositivo foram maiores (6,1%), muito associadas &#224; antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, terapia tripla ou, sobretudo, anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (presente em 56% dos pacientes). Se, por um lado, existe evid&#234;ncia de que a ocorr&#234;ncia de hematoma aumenta em 15 vezes o risco de infec&#231;&#227;o local,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> estudos prospectivos acerca da vig&#234;ncia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o mostram piores desfechos com sua manuten&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo peri-implante: ao contr&#225;rio, apresentando redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Em compara&#231;&#227;o direta entre as formas de estimula&#231;&#227;o, CDI e TRC n&#227;o diferiram significativamente, embora taxas absolutas foram maiores no grupo CDI.</p>
          <p>No presente trabalho, a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos existiu nas propor&#231;&#245;es de etiologia isqu&#234;mica, maior no grupo CDI, e quanto &#224; classe funcional, caracterizada por maiores propor&#231;&#245;es de classe I no grupo CDI e de classe III no grupo TRC. Dentre as interna&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o relacionadas ao dispositivo, a diferen&#231;a na classe funcional n&#227;o se traduziu por discrep&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica nos percentuais de consulta n&#227;o programada, seja em n&#250;meros absolutos ou na etiologia causal espec&#237;fica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). Embora sem &#243;bitos registrados, o grupo CDI apresentou maior propor&#231;&#227;o de eventos importantes como dor tor&#225;cica em cen&#225;rio isqu&#234;mico, descompensa&#231;&#227;o de IC e isquemia aguda de extremidades. Comparativamente a modelos preditores de mortalidade card&#237;aca na terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> apenas 25% dos &#243;bitos registrados apresentavam fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 25% (especificamente 28, 20, 58 e 29%) e 75% utilizavam diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a em doses de 80mg/dia ou mais. Disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til ventricular direita, um importante fator associado &#224; mortalidade, n&#227;o foi algo de an&#225;lise espec&#237;fica no presente estudo. Choques inapropriados, importante fonte e consultas em emerg&#234;ncia, foram registrados em apenas 2 pacientes (14,28% das visitas relacionadas ao dispositivo) - ambos portadores de cardiodesfibrilador.</p>
          <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o com dados nacionais recentes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> o presente trabalho mostrou grande diferen&#231;a nas taxas de hematoma de loja, aparecendo em percentual bastante inferior na nossa coorte, por&#233;m maiores percentuais de readmiss&#227;o n&#227;o programada relacionada ao dispositivo (7% vs 3,6%). &#201; importante ressaltar que o trabalho atual n&#227;o contabilizou o implante de marcapassos sem fun&#231;&#227;o CDI ou TRC, situa&#231;&#245;es que representaram a maioria dos pacientes candidatos inicialmente para seguimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>) e que, de fato, foram inclu&#237;das em trabalho semelhante,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> desfavorecendo a compara&#231;&#227;o direta entre os achados. Cabe lembrar, adicionalmente, o fato das duas popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas apresentarem percentuais muito distintos de pacientes em classe funcional I e II (84,8% contra 31,5% neste trabalho).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Dentre as principais limita&#231;&#245;es do trabalho, destaca-se o n&#250;mero amostral pequeno quando comparado &#224;s maiores s&#233;ries, e o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, que pode ter sido pequeno para alguns desfechos e impossibilita a compara&#231;&#227;o direta com as maiores coortes da literatura; an&#225;lise de subgrupo do estudo <italic>MIRACLE-ICD,</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> por exemplo, sugere que deslocamentos de cabo do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo tornam-se mais frequentes a longo prazo, portanto nosso tempo de seguimento pode ter subestimado a ocorr&#234;ncia desta complica&#231;&#227;o no grupo TRC.</p>
          <p>Ainda, ressalta-se o fato de que os dados representam as pr&#225;ticas e os resultados de um &#250;nico centro cardiol&#243;gico do sul do Brasil, com as pr&#243;prias limita&#231;&#245;es dos estudos unic&#234;ntricos quanto &#224; extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com a literatura local recente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> h&#225; diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas quanto &#224; elegibilidade dos pacientes (sobretudo em fun&#231;&#227;o do tipo de dispositivo eleg&#237;vel para avalia&#231;&#227;o) e, consequentemente, diferen&#231;as consider&#225;veis de classe funcional basal e fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til que limitam a compara&#231;&#227;o direta entre os trabalhos quanto aos preditores de readmiss&#227;o.</p>
          <p>A diferen&#231;a entre etiologia e classe funcional entre os grupos tamb&#233;m &#233; fator a ser lembrado. Embora sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica nos percentuais de visita &#224; emerg&#234;ncia n&#227;o programada, independente desta estar associada ou n&#227;o ao procedimento, em seguimento de longo prazo as caracter&#237;sticas populacionais poderiam levar a resultados diferentes, dada a cronicidade das doen&#231;as base e suas variadas formas de evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados evidenciaram que pacientes ap&#243;s implante de TRC, quando comparados &#224; coloca&#231;&#227;o de CDI, apresentam maior probabilidade de mortalidade no seguimento menor que 1 ano. Em contrapartida a taxa de visita hospitalar n&#227;o programada relacionada ao implante n&#227;o difere entre os grupos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPPIC (Fundo de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa do Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 5374/17. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Os autores agradecem &#224; Unidade de Pesquisa do Instituto de Cardiologia/ Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia pelo apoio t&#233;cnico na editora&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
