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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KvNzFyMm9RLtQ8QhgQm9Y4G</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000400473</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190057</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection - Case Report and Literature Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4973-1018</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Daniel</surname>
            <given-names>Elana Couto de Alencar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz de Alencar Araripe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes de Messejana</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Fortaleza</city>
            <state>PE</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes de Messejana, Messejana, Fortaleza, PE - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Elana Couto de Alencar Daniel,</bold> Rua Tom&#225;s Acioli, 840/ 403. Postal Code 60135-180, Joaquim T&#225;vora, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>elana.alencar@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Daniel ECA, Falc&#227;o JLAA; Writing of the manuscript: Daniel ECA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Falc&#227;o JLAA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>473</fpage>
      <lpage>476</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Dissection</kwd>
        <kwd>Chest Pain</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Catheterization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>We report three cases of spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), with literature review and discussion of the procedures employed. All of them occurred in women, with the diagnosis being made by coronary angiography and, in one case, confirmed by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>1<sup>st</sup> Case</title>
        <p>The patient was 25 years old, with no risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), hospitalized with typical chest pain, elevated cardiac enzymes and electrocardiogram (ECG) with diffuse ST-depression and ST-segment elevation in aVR, underwent cardiac catheterization (CC), which disclosed moderate lesion in the left main coronary artery (LMCA), severe lesion in the proximal third of the anterior descending artery (ADA) and parietal irregularities in the circumflex artery (Cx) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) showed mid-apical hypokinesia of the anterior, inferolateral walls and small apical areas, with preserved biventricular systolic function. The patient was submitted to an IVUS that showed aspect compatible with intramural hematoma from the DA ostium to the first diagonal artery, and spontaneous dissection/hematoma from the proximal third of the Cx to the distal third of the first left marginal artery (image not available). Clinical treatment was chosen with excellent response. During outpatient follow-up, she remained asymptomatic. An angiographic restudy was performed six months after the event, showing significant obstruction improvement (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiac catheterization showing stenosis in the middle/distal third of the left main coronary artery and severe segmental stenosis in the ostium/ proximal third of the anterior descending artery in the right cranial (A), right caudal (B) and left cranial (C) views. Restudy, after six months, showed a significant improvement of obstructions in the right cranial (D), right caudal (E) and left cranial (F) views.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0473-90057-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2<sup>nd</sup> Case</title>
        <p>The patient was 41 years old with hypertension, hypothyroidism and was an ex-smoker, having delivered a child six months before. She sought the emergency service with typical chest pain triggered by emotional stress and ECG showing +/- in the high lateral wall. She was referred to CC, which showed moderate lesion in the middle third of the ADA and moderate/severe lesion in the distal third, suggestive of SCAD. The TTE showed no alterations. Clinical treatment was chosen. Angiographic restudy three months after the event showed persistence of moderate obstruction in the middle third of the ADA, with obstruction resolution in the distal third. At the time, stent implantation was performed in the middle third of the ADA. The procedure showed no complications and was successful (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiac catheterization showing moderate stenosis in the middle third and moderate/severe segmental stenosis in the distal third of the anterior descending artery (ADA) in the cranial (A), right caudal (B) and left cranial (C) views. Restudy, after 3 months, showed a significant improvement of the obstruction in the distal third of the ADA, with moderate obstruction in the middle third, which was treated with the direct stenting technique (cranial view, images: D, E and F).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0473-90057-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3<sup>rd</sup> Case</title>
        <p>The patient was 51 years old, with no risk factors for CVD, hospitalized with typical chest pain and elevated cardiac enzymes. The ECG showed no alterations. She was referred to the hemodynamics service, and a severe lesion was disclosed in the distal third of the first left marginal artery, with a pattern suggestive of SCAD. The TTE showed moderate hypokinesia of the left ventricular inferior-lateral, with preserved biventricular systolic function. She received clinical treatment with good response to therapy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiac catheterization showing angiographic aspect compatible with spontaneous dissection of the distal third of the first left marginal branch. The left coronary is observed in the angiographic views: cranial (A) and right caudal (B). The blue arrow (B) identifies the spontaneous dissection segment of the first left marginal branch. The right coronary artery with a normal aspect in the left oblique view (C) is observed.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0473-90057-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In 1931, Pretty first described SCAD during the autopsy of a 42-year-old woman who had sudden death after reporting chest pain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> With the onset of the invasive approach to acute coronary syndrome (ACS), the number of diagnosed cases increased. Nevertheless, it is still believed that this diagnosis may be underestimated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>SCAD is a rare cause of ACS, with an incidence of 0.1 to 4.0%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The clinical presentation ranges from unstable angina to sudden death, often being undiagnosed. It mainly affects young women with no classic CVD risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In the reported cases, all of them are young women, two of which did not have CVD risk factors.</p>
      <p>The following are described as events that may be related to SCAD: peripartum status, connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, cocaine abuse, heavy isometric exercise and use of oral contraceptives.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The most frequently affected artery is the ADA, in 75% of cases, followed by the right coronary artery, in 20% of the patients; the Cx, in 4%, and finally the LCMA, in less than 1% of the cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Among the three reported cases, two had the ADA as the main affected artery, which corroborates with data found in the literature.</p>
      <p>The pathogenesis of SCAD has yet to be fully elucidated. It is known that the main factors responsible for spontaneous dissection are the arterial wall weakening and increased shear forces.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> It is postulated that the primary rupture of the vasa vasorum occurs, leading to hemorrhage and consequent separation of the coronary artery wall layers, creating a false lumen between the intima and media layers of the vascular wall.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>From the angiographic point of view, the diagnosis of CAD should be considered when there is a dissection line, with or without a false lumen, sudden and significant caliber reduction, or obstruction with smooth borders without the aspect of atherosclerotic disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Because it is a two-dimensional aluminography, the coronary angiography reveals little in relation to the coronary artery wall, where the main SCAD alteration is found.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The IVUS and optical coherence tomography (OCT) have been shown to be important tools in the diagnosis of SCAD, in cases where there is doubt regarding the angiography, since they allow a more detailed analysis of the lesion. The IVUS may also contribute to guide the percutaneous treatment whenever necessary.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In fact, the use of intracoronary images, through IVUS or OCT, allows better visualization of the structure and composition of the coronary wall, allowing the evaluation of the intramural hematoma, as well as the differentiation between the true and the false lumens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The IVUS was performed in one of the reported cases, demonstrating an image compatible with SCAD.</p>
      <p>The therapeutic management depends on the clinical severity, hemodynamic status, dissection topography, number of affected arteries, and distal coronary flow.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> It may range from clinical treatment, stent implantation, or myocardial revascularization surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the cases described above, due to the clinical and hemodynamic stability with well-defined dissections, clinical treatment with dual antiplatelet therapy (clopidogrel and acetylsalicylic acid), statin and beta-blocker was initially chosen. Since percutaneous coronary intervention for SCAD is associated with a high rate of technical failures, the conservative strategy with clinical treatment and prolonged follow-up is preferable in these cases, with a high incidence of spontaneous resolution and a low incidence of adverse events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recent studies have demonstrated the recurrence of cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients in the long-term, and beta-blocker therapy seems to have a protective effect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Therefore, these patients should remain under medical supervision. In one of the cases, during follow-up, persistence of moderate obstruction was demonstrated in the middle third of the ADA, and late stent implantation was performed, aiming at preventing event recurrence.</p>
      <p>Finally, we emphasize that the diagnosis of SCAD should be considered in cases of ACS in young patients, especially women of childbearing age and without the classic risk factors for coronary artery disease. The test of choice for the diagnosis consists of coronary angiography, although in some cases it is necessary to perform IVUS or OCT as adjunct methods to corroborate the diagnosis or to determine lesion extent.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Aymong</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sedlak</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prakash</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Starovoytov</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: clinical outcomes and risk of recurrence</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1148</fpage>
          <lpage>1158</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dissec&#231;&#227;o Espont&#226;nea da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria - Relato de Casos e Revis&#227;o da Literatura</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4973-1018</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Daniel</surname>
            <given-names>Elana Couto de Alencar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz de Alencar Araripe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes de Messejana, Messejana, Fortaleza, PE - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Elana Couto de Alencar Daniel,</bold> Rua Tom&#225;s Acioli, 840/ 403. CEP 60135-180, Joaquim T&#225;vora, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>elana.alencar@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Daniel ECA, Falc&#227;o JLAA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Daniel ECA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Falc&#227;o JLAA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Dissec&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Dor no Peito</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateterismo Card&#237;aco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Relatamos tr&#234;s casos de dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (DEAC), com revis&#227;o da literatura e discuss&#227;o das condutas empregadas. Todos ocorreram em mulheres, com o diagn&#243;stico feito por cinecoronariografia e, em um caso, confirmado por ultrassonografia intracoron&#225;ria (USIC).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>1&#186; Caso</title>
          <p>Paciente, 25 anos, sem fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV), internada com dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, eleva&#231;&#227;o de enzimas card&#237;acas e eletrocardiograma (ECG) com infradesnivelamento difuso e supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST de aVR, realizou cateterismo card&#237;aco (CATE) que demonstrou les&#227;o moderada de tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE), les&#227;o grave no ter&#231;o proximal da art&#233;ria descendente anterior (DA) e irregularidades parietais na art&#233;ria circunflexa (Cx) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ECO) demonstrou hipocinesia m&#233;dio-apical das paredes anterior, &#237;nfero-lateral e pequena &#225;rea apical, com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica biventricular preservada. A paciente foi submetida a USIC que evidenciou aspecto compat&#237;vel com hematoma intramural do &#243;stio da DA at&#233; a primeira diagonal e dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea/hematoma do ter&#231;o proximal da Cx at&#233; o ter&#231;o distal da primeira marginal esquerda (imagem n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel). Optou-se por tratamento cl&#237;nico com excelente resposta. Durante o seguimento ambulatorial, persistiu assintom&#225;tica. Foi realizado reestudo angiogr&#225;fico ap&#243;s seis meses do evento, constatando-se melhora significativa das obstru&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Cardiac catheterization showing angiographic aspect compatible with spontaneous dissection of the distal third of the first left marginal branch. The left coronary is observed in the angiographic views: cranial (A) and right caudal (B). The blue arrow (B) identifies the spontaneous dissection segment of the first left marginal branch. The right coronary artery with a normal aspect in the left oblique view (C) is observed.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0473-90057-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2&#186; Caso</title>
          <p>Paciente, 41 anos, hipertensa, hipotireoidea, ex-fumante, parto h&#225; seis meses, procurou o servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia com dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica desencadeada por estresse emocional e ECG evidenciando <italic>plus minus</italic> em parede lateral alta. Foi encaminhada para CATE que mostrou les&#227;o moderada no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio da DA e les&#227;o moderada/grave no ter&#231;o distal, com aspecto sugestivo de DEAC. ECO sem altera&#231;&#245;es. Optou-se por tratamento cl&#237;nico. Reestudo angiogr&#225;fico tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o evento, demonstrou persist&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o moderada no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio da DA, com resolu&#231;&#227;o da obstru&#231;&#227;o do ter&#231;o distal. Na ocasi&#227;o, optou-se por implante de <italic>stent</italic> no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio da DA. O procedimento transcorreu sem intercorr&#234;ncias, com sucesso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Cardiac catheterization showing angiographic aspect compatible with spontaneous dissection of the distal third of the first left marginal branch. The left coronary is observed in the angiographic views: cranial (A) and right caudal (B). The blue arrow (B) identifies the spontaneous dissection segment of the first left marginal branch. The right coronary artery with a normal aspect in the left oblique view (C) is observed.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0473-90057-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3&#186; Caso</title>
          <p>Paciente, 51 anos, sem fatores de risco para DCV, internada com dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica e eleva&#231;&#227;o de enzimas card&#237;acas. ECG sem altera&#231;&#245;es. Foi encaminhada ao servi&#231;o de hemodin&#226;mica, sendo evidenciada les&#227;o grave no ter&#231;o distal da primeira marginal esquerda, com padr&#227;o sugestivo de DEAC. ECO demonstrou hipocinesia moderada da parede &#237;nfero-lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica biventricular preservada. Foi conduzida com tratamento cl&#237;nico com boa resposta &#224; terap&#234;utica institu&#237;da (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Cardiac catheterization showing angiographic aspect compatible with spontaneous dissection of the distal third of the first left marginal branch. The left coronary is observed in the angiographic views: cranial (A) and right caudal (B). The blue arrow (B) identifies the spontaneous dissection segment of the first left marginal branch. The right coronary artery with a normal aspect in the left oblique view (C) is observed.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0473-90057-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em 1931, Pretty fez a primeira descri&#231;&#227;o de DEAC por meio da autopsia de uma mulher de 42 anos que apresentou morte s&#250;bita ap&#243;s referir dor tor&#225;cica.&#185; Com o in&#237;cio da abordagem invasiva da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), aumentou o n&#250;mero de casos diagnosticados. Embora, ainda se acredite, que esse diagn&#243;stico possa estar subestimado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A DEAC &#233; uma causa rara de SCA apresentando uma incid&#234;ncia de 0,1 a 4,0%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica varia desde angina inst&#225;vel at&#233; morte s&#250;bita, muitas vezes n&#227;o sendo diagnosticada. Acomete sobretudo mulheres jovens sem fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Nos casos relatados, todas s&#227;o mulheres jovens, duas das quais n&#227;o possu&#237;am fatores de risco para DCV.</p>
        <p>S&#227;o descritos como eventos que podem estar relacionados com DEAC: status periparto, doen&#231;as do tecido conjuntivo, vasculites, abuso de coca&#237;na, exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico pesado e uso de anticoncepcionais orais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A art&#233;ria mais afetada &#233; a DA, em 75% dos casos; seguida pela coron&#225;ria direita, em 20% dos pacientes; depois pela Cx, em 4% e por fim Dentre os tr&#234;s casos relatados, dois tiveram como principal art&#233;ria acometida a DA, o que corrobora com os dados encontrados na literatura.</p>
        <p>A patog&#234;nese da DEAC ainda n&#227;o est&#225; completamente elucidada. Sabe-se que os principais fatores respons&#225;veis pela dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea s&#227;o o enfraquecimento da parede arterial e o aumento das for&#231;as de cisalhamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Postula-se que ocorra a rotura prim&#225;ria do <italic>vasa vasorum</italic>, acarretando hemorragia e consequente separa&#231;&#227;o das camadas da parede arterial coron&#225;ria, criando um falso l&#250;men entra as camadas &#237;ntima e m&#233;dia da parede vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Do ponto de vista angiogr&#225;fico, deve-se considerar o diagn&#243;stico de DEAC quando h&#225; linha de dissec&#231;&#227;o, com ou sem luz falsa, redu&#231;&#227;o s&#250;bita e significativa de calibre, ou obstru&#231;&#227;o com bordas lisas e sem aspecto de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Por ser uma luminografia bidimensional, a cinecoronariografia revela pouco em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; parede arterial coron&#225;ria, onde est&#225; a principal altera&#231;&#227;o da DEAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A USIC e a tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;ptica (OCT) t&#234;m se mostrado como ferramentas importantes no diagn&#243;stico de DEAC, nos casos em que h&#225; d&#250;vida &#224; angiografia, por permitirem uma an&#225;lise mais minuciosa da les&#227;o. A USIC pode contribuir, inclusive, para guiar o tratamento percut&#226;neo quando necess&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> De fato, o uso de imagens intracoron&#225;rias, atrav&#233;s da USIC ou da OCT, permitem uma melhor visualiza&#231;&#227;o da estrutura e da composi&#231;&#227;o da parede coronariana, possibilitando a avalia&#231;&#227;o do hematoma intramural, bem como a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre o l&#250;men verdadeiro e o falso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Em um dos casos relatados, a USIC foi realizada, evidenciando imagem compat&#237;vel com DEAC.</p>
        <p>O manejo terap&#234;utico depende da gravidade cl&#237;nica, do status hemodin&#226;mico, da topografia da dissec&#231;&#227;o, do n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias afetadas e do fluxo coron&#225;rio distal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Pode variar desde tratamento cl&#237;nico, implante de <italic>stent</italic> ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nos casos descritos, devido &#224; estabilidade cl&#237;nica e hemodin&#226;mica do quadro, com dissec&#231;&#245;es bem delimitadas, optou-se inicialmente por tratamento cl&#237;nico com dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (clopidogrel e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico), estatina e betabloqueador. Tendo em vista que a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea para DEAC est&#225; associada com alto &#237;ndice de falhas t&#233;cnicas, a estrat&#233;gia conservadora com tratamento cl&#237;nico e observa&#231;&#227;o prolongada &#233; prefer&#237;vel nesses casos, com alta incid&#234;ncia de resolu&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea e baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos adversos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos recentes evidenciam a recorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares a longo prazo, sobretudos em pacientes hipertensos, sendo que a terapia com betabloqueador parece ter um efeito protetor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Por isso, esses pacientes devem permanecer sob acompanhamento m&#233;dico. Em um dos casos, durante o acompanhamento, foi evidenciada persist&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o moderada no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio da DA, tendo sido feita op&#231;&#227;o por implante tardio de <italic>stent</italic> com o intuito de prevenir recorr&#234;ncia de evento.</p>
        <p>Por fim, destacamos que o diagn&#243;stico de DEAC deve ser aventado em casos de SCA em pacientes jovens, sobretudo mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil, sem os fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. O exame de escolha para o diagn&#243;stico consiste na cinecoronariografia, embora em alguns casos, seja necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o da USIC ou da OCT como m&#233;todos adjuntos para corroborar o diagn&#243;stico ou para determinar a extens&#227;o das les&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
