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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vz4yxNMqF5n5RjdSXFyfT9h</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000500489</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190092</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Is There Any Cardiovascular Concern Regarding the Use of Aromatase Inhibitors in Breast Cancer?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4578-748X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Galv&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana F. G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Tatiana F. G. Galv&#227;o,</bold> Av. Albert Einstein, 627- Sala 419-Bloco A1. E-mail: <email>tatiana.galvao@einstein.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>489</fpage>
      <lpage>490</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Aromatase Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Breast Neoplasms</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Glicose</kwd>
        <kwd>Estrogen Replacement</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiovascular Diseases/prevention &amp; control</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in women worldwide, and the second leading cause of cancer mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Due to advances in prevention, early detection and treatment, breast cancer mortality has decreased by nearly 40% during the last four decades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> However, this optimistic scenario has been counterbalanced by an increasing risk from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in breast cancer survivors. Indeed, CVD is a leading cause of mortality in breast cancer survivors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The mechanisms by which these patients are at increased cardiovascular risk are multiple ones, including the effects of cancer itself (inflammation, oxidative stress, prothrombotic status, autonomic dysfunction, etc.) or due to the side effects related to chemotherapy and radiotherapy (metabolic dysfunction, cardiotoxicity).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Some of these pathways may have prognostic significance: a previous investigation showed that autonomic modulation in breast cancer patients is an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In this issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, the study "Changes in Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Women with Breast Cancer Using Aromatase Inhibitors and the Relation with Biochemical Variables"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> was aimed to explore not breast cancer but the associations of one of its treatments (namely aromatase inhibitors, AI) with markers of autonomic dysfunction, as well as metabolic and inflammatory parameters in postmenopausal women. The rationale for exploring this specific therapy was based on a recent meta-analysis showing that prolonged AI use had a marginally effect of having a CVD event (odds ratio: 1.18, 95% CI = 1.00-1.40) as compared to placebo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In the current investigation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> the authors performed a cross-sectional analysis comparing two groups of participants: 1) women with breast cancer, treated with AIs and 2) postmenopausal women without breast cancer. For the evaluation of the autonomic modulation, heart rate was recorded beat-to-beat for 30 minutes and the series of RR intervals obtained were used to calculate rate variability indices (RVI): mean RR ms, SDNN (standard deviation of all normal RR intervals, expressed in milliseconds) ms, mean Heart Rate (HR), RMSSD (square root of the mean of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR interval) ms, NN50 (number of pairs of successive NNs that differ by more than 50 ms) count, p NN 50% (proportion of NN 50 divided by total number of NNs), RRtri (RR triangular), TINN (triangular interpolation of NN interval ) ms, SD1ms, SD2 ms, LF (low frequency) ms<sup>2</sup>, HF(high frequency) ms<sup>2</sup>. LF; HF ms<sup>2</sup>. Despite some criticism, all these parameters provide an indirect evaluation of autonomic function. In addition, the following metabolic and inflammatory parameters were analyzed: fasting glycemia, triglycerides. HDL-cholesterol and C-reactive protein (CRP). The study showed that lower values of HR variability indices were observed in breast cancer patients in relation to the control group. Besides, there was an inverse correlation between the indices SDNN, SD2 and HFms with triglycerides. No statistically significant correlations were found between HR variability indices and other biochemical variables.</p>
    <p>While this study is timely, addressing the increasing awareness of the cardiovascular effects attributed to cancer and its treatments, there are significant limitations that deserve an appropriate discussion. This is a small cross-sectional study addressing autonomic and cardiovascular parameters in patients already on AI treatment. The lack of baseline measurements (before starting AI therapy) prevent any conclusion from being drawn on whether the main results were related to AIs, the breast cancer per se or some other residual factor. Regarding the latter, the authors did not evaluate the potential role of important confounding factors (such as hypertension or chronic use of medications) that could affect autonomic modulation or the cardiovascular biomarkers.</p>
    <p>Having said that, this study raised more questions than answers, but certainly stimulates additional investigations testing the cardiovascular safety of this important chemotherapy class. In the past decade, AIs have been the recommended first-line adjuvant endocrine therapy in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer; they are associated with improved disease-free survival and overall survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Based on the increasing prevalence of breast cancer worldwide and the related burden of survivors, it is crucial to clarify the cardiovascular safety of the related drugs. The benefits of cancer treatment should be balanced with the presence and magnitude of severe side effects - including cardiovascular events - in the long-term follow-up.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Existe Alguma Preocupa&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular em Rela&#231;&#227;o ao Uso de Inibidores da Aromatase no C&#226;ncer de Mama?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4578-748X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Galv&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana F. G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Tatiana F. G. Galv&#227;o,</bold> Av. Albert Einstein, 627- Sala 419-Bloco A1. E-mail: <email>tatiana.galvao@einstein.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Inibidores de Aromatase</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasias de Mama</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Glicemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia de Reposi&#231;&#227;o de Estrog&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O c&#226;ncer de mama &#233; a neoplasia maligna mais frequente em mulheres no mundo todo e a segunda maior causa de mortalidade por c&#226;ncer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Devido aos avan&#231;os na preven&#231;&#227;o, detec&#231;&#227;o precoce e tratamento, a mortalidade por c&#226;ncer de mama diminuiu em quase 40% nas &#250;ltimas quatro d&#233;cadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> No entanto, este cen&#225;rio otimista foi contrabalan&#231;ado por um risco crescente de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) em sobreviventes de c&#226;ncer de mama. De fato, a DCV &#233; uma das principais causas de mortalidade em sobreviventes de c&#226;ncer de mama.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Os mecanismos pelos quais esses pacientes apresentam risco cardiovascular aumentado s&#227;o m&#250;ltiplos, incluindo os efeitos do pr&#243;prio c&#226;ncer (inflama&#231;&#227;o, estresse oxidativo, estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico, disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, etc.) ou devido aos efeitos colaterais relacionados &#224; quimioterapia e radioterapia (disfun&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica, cardiotoxicidade).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Algumas dessas vias podem ter signific&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica: uma investiga&#231;&#227;o anterior mostrou que a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama &#233; um preditor independente de risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, o estudo "Altera&#231;&#245;es na Modula&#231;&#227;o Auton&#244;mica Card&#237;aca em Mulheres com C&#226;ncer de Mama em Uso de Inibidores de Aromatase e sua Rela&#231;&#227;o com Vari&#225;veis Bioqu&#237;micas"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> teve como objetivo explorar n&#227;o o c&#226;ncer de mama, mas as associa&#231;&#245;es de um de seus tratamentos (isto &#233;, inibidores da aromatase, IA) com marcadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, bem como par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos e inflamat&#243;rios em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa. A justificativa para analisar essa terapia espec&#237;fica foi baseada em uma meta-an&#225;lise recente mostrando que o uso prolongado de IA teve um efeito marginal sobre a ocorr&#234;ncia de um evento de DCV (<italic>odds ratio</italic>: 1,18, IC 95% = 1,00-1,40) em compara&#231;&#227;o com placebo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> os autores realizaram uma an&#225;lise transversal comparando dois grupos de participantes: 1) mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama, tratadas com IA e 2) mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa sem c&#226;ncer de mama. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi registrada batimento a batimento por 30 minutos e a s&#233;rie de intervalos RR obtidos foi utilizada para calcular os &#237;ndices de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC): RR m&#233;dio (ms); SDNN (desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais, expressos em milissegundos) ms; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) m&#233;dia; RMSSD raiz quadrada das m&#233;dias quadr&#225;ticas das diferen&#231;as dos intervalos R-R sucessivos (ms), contagem de NN50 (n&#250;mero de pares de NNs sucessivos que diferem em mais de 50 ms); p NN 50% (propor&#231;&#227;o de NN 50 dividido pelo n&#250;mero total de NNs); RRtri (RR triangular), TINN (interpola&#231;&#227;o triangular do intervalo NN) ms; SD1ms, SD2 ms, LF (baixa frequ&#234;ncia) ms<sup>2</sup>, HF (alta frequ&#234;ncia) ms<sup>2</sup>. LF; HF ms<sup>2</sup>. Apesar de algumas cr&#237;ticas, todos esses par&#226;metros fornecem uma avalia&#231;&#227;o indireta da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica. Al&#233;m disso, foram analisados os seguintes par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos e inflamat&#243;rios: glicemia de jejum, triglic&#233;rides, HDL-colesterol e prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR).</p>
      <p>O estudo mostrou que valores mais baixos dos &#237;ndices de variabilidade da FC foram observados em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Al&#233;m disso, houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os &#237;ndices SDNN, SD2 e HFms com triglic&#233;rides. N&#227;o foram encontradas correla&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significantes entre os &#237;ndices de variabilidade da FC e outras vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas.</p>
      <p>Embora este estudo seja oportuno, abordando a crescente conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre os efeitos cardiovasculares atribu&#237;dos ao c&#226;ncer e seus tratamentos, existem limita&#231;&#245;es significativas que merecem uma discuss&#227;o apropriada. Este &#233; um estudo pequeno, transversal, que aborda par&#226;metros auton&#244;micos e cardiovasculares em pacientes j&#225; em tratamento com IA.</p>
      <p>A falta de medidas basais (antes de iniciar a terapia com IA) impede que se tire qualquer conclus&#227;o sobre se os principais resultados estavam relacionados aos IA, ao c&#226;ncer de mama em si ou a algum outro fator residual. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a este &#250;ltimo, os autores n&#227;o avaliaram o papel potencial de importantes fatores de confus&#227;o (como hipertens&#227;o ou uso cr&#244;nico de medicamentos) que poderiam afetar a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica ou os biomarcadores cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Dito isto, este estudo levantou mais quest&#245;es do que respostas, mas certamente estimula investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais para testar a seguran&#231;a cardiovascular desta importante classe de quimioterapia. Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, os IA t&#234;m sido a terapia end&#243;crina adjuvante de primeira linha recomendada em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa com c&#226;ncer de mama receptor de horm&#244;nio positivo; eles s&#227;o associados &#224; melhora da sobrevida livre de doen&#231;a e sobrevida global.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Com base na crescente preval&#234;ncia de c&#226;ncer de mama em todo o mundo e na carga relacionada dos sobreviventes, &#233; crucial esclarecer a seguran&#231;a cardiovascular dos medicamentos relacionados. Os benef&#237;cios do tratamento do c&#226;ncer devem ser equilibrados com a presen&#231;a e magnitude de efeitos colaterais graves - incluindo eventos cardiovasculares - no acompanhamento de longo prazo.</p>
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