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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VHHrfpscDDjDD5s7yskRhyF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000400466</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190065</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Correlation</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 2/2019 - Man with Arrhythmogenic Cardiopathy Followed by Rapidly Progressive Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9150-9096</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcella Abunahman Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6094-2687</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Wilma Noia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5559-4454</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Demarchi</surname>
            <given-names>L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p><bold>Section Editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p><bold>Associated editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>) Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>466</fpage>
      <lpage>472</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A 36-year-old man was referred to the medical service for surgical treatment of heart failure refractory to drug treatment.</p>
    <p>At the age of 26, 1<sup>st</sup>-degree atrioventricular block and episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia were detected on the electrocardiogram (ECG). After 4 years, he started to have episodes of pre-syncope.</p>
    <p>The magnetic resonance performed at that time (09/29/2010) disclosed diastolic diameter of 59 mm; systolic diameter of 49 mm; 10-mm septum; posterior wall of 11 mm; 48% left ventricular ejection fraction and 53% right ventricular ejection fraction, with no contraction abnormalities. The late enhancement imaging showed an infero-septal, medium-basal subepicardial focus, compatible with fibrosis, suggestive of myocarditis or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.</p>
    <p>An electrophysiological study was indicated. After extra-stimuli, sustained ventricular tachycardia with hemodynamic instability was triggered and an implantable-cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) was implanted and the patient received a beta-blocker. However, several episodes of ventricular tachycardia were recorded by the ICD and the use of amiodarone was initiated.</p>
    <p>He remained asymptomatic for approximately 3 years until he developed heart failure, which rapidly evolved into functional class IV, which resulted in hospitalization for compensation and with acute pulmonary edema at 34 years of age, followed by a new hospitalization a few months later for new heart failure compensation. At that time, hypothyroidism (TSH of 88 um / L) was diagnosed, which was attributed to amiodarone use. The echocardiogram disclosed severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction, with EF = 21%.</p>
    <p>Myocardial resynchronization was indicated, with pacemaker implantation with electrodes implanted at two points in the left ventricle in March 2015, but he was readmitted due to arterial hypotension, atrial fibrillation and heart failure decompensation in September 2015. Amiodarone, dobutamine, spironolactone, furosemide and rivaroxaban were administered.</p>
    <p>The patient was transferred to the Heart Institute (InCor) for possible surgical treatment of heart failure (heart transplantation) on October 20, 2015. The patient reported a 20 kg loss over a 4-year period. He denied arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus.</p>
    <p>Physical examination showed cachexia, jugular swelling+, hepatojugular reflux, no distension alteration at the Valsalva maneuver or exhalation, vesicular murmurs present in the lungs, slightly reduced on the left pulmonary basis, palpable thrill in the mitral, tricuspid, accessory aortic foci; arrhythmic heart sounds with a more audible holosystolic murmur in the mitral focus, radiating into the posterior axillary line. The abdomen was flat, with a 6-cm hepatomegaly from the right costal border, palpable caudate lobe nearby, without ascites. Lower limbs without edema, with no signs of deep venous thrombosis. He was receiving intravenous dobutamine.</p>
    <p>The patient was evaluated by the heart transplant team due to the persistent need of high-dose inotropic and vasodilator drugs during ICU observation. The patient was prioritized for cardiac transplantation due to use of vasoactive drug and joined the list on 11/09/15.</p>
    <p>The ECG showed a pacemaker rhythm operating in VAT mode and chest X-ray showed cardiomegaly with signs of pulmonary congestion.</p>
    <p>Laboratory tests (10/21/2015) showed hemoglobin 11.1 g/dL, hematocrit 34%, leukocytes 7290 (neutrophils 82%, eosinophils 3%, lymphocytes 7%, monocytes 6%), platelets 259,000/mm<sup>3</sup>, urea 28 mg/dL, creatinine 0.92 mg/dL, CRP of 69.34 mg/L, sodium 137 mEq/L, potassium 3.4 mEq/L, PAT (INR) of 2.4; APTT (rel. Times) of 1.31; Urinalysis with proteinuria of 0.67 g/L.</p>
    <p>The echocardiogram (10/21/2015) disclosed left ventricle with diffuse hypokinesia, worse in the inferior and inferolateral walls and ejection fraction of 25%; the right ventricle showed moderate diffuse hypokinesia. There was marked mitral regurgitation; the other valves showed no alterations. The pulmonary artery pressure was estimated at 49 mmHg.</p>
    <p>He had two bloodstream infections, which were treated with meropenem and vancomycin and tazobactam during the month of November 2015.</p>
    <p>Serological tests were positive for toxoplasmosis and mononucleosis in the IgG.</p>
    <p>Abdominal, thyroid and carotid artery ultrasonography results were normal.</p>
    <p>Right-chamber catheterization disclosed systolic pulmonary artery pressure of 55 mmHg, diastolic pressure of 23 mmHg and a mean pressure of 34 mmHg; the pulmonary occlusion pressure was 24 mmHg, the cardiac output was 5.5 L/min and the transpulmonary gradient was 10 mmHg; pulmonary vascular resistance was 1.8 Woods and the systemic vascular resistance was 887 dynes/sec/cm<sup>-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>The transplantation was performed in March 2016 using the bicaval orthotopic heart transplantation technique, without complications; the patient received prophylactic antimicrobial treatment with vancomycin and cefepime.</p>
    <p>After the transplantation, the immunosuppressant drugs prednisone, cyclosporine and mycophenolate were introduced. Endomyocardial biopsies performed on March 21 and 31 showed grade I rejection and cytomegalovirus tests were negative.</p>
    <p>The echocardiogram performed at hospital discharge on 03/28/2016 showed left atrium of 42 mm, septum and posterior wall of 11 mm, left ventricle of 50x31 with ejection fraction of 68%; normal right ventricle and pulmonary artery pressure of 35 mmHg.</p>
    <p>The medication prescribed at the hospital discharge consisted of cyclosporin 100mg + 75mg daily, prednisone 40mg 1x / day, mycophenolate sodium 720mg every 12h.</p>
    <p>At the outpatient clinic consultations he remained asymptomatic (April 2017). He currently takes Tacrolimus 4 mg 2x/day; prednisone 5 mg; mycophenolate 720 mg 2x/day; diltiazem 30 mg 3x/day; simvastatin 10 mg 1x/day; vitamin D 900 mg/day; and omeprazole 20mg 1 x/day.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>The patient developed arrhythmia at 26 years of age. At age 33, in 2013, he developed heart failure, which rapidly progressed to functional class IV, with consecutive hospitalizations due to acute decompensation. In 2015, after the last hospitalization, he was placed on the priority list for heart transplantation due to clinical treatment refractoriness. In March 2016 he underwent the procedure and remained asymptomatic, being followed through outpatient clinic consultations since April 2017.</p>
      <p>This is a heart failure case with important aspects that must be investigated: etiology and factors for decompensation.</p>
      <p>It is suggested that the probable cause of the index event is myocarditis or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in a 30-year-old man.</p>
      <p>The American Heart Association classifies primary cardiomyopathies (predominant heart involvement) into three groups: genetic (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, right ventricular arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, noncompacted left ventricle, glycogen accumulation disease, mitochondrial myopathies and channelopathies); mixed, predominantly non-genetic (dilated cardiomyopathy, restrictive); and acquired (inflammatory (myocarditis), caused by stress (Takotsubo), peripartum, induced by tachycardia, and of the infant, child of an insulin-dependent mother.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The origin of inflammatory heart diseases can be: autoimmune (connective tissue diseases, sarcoidosis, eosinophilic diseases); inflammatory diseases (hypersensitivity myocarditis, endomyocardial fibrosis, hypereosinophilic syndrome); toxic (antineoplastic chemotherapeutic drugs); and infectious (protozoa, fungi, bacteria, viruses and parasites).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Among the infiltrative diseases, which usually occur simultaneously with restrictive syndrome, are: amyloidosis, sarcoidosis and deposition diseases (Fabry, and others).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Amyloidosis could be the etiology of the patient's heart disease, since it is a progressive disease, affects adults from the age of 30 years and its frequent form of extracardiac involvement is kidney disease. In this context, the patient was close to 30 years old and his urinalysis showed the presence of proteinuria. Additionally, the ECG in amyloidosis usually shows atrioventricular block, supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, as the patient showed at the beginning of the clinical picture. However, the typical findings at the magnetic resonance and echocardiogram show an enlargement of the septum and posterior wall, which were absent in the present case.</p>
      <p>In sarcoidosis, there is a more frequent involvement of individuals between 25 and 60 years, and it is positively associated with lung and lymph node involvement and frequent extracardiac alterations, which were absent in the patient.</p>
      <p>Fabry disease, on the other hand, manifests in childhood or adolescence, and shows important dermatological findings, which rule out the possibility of this diagnosis. Regarding the complementary exams, amyloidosis and Fabry's disease show findings that are similar to sarcoidosis on the ECG, magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiogram.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, there are no reports of autoimmune tests, extracardiac investigations, much less the performance of endomyocardial biopsy in the current patient with rapidly progressive heart failure, without a definitive cause, not responsive to clinical treatment and with hemodynamic deterioration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recreational drug poisoning, such as alcohol, amphetamines, cocaine and the use of anabolic drugs could be possible causes for myocarditis, considering that the patient is young and a potential user of these drugs. However, the current case does not show a history of drug addiction or drug abuse. Moreover, drug poisoning is expressed by chamber dilatation and not by myocardial thickening.</p>
      <p>In South America and Brazil, the Chagasic etiology is a frequent form of myocarditis. However, the patient did not have alterations in the ECG and echocardiogram suggestive of this disease. There was no evidence of right bundle-branch block, anterosuperior divisional block, apical aneurysm, right heart failure manifestations, and the patient did not show positive epidemiology for Chagas disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Viruses are also frequent infectious myocarditis agents, with the most common agents being adenovirus, enterovirus, parvovirus, herpes simplex, hepatitis C virus, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus. However, magnetic resonance imaging shows thickening of the septum and posterior wall, which indicates other causes of myocarditis, since the infectious one is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, there was not a complete investigation to elucidate a possible infectious cause, either by serology or by endomyocardial biopsy of the right ventricle. The patient is young, viral contaminations are common, he may have circulated in areas of greater risk for Chagas disease contamination and be sexually active, increasing the chances of being infected with HIV and different types of hepatitis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding the less probable diagnostic hypothesis, one must consider coronary artery disease. Despite presenting segmental dysfunction at the MRI, we have here a young patient with no clinical features or risk factors for this etiology. Additionally, the thickening of the septum and posterior wall have systemic arterial hypertension and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as important differential diagnoses. However, the patient did not suffer from arterial hypertension and the echocardiography, as well as the magnetic resonance imaging, did not show any characteristic findings of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: asymmetric septal hypertrophy, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and septum/wall ratio &gt;1.3. Valvular disease can also be ruled out, since the patient did not show it initially, either at the physical examination or imaging test, and the patient only developed mitral regurgitation after heart failure progression.</p>
      <p>Finally, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy cannot be ruled out as a diagnostic possibility for this case. It typically affects men between the ages of 18 and 50 and at least 25% of the cases show genetic transmission of the disease. It is believed that genetic factors associated with changes in immune response and infectious factors could act synergistically in the development of structural changes and consequent onset of clinical manifestations. It is estimated that between 10%-20% of cases of idiopathic cardiomyopathy are caused by a previous viral infection sequela.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The patient rapidly evolved to functional class IV, showing marked ejection fraction reduction and underwent successive hospital admissions due to the decompensations.</p>
      <p>There are many factors that exacerbate heart failure and taking into account the patient's history, one cannot infer a specific precipitating factor for the case described herein. Among the possible hypotheses is the natural evolution of the underlying disease, of which etiology was not clarified, and this fact may have prevented the implementation of specific treatment strategies.</p>
      <p>The following are other possible precipitating factors of the acute decompensation observed in the patient:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> absence of health education performed by the professionals and/or the patient's poor adherence to non-pharmacological measures for heart failure management; inadequate diet and water intake, as well as the abuse of alcohol and other drugs, are frequent factors for decompensation. Moreover, all patients with heart failure should be vaccinated against influenza and pneumococcus, considering that respiratory infections are common etiologies for decompensation; however, in this case, the patient showed no signs of infection leading to hospitalization or leukogram alterations.</p>
      <p>As for pharmacological measures, the use of beta-blockers (carvedilol, nebivolol, bisoprolol and metoprolol succinate) in patients with reduced ejection fraction associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor is the effective treatment for patients with New York Heart Association functional class I to IV, because they reduce morbimortality by acting on cardiac reverse remodeling. There are contraindications for the use of these classes of drugs; however, there are no records in the clinical case of reasons justifying the absence of introduction of these classes of drugs after the development of systolic heart failure. Furthermore, systolic insufficiency refractory to optimized clinical treatment and ejection fraction &#8804;35%, also requires the use of aldosterone antagonists, a medication that also has an effect on reverse remodeling, if the patient does not have contraindications to its use. There is information about the introduction of this drug only after the third decompensation event.</p>
      <p>Arrhythmia, in turn, is an important decompensatory factor, such as the atrial fibrillation developed by this patient during one of the hospitalizations. Its onset is associated with several adverse hemodynamic effects, such as loss of atrioventricular synchrony and loss of atrial contraction, leading to cardiac output reduction in a heart with an already impaired ventricular function.</p>
      <p>Other possible etiologies for decompensation detected in this patient were the concomitant presence of anemia and kidney dysfunction, which are conditions that considerably increase mortality in heart failure.</p>
      <p>The patient's hemoglobin level was 11.1 g/dL. Being an important precipitating factor, anemia becomes important due to its deleterious effects on the heart. The erythrocytes, in addition to providing oxygen to myocardial cells, favor the exchange of antioxidants that prevent oxidative stress and programmed cell death, but the impairment of these mechanisms favor myocardial dysfunction. Additionally, in response to hypoxemia resulting from anemia, the sympathetic system is stimulated, leading to tachycardia, increased inotropism and vasoconstriction, further compromising myocyte function and leading to hypervolemia in parallel. Specifically, hypoxemia of anemia and kidney vasoconstriction generate renal ischemia, with the release of inflammatory factors related to myocardial injury and hypervolemia due to the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.</p>
      <p>Proteinuria was observed in a urinalysis result, despite normal values of creatinine and urea. Like anemia, nephropathy may be a factor of decompensation, etiology and/or consequence of heart failure. As a precipitating factor, one can point to salt and water retention; alterations in the cardiomyocyte structure and function due to inflammatory activation and calcium and phosphorus metabolism abnormalities; and due to the anemia itself, generated by kidney dysfunction, leading to reduced erythropoietin production. One should consider that nephropathy can also be a consequence of amyloidosis, as it leads to amyloid deposition in the kidneys, impairing their function, and 80% of patients with this disease have proteinuria.</p>
      <p>Due to increased pulmonary artery and right ventricular systolic pressure, pulmonary embolism could be a cause for decompensation. However, in this clinical setting, these cardiopulmonary alterations are possibly due to heart failure progression.</p>
      <p>Hypothyroidism is a potential cause of heart failure due to bradycardia, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, increased systemic vascular resistance, diastolic hypertension, increased arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Laboratory examination showed the patient had TSH of 88 um/L and the introduction of levothyroxine was not reported.</p>
      <p>The patient may also have decompensated due to marked mitral regurgitation caused by left ventricular dilatation and, in this situation, valvulopathy was secondary to the disease progression.</p>
      <p>The use of negative inotropic medications, corticosteroids, cardiotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiarrhythmics and glitazone or dipeptidyl phosphatase 4 inhibitors may be decompensation triggers, which can be used through self-medication or by not informing to other physicians about the presence of heart failure. <bold>(Dr. Marcella Abunahman Freitas Pereira, Dr. Wilma Noia Ribeiro)</bold></p>
      <p><bold>Diagnostic hypotheses:</bold> Infiltrative cardiomyopathy or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. <bold>(Dr. Marcella Abunahman Freitas Pereira, Dr. Wilma Noia Ribeiro)</bold></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Anatomopathological examination</title>
      <p>The explanted heart, devoid of the atria, weighed 598 g (normal = 300 to 350 g). Externally, there was discrete and focal epicardial thickening on the sternocostal and diaphragmatic surfaces of the right and left ventricles. The cross-sectional sections showed a bicuspid aortic valve, with fusion between the left semilunar and non-coronary leaflets, without a median raphe (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>), moderate and diffuse thickening of the semilunar leaflets, with marked retraction and slight calcification at the free border of the semilunar leaflets, macroscopically suggestive of valve regurgitation. The right coronary artery (RCA) ostium was typically located in the right Valsalva sinus. In the left Valsalva sinus, two ostia of coronary arteries originated: the most anterior ostium gave origin to the circumflex (Cx) artery and the posterior ostium, tangentially, originated the anterior descending artery (ADA) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The proximal segments of the ADA and Cx intersected, with the ADA being positioned higher than the Cx (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). An intramyocardial ("myocardial bridge") trajectory from the fifth to the seventh centimeter of the ADA was also observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). Right predominant coronary artery circulation was observed. There was no significant luminal obstruction in the coronary ostia or epicardial coronary arteries. There was moderate ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation and moderate atrial dilatation. Presence of moderate and diffuse retraction at the free border of the anterior cusp of the mitral valve was observed. The tricuspid and pulmonary valves showed discrete and diffuse retraction at the free border of their leaflets. Emerging from the superior vena cava, there was a cardiac pacemaker cable-lead that was implanted in the endocardium of the anterior wall of the right atrium. Another cardiac pacemaker cable-lead extended from the superior vena cava through the right atrium, tricuspid valve and right ventricle, and was implanted in the ventricular septum endocardium, in its apical portion. There were no thrombi in the heart cavities. The histological study showed moderate hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes and diffuse interstitial myocardial fibrosis, more pronounced in the left ventricle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). <bold>(Dr. L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferreira Demarchi)</bold></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left ventricular outflow tract: bivalve aortic valve, showing thickened semilunar leaflets (*), with moderate retraction at the free border, suggestive of valvular regurgitation. The anterior descending (ADA) and circumflex (Cx) coronary arteries originate from separate ostia, in the left Valsalva sinus; the ADA ostium lies posterior to the Cx ostium and is tangential. The right coronary artery (RCA) ostium is located in the right Valsalva sinus.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0466-90065-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left lateral surface of the base of the heart: A) Crossing (arrow) of the proximal epicardial segments of the anterior descending artery (ADA) and circumflex (Cx) artery; the ADA is in a position above the Cx. B) Cx course from its origin at the aorta (AO). The ADA has been folded superiorly to show the circumflex artery epicardial course. LM: left marginal branch of the Cx. PT: pulmonary trunk.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0466-90065-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sternocostal surface of the heart: intramyocardial course (arrows) of the anterior descending artery (ADA). D1- First diagonal branch of the ADA. PT: pulmonary trunk.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0466-90065-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Photomicrography of the left ventricular myocardium: Diffuse myocardial fibrosis (in blue). Masson&#8217;s trichrome, 50x).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0466-90065-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Anatomopathological diagnoses:</bold> 1) bicuspid aortic valve; 2) Ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation; 3) Diffuse interstitial myocardial fibrosis, more pronounced in the left ventricle; 4) Congenital anomalies of the origin, course of the anterior and circumflex interventricular epicardial coronary arteries. <bold>(Dr. L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferreira Demarchi)</bold></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Comment</title>
      <p>An association was observed between the bicuspid aortic valve and anatomical alterations in the coronary arteries in the patient's explanted heart, which is a frequent finding in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The bicuspid aortic valve is the most prevalent cardiac congenital anomaly and, in autopsy studies, its incidence ranges from 0.9-2.5% in the general population,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> being more frequent in male individuals, with a men/women ratio ranging from 1.8 to 5.6.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The anatomical alterations in coronary arteries may represent variations of the normal anatomy or congenital anomalies, depending on their incidence in the general population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Alterations in the general population are known as variants or anatomical variations of the normal in the general population, whereas those occurring in less than 1% are defined as congenital anomalies. The incidence of coronary anomalies ranges from 0.2% to 1.2% in the different series found in the literature, depending on the analyzed population and the methods used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Anatomopathological<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and coronary angiography studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> performed in hearts of individuals without other congenital heart malformations divide the coronary anomalies into two groups: those of anomalous arterial origin and course and intrinsic anatomical anomalies of the arteries. In the case of this patient, we observed anomalous origin of the coronary arteries, represented by the absence of the left coronary artery and independent origin in separate ostia and in the same sinus of Valsalva of the ADA and the circumflex artery. The intramyocardial course of the ADA is classified as an anatomical variation, since its occurrence in the middle segment of the ADA ranges from 5% to 80% of patients in different studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In the other coronary arteries, such an alteration is considered an anomaly, since it occurs is less than 1% of the population. The crossing of epicardial branches is an anomaly of the intrinsic anatomy of the coronary arteries and is quite rare, with few cases having been described in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> One might question whether there was compression of the arterial segments involved in the epicardial crossing, but in the absence of obstructive coronary alterations and localized ischemic myocardial lesions, anatomopathological examination is limited for such evaluation. Left ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation, as well as diffuse interstitial myocardial fibrosis can be explained by the bicuspid aortic valve dysfunction. <bold>(Dr. Lea Maria Macruz Ferreira Demarchi)</bold></p>
    </sec>
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      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 2 /2019 - Homem com Cardiopatia Arritmog&#234;nica Seguida de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Rapidamente Progressiva</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9150-9096</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcella Abunahman Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6094-2687</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Wilma Noia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5559-4454</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Demarchi</surname>
            <given-names>L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (ajmansur@incor.usp.br)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (dclfavarato@incor.usp.br) Vera Demarchi Aiello (anpvera@incor.usp.br)</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Dilatada</kwd>
        <kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Homem de 36 anos foi encaminhado ao servi&#231;o m&#233;dico para tratamento cir&#250;rgico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria ao tratamento medicamentoso.</p>
      <p>Aos 26 anos foram detectados, em eletrocardiograma (ECG), bloqueio atrioventricular de 1&#186; grau e epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada. Depois de 4 anos apresentou epis&#243;dios de pr&#233;-s&#237;ncopes.</p>
      <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica da &#233;poca (29/09/2010) revelou di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico 59 mm; di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico 49 mm; septo 10 mm; parede posterior 11 mm; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 48% e do ventr&#237;culo direito 53% e sem anormalidade de contra&#231;&#227;o. O realce tardio revelou: foco subepic&#225;rdico &#237;nfero-septal m&#233;dio-basal, compat&#237;vel com fibrose, sugestivos de miocardite ou cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica.</p>
      <p>Foi indicado estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico. Ap&#243;s extra-est&#237;mulos foi desencadeada taquicardia ventricular sustentada com instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e foi implantado desfibrilador (CDI) e uso de betabloqueador. Contudo, houve registro pelo CDI de v&#225;rios epis&#243;dios de taquicardias ventriculares e foi iniciado o uso de amiodarona.</p>
      <p>Manteve-se assintom&#225;tico por cerca de 3 anos at&#233; que desenvolveu quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que rapidamente evoluiu para classe funcional IV com interna&#231;&#227;o para compensa&#231;&#227;o e em edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es aos 34 anos de idade e nova interna&#231;&#227;o alguns meses depois para nova compensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Nessa ocasi&#227;o foram diagnosticados hipotireoidismo, (TSH de 88 um/L), imputado ao uso de amiodarona. O ecocardiograma revelou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, FE = 21%. Foi indicada ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com implante de marca-passo com eletrodos em dois pontos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em mar&#231;o de 2015, contudo foi reinternado por hipotens&#227;o arterial, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em setembro de 2015. Foram administrados amiodarona, dobutamina, espironolactona, furosemida e rivaroxabana.</p>
      <p>O paciente foi transferido para o InCor para poss&#237;vel tratamento cir&#250;rgico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (transplante card&#237;aco) em 20 de outubro de 2015.</p>
      <p>O paciente relatou perda de 20 kg desde h&#225; 4 anos. Negou hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabetes mellitus.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico revelou caquexia, turg&#234;ncia jugular+, refluxo hepatojular, sem altera&#231;&#227;o da turg&#234;ncia &#224; manobra de Valsalva ou expira&#231;&#227;o, pulm&#245;es com murm&#250;rios vesiculares presentes, levemente reduzido na base esquerda, fr&#234;mito palp&#225;vel em focos mitral, tric&#250;spide, a&#243;rtico acess&#243;rio; bulhas arr&#237;tmicas com sopro holossist&#243;lico mais aud&#237;vel em foco mitral irradiando para linha axilar posterior.</p>
      <p>O abdome era plano, com hepatomegalia de 6 cm do rebordo costal direito, lobo caudado palp&#225;vel pr&#243;ximo, sem ascite. Membros inferiores sem edema, sem sinais de trombose venosa profunda. Estava em uso de dobutamina intravenosa.</p>
      <p>Paciente foi avaliado pela equipe do transplante card&#237;aco por necessidade de inotr&#243;picos e vasodilatadores em doses altas persistentemente durante observa&#231;&#227;o em UTI. O paciente foi priorizado para transplante card&#237;aco por uso de droga vasoativa e listado em 09/11/15.</p>
      <p>O ECG revelou ritmo de marca-passo operando em VAT e, a radiografia do t&#243;rax, cardiomegalia com sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (21/10/2015) revelaram: hemoglobina 11,1 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 34%, leuc&#243;citos 7290 (neutr&#243;filos 82%, eosin&#243;filos 3%, linf&#243;citos 7%, mon&#243;citos 6%), plaquetas 259000/mm&#179;, ureia 28 mg/dL, creatinina 0,92 mg/dL, PCR de 69,34 mg/L, s&#243;dio 137 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 3,4 mEq/L, TAP (INR) de 2,4; TTPA (rel. tempos) de 1,31; Urina I com proteinuria de 0,67g/L.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (21/10/2015) revelou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com hipocinesia difusa, pior em paredes inferior e inferolateral e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 25%; o ventr&#237;culo direito tinha hipocinesia difusa moderada. Havia insufici&#234;ncia mitral acentuada; demais valvas sem altera&#231;&#245;es; a press&#227;o arterial pulmonar foi estimada em 49 mmHg.</p>
      <p>Apresentou infec&#231;&#227;o de corrente sangu&#237;nea por duas vezes, as quais foram tratadas com meropenem e vancomicina e tazobactam durante o m&#234;s de novembro de 2015.</p>
      <p>As sorologias foram positivas para toxoplasmose e mononucleose em IgG.</p>
      <p>As ultrassonografias de abdome, tireoide e car&#243;tidas foram normais.</p>
      <p>O cateterismo de c&#226;maras direitas revelou press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica de 55 mmHg, diast&#243;lica de 23 mmHg e m&#233;dia 34 mmHg; a press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o pulmonar foi de 24 mmHg, o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco de 5,5 L/min e o gradiente transpulmonar foi de 10 mmHg; a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar foi de 1,8 Woods e resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica de 887dynes/sec/cm<sup>-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>O transplante foi realizado em mar&#231;o de 2016 pela t&#233;cnica de transplante card&#237;aco ortot&#243;pico bicaval, sem intercorr&#234;ncias; recebeu tratamento antimicrobiano profil&#225;tico com vancomicina e cefepime.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s o transplante foram introduzidos imunosupressores prednisona, ciclosporina e micofenolato. As bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas realizadas em 21 e 31 mar&#231;o revelaram rejei&#231;&#227;o grau I e as pesquisas de citomegalovirus foram negativas.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma na alta hospitalar em 28/03/2016 revelou &#225;trio esquerdo de 42 mm, septo e parede posterior de 11 mm, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 50x31 com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 68%; ventr&#237;culo direito normal e press&#227;o de art&#233;ria pulmonar de 35 mmHg.</p>
      <p>A medica&#231;&#227;o de alta foi ciclosporina 100 mg + 75 mg di&#225;rios, prednisona 40 mg 1x/dia, micofenolato de s&#243;dio 720 mg 12/12h.</p>
      <p>Em consultas ambulatoriais segue assintom&#225;tico (abril 2017)</p>
      <p>Em uso de Tacrolimus 4 mg 2x/dia; prednisona 5 mg; micofenolato 720 mg 2x/dia; diltiazem 30 mg 3x/dia; sinvastatina 10 mg 1x/dia; vitamina D 900 mg/dia; - omeprazol 20 mg 1x/dia.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>O paciente apresentou arritmia aos 26 anos de idade. Aos 33 anos, desenvolveu insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a qual rapidamente progrediu para classe funcional IV, com interna&#231;&#245;es sucessivas por descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda. Em 2015, ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima interna&#231;&#227;o, foi priorizado para transplante por refratariedade ao tratamento cl&#237;nico. Em mar&#231;o de 2016 realizou o procedimento e segue assintom&#225;tico em consultas ambulatoriais desde abril de 2017.</p>
        <p>Estamos diante de um contexto de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com pilares importantes a serem investigados: etiologia e fatores para descompensa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Coloca-se como prov&#225;vel evento &#237;ndice a miocardite ou miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica em um jovem de 30 anos de idade.</p>
        <p>A <italic>American Heart Association</italic> classifica as cardiomiopatias prim&#225;rias (envolvimento predominante do cora&#231;&#227;o) em tr&#234;s grupos: gen&#233;ticas (cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo n&#227;o compactado, doen&#231;a de ac&#250;mulo de glicog&#234;nio, miopatias mitocondriais e canalopatias); mistas, predominantemente n&#227;o gen&#233;ticas (cardiomiopatia dilatada, restritiva); e adquiridas (inflamat&#243;ria (miocardites), provocadas por estresse (Takotsubo), periparto, induzida por taquicardia; e do lactente filho de m&#227;e insulino-dependente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias do cora&#231;&#227;o podem ser de origem: autoimune (doen&#231;as do tecido conetivo, sarcoidose, eosinof&#237;licas); inflamat&#243;rias (miocardite por hipersensibliade, endomiocardiofibrose, s&#237;ndrome hiperseosinof&#237;lica); t&#243;xicas (quimioter&#225;picos antineopl&#225;sicos); e infecciosas (protozo&#225;rios, fungos, bact&#233;rias, v&#237;rus e parasit&#225;rias).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Entre as doen&#231;as infiltrativas, as quais geralmente cursam com s&#237;ndrome restritiva, temos: a amiloidose, a sarcoidose e as doen&#231;as de dep&#243;sito (Fabry, e outras).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A amiloidose poderia ser a etiologia da cardiopatia do paciente, pois &#233; uma doen&#231;a progressiva, acomete em adulto a partir de 30 anos de idade e sua frequente forma de acometimento extracard&#237;aco &#233; a renal. Neste contexto, o paciente tinha idade pr&#243;xima de 30 anos e apresentou protein&#250;ria em exame de Urina I. Al&#233;m disso, o ECG na amiloidose demonstrou, de forma habitual, bloqueios atrioventriculraes, arritmias supraventriculares e ventriculares, tal como o paciente apresentou no in&#237;cio do quadro. Contudo, os achados t&#237;picos em resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e ecocardiograma apresentam aumento de septo e parede posterior, ausentes no caso atual.</p>
        <p>Na sarcoidose, por sua vez, h&#225; o acometimento de modo mais frequente de indiv&#237;duos entre 25 e 60 anos, e est&#225; positivamente associada ao envolvimento pulmonar e de linfonodos, altera&#231;&#245;es extracard&#237;acas frequentes, mas ausentes no paciente.</p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a de Fabry, por outro lado, manifesta-se na inf&#226;ncia ou adolesc&#234;ncia, assim como h&#225; importantes achados dermatol&#243;gicos, j&#225; descartando a possibilidade deste diagn&#243;stico. Em termos de exames complementares, a amiloidose e a doen&#231;a de Fabry apresentam achados semelhantes &#224; sarcoidose em ECG, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e ecocardiograma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por&#233;m, n&#227;o h&#225; relato de realiza&#231;&#227;o de provas autoimunes, investiga&#231;&#245;es extracard&#237;acas, muito menos a realiza&#231;&#227;o de biopsia endomioc&#225;rdica no paciente atual com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca rapidamente progressiva, sem causa definida, n&#227;o responsiva ao tratamento cl&#237;nico e com deteriora&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A intoxica&#231;&#227;o por drogas recreativas, como o &#225;lcool, anfetaminas, a coca&#237;na e o uso de anabolizantes poderiam ser poss&#237;veis causas para miocardite, considerando que o paciente &#233; jovem e potencial usu&#225;rio. Entretanto, o caso atual n&#227;o revela hist&#243;ria de drogadi&#231;&#227;o ou abuso medicamentoso. Al&#233;m disso, a intoxica&#231;&#227;o por drogas se expressa por dilata&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras e n&#227;o por espessamento mioc&#225;rdico.</p>
        <p>Na Am&#233;rica do Sul e no Brasil a etiologia chag&#225;sica &#233; forma frequente de miocardite. Entretanto, o paciente n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es em ECG e em ecocardiograma sugestivos desta doen&#231;a. N&#227;o se evidenciou bloqueio de ramo direito, bloqueio divisional &#226;ntero-superior, aneurisma apical, manifesta&#231;&#245;es de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita, assim como o paciente n&#227;o apresentou epidemiologia positiva para doen&#231;a de Chagas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os v&#237;rus tamb&#233;m s&#227;o agentes frequentes da miocardite infeciosa, sendo os cardiotr&#243;ficos mais habituais: os adenov&#237;rus, enterov&#237;rus, parvov&#237;rus, herpes simples, v&#237;rus da hepatite C, citomegalov&#237;rus e Epstein-Barr. Entretanto, a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica denota espessamento de septo e parede posterior, o que aponta para outras causas de miocardite, posto que a infecciosa associa-se com a miocardiopatia dilatada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De toda forma, n&#227;o houve investiga&#231;&#227;o completa para elucida&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;vel causa infecciosa, seja por sorologia, seja por biopsia endomioc&#225;rdica de ventr&#237;culo direito. O paciente &#233; jovem, as contamina&#231;&#245;es virais s&#227;o comuns, ele pode ter circulado em &#225;reas de maior risco para contamina&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de Chagas e ser ativo sexualmente, aumentando as chances de ser portador do v&#237;rus HIV e das hepatites.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas menos prov&#225;veis, deve-se lembrar da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Apesar de apresentar disfun&#231;&#227;o segmentar em resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, estamos diante de um paciente jovem, sem quadro cl&#237;nico ou fatores de risco para essa etiologia. Al&#233;m disso, o aumento de septo e parede posterior t&#234;m como importantes diagn&#243;sticos diferencias a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. Todavia, o paciente n&#227;o era portador de hipertens&#227;o arterial e o ecocardiograma, assim como a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, n&#227;o evidenciaram achados caracter&#237;sticos da cardiomiodiopatia hipertr&#243;fica: hipertrofia septal assim&#233;trica, obstru&#231;&#227;o na via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e rela&#231;&#227;o septo/parede &gt;1,3. Tamb&#233;m se pode descartar a doen&#231;a valvar, visto que o caso n&#227;o a evidenciou inicialmente, seja em exame f&#237;sico ou de imagem, e somente com a progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; que o paciente evoluiu com insufici&#234;ncia mitral.</p>
        <p>Por fim, n&#227;o se pode afastar a miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica enquanto possibilidade diagn&#243;stica para esse caso. Ela acomete tipicamente homens entre 18 e 50 anos e pelo menos 25% dos quadros apresentam transmiss&#227;o gen&#233;tica da doen&#231;a. Acredita-se que fatores gen&#233;ticos associados a altera&#231;&#245;es da resposta imunol&#243;gica e fatores infecciosos agiriam de forma sin&#233;rgica no desenvolvimento das altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e consequente aparecimento das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Estima-se que entre 10%-20% dos casos de cardiomiopatia idiop&#225;tica sejam causados por sequela de infec&#231;&#227;o viral pr&#233;via.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O paciente rapidamente evoluiu para classe funcional IV, evidenciou redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e apresentou sucessivas interna&#231;&#245;es por conta das descompensa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>In&#250;meros s&#227;o os fatores de agudiza&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e pela hist&#243;ria apresentada n&#227;o se consegue inferir um fator precipitante espec&#237;fico para o caso descrito. Entre as poss&#237;veis hip&#243;teses, h&#225; a evolu&#231;&#227;o natural da pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a de base, cuja etiologia n&#227;o foi esclarecida e este fato pode ter impedido o estabelecimento de estrat&#233;gias de tratamento espec&#237;fico.</p>
        <p>Seguem outros poss&#237;veis fatores precipitantes da descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda do paciente:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> a aus&#234;ncia de educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de realizada por parte dos profissionais e/ou a m&#225; ades&#227;o do paciente frente &#224;s medidas n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica para o manejo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; a dieta e ingest&#227;o h&#237;drica inadequada, assim como o abuso de &#225;lcool e outras drogas, s&#227;o frequentes fatores para decompensa&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, todos os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca devem ser vacinados contra a influenza e o pneumococo, em raz&#227;o das infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias serem etiologias comuns para descompensa&#231;&#227;o, apesar de neste caso o paciente n&#227;o ter apresentado sinais de infec&#231;&#227;o que levassem &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o, nem altera&#231;&#227;o em leucograma.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224;s medidas farmacol&#243;gicas, o uso de betabloqueador (carvedilol, nevibolol, bisoprolol e succinato de metoprolol) em portadores de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida associado ao inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina &#233; o tratamento eficaz para pacientes com classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional <italic>da New York Heart Association</italic> classe I a IV, por reduzirem a morbimortalidade ao atuarem no remodelamento reverso card&#237;aco. H&#225; contraindica&#231;&#245;es para o uso destas classes de drogas, por&#233;m, n&#227;o h&#225; registro no caso cl&#237;nico de motivos que justificassem a aus&#234;ncia de introdu&#231;&#227;o destas classes medicamentosas ap&#243;s o desenvolvimento do quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica. Al&#233;m disso, a insufici&#234;ncia sist&#243;lica refrat&#225;ria ao tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado e com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor ou igual a 35%, tamb&#233;m demanda o uso de antagonistas de aldosterona, medica&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m com efeito no remodelamento reverso, se o paciente n&#227;o apresentar contraindica&#231;&#245;es. Somente h&#225; informa&#231;&#227;o sobre a introdu&#231;&#227;o desta droga ap&#243;s a terceira descompensa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A arritmia, por sua vez, &#233; um importante fator descompensat&#243;rio, como a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial desenvolvida por esse paciente em uma de suas interna&#231;&#245;es. Sua instala&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada a uma s&#233;rie de efeitos hemodin&#226;micos adversos, como perda da sincronia atrioventricular e perda da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial levando a redu&#231;&#227;o no d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, em um cora&#231;&#227;o com a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular j&#225; deteriorada.</p>
        <p>Outras poss&#237;veis etiologias para descompensa&#231;&#227;o detectadas nesse paciente foi a presen&#231;a concomitante de anemia e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, que s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es que aumentam consideravelmente a mortalidade na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Evidenciou-se hemoglobina de 11,1 g/dL sendo que na qualidade de fator precipitante, a anemia ganha import&#226;ncia pelos efeitos delet&#233;rios no cora&#231;&#227;o. Os eritr&#243;citos, al&#233;m de propiciarem oxig&#234;nio &#224;s c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas, favorecem o interc&#226;mbio de antioxidantes que previnem o estresse oxidativo e morte celular programada, por&#233;m, com estes mecanismos prejudicados h&#225; o favorecimento &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Al&#233;m disso, em resposta &#224; hipoxemia resultante da anemia, o sistema simp&#225;tico &#233; estimulado levando &#224; taquicardia, aumento do inotropismo e vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o, comprometendo ainda mais a fun&#231;&#227;o do mi&#243;cito e levando &#224; hipervolemia de forma paralela. De forma espec&#237;fica, a hipoxemia da anemia e a vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o renal geram isquemia dos rins, com a libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores inflamat&#243;rios relacionados &#224; les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e a hipervolemia pela ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angotensina-aldosterona.</p>
        <p>Visto em exame laboratorial, apesar de valores normais de creatinina e ureia, h&#225; urina I com protein&#250;ria. Da mesma forma que a anemia, a nefropatia pode ser fator de descompensa&#231;&#227;o, etiologia e ou consequ&#234;ncia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Enquanto fator precipitante pode-se apontar para reten&#231;&#227;o de sal e &#225;gua; altera&#231;&#245;es na estrutura e funcionamento do cardiomi&#243;cito pela ativa&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria e anormalidade do metabolismo do c&#225;lcio e f&#243;sforo; e pela pr&#243;pria anemia gerada pela disfun&#231;&#227;o renal ao levar &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o na produ&#231;&#227;o de eritropoetina. Deve-se ter em vista que a nefropatia tamb&#233;m pode ser consequ&#234;ncia da amiloidose, pois leva &#224; deposi&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncia amiloide nos rins comprometendo o seu funcionamento, sendo que 80% dos portadores desta doen&#231;a apresentam protein&#250;ria.</p>
        <p>Devido ao aumento da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar e do ventr&#237;culo direito, a embolia pulmonar poderia ser causa para descompensa&#231;&#227;o. Contudo, neste cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico, estas altera&#231;&#245;es cardiopulmonares s&#227;o possivelmente oriundas da progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>O hipotireoidismo &#233; causa potencial de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pela bradicardia, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica, hipertens&#227;o diast&#243;lica, aumento da rigidez arterial e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Em exame laboratorial, o paciente apresentou TSH de 88 um/L e n&#227;o foi relatada a introdu&#231;&#227;o de levotiroxina.</p>
        <p>O paciente pode ter descompensado, tamb&#233;m, por quadro de insufici&#234;ncia mitral acentuada gerada pela dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo sendo, nesta situa&#231;&#227;o, a valvopatia secund&#225;ria &#224; progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>O uso de medica&#231;&#245;es inotr&#243;picas negativas, corticosteroides, quimioter&#225;picos cardiot&#243;xicos, anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o esteroides, antiarr&#237;tmicos e glitazona ou inibidores da dipepdil fosfatase 4 podem ser gatilhos da descompensa&#231;&#227;o, aos quais podem ser usados por automedica&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o informa&#231;&#227;o a outros m&#233;dicos sobre a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<bold>. (Dra. Marcella Abunahman Freitas Pereira, Dra. Wilma Noia Ribeiro)</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas:</bold> Miocardiopatia infiltrativa ou miocardipatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica. <bold>(Dra. Marcella Abunahman Freitas Pereira, Dra. Wilma Noia Ribeiro)</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exame anatomopatol&#243;gico</title>
        <p>O segmento card&#237;aco, resultado do explante, desprovido de parte dos &#225;trios, pesou 598 g (normal = 300 a 350 g). Externamente, havia espessamento epic&#225;rdico discreto e focal nas faces esternocostal e diafragm&#225;tica dos ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo. Aos cortes, a valva a&#243;rtica era bivalvulada, com fus&#227;o entre os folhetos semilunares esquerdo e n&#227;o coronariano, sem rafe mediana (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). espessamento moderado e difuso nos folhetos semilunares, com retra&#231;&#227;o acentuada e calcifica&#231;&#227;o discreta na borda livre dos mesmos, macroscopicamente sugestivos de insufici&#234;ncia valvar. O &#243;stio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD) estava habitualmente situado no seio de Valsalva direito. No seio de Valsalva esquerdo, encontravam-se dois &#243;stios de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias: o &#243;stio situado mais anteriormente dava origem &#224; art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria circunflexa (ACX) e do &#243;stio posterior, tangencialmente, se originava a art&#233;ria interventricular anterior ou descendente anterior (ADA) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>). Os segmentos proximais da ADA e da ACX se entrecruzavam, ficando a ADA em posi&#231;&#227;o superior &#224; ACX (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>). Observou-se, tamb&#233;m, trajeto intramioc&#225;rdico ("ponte mioc&#225;rdica") do quinto ao s&#233;timo cent&#237;metros da ADA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>). A circula&#231;&#227;o arterial coron&#225;ria apresentava predomin&#226;ncia direita. Aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#245;es luminais importantes nos &#243;stios coron&#225;rios ou nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas. Havia hipertrofia e dilata&#231;&#227;o moderadas em ventr&#237;culos e, tamb&#233;m, dilata&#231;&#227;o moderada em &#225;trios. Presen&#231;a de retra&#231;&#227;o moderada e difusa na borda livre da c&#250;spide anterior da valva mitral. As valvas tric&#250;spide e pulmonar exibiam retra&#231;&#227;o discreta e difusa na borda livre de seus folhetos. A partir da veia cava superior, havia um cabo-eletrodo de marca-passo card&#237;aco que se implantava no endoc&#225;rdio da parede anterior da aur&#237;cula direita. Outro cabo-eletrodo de marca-passo card&#237;aco se estendia a partir da veia cava superior pelo &#225;trio direito, valva tric&#250;spide e ventr&#237;culo direito, e se implantava no endoc&#225;rdio do septo ventricular, na por&#231;&#227;o apical do mesmo. N&#227;o havia trombos em cavidades card&#237;acas. O estudo histol&#243;gico mostrou hipertrofia moderada em cardiomi&#243;citos e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica intersticial difusa, mais acentuada em ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>). <bold>(Dra. L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferreira Demarchi)</bold></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo: valva a&#243;rtica bivalvulada, exibindo folhetos semilunares (*) espessados, com retra&#231;&#227;o moderada em borda livre, sugestivos de insufici&#234;ncia valvar. As art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias interventriculares anteriores (ADA) e circunflexas (ACX) originam-se de &#243;stios separados, no seio de Valsalva esquerdo; o &#243;stio da ADA situa-se posteriormente ao &#243;stio da ACX e &#233; tangencial. O &#243;stio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD) situa-se no seio de Valsalva direito.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0466-90065-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Face lateral esquerda da base do cora&#231;&#227;o: A- Entrecruzamento (seta) dos segmentos epic&#225;rdicos proximais da art&#233;ria interventricular anterior (ADA) e da art&#233;ria circunflexa (ACX); a ADA est&#225; em posi&#231;&#227;o superior &#224; ACX. B- Trajeto da ACX a partir de sua origem na aorta (AO), com ADA rebatida. ME: ramo marginal esquerdo da ACX. TP: tronco pulmonar.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0466-90065-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Face esternocostal do cora&#231;&#227;o: trajeto intramioc&#225;rdico (setas) da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria interventricular anterior (ADA). D1- Primeiro ramo diagonal da ADA. TP: tronco pulmonar.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0466-90065-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fotomicrografia de mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo: Fibrose mioc&#225;rdica difusa (em azul). Tricr&#244;mico de Masson, 50x).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0466-90065-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos:</bold> 1) Valva a&#243;rtica bivalvulada; 2) Hipertrofia e dilata&#231;&#227;o em ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos; 3) Fibrose mioc&#225;rdica intersticial difusa, mais acentuada em ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; 4) Anomalias cong&#234;nitas de origem, trajeto e da anatomia intr&#237;nseca das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas interventricular anterior e circunflexa. <bold>(Dra. L&#233;a Maria Macruz Ferreira Demarchi)</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Coment&#225;rio</title>
        <p>No cora&#231;&#227;o explantado do paciente, observou-se a associa&#231;&#227;o entre valva a&#243;rtica bivalvulada e altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, que &#233; um achado frequente na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A valva a&#243;rtica bivalvulada &#233; a anomalia cong&#234;nita card&#237;aca mais frequente e, em estudos de aut&#243;psia, sua incid&#234;ncia varia de 0,9-2,5% na popula&#231;&#227;o geral,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> sendo mais frequente em indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino, com rela&#231;&#227;o homem/mulher variando de 1,8 a 5,6.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> As altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias podem representar varia&#231;&#245;es da anatomia normal ou anomalias cong&#234;nitas, dependendo da sua incid&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> As altera&#231;&#245;es cuja incid&#234;ncia &#233; maior que 1%, na popula&#231;&#227;o geral s&#227;o denominadas variantes ou varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas do normal, enquanto que as que ocorrem em menos de 1% s&#227;o definidas como anomalias cong&#234;nitas. A incid&#234;ncia das anomalias coron&#225;rias varia de 0,2% a 1,2% nas diferentes s&#233;ries apresentadas na literatura, dependendo da popula&#231;&#227;o analisada e dos m&#233;todos utilizados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Estudos anatomopatol&#243;gicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e de cineangiografia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> realizados em cora&#231;&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos sem outras malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas, dividem as anomalias coron&#225;rias em dois grupos: as de origem e trajeto das art&#233;rias e as anomalias da anatomia intr&#237;nseca das art&#233;rias. No caso deste paciente, foram observadas anomalias de origem das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, representadas pela aus&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda e pela origem independente, em &#243;stios separados e no mesmo seio de Valsalva, da ADA e da circunflexa. O trajeto intramioc&#225;rdico da ADA &#233; classificado como varia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, uma vez que sua ocorr&#234;ncia no segmento m&#233;dio da ADA varia de 5% a 80% dos pacientes, em diferentes estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Nas demais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias tal altera&#231;&#227;o &#233; considerada uma anomalia, uma vez que sua ocorr&#234;ncia &#233; menor que 1%. J&#225; o entrecruzamento de ramos epic&#225;rdicos &#233; uma anomalia da anatomia intr&#237;nseca das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e &#233; bastante raro, com poucos casos descritos na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Pode-se questionar se havia compress&#227;o dos segmentos arteriais envolvidos no entrecruzamento, mas na aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias obstrutivas e de les&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas isqu&#234;micas localizadas, o exame anatomopatol&#243;gico &#233; limitado para tal avalia&#231;&#227;o. A hipertrofia e dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, bem como a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica intersticial difusa podem ser explicados pela disfun&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica bivalvulada. <bold>(Dra. Lea Maria Macruz Ferreira Demarchi)</bold></p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
