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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4qzc3crWpb4VwGD5P8TY7bx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000400477</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190071</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>FSCLP Statement</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>2019: Recommendations for Reducing Tobacco Consumption in Portuguese-Speaking Countries - Positioning of the Federation of Portuguese Language Cardiology Societies</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2756-7934</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Oscar Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Achutt</surname>
            <given-names>Aloysio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Mario</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Vanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Beatriz Sena e Costa Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Armando Serra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Miryan Bandeira dos Prazeres Cassandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#201;vora</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio Alberto Brito Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">10</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mariotto</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">11</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">12</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Santa Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Carnaxide</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">CHLO - Hospital de Santa Cruz, Carnaxide - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Luanda</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Luanda</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AO">Angola</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Luanda, Luanda - Angola</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Col&#233;gio de Especialidade de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Praia</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CV">Cabo Verde</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Col&#233;gio de Especialidade de Cardiologia, Praia - Cabo Verde</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Maputo</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="MZ">Mo&#231;ambique</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o ICOR, Maputo - Mo&#231;ambique</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Santos Dumont</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <state>Lisboa</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Santos Dumont, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Dr. Ayres de Menezes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <state>S&#227;o Tom&#233;</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ST">S&#227;o Tom&#233; e Pr&#237;ncipe</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Dr. Ayres de Menezes, S&#227;o Tom&#233; - S&#227;o Tom&#233; e Pr&#237;ncipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Governo de Macau</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Regi&#227;o Administrativa Especial de Macau</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="MO">Macau</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Governo de Macau, Regi&#227;o Administrativa Especial de Macau - Macau</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Nacional Sim&#227;o Mendes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Bissau</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="GW">Guin&#233;-Bissau</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Nacional Sim&#227;o Mendes, Bissau - Guin&#233;-Bissau</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Leiria</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Leiria</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, Leiria - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira,</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - R. Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 - 8&#176;. Andar - Sala 6, UFRJ. Postal Code 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email>, <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>477</fpage>
      <lpage>486</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Tobacco Use Disorder/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Smoking Prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Socioeconomic Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Urban Population</kwd>
        <kwd>Rural Population</kwd>
        <kwd>Tobacco Smoke Pollution</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Depending on the epidemiological perspective of the observer and the extent of his concept of causality, tobacco consumption can be considered the second cause in the world of death attributed to classic cardiovascular risk factors, preceded only by hypertension, and the first cause of premature death and disabilities. When understood as an immediate cause without contextualization in the complex that determines and maintains population behavior, smoking was responsible in the world for about 8.10 (7.79-8.41) million deaths and 213.39 (201.16-226.66) million healthy life years lost (<italic>disability-adjusted life-years,</italic> DALYs). Although the number of daily smokers (individuals aged 15 years and older who smoke daily) has decreased, the total number of smokers continues to increase, imposing a major global challenge for healthcare systems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Physicians, who generally deal directly and individually with the patient, tend to consider health/illness limited to the patient's organic commitment and personal history and are less appreciative of the &#8220;causes of the causes&#8221; and the psychosocial determinants of the phenomena and behaviors, inseparable from the ecological context and interests. Environmental pollution (which has also a contribution from smoking and is progressively increasing) is currently considered to be the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in the world&#8217;s population,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> extending the spectrum beyond the traditionally valued risk factors. This perspective is very important for an understanding of the resistance to smoking control and planning of strategies that are more effective to approach this issue.</p>
      <p>In all Portuguese-speaking countries (PSCs), smoking is more frequent among men; the difference in rates between men and women vary among the countries and are greater in the African countries. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> describes the standardized prevalence by sex in 2015 and the annualized difference for men and women from 1990 to 2015 according to the sociodemographic index (SDI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The rates of daily smokers vary from 19.0%, 16.8%, and 7.2%, in African countries, Portugal, and Brazil, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Standardized prevalences by sex in 2015, and annualized difference by sex from 1990 to 2015 according to the sociodemographic index</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">SDI Level</th>
              <th align="center">Women Standardized Prevalence 2015</th>
              <th align="center">Men Standardized Prevalence 2015</th>
              <th align="center">Annualized Women Change rate 1990-2015</th>
              <th align="center">Annualized Men Change rate 1990-2015</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Global</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">5.4 (5.1-5.7)</td>
              <td align="center">25.0 (24.2-25.7)</td>
              <td align="center">-1.7 (-2.0/ -1&#183;4)</td>
              <td align="center">-1.3 (-1.5/ -1.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angola</td>
              <td align="center">Low-intermediate</td>
              <td align="center">1.6 (0.9-2.6)</td>
              <td align="center">14.2 (12.5-16.1)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.7 (-3.5/2&#183;2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.5 (-0.2 /1.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brazil</td>
              <td align="center">Intermediate</td>
              <td align="center">8.2 (7.5-9.0)</td>
              <td align="center">12.6 (11.8-13.5)</td>
              <td align="center">-3.3 (-3.9/-2.7)</td>
              <td align="center">-3.3 (-3.8/-2.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cape Verde</td>
              <td align="center">Low-intermediate</td>
              <td align="center">2.5 (1.7-3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">9.8 (8.0 -11.7)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.9 (-3.1/1.3)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.6 (-1.6/0.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Equatorial Guinea</td>
              <td align="center">Low</td>
              <td align="center">1.4 (0.9-2.1)</td>
              <td align="center">6.9 (5.6-8&#183;4)</td>
              <td align="center">-1.0 (-3.5/1.3)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.6 (-1.7/-0.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Guinea-Bissau</td>
              <td align="center">Low</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (0.6-1.5)</td>
              <td align="center">11.4 (9.4 -13&#183;5)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.9 (-3.4 /1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.3 (-1.4/-0.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mozambique</td>
              <td align="center">Low</td>
              <td align="center">3.1 (2.5-3.8)</td>
              <td align="center">17.2 (14.5-20.1)</td>
              <td align="center">-1.5 (-2.7/-0.2)</td>
              <td align="center">-0&#183;5 (-1.5/-0.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Portugal</td>
              <td align="center">High-intermediate</td>
              <td align="center">12.7 (11.0 -14.8)</td>
              <td align="center">24.9 (22.7-27.2)</td>
              <td align="center">1.3 (0.4 /2.1)</td>
              <td align="center">-1.0 (-1.4/-0.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">S&#227;o Tom&#233; and Principe</td>
              <td align="center">Low-intermediate</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (0.7-1.5)</td>
              <td align="center">6.2 (5.0 -7&#183;3)</td>
              <td align="center">-1.0 (-3.2/1.3)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.2 (-1.3/0.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">East Timor</td>
              <td align="center">Low-intermediate</td>
              <td align="center">12.4 (9.8-15.1)</td>
              <td align="center">39.8 (37.2-42.5)</td>
              <td align="center">4.5 (2.8-6.3)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.1 (-0.5/0.4)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>SDI: sociodemographic index. The SDI is the weighted geometric mean of the per capita income, educational level, and total fertility rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
						</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Available data from the National Health Surveys (NIH) (1987, 1995/96, 1998/99, 2005/06, and 2014) showed that daily consumption of tobacco in Mainland Portugal decreased among men by 35.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 34.2-36.2%) in 1987 to 26.7% (95% CI 25.2-28.3%) in 2014, and progressively increased in women from 6.0% (95% CI 5.6-6.4%) in 1987 to 14.6% (95% CI 13.6-15.8%) in 2014, with a higher daily consumption in men of more disadvantaged socioeconomic groups and the opposite in women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The described prevalence of tobacco consumption in Mozambique in 2003 was 39.9% in men and 18.0% in women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In a 2005 sample from the same country, the prevalence of daily smokers (including users of chewing tobacco, snuff, manufactured cigarettes, and hand-rolled cigarettes) reduced to 33.6% in men and 7.4% in women, with different prevalence rates by sex and country regions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Brazil is the leading country in the control of smoking, with the third largest decline in prevalence of daily smokers since 1990: 57% and 56% for men and women, respectively. This was achieved with a robust public policy, in which advertisements about health damage caused by the tobacco were associated with restrictions on consumption and tax increases for such products, among other measures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>These measures stemmed from adherence to the recommendations by the World Health Organization&#8217;s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> such as banning of terms such as ultra-light, light, low tar, and mild or any other terms implying that cigarettes are not so harmful. The PSCs have joined the FCTC at different moments, as discussed below in the section &#8220;Legislation.&#8221;</p>
      <p>The percentage of deaths attributed to tobacco use across 195 countries increased from 7.28 (7.01-7.56) million in 2007 to 8.10 (7.79-8.42) million in 2017, an increase of 11.3% (9.1-13.4%), according to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The same occurred with the DALYs, from 199.80 (188.0-211.72) million in 2007 to 213.39 (201.16-226.67) million in 2017, a 6.8% increase (4.6-9.0%). A similar trend was observed in regard to ischemic heart diseases, from 1.76 (1.68-1.83) million deaths in 2007 to 1.93 (1.83-2.02) million deaths in 2017, a 7.8% increase (4.6-11.1%), whereas the DALYs increased from 44.30 (42.42-46.19) million in 2007 to 47.38 (45.12-49.71) million in 2017, a 5.6% increase (2.4-9.0%). Similar increases were observed in relation to deaths due to ischemic stroke, from 351.19 (326.63-379.84) thousand in 2007 to 399.35 (369.15-433.38) thousand in 2017, a 13.4% (8.6-17.8%) increase, with an increase in DALYs from 8.74 (7.96-9.54) million thousand in 2007 to 10.41 (9.42-11.50) million in 2017, a 19.3% (14.7-23.8%) increase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is important to note that approximately 80% of the smokers reside in low- and middle-income countries,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> which represent most of the population of PSCs, where the reported decline in tobacco consumption seen in high-income countries has not been observed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> There is already strong evidence of cost-effectiveness and opportunities to treat smoking in primary care because of its wide coverage and close and continuous physician-patient relationship.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering only those risk factors valued in traditional practice, smoking is the only factor that could be completely abolished in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs); however, broadening the spectrum and including man-made ecological and behavioral changes, there are many other factors that can be controlled.</p>
      <p>In a social environment filled with stressful and frustrating circumstances driven by inequality, with conflicts of interest and fueled by marketing, adherence to the consumption of psychoactive substances like tobacco and alcohol is successful due to the action of these substances in the limbic system (reward circuit), leading to chemical and psychological dependence. This system is part of the evolutionary adaptation process that promoted the preservation of species and is one of the determinants of the repeated relapses observed when the patient intends to quit.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Quitting smoking is known to be the most effective measure in the prevention of tobacco-related diseases. However, smoking does not receive the necessary attention during medical consultations, both at an outpatient and inpatient level, to initiate the process of quitting the most frequent preventable cause of CVD and many cancers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Thus, the objective of this article is to provide an instrument to be used by healthcare professionals in their daily practice in the fight against smoking.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Epidemiology and physiopathologic mechanisms</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the risk attributable to cigarette smoking for some diseases in the PSCs, presented as the percentage of deaths and the percentage of risk attributed to smoking. When smokers and never smokers are compared, the risk of smokers is 2 to 3 times higher for stroke, ischemic heart disease, and peripheral vascular disease; 23 and 13 times higher for malignancy in men and women, respectively; and 12 to 13 times higher for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Smokers also have a 2.87 increased risk of death from myocardial infarction compared with nonsmokers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentage of deaths and attributed risk of tobacco consumption in the various Portuguese-speaking countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Year 2017</th>
                <th align="center">Ischemic heart disease</th>
                <th align="center">Stroke</th>
                <th align="center">Lung, trachea, and bronchial cancer</th>
                <th align="center">Chronic obstructive pulmonarydiseases</th>
                <th align="center">Alzheimer's disease and other dementias</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">DEATH ATTRIBUTED RISK Tobacco Use % (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center">DEATH ATTRIBUTED RISK Tobacco Use % (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center">DEATH ATTRIBUTED RISK Tobacco Use % (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center">DEATH ATTRIBUTED RISK Tobacco Use % (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center">DEATH ATTRIBUTED RISK Tobacco Use % (95% CI)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Angola</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">4.79 (4.06 -5.60)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">3.99 (3.43-4.59)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">0.62 (0.50-0.74)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">1.24 (1.01-1.67)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">0.90 (0.78-1.03)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">22.51 (19.74-25.50)</td>
                <td align="center">42.00 (13.13-17.78)</td>
                <td align="center">56.32 (51.09 -61.04)</td>
                <td align="center">32.93 (26.55-38.62)</td>
                <td align="center">13.26 (8.21-18.66)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Brazil</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">13.03 (12.7-13.27)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">9.10 (8.88 -9.29)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">2.40 (2.35-2.46)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">4.83 (4.71-4.96)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">5.44 (5.37-5.50)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">24.41 (22.31-26.56)</td>
                <td align="center">16.60 (14.77-18.51)</td>
                <td align="center">64.01 (61.19-66.66)</td>
                <td align="center">46.63 (41.89-51.37)</td>
                <td align="center">13.29 (7.94-19.28)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Cape Verde</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">15.39 (14.47-16.41)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">7.28 (6.43-8.07)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">1.65 (1.51-1.79)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">2.11 (1.85-2.63)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">5.49 (5.16-5.81)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">8.78 (7.34-10.32)</td>
                <td align="center">7.35 (5.99-8.71)</td>
                <td align="center">32.99 (28.26-37.79)</td>
                <td align="center">19.03 (14.88-22.74)</td>
                <td align="center">2.93 (1.37-4.84)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Equatorial Guinea</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">3.80 (3.24-4.40)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">2.95 (2.52-3.40)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">0.65 (0.46-0.84)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">1.30 (0.96-1.89)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">1.35 (1.12 -1.60)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">11.38 (9.12-13.65)</td>
                <td align="center">7.65 (6.09-9.26)</td>
                <td align="center">36.74 (28.63-45.08)</td>
                <td align="center">19.91 (15.15-24.66)</td>
                <td align="center">6.77 (3.43- 10.67)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Guinea-Bissau</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">6.22 (5.36-7.04)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">5.59 (4.87-6.31)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">0.44 (0.33-0.55)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">1.30 (1.07-1.53)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">0.90 (0.75-1.14)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">11.6 (9.60-13.87)</td>
                <td align="center">8.16 (6.45-10.09)</td>
                <td align="center">32.58 (26.63-38.67)</td>
                <td align="center">19.19 (14.65-23.83)</td>
                <td align="center">2.99 (1.43-5.07)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Mozambique</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">3.77 (3.31-4.26)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">5.58 (4.86-6.35)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">0.39 (0.33-0.45)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">0.91 (0.77-1.08)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">0.88 (0.71-1.01)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">18.74 (15.5-22.23)</td>
                <td align="center">14.00 (11.2616.60)</td>
                <td align="center">48.74 (43.34-54.23)</td>
                <td align="center">32.06 (26.60-37.33)</td>
                <td align="center">8.56 (4.20-13.38)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Portugal</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">12.1 (11.53-12.70)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">13.91 (13.31-14.53)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">3.87 (3.61-4.11)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">5.11 (4.81-5.42)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">9.49 (9.07-9.86)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">12.69 (11.61-13.74)</td>
                <td align="center">7.72 (6.92-8.54)</td>
                <td align="center">64.32 (61.42-66.93)</td>
                <td align="center">31.71 (27.32-36.26)</td>
                <td align="center">7.29 (4.37-10.45)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">S&#227;o Tom&#233; and Pr&#237;ncipe</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">9.77 (8.63-10.92)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">8.61 (7.60-9.93)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">1.39 (1.06-1.73)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">5.19 (4.23-6.07)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">2.28 (2.07-2.48)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">8.59 (6.9-10.34)</td>
                <td align="center">5.51 (4.36-6.79)</td>
                <td align="center">33.33 (26.09-40.32)</td>
                <td align="center">18.26 (14.46-22.25)</td>
                <td align="center">3.26 (1.62=5.33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">East Timor</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">13.00 (10.30-15.20)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">15.26 (13.18-17.24)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">2.03 (1.65-2.68)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">4.34 (3.59-5.08)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">2.66 (2.22-3.07)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">24.67 (20.66-28.66)</td>
                <td align="center">17.21 (14.23-20.33)</td>
                <td align="center">59.83 (53.01-66.64)</td>
                <td align="center">47.43 (38.34-54.27)</td>
                <td align="center">12.18 (6.20-18.91)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>CI: confidence interval</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Smoking is also associated with increased blood pressure and related complications like death and decline in renal function. The same applies to abdominal aortic aneurysms, which have an increased risk attributable to smoking, as well as increased aneurysm growth rate when smokers and nonsmokers are compared. Smoking has been associated with cardiac rhythm disorders such as increased frequency of atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia, and with an increased risk of heart failure and related morbidity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The main tobacco-related diseases and their relative percentages (in parentheses) include coronary diseases and myocardial infarction (25%); chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (85%); pulmonary neoplasms (90%); neoplasms of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, kidney, bladder, cervix, breast (30%); and cerebrovascular diseases (25%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The risk of ischemic heart disease and related mortality increase with the smoking duration (in years) and the number of cigarettes smoked per day; the risk of disease occurs at all levels of cigarette consumption, even for individuals consuming fewer than five cigarettes per day and passive smokers. In addition, patients who stop smoking after coronary artery bypass surgery have a reduced risk of hospitalization for heart disease. Smoking cessation is the only effective treatment to prevent progression of thromboangiitis obliterans, improving symptoms and reducing the risk of amputation throughout life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Smoking cessation has several benefits that should be mentioned to smokers during consultation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Cigarettes contain more than 7,000 toxic substances, which contribute to CVD in different ways, including adverse hemodynamic effects like increased blood pressure and heart rate, imbalance between supply and consumption of oxygen, changes in coronary blood flow, dysfunction and endothelial damage, hypercoagulability and thrombosis, chronic inflammation, and lipid abnormalities, in addition to serving as a substrate for the occurrence of arrhythmias and cardiovascular events. These effects can be observed even in passive smokers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Benefits of smoking cessation in the short-, medium-, and long-term</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="100%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; After 2 minutes: BP and HR return to normal.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; After 3 weeks: easier breathing and circulation improvement.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; After 1 year: the risk of death due to AMI decreases to half, equalizing that of nonsmokers after 15 years.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; In 2-5 years: risk of stroke falls by more than 90%, becoming close to the risk of individuals who never smoked.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; After 10 years of abstinence: cancer risk is about half of a smoker's risk.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Between 5-10 years: the risk of AMI is equal to that of nonsmokers.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; After 20 years: risk of lung cancer is equal to that of nonsmokers.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>AMI: acute myocardial infarction; BP: blood pressure; HR: heart rate. Adapted from reference.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Factors associated with tobacco consumption</title>
        <p>Tobacco use must be considered a chronic disease that can begin in childhood and adolescence, since about 80% of the individuals who experiment tobacco do so under the age of 18 years. Also, there is a direct relationship between the onset of smoking and the maintenance of the habit in adult life. Thus, primordial prevention is an essential step in smoking control. Primordial prevention of smoking is understood as the prevention of smoking initiation among children and adolescents. Children who use tobacco for 12 months inhale the same amount of nicotine per cigarette as adults do and experience the symptoms of addiction and withdrawal, which usually develop very quickly at this age. One way to approach primordial prevention is by age groups, by observing five main items <bold>(&#8220;5 As&#8221;)</bold> for each group: <bold>ask</bold>, in the sense of inquiring, questioning; <bold>advise</bold> smoking cessation; <bold>assess</bold> the motivation and symptoms of tobacco dependence; <bold>assist</bold> in the attempt to quit smoking; and <bold>arrange</bold> periodic follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The World Health Organization has launched the <bold>MPOWER</bold> measures, with proven impact on reducing the consumption of tobacco products:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p><bold>M</bold>onitoring the epidemic.</p>
        <p><bold>P</bold>rotecting the population against tobacco smoke.</p>
        <p><bold>O</bold>ffering help to quit smoking.</p>
        <p><bold>W</bold>arning about the dangers of tobacco.</p>
        <p><bold>E</bold>nforcing the ban on advertising, promotion, and sponsorship.</p>
        <p><bold>R</bold>aising taxes on tobacco products.</p>
        <p>These measures have an impact on smoking cessation at a population level, but most smokers require individualized treatment with healthcare professionals, combining a behavioral approach and often medications to quit smoking altogether.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>New forms of tobacco use</title>
        <p>New forms of smoking have emerged in the last decade and are advertised as having a reduced or absent risk, like JUUL, popular electronic cigarettes that work as vaporizers of encapsulated nicotine, flavors, and other contents in small replaceable cartridges called &#8220;pod mods.&#8221; These devices, already in their third generation, associate nicotine with other vaporizing or flavoring substances with effects that are still poorly known, but have the potential of inducing health risks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As a result of well-developed marketing campaigns promoting the introduction of new forms of tobacco use, there is currently an intense discussion between the lay society and the scientific community about the inherent risk of electronic cigarettes use as a cause of CVDs and neoplasms. Although the current epidemiological evidence is not extensive and the risk of these new forms of smoking appear to be lower than those of the classic form of smoking, enough evidence is available to claim that their acute consumption causes endothelial dysfunction, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and temporary heart rate increase. As for their chronic use, it seems to increase the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and neoplasms of the oral cavity and esophagus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Based on the apparent lower risk of use of the new forms of smoking, electronic cigarettes have been promoted as a method to quit smoking, which lacks proof. In 60% of the cases, smokers use both the classic form of smoking and electronic cigarettes, maintaining the existing high risk. In many cases, these new forms of smoking are adopted for a short time, at which point the smoker resumes his previous habit altogether.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Additionally, electronic cigarettes are considered to be a concern by the scientific community, since they lead youths to nicotine addiction and become a gateway to classic smoking.</p>
        <p>At the present time, even though we acknowledge that the available scientific evidence is not robust, we recommend any form of smoking to be discontinued or not initiated, including oral tobacco (chewing tobacco, snus, snuff, soluble tobacco, vaping/JUUL), cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos, pipes, or narghile. Secondhand smoke should also be fought, as it exposes to the same risks of smoking, increasing them by 20-30%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Approach to smokers</title>
        <p>Most smokers have the perception and recognize that tobacco is harmful to their health. However, this is not enough for them to give up smoking. Similarly, physicians recognize the harmful effects of smoking but in daily practice tend to prioritize disease treatment instead of prevention. The initial approach to a smoker is to encourage him to start treatment regardless of the type of clinical condition and the stage of his illness. Benefits of quitting smoking must be emphasized to all patients at every appointment with a healthcare professional. As many countries have restrictions on smoking in public settings, it is important to ask systematically about tobacco exposure to nonsmokers who live or cohabit with smokers, especially children and youths who may consider the habit of smoking as normal and not harmful to their health and, as in the case of individuals with asthma, may present acute worsening when exposed to tobacco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref>, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">6</xref>). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref> describes common measures to monitor smoking cessation.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Initial assessment in the approach to smoking</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="100%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>ANAMNESIS</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Scales: Fagerstr&#246;m (for nicotine dependence)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Prochaska and DiClementi (for motivation)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - check the counseling techniques per patient - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Clinical and/or psychiatric comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, depression, alcoholism, stroke, convulsion, cancer).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Medications for continuous use.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Risk factors for CVD (dyslipidemia, use of oral contraceptives or estrogen).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Gestation or breastfeeding.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Issues related to smoking:</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- How long have you been smoking?</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- How many cigarettes do you smoke a day?</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Did you try to stop smoking and what was the result?</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Are you interested (or thinking) about quitting smoking?</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Issues related to smoking cessation:</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- If planned to set a date to stop smoking and if would like help with that;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- If ever tried to quit smoking, if was successful, if used any medication, and for long did not smoke.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>PHYSICAL EXAM</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Monitor BP, especially if using bupropion.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Monitor body weight: weight gain may be a barrier to starting smoking cessation and a predictor of relapse.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>COMPLEMENTARY TESTS</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Cell blood count, liver function tests, and serum glucose, lipids and electrolytes.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Chest x-ray</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Electrocardiogram.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Spirometry (not always readily available).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide (COex), if possible. This measure is directly related to the carboxyhemoglobin and cigarettes smoked per day. The cut-off value is 6 ppm.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>CVD: cardiovascular disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fagerstr&#246;m test for nicotine dependence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="100%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>1. How soon after you wake up do you smoke your first cigarette?</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">[3] Within 5 minutes [2] 6 to 30 minutes [1] 31 to 60 minutes [0] After 60 minutes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>2. Do you find it difficult to refrain from smoking in places where it is forbidden?</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">[1] Yes [0] No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>3. Which cigarettes would you hate most to give up?</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">[1] The first one in the morning [0] Any other</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>4. How many cigarettes per day do you smoke?</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">[0] 10 or less [1] 11 to 20 [2] 21 to 30 [3] 31 or more</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>5. Do you smoke more frequently during the first hours after waking than during the rest of the day?</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">[1] Yes [0] No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>6. Do you smoke when you are so ill that you are in bed most of the day?</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">[1] Yes [0] No</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>&#8594;Total: [0-2] Very low; [3-4] Low; [5] Moderate; [6-7] High; [8-10] Very high.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Motivation stages and counseling techniques<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="100%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; <bold>Pre-contemplative:</bold> not yet worried; not ready for behavioral change &#8594; inform the risks of continuing smoking and encourage the patient to think &#8595;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; <bold>Contemplative:</bold> recognizes the need for and wants to change, but still wants to smoke (ambivalence) &#8594; ponder about the pros and cons of cessation and keep yourself available to talk &#8595;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; <bold>Determined:</bold> wants to quit smoking and is ready to take the necessary steps&#8594; choose a date to quit smoking &#8595;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; <bold>Action:</bold> engaged in attitudes intended to promote changes and quit &#8594; follow-up to prevent relapse and relieve withdrawal symptoms &#8595;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; <bold>Maintenance:</bold> maintains the behavioral change achieved and remains abstinent &#8594; reinforce the benefits of quitting smoking and identify risk situations for relapse and coping skills &#8595;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; <bold>Relapse:</bold> unable to maintain the abstinence achieved and returns to the smoker's behavior &#8594; offer support, review, and resume the entire process.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Follow-up of smoking cessation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="100%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Set a date to stop smoking.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Get to know the social environment of the smoker in such a way that his family, friends, and coworkers are able to help him.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; If other family members smoke, it will be important to encourage them to quit or to smoke outside their home.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Elaborate the action plan with nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic strategies.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Follow-up the attempts to stop smoking.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Inform about possible abstinence syndrome and craving on smoking cessation.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; The patient, along with the physician, should choose the cessation method to be used:</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Abrupt cessation: is usually the method of choice among smokers, and the abstinence syndrome is the main obstacle.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Gradual cessation: the smoker can continue to smoke a small number of cigarettes indefinitely and ends up returning to the previous consumption pattern.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Treatment</title>
        <p>Most patients require cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 8</xref>) backed by pharmacological support to cope with the withdrawal syndrome, which typically lasts between 2 and 4 weeks.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cognitive-behavioral therapy</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="100%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Explain the mechanisms of dependence and ambivalence.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Discuss the advantages of quitting smoking and the disadvantages of continuing to do so.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Increase the motivation of the smoker before starting the cessation program, moving from the contemplative posture to a stage of action.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Structured sessions with booklet support discussing the main aspects of addiction, withdrawal symptoms, and obstacles to overcome.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Four to six weekly 90-minute sessions (<underline>cessation sessions</underline>) and three to four biweekly 90-minute sessions (<underline>maintenance sessions</underline>) in the first 3 months of treatment.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Guide patients to set a smoking cessation date between the second and third therapy sessions, regardless of the therapeutic protocol chosen.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; <underline>The maintenance phase</underline> is focused on preventing episodes of lapse or relapse. This phase lasts 12 months, with monthly follow-up (in person or by phone).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; The first 6 months after smoking cessation are considered the most critical period for lapses or relapses.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Nicotine withdrawal syndrome</title>
        <p>The main signs and symptoms of withdrawal syndrome are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 9</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Table 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Symptoms of nicotine withdrawal syndrome</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Neurobehavioral symptoms</th>
                <th align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Physical symptoms</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anxiety</td>
                <td align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Reduced blood pressure</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Headache</td>
                <td align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Reduced heart rate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Difficult concentration</td>
                <td align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Sweating</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Difficult memorization</td>
                <td align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Dizziness</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Restlessness</td>
                <td align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Craving (urgency to smoke)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Irritability</td>
                <td align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Tremors</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feel of frustration or anger</td>
                <td align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Increased appetite</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Depressed mood</td>
                <td align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Weight gain</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insomnia</td>
                <td align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Motor incoordination</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Inhaled nicotine binds to specific neuronal receptors that lead to the release of excessive dopamine and endorphins, whose effects are perceived by the smoker as stimulating and pleasurable. With the dopamine reuptake, such effects dissipate and the receptors signal the need for a new stimulus (that is, they want more nicotine), which is perceived as an unpleasant sensation (limbic system, reward circuit). Regular smokers live daily with withdrawal; for withdrawal to occur, all is required is smoking to be interrupted for a short time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Craving is a typical symptom of the physical dependence of nicotine, defined as a strong desire or urge to smoke. Nicotine deprivation produces variable physical effects that last between 7 to 30 days and are more intense in the first 3 days after quitting smoking. However, the craving may persist for many months because the environmental stimuli that have been associated with smoking throughout life continue, and these associations are difficult to erase. In order to face these situations, the former smoker needs to develop skills and strategize to avoid triggering factors leading to lapse and relapse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Pharmacotherapy should be used to supplement CBT and alleviate withdrawal symptoms. The medications are recommended to be used for 3 months, extending to 6 months in cases with greater difficulty in smoking cessation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> With pharmacological therapy, one person is estimated to successfully quit smoking (defined as smoking abstinence for 6 months) for each 6 to 23 people treated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 10</xref> summarizes the criteria for the initiation of pharmacological therapy, which should always take into account the patient&#8217;s comfort, safety, and preference, as well as the absence of contraindications for the use of a particular drug.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Table 10</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Determinants of initiation of drug therapy</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="100%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Smokes 20 or more cigarettes per day, OR</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Smokes the first cigarette of the day up to 30 minutes after waking up and smokes at least 10 cigarettes per day, OR</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Previous attempt with cognitive-behavioral therapy alone was ineffective due to withdrawal symptoms.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The medications are divided into two basic categories:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Non-nicotine replacement therapies (NNRTs).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>NRTs are considered the first-line treatment approach for smokers and is indicated for patients with moderate to high dependence levels according to the Fagerstr&#246;m test. NRTs should not be combined with tobacco use. The patients should be instructed to stop smoking after initiating an NRT. The numbers needed to treat (NNT) for definitive cessation is 23 and for premature death is 46.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Available NRTs are 24-hour release patches, chewing gum (2 mg and 4 mg), and nicotine tablet (2 mg and 4 mg). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table 11</xref> describes the approach with NRTs for smoking cessation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Table 11</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="100%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Rapid nicotine delivery: nicotine gum and lozenge</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Used in the presence of craving (imperative need to smoke) or at intervals of 1-2 hours.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Promotes faster nicotine delivery. May be combined with nicotine patch or associated with bupropion and varenicline.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Nicotine is released in approximately 5 minutes with the tablets and 10 minutes with the gum.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; The maximum tolerated dose is around 10 gums/lozenges per day.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; The patient should chew the gum/tablet until it tastes spicy. At this point, he should stop chewing for 2 minutes (time to absorb the nicotine) until the taste disappears; then should chew again by repeating the cycle within 20 minutes for a second nicotine release. A glass of water should be drank before use to neutralize the oral pH, which changes with food consumption, and for removal of food residues, which may decrease absorption by the oral mucosa.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Side effects: hypersalivation, nausea, hiccups, gingival ulceration leading to teeth softening, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Contraindication: inability to chew, lesions of the oral mucosa, peptic ulcer, TMJ subluxation, and use of removable dental prostheses.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Slow nicotine delivery: nicotine patch</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; The patches are available in packages with seven units each, with dosages ranging from 7 to 25 mg.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Recommended for maintaining a continuous level of circulating nicotine during 24 hours, in a process of gradual smoking cessation.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; May be recommended as a pre-cessation therapy for 2 to 4 weeks in smokers who find it very difficult to reduce the number of cigarettes or set a date to stop.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; The patches should be applied in the morning, in covered areas, in the upper part of the thorax, and anterior, posterior and superior arm areas, with site rotation and replacement daily at the same time. Avoid sun exposure on the site.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; May be used in combination with bupropion or varenicline.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Therapeutic schedule:</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><bold>- Smokers of 20 cigarettes/day and/or with a Fagerstr&#246;m score of 8-10 points:</bold> Patches with 21 to 25 mg/day between the 1st and 4th week; 14 to 15 mg/day <break/> between the 5th to 8th weeks; 7 mg/day between the 9th and 10th weeks. Recommended application in the morning upon awakening. In cases of insomnia, should be removed after 16 hours of use. In special cases of increased dependence, up to two adhesives of 21 mg may be applied, if no contraindication.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><bold>- Smoker 10-20 cigarettes/day and/or Fagerstr&#246;m score of 5-7 points:</bold> Patches with 14 to 15 mg/day for the initial 4 weeks and 7 mg/day from the 5th to the 8th week.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Side effects: pruritus, rash, erythema, headache, nausea, dyspepsia, myalgia, and tachycardia when the dose is excessive.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Contraindications: history of recent myocardial infarction (in the previous 15 days), severe cardiac arrhythmia, unstable angina pectoris, peripheral vascular disease, peptic ulcer, cutaneous diseases, pregnancy, and lactation.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In the pharmacological approach with NNRTs, bupropion and varenicline are available as first-line medications (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Table 12</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Clonidine and nortriptyline are second-line treatment options, due to their side effects. The NNTs for bupropion and varenicline are 18 and 10, respectively, for successful treatment, and 36 and 20, respectively, for avoiding premature death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Table 13</xref> presents a summary of the usual pharmacological treatment for smoking.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Table 12</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Non-nicotine replacement therapy (NNRT)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="100%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Bupropion hydrochloride</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Simulates some of the effects of nicotine in the brain, blocking neuronal uptake of dopamine and norepinephrine. May be used in combination with nicotine replacement therapy with patch.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Excellent choice for subgroups of smokers who are more prone to relapse, those with depression after smoking cessation, for women, and for those with a high degree of addiction. Success cessation rates are 30% to 36%.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Therapeutic regimen: Start treatment 8 days before smoking cessation.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- 150 mg in the morning for 3 days, followed by 150 mg in the morning and afternoon with 8-hour intervals for 3 months; may be increased for up to 6 months. Control blood pressure; if blood pressure increases, the dose may be reduced to 150 mg/day before discontinuation in refractory cases. Reduce doses in renal and hepatic failure to 150 mg/day. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors should be suspended 15 days before starting bupropion. Use with caution or avoid in patients taking antipsychotics, theophylline, and systemic steroids, as it predisposes to the occurrence of seizures.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Contraindications:</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><bold>- Absolute:</bold> history of seizure (including febrile seizure), epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, electroencephalographic abnormalities, brain tumor, severe alcoholism, anorexia nervosa and bulimia, pregnancy, and lactation.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><bold>- Relative:</bold> Concomitant use of barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cimetidine, pseudoephedrine, phenytoin, oral hypoglycemic agents, or insulin.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Varsenicline tartrate</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Partial agonist for the &#945;4&#946;2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, mediating the release of dopamine in the brain.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Double effect: reduces withdrawal symptoms and desire to smoke.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Therapeutic regimen: start 1 week before the interruption day, with 0.5 mg for 3 days in the morning; 0.5 mg from the 4th to the 7th day in the morning (7 pm) and afternoon (7 pm); and 1 mg a day for 3 months in the morning (7 am) and afternoon (7 pm). May be extended for up to 6 months if full smoking cessation is not achieved, or if there is risk of relapse. Oral administration, no hepatic metabolism, and practically <italic>in natura</italic> renal excretion.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Adverse effects: nausea (20%), headache, vivid dreams, and weight gain. Rarely, mood changes, agitation, and aggressiveness.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Because it does not undergo hepatic metabolism, varenicline does not interfere with digoxin, metformin, or warfarin used concomitantly. Cimetidine may cause increased varenicline bioavailability.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Caution is advised in patients with renal insufficiency.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Contraindication: gestation, lactation, age below 18 years, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or epilepsy.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t13">
          <label>Table 13</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Usual pharmacological treatment for smoking</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Medication</th>
                <th align="left">Start of treatment</th>
                <th align="left">Therapeutic scheme</th>
                <th align="left">Duration (weeks)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nicotine replacement therapy: patch</td>
                <td align="left">On the date chosen to quit smoking</td>
                <td align="left">21-25 mg/day - 4 weeks<break/>14-15 mg/day - 4 weeks<break/>7 mg/day - 2 weeks<break/>Smokers with increased dependence may require doses greater than 21 mg</td>
                <td align="left">8 to 10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nicotine replacement therapy: gum or lozenge</td>
                <td align="left">On the date chosen to quit smoking</td>
                <td align="left">2 mg or 4 mg: 1 a 4/day</td>
                <td align="left">8 to 10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Non-nicotine replacement therapy: bupropion</td>
                <td align="left">One week before the date chosen to quit smoking</td>
                <td align="left">First to third day - 150 mg 1 x day<break/>Fourth day to the end - 150 mg 2 x daily</td>
                <td align="left">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Non-nicotine replacement therapy: varenicline</td>
                <td align="left">One week before the date chosen to quit smoking</td>
                <td align="left">First to third day - 0.5 mg 1 x day<break/>Fourth to seventh day - 0.5 mg 12/12 hours<break/>Eighth day to end - 1 mg 12/12 hours</td>
                <td align="left">12</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Legislation</title>
        <p>Since smoking is a population phenomenon that also imposes risks for nonsmokers, pregnant women, fetuses, and children, in addition to wasting a large amount of public (financial and organizational) resources and causing dependence (which is equivalent to making individuals vulnerable to addiction to other drugs), medical care and health education are not sufficient. Legislation must contemplate control of tobacco exploitation and use in any form, alongside the control of other addictive drugs.</p>
        <p>Economic interests involved in tobacco growing, production, industrialization, commercialization, and advertising are large and transnational, which makes the categorization of tobacco as an issue that is purely medical or limited to health services insufficient. Therefore, the World Health Organization has promoted the Framework Convention, ratified by 168 countries in 2003,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> when the countries committed to observing certain principles that must be progressively incorporated into their laws. It is up to the health sectors of each country to remain vigilant and promote these principles with the population and political class.</p>
        <p>The following are the dates of signing of the treaty and the ratifications among PSCs: Angola (June 29, 2004 / September 20, 2007), Brazil (June 16, 2003 / November 03, 2005), Cape Verde (February 17, 2004 / October 4, 2005), Equatorial Guinea (April 1st, 2004 / November 7, 2007), Guinea-Bissau (November 7, 2008), Mozambique (June 18, 2004 / July 14, 2017), Portugal (January 9, 2004 / November 8, 2005), S&#227;o Tom&#233; and Pr&#237;ncipe (June 18, 2004 / April 12, 2006), and East Timor (May 25, 2004 / December 22, 2004).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Organizations specifically focused on monitoring political activities and compliance with the treaty have emerged in many countries. Like the Brazilian ACT (Non-Governmental Tobacco Control Alliance - Health Promotion - http://actbr.org.br/), non-governmental organizations and national associations or committees exist within medical entities or in other healthcare segments interested in social mobilization, coordination, and permanent updating of control actions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Smoking in all forms represents a serious public health problem in the prevention and treatment of chronic noncommunicable diseases. General practitioners and cardiologists must identify patients who smoke, become aware of all available tools, apply these tools to encourage smokers to seek professional help to quit smoking, and avoid missed key opportunities like diagnoses of coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, or cerebral or tobacco-related malignancies among patients, their family members, and key society members. The increasing awareness of the population about the risks of smoking makes the current moment very favorable to approach smokers. Treatment is more accessible (NRT and bupropion are available in PSCs) and can be performed at any healthcare level.</p>
      <p>The association of CBT with pharmacological support to cope with abstinence increases the effectiveness of the interventions. Relapses are part of the smoking dependence cycle and should serve as a lesson for a new attempt. Finally, cessation of smoking at any age brings benefits to the individual&#8217;s health and to the health of those around him, and physicians must always be ready to offer care, whatever the stage in which the individual dependent on nicotine is.</p>
      <p>New forms of smoking, especially using electronic systems, are far from proving their innocence or even contributing to the overall reduction of smoking and its harmful effects, and their use should be discouraged.</p>
      <p>Smoking must be considered as a problem that transcends the damage caused to the organs affected by the smoke and tobacco products, and related to a set of problems produced by the individual himself involving economic, social, cultural, and ecological aspects compromising our quality of life and our own survival.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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          <volume>392</volume>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Posicionamento da FSCLP</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>2019: Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a Redu&#231;&#227;o do Consumo de Tabaco nos Pa&#237;ses de L&#237;ngua Portuguesa - Posicionamento da Federa&#231;&#227;o das Sociedades de Cardiologia de L&#237;ngua Portuguesa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2756-7934</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Oscar Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Achutt</surname>
            <given-names>Aloysio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Mario</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Vanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Beatriz Sena e Costa Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Armando Serra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Miryan Bandeira dos Prazeres Cassandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#201;vora</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio Alberto Brito Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">10</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mariotto</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">11</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">12</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">CHLO - Hospital de Santa Cruz, Carnaxide - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Luanda, Luanda - Angola</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Col&#233;gio de Especialidade de Cardiologia, Praia &#8211; Cabo Verde</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o ICOR, Maputo - Mo&#231;ambique</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Santos Dumont, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Dr. Ayres de Menezes, S&#227;o Tom&#233; - S&#227;o Tom&#233; e Pr&#237;ncipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Governo de Macau, Regi&#227;o Administrativa Especial de Macau - Macau</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff23">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Nacional Sim&#227;o Mendes, Bissau - Guin&#233;-Bissau</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff24">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, Leiria - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira,</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - R. Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 - 8&#176;. Andar - Sala 6, UFRJ. CEP 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email>, <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Tabagismo/epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Tabagismo/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o do H&#225;bito de Fumar</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores Socioecon&#244;micos</kwd>
        <kwd>Popula&#231;&#227;o Urbana</kwd>
        <kwd>Popula&#231;&#227;o Rural</kwd>
        <kwd>Polui&#231;&#227;o por Fuma&#231;a de Tabaco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Dependendo da perspectiva epidemiol&#243;gica do observador e do alcance de seu conceito de causalidade, o consumo de tabaco pode ser considerado mundialmente como a segunda causa de morte atribu&#237;da a fatores de risco cardiovasculares cl&#225;ssicos, precedida apenas pela hipertens&#227;o arterial, e a primeira causa de morte prematura e incapacidade. Compreendido como causa imediata sem contextualiza&#231;&#227;o no complexo que determina e mant&#233;m o comportamento populacional, o tabagismo foi respons&#225;vel em 2017 por cerca de 8,10 (7,79-8,41) milh&#245;es de mortes e 213,39 (201,16-226,66) milh&#245;es de anos saud&#225;veis de vida perdidos (<italic>disability-adjusted life-years,</italic> DALYs). Apesar da diminui&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de fumantes di&#225;rios (indiv&#237;duos com 15 anos ou mais que fumam diariamente), o n&#250;mero total de fumantes continua a aumentar, proporcionando um grande desafio global para os sistemas de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>M&#233;dicos, em geral por lidarem direta e individualmente com pacientes, tendem a considerar sa&#250;de/doen&#231;a limitada ao comprometimento org&#226;nico do paciente e sua hist&#243;ria pessoal, valorizando menos as &#8220;causas das causas&#8221; e a determina&#231;&#227;o psicossocial dos fen&#244;menos e dos comportamentos, indissoci&#225;veis do contexto ecol&#243;gico e dos interesses econ&#244;micos. Atualmente tem-se valorizado a polui&#231;&#227;o ambiental (que tamb&#233;m tem contribui&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo e que aumenta progressivamente) como a mais importante causa de morbimortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o mundial atual,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> ampliando o espectro para al&#233;m dos fatores de risco tradicionalmente valorizados. Esta perspectiva &#233; muito importante para a compreens&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia ao controle do tabagismo e planejamento de estrat&#233;gias de abordagem mais efetivas.</p>
        <p>Em todos os pa&#237;ses de l&#237;ngua portuguesa (PLPs), o tabagismo &#233; mais frequente entre homens; as diferen&#231;as nas taxas entre homens e mulheres variam entre os pa&#237;ses e s&#227;o mais altas nos pa&#237;ses africanos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 1</xref> descreve as preval&#234;ncias padronizadas por sexo em 2015 e a diferen&#231;a anualizada para homens e mulheres de 1990 a 2015 de acordo com o &#237;ndice sociodemogr&#225;fico (<italic>sociodemographic index,</italic> SDI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> As preval&#234;ncias de fumantes di&#225;rios nos pa&#237;ses africanos, em Portugal e no Brasil s&#227;o de 19,0%, 16,8% e 7,2%, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t14">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncias padronizadas por sexo em 2015 e diferen&#231;a anualizada por sexo de 1990 a 2015 de acordo com o Indice Sociodemogr&#225;fico (<italic>Sociodemographic Index</italic>, SDI)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">N&#237;vel SDI</th>
                <th align="center">Preval&#234;ncias<break/>Padronizadas<break/>Mulheres 2015</th>
                <th align="center">Preval&#234;ncias<break/>Padronizadas<break/>Homens 2015</th>
                <th align="center">Taxa de Mudan&#231;a<break/>Anualizada<break/>Mulheres 1990-2015</th>
                <th align="center">Taxa de Mudan&#231;a<break/>Anualizada<break/>Homens 1990-2015</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Global</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 (5,1-5,7)</td>
                <td align="center">25,0 (24,2-25,7)</td>
                <td align="center">-1,7 (-2,0/ -1&#183;4)</td>
                <td align="center">-1,3 (-1,5/ -1,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angola</td>
                <td align="center">Baixo-Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 (0,9-2,6)</td>
                <td align="center">14,2 (12,5-16,1)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,7 (-3,5/2&#183;2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,5 (-0,2 /1,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Brasil</td>
                <td align="center">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">8,2 (7,5-9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">12,6 (11,8-13,5)</td>
                <td align="center">-3,3 (-3,9/-2,7)</td>
                <td align="center">-3,3 (-3,8/-2,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cabo Verde</td>
                <td align="center">Baixo-Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 (1,7-3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">9,8 (8,0 -11,7)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,9 (-3,1/1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,6 (-1,6/0,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Guin&#233; Equatorial</td>
                <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 (0,9-2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">6,9 (5,6-8&#183;4)</td>
                <td align="center">-1,0 (-3,5/1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,6 (-1,7/-0,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Guin&#233;-Bissau</td>
                <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (0,6-1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">11,4 (9,4 -13&#183;5)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,9 (-3,4 /1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,3 (-1,4/-0,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mo&#231;ambique</td>
                <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">3,1 (2,5-3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">17,2 (14,5-20,1)</td>
                <td align="center">-1,5 (-2,7/-0,2)</td>
                <td align="center">-0&#183;5 (-1,5/-0,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Portugal</td>
                <td align="center">Alto-Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">12,7 (11,0 -14,8)</td>
                <td align="center">24,9 (22,7-27,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (0,4 /2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">-1,0 (-1,4/-0,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#227;o Tom&#233; e Pr&#237;ncipe</td>
                <td align="center">Baixo-Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (0,7-1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">6,2 (5,0 -7&#183;3)</td>
                <td align="center">-1,0 (-3,2/1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,2 (-1,3/0,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Timor-Leste</td>
                <td align="center">Baixo-Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">12,4 (9,8-15,1)</td>
                <td align="center">39,8 (37,2-42,5)</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 (2,8-6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,1 (-0,5/0,4)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>SDI: &#237;ndice sociodemogr&#225;fico. O SDI &#233; a m&#233;dia geom&#233;trica ponderada da renda per capita, n&#237;vel de escolaridade e taxa de fecundidade total.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os dados dos Inqu&#233;ritos Nacionais de Sa&#250;de (INS) dispon&#237;veis (1987, 1995/96, 1998/99, 2005/06 e 2014) apontaram que o consumo di&#225;rio de tabaco em Portugal Continental diminuiu entre os homens de 35,2% (intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95% 34,2-36,2%) em 1987 para 26,7% (IC 95% 25,2-28,3%) em 2014 e aumentou progressivamente entre as mulheres de 6,0% (IC 95% 5,6-6,4%) em 1987 para 14,6% (IC 95% 13,6-15,8%) em 2014, observando-se maior consumo di&#225;rio em homens de grupos socioecon&#244;micos mais desfavorecidos e o oposto nas mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de consumo de tabaco em Mo&#231;ambique em 2003 foi descrita como 39,9% em homens e 18,0% em mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Em uma amostra obtida em 2005 no mesmo pa&#237;s, observou-se que a preval&#234;ncia de fumantes di&#225;rios (incluindo usu&#225;rios de tabaco mastig&#225;vel, rap&#233;, cigarros manufaturados e cigarros enrolados manualmente) diminuiu para 33,6% em homens e 7,4% nas mulheres, com diferentes preval&#234;ncias por sexo e regi&#227;o do pa&#237;s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O Brasil &#233; o pa&#237;s que lidera o controle do tabagismo, com o terceiro maior decl&#237;nio em preval&#234;ncia de fumantes di&#225;rios desde 1990: 57% e 56% para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Isto tem sido atribu&#237;do a robusta pol&#237;tica p&#250;blica, na qual foram associados an&#250;ncios sobre os danos &#224; sa&#250;de causados pelo tabaco, restri&#231;&#245;es ao consumo e aumento de impostos para esses produtos, entre outras medidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Essas medidas s&#227;o sint&#244;nicas com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es prescritas pela Conven&#231;&#227;o-Quadro para Controle do Tabaco (CQCT) da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> como a proibi&#231;&#227;o dos termos <italic>ultra-light, low tar</italic>, suaves, fracos, leves ou qualquer outro termo que induza &#224; cren&#231;a de que cigarros n&#227;o sejam t&#227;o nocivos. Os PLPs aderiram &#224; CQCT em diferentes &#233;pocas, como apresentado abaixo na se&#231;&#227;o &#8220;Legisla&#231;&#227;o&#8221;.</p>
        <p>O percentual de mortes atribu&#237;das ao consumo de tabaco em 195 pa&#237;ses aumentou de 7,28 (7,01-7,56) milh&#245;es em 2007 para 8,10 (7,79-8,42) milh&#245;es em 2017, um incremento de 11,3% (9,1-13,4%) de acordo com o estudo <italic>Global Burden of Disease</italic> (GBD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O mesmo foi observado ao se analisar isoladamente os anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (<italic>disability-adjusted life-years</italic>, DALYs), de 199,80 (188,0-211,72) milh&#245;es em 2007 para 213,39 (201,16-226,67) milh&#245;es em 2017, um incremento de 6,8% (4,6-9,0%). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o, observou-se uma tend&#234;ncia semelhante em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de mortes, de 1,76 (1,68-1,83) milh&#245;es em 2007 para 1,93 (1,83-2,02) milh&#245;es em 2017, um aumento de 7,8% (4,6-11,1%), enquanto que os DALYs aumentaram de 44,30 (42,42-46,19) milh&#245;es em 2007 para 47,38 (45,12-49,71) milh&#245;es em 2017, um aumento de 5,6% (2,4-9,0%). Incrementos semelhantes foram notados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mortes por acidentes vasculares encef&#225;licos (AVE) isqu&#234;micos, de 351,19 (326,63-379,84) mil em 2007 para 399,35 (369,15-433,38) mil em 2017, um incremento de 13,4% (8,6 -17,8%), com aumento nos DALYs de 8,74 (7,96-9,54) milh&#245;es em 2007 para 10,41 (9,42-11,50) milh&#245;es em 2017, um aumento de 19,3% (14,7-23,8%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que aproximadamente 80% dos fumantes se encontram em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> que representam a maior parte dos habitantes dos PLPs, nos quais n&#227;o foram observados decl&#237;nios no consumo de tabaco como relatado nos pa&#237;ses de alta renda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> J&#225; existe evid&#234;ncia robusta do custo-efetividade e das oportunidades de tratar o tabagismo na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, por sua abrang&#234;ncia e rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente estreita e continuada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Considerando-se apenas os fatores de risco valorizados na cl&#237;nica tradicional, o tabagismo &#233; o &#250;nico que poderia ser completamente abolido na preven&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs). Entretanto, ampliando o espectro e incluindo altera&#231;&#245;es ecol&#243;gicas e comportamentais introduzidas pelo pr&#243;prio homem, existem muitos outros fatores pass&#237;veis de controle.</p>
        <p>Em um ambiente social repleto de circunst&#226;ncias estressoras e frustrantes pela desigualdade, com conflitos de interesses e alimentado pela propaganda, a ades&#227;o ao consumo de subst&#226;ncias psicoativas como o tabaco e o &#225;lcool &#233; bem-sucedida pelo fato destas subst&#226;ncias atuarem no sistema l&#237;mbico (circuito de recompensa) e acarretarem depend&#234;ncia qu&#237;mica e psicol&#243;gica. Esse sistema faz parte do processo evolutivo de adapta&#231;&#227;o que promoveu a preserva&#231;&#227;o das esp&#233;cies e &#233; um dos determinantes das repetidas reca&#237;das observadas quando o paciente pretende deixar de fumar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; sabido que a cessa&#231;&#227;o do fumo &#233; a medida mais eficaz na preven&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as relacionadas ao tabaco. No entanto, o tabagismo ativo e passivo n&#227;o costuma receber nas consultas m&#233;dicas, seja em n&#237;vel ambulatorial ou durante interna&#231;&#245;es, a aten&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria para que se inicie o processo de abandono da causa evit&#225;vel mais frequente das DCVs e de muitos tipos de c&#226;ncer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Desse modo, o objetivo desse artigo &#233; proporcionar um instrumento que possa ser empregado pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de em sua pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria para o combate ao tabagismo.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Epidemiologia e mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos</title>
          <p>O <xref ref-type="table" rid="t15">Tabela 2</xref> mostra o risco atribu&#237;vel ao cigarro para algumas doen&#231;as nos PLPs, apresentado como percentual de mortes e percentual de risco atribu&#237;do ao consumo de tabaco. Quando fumantes s&#227;o comparados a indiv&#237;duos que nunca fumaram, fumantes apresentam aumentos de 2 a 3 vezes no risco de AVE, doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o e doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica; de 23 e 13 vezes no risco de neoplasia em homens e mulheres, respectivamente; e de 12 a 13 vezes no risco de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica. H&#225; tamb&#233;m aumento de 2,87 vezes no risco de morte por infarto em fumantes quando comparados a n&#227;o fumantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t15">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Percentual de mortes e de risco atribu&#237;do ao consumo de tabaco nos diversos pa&#237;ses de l&#237;ngua portuguesa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Ano de 2017</th>
                  <th align="center">Doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico</th>
                  <th align="center">C&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o traqueia, br&#244;nquio</th>
                  <th align="center">Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica</th>
                  <th align="center">Alzheimer e outras dem&#234;ncias</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">MORTES RISCO ATRIBU&#205;DO TABAGISMO % (IC95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">MORTES RISCO ATRIBU&#205;DO TABAGISMO % (IC95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">MORTES RISCO ATRIBU&#205;DO TABAGISMO % (IC95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">MORTES RISCO ATRIBU&#205;DO TABAGISMO % (IC95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">MORTES RISCO ATRIBU&#205;DO TABAGISMO % (IC95%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Angola</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">4,79 (4,06 -5,60)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">3,99 (3,43-4,59)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">0,62 (0,50-0,74)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">1,24 (1,01-1,67)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">0,90 (0,78-1,03)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">22,51 (19,74-25,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,00 (13,13-17,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">56,32 (51,09 -61,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,93 (26,55-38,62)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,26 (8,21-18,66)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Brasil</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">13,03 (12,7-13,27)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">9,10 (8,88 -9,29)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">2,40 (2,35-2,46)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">4,83 (4,71-4,96)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">5,44 (5,37-5,50)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">24,41 (22,31-26,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,60 (14,77-18,51)</td>
                  <td align="center">64,01 (61,19-66,66)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,63 (41,89-51,37)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,29 (7,94-19,28)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Cabo Verde</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">15,39 (14,47-16,41)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">7,28 (6,43-8,07)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">1,65 (1,51-1,79)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">2,11 (1,85-2,63)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">5,49 (5,16-5,81)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">8,78 (7,34-10,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,35 (5,99-8,71)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,99 (28,26-37,79)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,03 (14,88-22,74)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,93 (1,37-4,84)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Guin&#233; Equatorial</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">3,80 (3,24-4,40)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">2,95 (2,52-3,40)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">0,65 (0,46-0,84)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">1,30 (0,96-1,89)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">1,35 (1,12 -1,60)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">11,38 (9,12-13,65)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,65 (6,09-9,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">36,74 (28,63-45,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,91 (15,15-24,66)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,77 (3,43- 10,67)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Guin&#233;-Bissau</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">6,22 (5,36-7,04)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">5,59 (4,87-6,31)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">0,44 (0,33-0,55)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">1,30 (1,07-1,53)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">0,90 (0,75-1,14)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">11,6 (9,60-13,87)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,16 (6,45-10,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,58 (26,63-38,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,19 (14,65-23,83)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,99 (1,43-5,07)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Mo&#231;ambique</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">3,77 (3,31-4,26)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">5,58 (4,86-6,35)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">0,39 (0,33-0,45)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">0,91 (0,77-1,08)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">0,88 (0,71-1,01)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">18,74 (15,5-22,23)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,00 (11,2616,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">48,74 (43,34-54,23)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,06 (26,60-37,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,56 (4,20-13,38)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Portugal</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">12,1 (11,53-12,70)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">13,91 (13,31-14,53)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">3,87 (3,61-4,11)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">5,11 (4,81-5,42)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">9,49 (9,07-9,86)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">12,69 (11,61-13,74)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,72 (6,92-8,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">64,32 (61,42-66,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,71 (27,32-36,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,29 (4,37-10,45)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">S&#227;o Tom&#233; e Pr&#237;ncipe</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">9,77 (8,63-10,92)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">8,61 (7,60-9,93)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">1,39 (1,06-1,73)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">5,19 (4,23-6,07)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">2,28 (2,07-2,48)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">8,59 (6,9-10,34)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,51 (4,36-6,79)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,33 (26,09-40,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,26 (14,46-22,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,26 (1,62-5,33)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Timor-Leste</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">13,00 (10,30-15,20)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">15,26 (13,18-17,24)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">2,03 (1,65-2,68)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">4,34 (3,59-5,08)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">2,66 (2,22-3,07)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">24,67 (20,66-28,66)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,21 (14,23-20,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">59,83 (53,01-66,64)</td>
                  <td align="center">47,43 (38,34-54,27)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,18 (6,20-18,91)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>O tabagismo est&#225; ainda relacionado com aumento da press&#227;o arterial e suas complica&#231;&#245;es, como morte e decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. O mesmo se aplica aos aneurismas de aorta abdominal, com aumento do risco atribu&#237;vel ao tabaco, bem como o referido aumento da taxa de crescimento dos aneurismas em fumantes comparados a n&#227;o fumantes. O consumo de tabaco foi associado com dist&#250;rbios de ritmo card&#237;aco, como aumento da frequ&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e taquicardia ventricular, e tamb&#233;m com o aumento do risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bem como da mortalidade e morbidade relacionada com essa patologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Ressalta-se que o percentual relativo das principais doen&#231;as relacionadas ao tabaco (em par&#234;nteses) incluem as doen&#231;as coronarianas e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (25%), doen&#231;as pulmonares obstrutivas cr&#244;nicas (85%), neoplasias pulmonares (90%), neoplasias de boca, faringe, laringe, es&#244;fago, est&#244;mago, p&#226;ncreas, rim, bexiga, colo de &#250;tero e mama (30%) e doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (25%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O risco de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o e a mortalidade relacionada a ela aumentam com o tempo de fumo (em anos) e o n&#250;mero de cigarros fumados por dia; o risco de doen&#231;a ocorre em todos os n&#237;veis de consumo de cigarro, mesmo para consumo abaixo de cinco cigarros por dia, e entre fumantes passivos. Al&#233;m disso, o paciente que deixa de fumar ap&#243;s uma cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana reduz o risco de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por doen&#231;a card&#237;aca. Parar de fumar &#233; o &#250;nico tratamento eficaz para evitar que haja progress&#227;o da tromboange&#237;te obliterante, melhorando os sintomas e reduzindo o risco de amputa&#231;&#227;o ao longo da vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os benef&#237;cios ap&#243;s a cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo s&#227;o muitos e devem ser mencionados nas consultas de pacientes tabagistas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">Tabela 3</xref>). Os cigarros cont&#234;m mais de 7.000 subst&#226;ncias t&#243;xicas, que contribuem de formas diversas para a ocorr&#234;ncia das DCVs, destacando-se efeitos hemodin&#226;micos adversos, como aumento da press&#227;o arterial e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, desequil&#237;brio entre a oferta e consumo de oxig&#234;nio, altera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano, disfun&#231;&#227;o e dano endotelial, hipercoagulabilidade e trombose, inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e altera&#231;&#245;es dos lip&#237;deos, al&#233;m contribu&#237;rem para a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias e eventos cardiovasculares. Esses efeitos podem ser observados mesmo em fumantes passivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t16">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Benef&#237;cios da cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo a curto, m&#233;dio e longo prazo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Ap&#243;s 2 minutos: PA e FC voltam ao normal.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Ap&#243;s 3 semanas: respira&#231;&#227;o se torna mais f&#225;cil e a circula&#231;&#227;o apresenta melhora.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Ap&#243;s 1 ano: risco de morte por IAM reduz &#224; metade, igualando-se ao risco entre n&#227;o fumantes ap&#243;s 15 anos.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Em 2-5 anos: risco de AVE reduz em mais de 90% e se aproxima ao risco de quem nunca fumou.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Ap&#243;s 10 anos de abstin&#234;ncia: risco de c&#226;ncer &#233; cerca de metade do risco de um fumante.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Entre 5-10 anos o risco de IAM se iguala ao de n&#227;o fumantes.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Ap&#243;s 20 anos: risco de c&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o &#233; igual ao de n&#227;o fumantes.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; PA: press&#227;o arterial; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Adaptado da refer&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
								</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fatores associados com o consumo de tabaco</title>
          <p>O consumo de tabaco deve ser considerado uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica que pode se iniciar na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, dado que cerca de 80% dos indiv&#237;duos que experimentam tabaco o fazem em idade inferior a 18 anos. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre o in&#237;cio do tabagismo e a manuten&#231;&#227;o do h&#225;bito na vida adulta. Desse modo, a preven&#231;&#227;o primordial torna-se fundamental no controle do tabagismo. Entende-se por preven&#231;&#227;o primordial do tabagismo a preven&#231;&#227;o da inicia&#231;&#227;o do fumo entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Crian&#231;as que usam tabaco por 12 meses inalam a mesma quantidade de nicotina por cigarro que os adultos e experimentam os sintomas de depend&#234;ncia e abstin&#234;ncia, que costumam se desenvolver muito rapidamente nesta faixa et&#225;ria. Uma maneira de abordar a preven&#231;&#227;o primordial &#233; por grupos et&#225;rios, observando-se para cada grupo cinco itens principais (&#8220;5 As&#8221;): <bold>auscultar</bold>, no sentido de indagar, perguntar; <bold>aconselhar</bold> a parar de fumar; <bold>avaliar</bold> a motiva&#231;&#227;o e os sintomas da depend&#234;ncia do tabaco; <bold>ajudar</bold> na tentativa de parar de fumar; e <bold>agendar</bold> visitas peri&#243;dicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de lan&#231;ou um pacote denominado <bold>MPOWER</bold>, de impacto comprovado na redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de produtos do tabaco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
          <p><italic><bold>M</bold>onitoring</italic>: monitoramento da epidemia.</p>
          <p><italic><bold>P</bold>rotecting</italic>: prote&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o contra a fuma&#231;a do tabaco.</p>
          <p><italic><bold>O</bold>ffering</italic>: oferecimento de ajuda para cessa&#231;&#227;o do fumo.</p>
          <p><italic><bold>W</bold>arning</italic>: advert&#234;ncia sobre os perigos do tabaco.</p>
          <p><italic><bold>E</bold>nforcing</italic>: refor&#231;o do cumprimento da proibi&#231;&#227;o da publicidade, promo&#231;&#227;o e patroc&#237;nio.</p>
          <p><italic><bold>R</bold>aising</italic>: aumento de impostos sobre os produtos do tabaco. </p>
          <p>Essas medidas t&#234;m impacto na interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo a n&#237;vel populacional, por&#233;m a grande maioria dos tabagistas necessita de tratamento individualizado com profissionais de sa&#250;de, combinando abordagem comportamental e, muitas vezes, uso de medicamentos para abandono definitivo do fumo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Novas formas de tabagismo</title>
          <p>Novas formas de tabagismo apareceram na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, divulgadas como de risco reduzido ou ausente, como os cigarros eletr&#244;nicos (<italic>JUUL</italic>), populares entre jovens e adultos, que funcionam como vaporizadores de nicotina encapsulada, flavorizantes e outros conte&#250;dos em pequenos cartuchos substitu&#237;veis denominados <italic>pod mods</italic>. Esses dispositivos, j&#225; em sua terceira gera&#231;&#227;o, associam nicotina a outras subst&#226;ncias vaporizadoras ou fornecedoras de sabores, com efeitos ainda mal conhecidos, mas potencialmente indutores de risco para a sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Fruto de bem elaboradas campanhas de <italic>marketing</italic> promotoras da introdu&#231;&#227;o das novas formas de uso do tabaco, uma discuss&#227;o intensa existe atualmente entre a sociedade leiga e a comunidade cient&#237;fica sobre o risco inerente ao uso de cigarros eletr&#244;nicos como causa de DCVs e de neoplasias. Apesar da evid&#234;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica atual n&#227;o ser extensa e destas novas formas de tabagismo parecerem ter um risco inferior &#224; forma cl&#225;ssica de tabagismo, h&#225; atualmente evid&#234;ncia suficiente para afirmar que o seu consumo agudo causa disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, dano ao DNA, estresse oxidativo e aumento tempor&#225;rio da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Quanto ao seu uso cr&#244;nico, parece aumentar o risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, AVEs e neoplasias da cavidade oral e do es&#244;fago.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Baseado no aparente risco inferior do uso das novas formas de tabagismo, os cigarros eletr&#244;nicos t&#234;m sido promovidos como m&#233;todo de cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, o que carece de comprova&#231;&#227;o. Em 60% dos casos, os fumantes usam tanto a forma cl&#225;ssica de tabagismo quanto os cigarros eletr&#244;nicos, mantendo o elevado risco pr&#233;vio. Em muitos casos, os cigarros eletr&#244;nicos s&#227;o adotados por curto tempo, ap&#243;s o qual o fumante retoma completamente o seu h&#225;bito anterior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Adicionalmente, os cigarros eletr&#244;nicos s&#227;o considerados pela comunidade cient&#237;fica como preocupantes por propiciarem a depend&#234;ncia &#224; nicotina nos jovens, tornando-se uma porta de entrada para o tabagismo cl&#225;ssico.</p>
          <p>No momento atual, mesmo reconhecendo que as evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas dispon&#237;veis n&#227;o sejam robustas, recomendamos que qualquer forma de tabagismo seja interrompida ou n&#227;o seja iniciada, nomeadamente o uso de tabaco oral (tabaco mastig&#225;vel, <italic>snus,</italic> rap&#233;, tabaco sol&#250;vel, vaping/JUUL) e cigarros, charutos, cigarrilhas, cachimbos ou narguil&#233;. Tamb&#233;m &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia combater o fumo passivo, que exp&#245;e aos mesmos riscos do tabagismo, aumentando-os em 20-30%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Abordagem do fumante</title>
          <p>A maioria dos fumantes tem a percep&#231;&#227;o e reconhece que o tabaco faz mal &#224; sua sa&#250;de. No entanto, isso n&#227;o basta para o abandono do h&#225;bito de fumar. Da mesma forma, os m&#233;dicos reconhecem os malef&#237;cios do tabagismo, mas na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria, tendem a priorizar o tratamento da doen&#231;a e n&#227;o a sua preven&#231;&#227;o. A abordagem inicial do fumante visa encoraj&#225;-lo a iniciar o tratamento, independente do tipo de condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e do est&#225;gio em que se encontra a sua doen&#231;a. &#201; importante salientar os benef&#237;cios da interrup&#231;&#227;o do fumo a todos os pacientes e a cada consulta realizada com profissionais de sa&#250;de. Como muitos pa&#237;ses t&#234;m restri&#231;&#245;es ao consumo de tabaco em ambientes p&#250;blicos, ressalta-se a relev&#226;ncia de perguntar de forma sistem&#225;tica sobre a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao tabaco a n&#227;o fumantes que residam ou convivam com fumantes, nomeadamente crian&#231;as e jovens, que al&#233;m de poderem considerar o h&#225;bito de fumar como algo normal e n&#227;o prejudicial &#224; sua sa&#250;de, tamb&#233;m podem piorar de forma aguda com exposi&#231;&#227;o ao tabaco, como no caso dos asm&#225;ticos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t17">Tabelas 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t18">5</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t19">6</xref>). O <xref ref-type="table" rid="t20">Tabela 7</xref> descreve as medidas habituais para o acompanhamento da interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t17">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial na abordagem do tabagismo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>ANAMNESE</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Escalas: Fagerstr&#246;m (para depend&#234;ncia de nicotina)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t18">Tabela 5</xref>.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Prochaska e DiClementi (para motiva&#231;&#227;o)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - verificar as t&#233;cnicas de aconselhamento por paciente - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t19">Tabela 6</xref>.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Comorbidades cl&#237;nicas e/ou psiqui&#225;tricas (diabetes, HAS, depress&#227;o, alcoolismo, AVE, convuls&#227;o, c&#226;ncer).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Medica&#231;&#245;es de uso cont&#237;nuo.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Fatores de risco para DCV (dislipidemia, uso de contraceptivos orais ou estrog&#234;nio).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Gesta&#231;&#227;o ou amamenta&#231;&#227;o.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Quest&#245;es relacionadas ao fumo:</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- H&#225; quanto tempo fuma;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- Quantos cigarros fuma por dia;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- J&#225; tentou parar de fumar e qual foi o resultado;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- Se est&#225; interessado (ou pensa) em parar de fumar.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Quest&#245;es relacionadas &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo:</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- Se pensa em marcar uma data para deixar de fumar e se gostaria de ajuda;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- Se j&#225; tentou parar de fumar alguma vez, se conseguiu, se fez uso de alguma medica&#231;&#227;o e por quanto tempo ficou sem fumar.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>EXAME F&#205;SICO</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Monitorar a PA, especialmente durante uso de bupropiona.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Monitorar o peso corporal: o aumento ponderal pode ser uma barreira para iniciar o abandono do tabaco e um fator preditivo da reca&#237;da.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>EXAMES COMPLEMENTARES</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Hemograma, provas de fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica, glicemia, lipidograma e bioqu&#237;mica s&#233;rica.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Radiografia do t&#243;rax.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Eletrocardiografia.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Espirometria (nem sempre dispon&#237;vel com facilidade).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Aferi&#231;&#227;o do mon&#243;xido de carbono no ar expirado (COex), se poss&#237;vel. Essa medida guarda rela&#231;&#227;o direta com a carboxi-hemoglobina e com os cigarros fumados por dia. O ponto de corte &#233; de 6 ppm.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <italic>HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular: PA: press&#227;o arterial.</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <p>HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular: PA: press&#227;o arterial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t18">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Teste de Fagerstr&#246;m para depend&#234;ncia de nicotina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>1. Quanto tempo ap&#243;s acordar voc&#234; fuma o primeiro cigarro?</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">[3] Dentro de 5 minutos [2] Entre 6-30 minutos [1] Entre 31-60 minutos [0] Ap&#243;s 60 minutos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>2. Para voc&#234;, &#233; dif&#237;cil n&#227;o fumar em lugares proibidos?</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">[1] Sim [0] N&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>3. Qual dos cigarros que voc&#234; fuma durante o dia lhe d&#225; mais satisfa&#231;&#227;o?</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">[1] O primeiro da manh&#227; [0] os outros</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>4. Quantos cigarros voc&#234; fuma por dia?</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">[0] Menos de 10 [1] de 11-20 [2] de 21-30 [3] Mais de 31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>5. Voc&#234; fuma mais frequentemente pela manh&#227;?</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">[1] Sim [0] N&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>6. Voc&#234; fuma mesmo doente, quando precisa ficar acamado a maior parte do tempo?</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">[1] Sim [0] N&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <italic>&#8594;Total: [0-2] Muito baixa; [3-4] Baixa; [5] Moderada; [6-7] Elevada; [8-10] Muito elevada</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>&#8594;Total: [0-2] Muito baixa; [3-4] Baixa; [5] Moderada; [6-7] Elevada; [8-10] Muito elevada</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t19">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Est&#225;gios de motiva&#231;&#227;o e t&#233;cnicas de aconselhamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; <bold>Pr&#233;-contemplativo:</bold> ainda n&#227;o se preocupa; n&#227;o est&#225; pronto para a mudan&#231;a de comportamento &#8594; informar brevemente sobre os riscos de continuar fumando e encorajar o paciente a pensar &#8595;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; <bold>Contemplativo:</bold> reconhece que precisa e quer mudar, por&#233;m ainda deseja fumar (ambival&#234;ncia) &#8594; ponderar sobre os pr&#243;s e contras da cessa&#231;&#227;o e manter-se dispon&#237;vel para conversar &#8595;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; <bold>Determinado:</bold> quer parar de fumar e est&#225; pronto para tomar as medidas necess&#225;rias &#8594; escolher uma data para parar de fumar &#8595;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; <bold>A&#231;&#227;o:</bold> empenhar-se em atitudes com a inten&#231;&#227;o de promover mudan&#231;as e entrar em abstin&#234;ncia &#8594; seguimento para previnir a reca&#237;da e aliviar os sintomas de abstin&#234;ncia &#8595;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; <bold>Manuten&#231;&#227;o:</bold> mant&#233;m a mudan&#231;a de comportamento conquistada e permanece em abstin&#234;ncia &#8594; refor&#231;ar os benef&#237;cios obtidos ao deixar de fumar, identificar as situa&#231;&#245;es de risco para reca&#237;da e as habilidades para enfrent&#225;-los &#8595;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; <bold>Reca&#237;da:</bold> n&#227;o consegue manter a abstin&#234;ncia conquistada e retorna ao comportamento de fumante &#8594; oferecer apoio, rever e retomar todo o processo</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t20">
            <label>Tabela 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Acompanhamento para interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Marcar data para parar de fumar.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Conhecer o ambiente social do fumante de tal forma que seus familiares, amigos e colegas de trabalho possam ajud&#225;-lo.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Caso haja familiares fumantes, ser&#225; importante encoraj&#225;-los a parar de fumar ou a fumar fora do domic&#237;lio.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Elaborar o plano de a&#231;&#227;o com estrat&#233;gias n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas e farmacol&#243;gicas.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Acompanhamento das tentativas de cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Informar sobre poss&#237;vel s&#237;ndrome de abstin&#234;ncia e fissura &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o do fumo.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; O paciente, junto com o m&#233;dico, deve escolher o m&#233;todo de cessa&#231;&#227;o a ser utilizado:</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- Cessa&#231;&#227;o abrupta: &#233; geralmente o m&#233;todo de escolha entre os fumantes, sendo a s&#237;ndrome de abstin&#234;ncia seu maior obst&#225;culo.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- Cessa&#231;&#227;o gradual: o fumante pode continuar a fumar uma pequena quantidade de cigarros indefinidamente e acabar por retornar ao padr&#227;o anterior de consumo</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tratamento</title>
          <p>A maioria dos pacientes necessita de implementa&#231;&#227;o de terapia cognitivo-comportamental (TCC) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t21">Tabela 8</xref>) apoiada por suporte farmacol&#243;gico para enfrentar a s&#237;ndrome de abstin&#234;ncia, que normalmente dura entre 2 e 4 semanas.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t21">
            <label>Tabela 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Terapia cognitivo-comportamental</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Explicar os mecanismos de depend&#234;ncia e ambival&#234;ncia.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Discutir as vantagens de parar de fumar e as desvantagens de continuar.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Aumentar a motiva&#231;&#227;o do fumante antes de iniciar o programa de cessa&#231;&#227;o, saindo da postura contemplativa para um est&#225;gio de a&#231;&#227;o.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Sess&#245;es estruturadas com apoio de cartilhas, onde s&#227;o discutidos os principais aspectos da depend&#234;ncia, os sintomas da abstin&#234;ncia e os obst&#225;culos a serem superados.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Quatro a seis sess&#245;es semanais de 90 minutos (<underline>sess&#245;es de cessa&#231;&#227;o</underline>) e tr&#234;s a quatro sess&#245;es quinzenais de 90 minutos (<underline>sess&#245;es de manuten&#231;&#227;o</underline>) nos primeiros 3 meses de tratamento.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Orientar o paciente a marcar uma data para deixar de fumar entre a segunda e a terceira sess&#227;o terap&#234;utica, independente do protocolo terap&#234;utico escolhido.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; A <underline>fase de manuten&#231;&#227;o</underline> &#233; voltada para a preven&#231;&#227;o de epis&#243;dios de lapso ou reca&#237;da. Esta fase dura 12 meses, com seguimento mensal (presencial ou por telefone).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Os primeiros 6 meses ap&#243;s a cessa&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o considerados o per&#237;odo mais cr&#237;tico para a ocorr&#234;ncia de lapsos ou reca&#237;das.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>S&#237;ndrome de abstin&#234;ncia &#224; nicotina</title>
          <p>Os principais sinais e sintomas da s&#237;ndrome de abstin&#234;ncia est&#227;o apresentados no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t22">Tabela 9</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t22">
            <label>Tabela 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sintomas da s&#237;ndrome de abstin&#234;ncia &#224; nicotina</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Sintomas neurocomportamentais</th>
                  <th align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Sintomas f&#237;sicos</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ansiedade</td>
                  <td align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cefaleia</td>
                  <td align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dificuldade de concentra&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Sudorese</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dificuldade de mem&#243;ria</td>
                  <td align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Tontura</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inquietude</td>
                  <td align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Fissura (urg&#234;ncia para fumar)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Irritabilidade</td>
                  <td align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Tremores</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sentimento de frustra&#231;&#227;o ou raiva</td>
                  <td align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Aumento do apetite</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Humor deprimido</td>
                  <td align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Ganho de peso</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ins&#244;nia</td>
                  <td align="left" style="border-left-width:thin;border-left-style:solid">Incoordena&#231;&#227;o motora</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A nicotina inalada se liga a receptores neuronais espec&#237;ficos que levam &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o excessiva de dopamina e endorfinas, cujos efeitos s&#227;o percebidos pelo fumante como estimulantes e prazerosos. Com a recapta&#231;&#227;o da dopamina, tais efeitos se dissipam e os receptores sinalizam a necessidade de um novo est&#237;mulo (isto &#233;, querem mais nicotina), o que &#233; percebido como uma sensa&#231;&#227;o desagrad&#225;vel (sistema l&#237;mbico, circuito de recompensa). O fumante regular convive com a abstin&#234;ncia diariamente; para que ela ocorra, basta que fique impedido de fumar por um curto per&#237;odo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A fissura (<italic>craving</italic>) &#233; um sintoma t&#237;pico da depend&#234;ncia f&#237;sica da nicotina, definida como forte desejo ou urg&#234;ncia de fumar. A priva&#231;&#227;o da nicotina produz efeitos f&#237;sicos vari&#225;veis que duram entre 7 e 30 dias e s&#227;o mais intensos nos primeiros 3 dias ap&#243;s interrup&#231;&#227;o do fumo. Contudo, a fissura pode persistir por muitos meses, pois os est&#237;mulos ambientais que se associaram com o tabagismo ao longo da vida continuam, e essas associa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o dif&#237;ceis de apagar. Para enfrentar essas situa&#231;&#245;es, o ex-tabagista precisa desenvolver habilidades e tra&#231;ar estrat&#233;gias para evitar os gatilhos que levam ao lapso e, deste, &#224; reca&#237;da.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A farmacoterapia deve ser utilizada com o objetivo de complementar a TCC e aliviar os sintomas de abstin&#234;ncia. Recomenda-se o uso dos medicamentos por 3 meses, estendendo para 6 meses nos casos com maior dificuldade de cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Estima-se que com o uso de terapia farmacol&#243;gica, uma pessoa deixe de fumar com sucesso (abstin&#234;ncia de 6 meses) a cada 6 a 23 pessoas tratadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t23">Tabela 10</xref> resume os crit&#233;rios para o in&#237;cio da terapia farmacol&#243;gica, para a qual devem ser sempre considerados o conforto, a seguran&#231;a e a prefer&#234;ncia do paciente, bem como a aus&#234;ncia de contraindica&#231;&#245;es para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de determinado medicamento.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t23">
            <label>Tabela 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Determinantes do in&#237;cio da terapia farmacol&#243;gica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Fuma 20 ou mais cigarros por dia; OU</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Fuma o primeiro cigarro do dia at&#233; 30 minutos ap&#243;s acordar e fuma, pelo menos, 10 cigarros/dia; OU</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Tentativa pr&#233;via somente com terapia cognitivo-comportamental n&#227;o foi eficaz devido &#224; s&#237;ndrome de abstin&#234;ncia.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os medicamentos s&#227;o divididos em duas categorias b&#225;sicas: </p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Terapias com reposi&#231;&#227;o de nicotina (TRN);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Terapias n&#227;o nicot&#237;nicas (TNN).</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>A TRN &#233; considerada o tratamento de primeira linha na abordagem do fumante e est&#225; indicada em pacientes com graus moderado e alto de depend&#234;ncia segundo o teste de Fagerstr&#246;m. A TRN n&#227;o deve ser combinada com o consumo de tabaco, e os pacientes devem ser orientados a interromper o fumo ap&#243;s iniciar o uso da TRN. Os n&#250;meros necess&#225;rios para tratar (<italic>numbers needed to treat</italic>, NNT) s&#227;o de 23 para a cessa&#231;&#227;o definitiva e 46 para a morte prematura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> As formas dispon&#237;veis de TRN s&#227;o o adesivo com libera&#231;&#227;o em 24 horas, a goma de mascar (2 mg e 4 mg) e a pastilha de nicotina (2 mg e 4 mg). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t24">Tabela 11</xref> descreve a abordagem com a TRN para interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t24">
            <label>Tabela 11</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de nicotina (TRN)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Reposi&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida de nicotina: goma de mascar e pastilha</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Empregada quando h&#225; fissura (necessidade imperiosa de fumar) ou em intervalos de 1-2 horas.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Promove libera&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida da nicotina. Pode ser combinada com o adesivo de nicotina ou associada &#224; bupropiona e &#224; vareniclina.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; O tempo aproximado de libera&#231;&#227;o da nicotina &#233; de 5 minutos com a pastilha e 10 minutos com a goma.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; A dose m&#225;xima tolerada &#233; em torno de 10 gomas/pastilhas por dia.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; O paciente deve mascar a goma/pastilha at&#233; sentir um sabor picante. Nesse momento, deve parar de mascar por 2 minutos (tempo para absorver a nicotina) at&#233; que desapare&#231;a o sabor; depois voltar a mascar repetindo o ciclo em at&#233; 20 minutos para uma segunda libera&#231;&#227;o de nicotina. Ingerir um copo de &#225;gua antes do uso para neutralizar o pH bucal, que se altera com o consumo de alimentos, e para remo&#231;&#227;o de res&#237;duos alimentares, que podem diminuir a absor&#231;&#227;o pela mucosa oral.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Efeitos colaterais: hipersaliva&#231;&#227;o, n&#225;useas, solu&#231;os, ulcera&#231;&#227;o gengival (podendo levar a amolecimento de dentes) e dor na articula&#231;&#227;o temporomandibular (ATM).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Contraindica&#231;&#227;o: incapacidade de mascar, les&#245;es na mucosa oral, &#250;lcera p&#233;ptica, subluxa&#231;&#227;o na ATM e uso de pr&#243;teses dent&#225;rias m&#243;veis.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Reposi&#231;&#227;o lenta: adesivo de nicotina</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Os adesivos s&#227;o apresentados em caixas com sete unidades cada, em dosagens que variam entre 7 e 25 mg.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; &#201; indicada para manter um n&#237;vel cont&#237;nuo de nicotina circulante durante 24 horas, em processo de desabitua&#231;&#227;o gradual do tabagismo.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Pode estar indicada como terapia pr&#233;-cessa&#231;&#227;o durante 2 a 4 semanas em fumantes que apresentem muita dificuldade em reduzir o n&#250;mero de cigarros e em marcar uma data para parar.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Os adesivos devem ser aplicados pela manh&#227;, em &#225;reas cobertas, na parte superior do t&#243;rax ou regi&#245;es anteriores, posteriores e superiores laterais do bra&#231;o, com rod&#237;zio entre estes locais e troca na mesma hora do dia. Deve-se evitar exposi&#231;&#227;o solar no local.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Pode ser usado em associa&#231;&#227;o com a bupropiona ou com a vareniclina.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Esquema terap&#234;utico:</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><bold>- Fumante de 20 cigarros/dia e/ou com escore de Fagerstr&#246;m entre 8-10 pontos:</bold> Adesivo de 21 a 25 mg/dia da 1&#170; &#224; 4&#170; semana; 14 a 15 mg/dia da 5&#170; &#224; 8&#170; semana; 7 mg/dia da 9&#170; &#224; 10&#170; semana. Sugere-se colocar o adesivo pela manh&#227; logo ap&#243;s o despertar. Em casos de ins&#244;nia, deve-se retirar ap&#243;s 16 horas de uso. Em casos especiais de grande depend&#234;ncia e na aus&#234;ncia de contraindica&#231;&#227;o, pode-se empregar at&#233; dois adesivos de 21 mg.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><bold>- Fumante 10-20 cigarros/dia e/ou com escore de Fagerstr&#246;m entre 5-7 pontos:</bold> Adesivo de 14-15 mg/dia nas primeiras 4 semanas seguido de 7 mg/dia da quinta &#224; oitava semana.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Efeitos colaterais: prurido, exantema, eritema, cefaleia, n&#225;usea, dispepsia, mialgia e taquicardia, quando em dose excessiva.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Contraindica&#231;&#245;es: hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recente (nos &#250;ltimos 15 dias), arritmias card&#237;acas graves, angina pectoris inst&#225;vel, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, &#250;lcera p&#233;ptica, doen&#231;as cut&#226;neas, gravidez e lacta&#231;&#227;o.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Na abordagem farmacol&#243;gica com TNN, disp&#245;e-se da bupropiona e da vareniclina como f&#225;rmacos de primeira linha (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t25">Tabela 12</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A clonidina e a nortriptilina s&#227;o op&#231;&#245;es de segunda linha no tratamento, em fun&#231;&#227;o dos seus efeitos colaterais. Os NNTs para a bupropiona e a vareniclina s&#227;o de 18 e 10, respectivamente, para o sucesso no tratamento e 36 e 20, respectivamente, para evitar morte prematura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t26">Tabela 13</xref> apresenta um sum&#225;rio do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico habitual para o tabagismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t25">
            <label>Tabela 12</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Terapia n&#227;o nicot&#237;nica (TNN)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Cloridrato de bupropiona</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Simula alguns dos efeitos da nicotina no c&#233;rebro, bloqueando a capta&#231;&#227;o neuronal de dopamina e norepinefrina. Pode ser usado em associa&#231;&#227;o com a terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de nicotina com adesivo.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Excelente op&#231;&#227;o para subgrupos de fumantes mais propensos a reca&#237;das, com depress&#227;o ap&#243;s interrup&#231;&#227;o do fumo, para mulheres e naqueles que possuem alto grau de depend&#234;ncia. As taxas de sucesso na cessa&#231;&#227;o do fumo variam de 30% a 36%.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Esquema terap&#234;utico: Iniciar tratamento 8 dias antes da interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- 150 mg pela manh&#227; por tr&#234;s dias, seguido de 150 mg pela manh&#227; e &#224; tarde com intervalo de 8 horas durante 3 meses, podendo ser prolongado por at&#233; 6 meses. Controlar a press&#227;o arterial e, se houver eleva&#231;&#227;o, pode-se reduzir a dose para 150 mg/dia antes da suspens&#227;o em casos refrat&#225;rios. Reduzir as doses na insufici&#234;ncia renal e hep&#225;tica para 150 mg/dia. Inibidores da monoamina oxidase devem ser suspensos at&#233; 15 dias antes de iniciar a bupropiona. Usar com cautela ou evitar nos pacientes em uso de antipsic&#243;ticos,teofilina e esteroides sist&#234;micos, por favorecer o surgimento de crises convulsivas.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Contraindica&#231;&#245;es:</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><bold>- Absolutas:</bold> hist&#243;ria de convuls&#227;o (mesmo febril), epilepsia, traumatismo cranioencef&#225;lico, anormalidades ao eletroencefalograma, tumor cerebral, alcoolismo grave, anorexia nervosa e bulimia, gravidez e lacta&#231;&#227;o.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><bold>- Relativas:</bold> Uso associado de barbit&#250;ricos, benzodiazep&#237;nicos, cimetidina, pseudoefedrina, fenito&#237;na, hipoglicemiantes orais, ou insulina.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Tartarato de vareniclina</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Agonista parcial do receptor colin&#233;rgico de nicotina &#945;4&#946;2, que media a libera&#231;&#227;o de dopamina no c&#233;rebro.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Apresenta duplo efeito: reduz os sintomas da abstin&#234;ncia e o desejo de fumar.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Esquema terap&#234;utico: iniciar 1 semana antes da data de interrup&#231;&#227;o, com 0,5 mg por 3 dias pela manh&#227;, seguido de 0,5 mg do 4&#186; ao 7&#186; dia pela manh&#227; (7h) e &#224; tarde (19h) e 1 mg/dia por 3 meses pela manh&#227; (7h) e &#224; tarde (19h), podendo ser estendido at&#233; 6 meses em casos sem cessa&#231;&#227;o plena do tabagismo ou com risco de reca&#237;da. A vareniclina &#233; administrada por via oral, n&#227;o sofre metaboliza&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica e sua excre&#231;&#227;o renal &#233; praticamente <italic>in natura</italic>.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Efeitos adversos: n&#225;usea (20%), cefaleia, sonhos v&#237;vidos e ganho ponderal. Raramente, mudan&#231;as do humor, agita&#231;&#227;o e agressividade.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Por n&#227;o sofrer metaboliza&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica, a vareniclina n&#227;o interfere com o uso concomitante de digoxina, metformina ou varfarina. A cimetidina pode aumentar a biodisponibilidade da vareniclina.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Deve ser usada com cautela em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Contraindica&#231;&#227;o: gesta&#231;&#227;o, lacta&#231;&#227;o, idade abaixo de 18 anos, dist&#250;rbio bipolar, esquizofrenia ou epilepsia.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t26">
            <label>Tabela 13</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tratamento farmacol&#243;gico habitual para o tabagismo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Medicamento</th>
                  <th align="left">In&#237;cio do tratamento</th>
                  <th align="left">Esquema terap&#234;utico</th>
                  <th align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o (semanas)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Terapia com reposi&#231;&#227;o de nicotina: adesivo</td>
                  <td align="left">Na data escolhida para cessa&#231;&#227;o do fumo</td>
                  <td align="left">21-25 mg/ dia - 4 semanas<break/>14-15 mg/dia - 4 semanas<break/>7 mg/dia - 2 semanas<break/>Para fumantes com maior depend&#234;ncia, podem ser necess&#225;rias doses maiores que 21 mg</td>
                  <td align="left">8 a 10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Terapia com reposi&#231;&#227;o de nicotina: goma ou pastilha</td>
                  <td align="left">Na data escolhida para cessa&#231;&#227;o do fumo</td>
                  <td align="left">2 mg ou 4 mg: 1 a 4 vezes ao dia</td>
                  <td align="left">8 a 10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Terapia n&#227;o nicot&#237;nica: bupropiona</td>
                  <td align="left">Uma semana antes da data escolhida para cessa&#231;&#227;o do fumo</td>
                  <td align="left">Primeiro ao terceiro dia - 150 mg, 1 x dia<break/>Quarto dia at&#233; o final - 150 mg, 2 x ao dia</td>
                  <td align="left">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Terapia n&#227;o nicot&#237;nica: vareniclina</td>
                  <td align="left">Uma semana antes da data escolhida para cessa&#231;&#227;o do fumo</td>
                  <td align="left">Primeiro ao terceiro dia - 0,5 mg, 1 x dia<break/>Quarto ao s&#233;timo dia - 0,5 mg de 12/12 horas<break/>Oitavo dia at&#233; o final - 1 mg 12/12 horas</td>
                  <td align="left">12</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Legisla&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Como o tabagismo &#233; um fen&#244;meno populacional, impondo riscos tamb&#233;m para n&#227;o fumantes, gestantes, fetos e crian&#231;as, sendo respons&#225;vel por desperd&#237;cio de grande volume de recursos p&#250;blicos (financeiros e organizacionais) e ocasionando depend&#234;ncia (o que equivale a transformar as pessoas em vulner&#225;veis de maneira semelhante &#224;s dependentes de outras drogas), n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientes a assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica e a educa&#231;&#227;o para a sa&#250;de. A legisla&#231;&#227;o precisa contemplar o controle do uso do tabaco em qualquer forma e sua explora&#231;&#227;o, ao lado do controle de outras drogas causadoras de depend&#234;ncia.</p>
          <p>Os interesses econ&#244;micos envolvidos na planta&#231;&#227;o, produ&#231;&#227;o, industrializa&#231;&#227;o, comercializa&#231;&#227;o e propaganda do tabaco s&#227;o muito grandes e transnacionais, o que torna insuficiente a categoriza&#231;&#227;o do tabaco como um tema exclusivamente m&#233;dico ou limitado aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de. Por esse motivo, a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de promoveu a Conven&#231;&#227;o-Quadro, ratificada em 2003<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> por 168 pa&#237;ses que se comprometeram a observar alguns princ&#237;pios que devem ser incorporados progressivamente ao conjunto de suas leis. Cabe aos setores de sa&#250;de de cada pa&#237;s permanecer vigilantes e promover esses princ&#237;pios junto &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o e &#224; classe pol&#237;tica.</p>
          <p>Seguem as datas da assinatura do tratado seguidas pela sua ratifica&#231;&#227;o pelos pa&#237;ses lus&#243;fonos: Angola (29/06/2004-20/09/2007), Brasil (16/06/2003-03/11/2005), Cabo Verde (17/02/2004-04/10/2005), Guin&#233; Equatorial (01/04/2004-07/11/2007), Guin&#233;-Bissau (07/11/2008), Mo&#231;ambique (18/06/2003-14/07/2017), Portugal (09/01/2004-08/11/2005), S&#227;o Tom&#233; e Pr&#237;ncipe (18/06/2004-12/04/2006) e Timor-Leste (25/05/2004-22/12/2004).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Organiza&#231;&#245;es especificamente voltadas para a vigil&#226;ncia das atividades pol&#237;ticas e observ&#226;ncia do tratado t&#234;m surgido em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses. Como h&#225; no Brasil a ACT (Alian&#231;a de Controle do Tabagismo - Promo&#231;&#227;o da Sa&#250;de - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://actbr.org.br/">http://actbr.org.br/</ext-link>), existem organiza&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o governamentais e associa&#231;&#245;es nacionais ou comit&#234;s dentro de entidades m&#233;dicas ou de outros segmentos da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de interessados na necessidade de mobiliza&#231;&#227;o social, coordena&#231;&#227;o e atualiza&#231;&#227;o permanente das a&#231;&#245;es de controle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Todas as formas de tabagismo representam um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento das doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis. Compete ao m&#233;dico generalista ou cardiologista rastrear os fumantes, conhecer e utilizar todas as ferramentas dispon&#237;veis para encorajar o doente fumante a procurar ajuda profissional para deixar de fumar e n&#227;o desperdi&#231;ar momentos-chave, como os de diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a coronarianas, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica ou cerebral ou neoplasias relacionadas com o tabaco, no doente, em familiares ou em membros-chave da sociedade. O aumento da consci&#234;ncia da popula&#231;&#227;o quanto aos riscos do tabagismo torna o momento atual muito favor&#225;vel para a abordagem dos doentes fumantes. O tratamento est&#225; mais acess&#237;vel (a TRN e a bupropiona est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis nos PLPs), podendo ser realizado em qualquer n&#237;vel na linha dos cuidados de sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o da TCC com o suporte farmacol&#243;gico para enfrentar o per&#237;odo da abstin&#234;ncia aumenta a efic&#225;cia das interven&#231;&#245;es. As reca&#237;das fazem parte do ciclo da depend&#234;ncia ao tabagismo e devem servir como aprendizado para uma nova tentativa. Finalmente, a cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo em qualquer idade trar&#225; benef&#237;cios para a sa&#250;de do pr&#243;prio paciente e dos seus pr&#243;ximos, e o m&#233;dico deve estar sempre pronto a oferecer seus cuidados, qualquer que seja a fase em que o dependente da nicotina se encontre.</p>
        <p>As novas formas de tabagismo, designadamente com recurso de sistemas eletr&#244;nicos, est&#227;o longe de provar a sua inoc&#234;ncia; mesmo que contribuam para a redu&#231;&#227;o global do tabagismo e respectivos malef&#237;cios, seu uso deve ser desaconselhado.</p>
        <p>O tabagismo deve ser considerado um problema que transcende os danos causados em &#243;rg&#227;os afetados pela fuma&#231;a e produtos derivados do tabaco, e se relaciona com um conjunto de problemas produzidos pelo pr&#243;prio homem envolvendo aspectos econ&#244;micos, sociais, culturais e ecol&#243;gicos que comprometem nossa qualidade de vida e nossa pr&#243;pria sobreviv&#234;ncia.</p>
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