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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BtWXtdbtqhPnKsX73SWvq8F</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000400461</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005007101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190056</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Window to the Future or Door to Chaos?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Eitel Santiago de Brito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Metropolitano Dom Jos&#233; Maria Pires</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Jo&#227;o Pessoa</city>
          <state>PB</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Metropolitano Dom Jos&#233; Maria Pires, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Jo&#227;o Pessoa</city>
          <state>PB</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB- Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga Lopes,</bold> Cardiocenter - Av. Ministro Jos&#233; Am&#233;rico de Almeida, 1450, Torre, Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley. Postal Code 58.040-300, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mqueiroga@cardiol.br</email>, <email>marcelocartaxoqueiroga@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: MACQ Lopes, Oliveira GMM, Amaral J&#250;nior A, Pereira ESB</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>461</fpage>
      <lpage>465</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Medicine/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy</kwd>
        <kwd>Technological Development/ethic</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicine/legislation &amp; jurisprudence</kwd>
        <kwd>Delivery Health Care/legislation &amp; jurisprudence</kwd>
        <kwd>Precision Medicine/trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The remarkable advance in technology has caused a new social revolution impacting all areas of knowledge, modifying traditions and practices that were consecrated centuries ago. Advances in informatics and telecommunications with practical application in various sciences are eloquent examples of such transformation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In medicine, this progress has brought up extraordinary advances in diagnosis and therapy, since the combination of new medical technologies and efficient communication media has bequeathed us telemedicine, which has been practiced for more than two decades with great success, opening the doors for solutions such as a telematic transmission of a simple electrocardiogram to remotely performing robotic surgeries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In this scenario, the need for regulation of telemedicine in Brazil arose. The Brazilian federal legislation handed over such attribution to the Federal Medical Council (<italic>Conselho Federal de Medicina</italic>, CFM), which performed it by issuing CFM Resolution 2.227/2018,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> already published in the Union Official Gazette (<italic>Di&#225;rio Oficial da Uni&#227;o</italic>).</p>
    <p>In the aforementioned resolution, CFM defined in Article 1 telemedicine as "the practice of medicine mediated by technologies for assistance, education, research, prevention of diseases and injuries, and health promotion." The Council is fully aware of possible benefits that can result of an ethical application of this practice, which can broaden access to public health and maximize the effects of already established public policies. That was why the Council issued the regulations, but it must be aware of the disruptive power of this technology, which confronts, in theory, millennial postulates of professional practice. Medicine, as conceived, does not dispense with physician-patient interaction. Therefore, telemedicine cannot dispense the doctor or replace him with another professional in the practice of those acts that, under the terms of Law 12.842/2013,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> are exclusively to physicians.</p>
    <p>The CFM uses the term teleconsultation as a shelter of telemedicine. The word sounds like a situation where a name comes to have a life of its own as something justifiable, routine, as if it had always existed and dispensed a critical analysis of its origins. However, novelty should not be understood in this way. There are challenges of a technical, ethical, legal, regulatory, and cultural nature regarding teleconsultation, which is exclusive of the physician and requires access to medical records, or in other words, to the set of standardized and ordered documents that the patient might have from a previous care. It is important to emphasize that access to medical record is among the exclusive acts of the physician and the patient has the right to demand that the data recorded are kept secret.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Classically, a consultation includes the triad anamnesis, physical examination, and complementary tests in an integrated and "carousel" dynamic. Thus, physical examination findings, for example, may motivate a return to anamnesis; the image reports, in turn, can determine the making of another physical examination, etc. Who decides this dynamic is traditionally the doctor, who assumes responsibility for his decisions. Now, the teleconsultation can make the physical examination unfeasible, since the doctor will be away from the patient. In this case, who will take responsibility? Will the doctor sitting in front of a computer have a duty to raise an objection of conscience not to proceed? Nowadays, even in well-known cases, prudence - a cornerstone of ethics - suggests that a face-to-face interaction is needed in most cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Would the patient be well informed that the teleconsultation and any other methods of telemedicine may represent an incomplete methodology, especially if they involve the waiver or substitution of an actual physician by another type of professional? Would the patient take responsibility for any failures resulting from this new form of assistance and still give consent? Would the lack of a detailed anamnesis, such as those commonly done in traditional consultations, or the shortage of documentary records, not weaken the acts of telemedicine? Incidentally, by documentary evidence, the role of the medical record as a memory, or thread leading to an efficient diagnosis, has the potential to be impaired in the inadequate practice of telemedicine procedures, which can be damaging.</p>
    <p>CFM regulation should therefore represent a step forward, not a setback. Broadening access in public health is a common desire of all physicians. In this nuance, telemedicine brings indisputable progress, which justifies its regulation. However, CFM should be vigilant so that everything is done properly, with technical quality discretion, anticipating the regulatory impact of the standard. Regulation should preserve, for example, the millenary postulates of the practice of medicine and promote equality. The major challenge of CFM Resolution 2.227/2018<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> is to be effective and applicable in the advance of social justice and deliberative ethics.</p>
    <p>The medical consultation materializes the doctor-patient interaction. Interaction that gains strength because it is based on the confidence of the patient and the conscience of the doctor. These are the bases of respectability of medicine over time.</p>
    <p>The CFM, through CFM Resolution 1958/2010,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> announced that the consultation includes acts such as "anamnesis, physical examination, and elaboration of hypotheses or diagnostic conclusions, request for complementary tests, when necessary, and therapeutic prescription as a complete medical act that can be finished or not in a single moment.&#8221;</p>
    <p>The Code of Medical Ethics,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> in turn, prohibits the prescription of treatment without prior examination of the patient. Here is the precept:</p>
    <p>&#8220;Art. 37. To prescribe treatment or other procedures without direct examination of the patient, except in cases of urgency or emergency and a proven impossibility to perform it, and in this case, to do so immediately after cessation of the disability.&#8221;</p>
    <p>The rules can be harmonized because the sole paragraph of this deontological norm speaks of "remote medical care, in the form of telemedicine or other method," determining to do so with respect to the regulations of the CFM.</p>
    <p>In establishing the conditions for the practice of telemedicine by doctors in Brazil, the CFM presented a new ethical framework for the practice of medicine in the country. The changes, inserted in the Resolution, update the Code of Medical Ethics, making the old regulation seem like a fossil, in view of the potential for interference of the new digital ethics in medical practice.</p>
    <p>The Code of Medical Ethics<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> is a rule that has the same hierarchy as CFM Resolution 2.227/2018.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Thus, although considered as the major ethical guide, it is not possible to say that the telemedicine Resolution confronts the Code of Medical Ethics in some of its devices, especially in relation to the need for a direct examination of the patient before the prescription, as established in Article 37 of the Code of Ethics.</p>
    <p>The major problem of the rule in question would be in the teleconsultation, regulated in Article 4, because it dispensed the face-to-face examination of the patient prior to the prescription. Although the need for a previous physical examination has not been completely abolished, since Paragraph 1 "implies as a mandatory premise" that the first visit is compulsory, and a new on-site visit is recommended every 120 days. However, the new rule allows for virtual consultation when practicing healthcare coverage to remote sites, where, in theory, there would be a shortage of human resources. It should be noted that, to a certain extent, the same argument was used in the <italic>Mais M&#233;dicos</italic> Program, when the revalidation of the diploma of doctors graduated abroad was dispensed in order for them to work in the Unified Health System (<italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de,</italic> SUS). Teleconsultation is regulated as follows, <italic>in verbis</italic>:</p>
    <p>"Art. 4 Teleconsultation is the remote medical consultation, mediated by technologies, with doctor and patient located in different geographic spaces.</p>
    <p>&#167;1 Teleconsultation implies as a mandatory premise the prior establishment of a face-to-face relationship between doctor and patient.</p>
    <p>&#167; 2 In long-term visits or chronic diseases, it is recommended to consult face-to-face at intervals not exceeding 120 days.</p>
    <p>&#167; 3 The establishment of a physician-patient relationship in a virtual way is permitted for healthcare coverage in geographically remote areas, provided there are the recommended physical and technical conditions and health professional.</p>
    <p>&#167; 4 Telemedicine must be duly consented by the patient or his legal representative and performed by free decision and under the professional responsibility of the physician.</p>
    <p>&#167; 5 In case of participation of other health professionals, they must receive adequate training, under the responsibility of the physician, individual, or technical director of the intermediary company."</p>
    <p>Resolution 2.227/2018<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> has found strong resistance among physicians, mainly due to its transformative potential. Healthcare providers, large hospitals, and telemedicine solutions companies are euphoric. At the other end, doctors claim that medicine suffered a severe blow for those who had an ethical duty in their practice, turning doctors into true telemarketers.</p>
    <p>The detailed and impartial analysis of the Resolution in question points, as already mentioned, to an apparent confrontation with the rules of the Code of Medical Ethics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> But by far the greatest problem would arise from the existence of possible offenses to the legal system, as verified in Paragraph 5 of Article 4. There, we can see a delegation of medical powers to other health professionals, such as nurses. At this point, the defect of the norm is not only in the possible offense to Article 2 of the Code of Medical Ethics. It goes further, challenging fences imposed by the law.</p>
    <p>The Federal Constitution of 1988<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> ensures in Item XIII of Article 5 the freedom of professional practice, provided that it is practiced "according to the professional qualifications established by law." However, as the law defines what acts are exclusive to doctors, it arises the illegality of the norm contained in the CFM Resolution, which confers additional competence to other health professionals - nurses for example - to practice acts that are exclusive to the physician.</p>
    <p>It is known that the Law No. 7.498, from June 25, 1986,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> which provides for the practice of nursing in Brazil, defines, in Article 1, the practice of that profession throughout the national territory, within the limits of the law. It is not ignored that Article 11 of the aforementioned law attributes to the nurse, as a member of the health team, the competence to prescribe drugs established in public health programs and routinely approved by the health institution. What is said is that the legislation does not attribute to nurses the assignment to participate in teleconsultation, as did CFM in Paragraph 5 of Article 4 of the Resolution discussed.</p>
    <p>In other words, Paragraph 5 of Article 4 of the Resolution<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> considered provides for the participation of other health professionals, including nurses, in acts exclusive to doctors, in the case of medical consultation, even in its remote version. Neither would the distinguished CFM have the legal competence to assign to the doctor or technical director of "intermediary company" the prerogative to train other health professionals, whose professions are regulated and governed by their own legal system.</p>
    <p>Paragraph 3 of the same Article 4 of the aforementioned resolution allows the "establishment of a virtual doctor-patient relationship" only for health care coverage in geographically remote areas, provided that there are the recommended physical and technical conditions, as well as healthcare professionals.</p>
    <p>The argument that teleconsulting fulfills the difficulty of healthcare assistance due to geographic distance requires clarification of the meaning of distance, so that it does not fit something that can be face-to-face, but that presents difficulties of access, for being far, for having complicated transit, for demanding assistance at times incompatible with the availability of the physician, etc. In short, comfort should not serve as justification for the acceptance of an incomplete care from the point of view of identification of signs and symptoms.</p>
    <p>It is clear that the new rule has yet to define the meaning of geographically remote areas, leaving room for broader interpretations of the possibilities of the teleconsultation, which cannot lose its merely complementary character, to meet the needs of the assistance of a country of continental dimensions, transforming itself into powerful tool for curtailing patients' rights. That is, teleconsulting, assuming its legality, is only justified to expand access to unserved beneficiaries of the SUS.</p>
    <p>On the other hand, in the scope of Supplementary Health, Law 9.656, dated June 3, 1998,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> which provides for private healthcare plans and insurance, establishes a specific regulatory framework, provided for in the contractual sphere, distinct from the commitment to universal access, provided for in Article 196 of the Federal Constitution. Therefore, the coverage limits of the beneficiaries of the health plan operators are clearly defined by law.</p>
    <p>The National Agency of Supplementary Health (<italic>Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Sa&#250;de Suplementar</italic>, ANS), which is responsible for regulating the sector and elaborating the Role of Procedures and Events in Health, or Role of Procedures, has already decided that medical consultation is one of the compulsory coverage procedures. Also, teleconsultation could not be used to replace the essential face-to-face consultation, which the beneficiary is totally burdened with, to be used to restrict access to the clear legal right.</p>
    <p>Still resorting to Law 7.498/1986,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> it is clear that the nurse only has legal competence to prescribe "medications established in public health programs and routinely approved by the health institution." Thus, even if it is alleged that the responsibility for the eventual prescription in teleconsultation is of the doctor who is at a distance, the other health professional who also attends the medical act, also participates, in full exercise of his profession, therefore, must behave within the legal limits of the law.</p>
    <p>It seems that, in the scope of supplementary health, there is no legal support, for example, for nurses, even under supervision, to prescribe medications or request tests, and the realization of a teleconsultation, with the participation of other health professionals, would be a practice without support in the legislation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The publication of Resolution 2.227/2018<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> caused uneasiness, since it is necessary to start from a premise: teleconsultation can only be done when the doctor already knows the patient. Necessary, therefore, a prior consultation in which there was a previous face-to-face relation between doctor and patient. However, the presence of this requirement will be difficult to control and oversight, because knowing the patient does not mean knowing the case of the moment. Thus, first-time consultations of the clinical situation are likely to be "confused" with a follow-up consultation, where one could accept the non-presence for information about progression, therapeutic adjustments, and evaluation of the requested tests.</p>
    <p>Law 12.871, of October 22, 2013,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> which established the <italic>Mais M&#233;dicos</italic> Program, allowed the revalidation of the medical diploma not to be compulsory in the strict context of this program. That is, Resolution 2.227/2018<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> should make it clear that only in the context of public programs, once the absence of doctors is verified, it would be possible to teleconsult without another doctor with the patient.</p>
    <p>It is believed that Hippocrates removed medicine from the gods exactly to allow interaction between humans. We now run the risk of the "deification" of technology to extrapolate its undeniable utility of data transmission within ethical standards. Thus, from the transdisciplinary point of view, about its three foundations - rigor, openness, and tolerance - there is a high risk of compromising technoscientific rigor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The CFM, when editing the Resolution, embraces the unknown, the unexpected, disregarding the tolerance of opposing opinions, which may arise in the complex process of decision making, in the face of the patient's right to the active voice, when he dialogues directly with the doctor.</p>
    <p>Concerning the two important pillars of medical ethics, it is a matter of concern to deal with prudence - caution during the decision-making process - and with zeal - quality of application and observance of the evolution of consensual conduct. Concerning three of the principles of bioethics, it concerns the management of beneficence as well as non-maleficence - that today, because any method is liable to cause harm, has become synonymous with security, in addition to bringing new aspects about autonomy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Finally, does the teleconsultation pass through the sieve of the ten steps<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> essential for a qualified clinical diagnosis in the context of anamnesis-physical examination integration?</p>
    <p>It is worth remembering the decalogue that must be observed in order to prepare a good diagnosis: (1) an overall view of the patient made possible by physical proximity; (2) patient's free issue of his complaints and impressions; (3) physician-patient dialogue stimulated to clarify obscure points and hypotheses raised by the physician based on what the patient said; (4) construction of diagnostic hypotheses supported by anamnesis; (5) performing the physical examination and identifying, or not, signs aligned with the hypotheses, or expanding to new hypotheses; (6) return to anamnesis when indicated by physical examination findings that compose new clinical reasoning; (7) evaluation of the need and selection of complementary examination based on anamnesis-physical examination integration; (8) integration of the reports of complementary tests with the clinical reasoning sustaining the request of the tests; (9) formulation of the probable diagnosis; and (10) use as a basis for therapeutic conduct, always remembering to clarify the patient well so that he can give or not give consent, which should not be obtained at the outset as a <italic>carte blanche</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Essential questions need to be well defined: (1) level of biological safety for the patient; (2) level of ethical and legal safety for the physician; (3) impact on physician training; (4) impact on society's habits.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Another point worth mentioning is telesurgery, provided for in Article 8 and defined as "performing a remote surgical procedure, mediated by safe interactive technologies, with medical executor and robotic equipment in distinct physical spaces."<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Telesurgery is only possible due to robotic surgery, whose clinical application in Brazil is still restricted, being that most parts of the techniques lack assessment by the CFM.</p>
    <p>In order to be effective, it is imperative that the medical team be composed, at least, of the robotic equipment (remote surgeon) and physician responsible for the instrumental manipulation (local surgeon), both of whom must be specialists with Specialist Qualification Registry (<italic>Registro de Qualifica&#231;&#227;o de Especialista</italic>, RQE) in the area corresponding to the main surgical act, registered with the Regional Council of Medicine (CRM) of its jurisdiction, excluding, at least in theory, the performance of telesurgery by physicians not enrolled in the CRM in other countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The legal competence to define the experimental nature or not of medical procedures is of the CFM, with a focus on Law 12.842/2013,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> embodied in Article 7, authorizing or prohibiting its practice by doctors in Brazil. In this way, it would be appropriate to insert a device in the resolution restricting the practice of robotic telesurgery to techniques already approved by CFM and in current use in the country, since it would be unreasonable to offer something with restricted availability frustrating the fair expectations of the medical profession and Brazilian society.</p>
    <p>It is worth mentioning that none of the techniques of robotic surgery is part of Brazil&#8217;s public policy roll, nor are they included in the ANS Health Procedures and Events Role. In other words, the expansion of the robotic surgery care network, without even being predicted coverage in the country, can inaugurate the &#8220;tele-judicialization&#8221; of health, a new way of reversing priorities in the country's health system.</p>
    <p>Finally, it is opportune to discuss Article 9, which regulates the diagnosis: "Telediagnosis must be carried out according to scientific guidelines proposed by the Association of Specialty linked to the method, recognized by the Joint Commission of Specialties, constituted according to Decree No. 8.516, of September 10, 2015.&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In this sense, it is important to note that Law 12.401, dated April 28, 2011,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> defines that the competence to elaborate clinical protocols and therapeutic guidelines<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">a</xref> within the scope of the SUS is of the National Commission for the Incorporation of Technologies in the SUS (<italic>Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Incorpora&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologias</italic>, Conitec).</p>
    <p>Conitec, based on the discussed legislation, has legal attribution for the elaboration of clinical protocols and therapeutic guidelines. The CFM could not, based on a normative resolution, exclude those who have legal competence to elaborate guidelines within the Brazilian health system, delegating exclusively this attribution to private entity, even if conditioned to its approval. The improvement of the standard in this regard is becoming more pressing.</p>
    <p>Moreover, it would not be too much to say that Resolution 2.227/2018<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> does not have the power to legitimize, broadly speaking, the incorporation of telemedicine in Brazil, but only regulates the participation of physicians in its practice. The entry of any technology according to current legislation, this includes telemedicine, will necessarily consider:</p>
    <p>
      <list list-type="roman-upper">
        <list-item>
          <p>the scientific evidence on the efficacy, accuracy, effectiveness, and safety of the medication, product, or procedure that is the subject of the proceedings, which is complied with by the entity responsible for registration or authorization for use;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>the comparative economic evaluation of the benefits and costs in relation to technologies already incorporated, including with regard to home, outpatient or hospital care, when appropriate."</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </p>
    <p>Resolution 2.227/2018,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> although necessary, as it is drafted, unless it is better judged, confronts the domestic legislation that regulates the other health professions, as discussed, and should be modified, at least as far as the wording of Articles 4, 8, and 9 are concerned. In our understanding, the wording below would be more appropriate for the opportunity and species. The adequation below would be reasonable as a way of making compatible the already published norm and the set of theses defended in this article:</p>
    <p>Art. 4 Teleconsultation is the remote medical consultation, mediated by technologies, with doctor and patient located in different geographic spaces.</p>
    <p>&#167; 1 In teleconsultation, the prior establishment of a face-to-face relationship between doctor and patient is a mandatory premise.</p>
    <p>&#167; 2 In long-term care or chronic diseases, it is recommended to consult face-to-face at intervals not exceeding 120 days.</p>
    <p>&#167; 3 The establishment of a doctor-patient relationship in a virtual way is permitted exclusively for health care coverage in geographically remote areas, provided that there are the recommended physical and technical conditions and legally qualified health profissional.</p>
    <p>&#167; 4 For the purposes defined in this article, it is the responsibility of the Regional Councils of Medicine within their jurisdictions to define, in their own act, which are the geographically remote areas.</p>
    <p>&#167; 5 The teleconsultation must be duly consented by the patient or his legal representative and performed by free decision and under the professional responsibility of the physician.</p>
    <p>&#167; 6 In case of participation and training of other health professionals, the requirements of the legislation that regulates their respective professions must be met.</p>
    <p>&#167; 7 Teleconsultation is prohibited in the scope of supplementary health.</p>
    <p>Article 8</p>
    <p>(...)</p>
    <p>&#167; 10 Surgical procedures not evaluated or considered experimental by the Federal Council of Medicine should be carried out in research protocols according to the rules of the CEP/CONEP System.</p>
    <p>Art. 9 Telediagnosis must be carried out according to scientific guidelines approved by the National Commission for the Incorporation of Technologies in the SUS (Conitec) or proposed by the Specialty Association linked to the method, recognized by the Joint Commission of Specialties, constituted according to Decree N&#176;. 8.516, of 10 September2015.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Prior to the publication of this article, CFM, for the reasons discussed here, revoked the Resolution 2.227/2018<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> to allow its goal to materialize in practice, and the appropriate regulation of extraordinary telemedicine be no longer a promise, becoming an instrument of equity and social justice,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> under risk of telemedicine becoming, instead of a window into the future, a door to chaos.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>a</label>
        <p>II - Clinical protocol and therapeutic guideline: document that establishes criteria for the diagnosis of the disease or health problem; the recommended treatment, with the medications and other appropriate products, when applicable; the recommended dosages; the mechanisms of clinical control; and the monitoring and verification of the therapeutic results, to be followed by administrators at the SUS.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diretriz de Telecardiologia no Cuidado de Pacientes com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda e Outras Doen&#231;as Card&#237;acas</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <supplement>Supl.1</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>26</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Janela para o Futuro ou Porta para o Caos?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Eitel Santiago de Brito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Metropolitano Dom Jos&#233; Maria Pires, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga Lopes,</bold> Cardiocenter - Av. Ministro Jos&#233; Am&#233;rico de Almeida, 1450, Torre, Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley. CEP 58.040-300, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mqueiroga@cardiol.br</email>, <email>marcelocartaxoqueiroga@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: MACQ Lopes, Oliveira GMM, Amaral J&#250;nior A, Pereira ESB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Medicina/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Pol&#237;tica Nacional de Ci&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Desenvolvimento Tecnol&#243;gico/ &#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicina/legisla&#231;&#227;o &amp; jurisprud&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Assist&#234;ncia &#224; Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Medicina de Precis&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O not&#225;vel avan&#231;o da tecnologia causou uma nova revolu&#231;&#227;o social com impacto em todas as &#225;reas do conhecimento, trazendo modifica&#231;&#245;es de costumes e de pr&#225;ticas milenarmente consagradas. Os avan&#231;os da inform&#225;tica e das telecomunica&#231;&#245;es, com aplica&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica nas diversas ci&#234;ncias, s&#227;o exemplos eloquentes dessa transforma&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Na medicina, esse progresso trouxe avan&#231;os extraordin&#225;rios no diagn&#243;stico e na terapia, pois a jun&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias m&#233;dicas aos eficientes meios de comunica&#231;&#227;o nos legou a telemedicina, praticada h&#225; mais de duas d&#233;cadas com grande sucesso, possibilitando desde a transmiss&#227;o telem&#225;tica de um simples eletrocardiograma at&#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgias rob&#243;ticas a dist&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nesse cen&#225;rio, surgiu a necessidade de regular a pr&#225;tica da telemedicina no Brasil. A legisla&#231;&#227;o entregou tal atribui&#231;&#227;o ao Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM), que a realizou editando a Resolu&#231;&#227;o CFM 2.227/2018,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> j&#225; publicada no Di&#225;rio Oficial da Uni&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Na mencionada Resolu&#231;&#227;o, cuidou o CFM de definir, logo no artigo 1&#186;, a telemedicina como &#8220;o exerc&#237;cio da medicina mediado por tecnologias para assist&#234;ncia, educa&#231;&#227;o, pesquisa, preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as e les&#245;es e promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de&#8221;. O Conselho conhece o benef&#237;cio causado pela aplica&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica dessa pr&#225;tica, que pode ampliar o acesso &#224; sa&#250;de e maximizar os efeitos de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas institu&#237;das. Por isso, fez a regulamenta&#231;&#227;o, mas precisa ficar atento ao poder disruptivo dessa tecnologia, que confronta, em tese, postulados milenares do exerc&#237;cio profissional. A medicina, da forma como concebida, n&#227;o prescinde da intera&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente. Por isso, a telemedicina n&#227;o pode dispensar o m&#233;dico nem o substituir por outro profissional na pr&#225;tica daqueles atos que, nos termos da Lei 12.842/2013,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> s&#227;o privativos do m&#233;dico.</p>
      <p>Usa o CFM o termo teleconsulta como um abrigado da telemedicina. A palavra soa como aquela situa&#231;&#227;o em que um nome passa a ter vida pr&#243;pria como algo justific&#225;vel, rotineiro, como se sempre tivesse existido e dispensasse uma an&#225;lise cr&#237;tica das suas origens. Entretanto, a novidade n&#227;o deve ser compreendida desse modo. H&#225; desafios de natureza t&#233;cnica, &#233;tica, legal, regulat&#243;ria e cultural acerca da teleconsulta, que &#233; um ato privativo do m&#233;dico e exige acesso ao prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico, ou, noutras palavras, ao conjunto de documentos padronizados e ordenados, onde est&#227;o registrados os cuidados profissionais prestados ao paciente em atendimentos anteriores. O prontu&#225;rio, repete-se, inclui-se entre os atos privativos do m&#233;dico e o paciente tem direito de exigir que os dados nele registrados sejam mantidos em segredo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Classicamente, uma consulta inclui a tr&#237;ade anamnese, exame f&#237;sico e exame complementar em uma din&#226;mica integrada e "em carrossel". Assim, achados do exame f&#237;sico, por exemplo, podem motivar a volta &#224; anamnese; os laudos de imagem, por sua vez, podem determinar a feitura de outro exame f&#237;sico etc. Quem decide essa din&#226;mica &#233;, tradicionalmente, o m&#233;dico, que assume a responsabilidade por suas decis&#245;es. Ora, a teleconsulta pode inviabilizar o exame f&#237;sico, pois o m&#233;dico estar&#225; longe do paciente. Nessa hip&#243;tese, quem assumir&#225; a responsabilidade? O m&#233;dico, sentado em frente ao computador, ter&#225; o dever de levantar uma obje&#231;&#227;o de consci&#234;ncia para n&#227;o prosseguir? Nos dias de hoje, mesmo em casos bem conhecidos, a prud&#234;ncia - pilar p&#233;treo da &#233;tica - aconselha haver uma intera&#231;&#227;o presencial na maioria dos atendimentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Ser&#225; que o paciente estar&#225; bem esclarecido de que a teleconsulta e outros m&#233;todos da telemedicina podem representar uma metodologia incompleta, notadamente se implicarem na dispensa ou na substitui&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico por um outro profissional? Ser&#225; que o paciente assumir&#225; a responsabilidade por eventuais falhas decorrentes dessa nova forma de assist&#234;ncia e, mesmo assim, dar&#225; o seu consentimento? Ser&#225; que a falta de uma detalhada anamnese, como as comumente feitas nas consultas tradicionais, ou a escassez de registros documentais, n&#227;o fragilizar&#225; os atos da telemedicina? Ali&#225;s, por falar em documenta&#231;&#227;o, o papel do prontu&#225;rio como mem&#243;ria, ou fio condutor de um diagn&#243;stico eficiente, tem o potencial de ficar prejudicado na pr&#225;tica inadequada de procedimentos da telemedicina, o que pode ser danoso.</p>
      <p>A regulamenta&#231;&#227;o do CFM deve, portanto, representar um avan&#231;o, n&#227;o um retrocesso. Ampliar o acesso na sa&#250;de p&#250;blica &#233; desejo comum a todos os m&#233;dicos. Nesta nuan&#231;a, a telemedicina traz avan&#231;o indiscut&#237;vel, o que justifica a sua regulamenta&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, deve o CFM ficar atento para que tudo se fa&#231;a de forma adequada, com discricionariedade t&#233;cnica de qualidade, antevendo-se o impacto regulat&#243;rio da norma. A regula&#231;&#227;o deve preservar, por exemplo, os postulados milenares do exerc&#237;cio da medicina e promover a equidade. O grande desafio da Resolu&#231;&#227;o CFM 2.227/2018<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> &#233; ter efic&#225;cia e aplicabilidade para avan&#231;armos no campo da justi&#231;a e da &#233;tica deliberativa.</p>
      <p>Na consulta m&#233;dica, materializa-se a intera&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente. Intera&#231;&#227;o que ganha for&#231;a porque se alicer&#231;a na confian&#231;a do paciente e na consci&#234;ncia do m&#233;dico. Essas s&#227;o as bases da respeitabilidade da medicina ao longo do tempo.</p>
      <p>O CFM, por interm&#233;dio da Resolu&#231;&#227;o CFM 1.958/2010,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> anunciou que a consulta compreende atos como &#8220;a anamnese, o exame f&#237;sico e a elabora&#231;&#227;o de hip&#243;teses ou conclus&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas, solicita&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares, quando necess&#225;rios, e prescri&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica como ato m&#233;dico completo e que pode ser conclu&#237;do ou n&#227;o em um &#250;nico momento&#8221;.</p>
      <p>O C&#243;digo de &#201;tica M&#233;dica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> por seu turno, veda a prescri&#231;&#227;o de tratamento sem o pr&#233;vio exame do paciente. Eis o preceito:</p>
      <p>&#8220;Art. 37. Prescrever tratamento ou outros procedimentos sem exame direto do paciente, salvo em casos de urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia e impossibilidade comprovada de realiz&#225;-lo, devendo, nesse caso, faz&#234;-lo imediatamente ap&#243;s cessar o impedimento.&#8221;</p>
      <p>As regras podem ser harmonizadas porque o par&#225;grafo &#250;nico desta norma deontol&#243;gica fala de &#8220;atendimento m&#233;dico a dist&#226;ncia, nos moldes da telemedicina ou de outro m&#233;todo&#8221;, determinando que se fa&#231;a com respeito &#224; regulamenta&#231;&#227;o do CFM.</p>
      <p>Ao estabelecer as condi&#231;&#245;es para pr&#225;tica da telemedicina pelos m&#233;dicos no Brasil, o CFM apresentou um novo ordenamento &#233;tico para o exerc&#237;cio da medicina no pa&#237;s. As mudan&#231;as, inseridas em sua Resolu&#231;&#227;o, atualizam o C&#243;digo de &#201;tica M&#233;dica, fazendo a antiga regulamenta&#231;&#227;o parecer um f&#243;ssil, em face do potencial de interfer&#234;ncia da nova &#233;tica digital na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica.</p>
      <p>O C&#243;digo de &#201;tica M&#233;dica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> &#233; uma norma de hierarquia similar &#224; Resolu&#231;&#227;o CFM 2.227/2018.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Assim, embora considerado como o guia &#233;tico maior, n&#227;o h&#225; como se aludir que a Resolu&#231;&#227;o da telemedicina confronta o C&#243;digo de &#201;tica M&#233;dica em alguns dos seus dispositivos, sobretudo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; desnecessidade de exame direto do paciente antes da prescri&#231;&#227;o, como estabelecido no artigo 37 do C&#243;digo de &#201;tica.</p>
      <p>O problema maior da norma em coment&#225;rio estaria na teleconsulta, regulada no artigo 4&#186;, porque se dispensou o exame presencial do paciente pr&#233;vio &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o. Apesar de n&#227;o se ter abolido por completo a necessidade do exame f&#237;sico pr&#233;vio, pois o par&#225;grafo 1&#186; &#8220;subentende como premissa obrigat&#243;ria&#8221; ser a primeira consulta obrigatoriamente presencial, recomendando-se uma nova consulta presencial a cada 120 dias, reservou-se a pr&#225;tica da teleconsulta aos locais remotos, onde, em tese, haveria escassez de recursos humanos. Note-se que, de certa forma, recorreu-se ao mesmo argumento do Programa Mais M&#233;dicos, quando se dispensou a revalida&#231;&#227;o do diploma de m&#233;dicos graduados no exterior para atuarem no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS). A teleconsulta est&#225; regulada como se segue, <italic>in verbis</italic>:</p>
      <p>&#8220;Art. 4&#186; A teleconsulta &#233; a consulta m&#233;dica remota, mediada por tecnologias, com m&#233;dico e paciente localizados em diferentes espa&#231;os geogr&#225;ficos.</p>
      <p>&#167; 1&#186; A teleconsulta subentende como premissa obrigat&#243;ria o pr&#233;vio estabelecimento de uma rela&#231;&#227;o presencial entre m&#233;dico e paciente.</p>
      <p>&#167; 2&#186; Nos atendimentos por longo tempo ou de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, &#233; recomendada consulta presencial em intervalos n&#227;o superiores a 120 dias.</p>
      <p>&#167; 3&#186; O estabelecimento de rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente de modo virtual e&#769; permitido para cobertura assistencial em &#225;reas geograficamente remotas, desde que existam as condi&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas e t&#233;cnicas recomendadas e profissional de sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>&#167; 4&#186; O teleatendimento deve ser devidamente consentido pelo paciente ou seu representante legal e realizado por livre decis&#227;o e sob responsabilidade profissional do m&#233;dico.</p>
      <p>&#167; 5&#186; Em caso de participa&#231;&#227;o de outros profissionais de sa&#250;de, estes devem receber treinamento adequado, sob responsabilidade do m&#233;dico, pessoa f&#237;sica, ou do diretor t&#233;cnico da empresa intermediadora.&#8221;</p>
      <p>A Resolu&#231;&#227;o 2.227/2018<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> tem encontrado forte resist&#234;ncia na categoria m&#233;dica, sobretudo em virtude do seu potencial transformador. Operadoras de planos de sa&#250;de, grandes hospitais e empresas de solu&#231;&#245;es para telemedicina est&#227;o euf&#243;ricos. Na outra ponta, os m&#233;dicos alegam que a medicina sofreu um duro golpe desferido por quem tinha o dever de precatar pelo seu exerc&#237;cio &#233;tico, transformando os m&#233;dicos em verdadeiros operadores de telemarketing.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise detalhada e imparcial da Resolu&#231;&#227;o em coment&#225;rio aponta, como j&#225; citado, aparentes confrontos com regras do C&#243;digo de &#201;tica M&#233;dica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Mas, de longe, o problema maior decorreria da exist&#234;ncia de poss&#237;veis ofensas ao ordenamento jur&#237;dico, como verificado no par&#225;grafo 5&#186; do artigo 4&#186;. Ali, foram delegados atos pr&#243;prios da medicina a outros profissionais de sa&#250;de, por exemplo, aos enfermeiros. Neste ponto, o v&#237;cio da norma n&#227;o reside t&#227;o somente na poss&#237;vel ofensa ao artigo 2&#186; do C&#243;digo de &#201;tica M&#233;dica. Vai mais longe, desafiando veda&#231;&#245;es impostas pela lei.</p>
      <p>A Constitui&#231;&#227;o Federal de 1988<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> assegura no inciso XIII do artigo 5&#186; a liberdade de exerc&#237;cio profissional, desde que &#8220;atendidas as qualifica&#231;&#245;es profissionais que a lei estabelecer&#8221;. Ora, se a lei define quais s&#227;o os atos privativos do m&#233;dico, exsurge a ilegalidade da norma contida na Resolu&#231;&#227;o do CFM, que confere compet&#234;ncia adicional a outros profissionais de sa&#250;de - enfermeiros por exemplo - para pr&#225;tica de atos privativos de m&#233;dico.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o se desconhece que a Lei 7.498, de 25 de junho de 1986,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> que disp&#245;e sobre o exerc&#237;cio da enfermagem no Brasil, define, no artigo 1&#186;, como livre o exerc&#237;cio daquela profiss&#227;o em todo o territ&#243;rio nacional, desde que observadas as disposi&#231;&#245;es nela contidas. Nem se ignora que o artigo 11, do mencionado diploma, atribui ao enfermeiro, como integrante da equipe de sa&#250;de, compet&#234;ncia para prescrever medicamentos estabelecidos em programas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e em rotina aprovada pela institui&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de. O que se afirma &#233; que a legisla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o confere ao enfermeiro atribui&#231;&#227;o para participar de teleconsulta, como fez o CFM ao dispor, no par&#225;grafo 5&#186; do artigo 4&#186;, da Resolu&#231;&#227;o debatida.</p>
      <p>Noutras palavras, o par&#225;grafo 5&#186; do artigo 4&#186; da Resolu&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> examinada prev&#234; a participa&#231;&#227;o de outros profissionais de sa&#250;de, o que inclui a enfermagem, em atos privativos de m&#233;dicos, no caso, a consulta m&#233;dica, mesmo em sua vers&#227;o a dist&#226;ncia. Tampouco teria o egr&#233;gio CFM compet&#234;ncia legal para atribuir ao m&#233;dico ou a diretor t&#233;cnico de &#8220;empresa intermediadora&#8221; a prerrogativa de treinar outros profissionais de sa&#250;de, cujas profiss&#245;es s&#227;o regulamentadas e regidas por ordenamento jur&#237;dico pr&#243;prio.</p>
      <p>No par&#225;grafo 3&#186; do mesmo artigo 4&#186; da citada Resolu&#231;&#227;o, permite-se o &#8220;estabelecimento de rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente de modo virtual&#8221; somente para cobertura assistencial em &#225;reas geograficamente remotas, desde que existam as condi&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas e t&#233;cnicas recomendadas, al&#233;m de profissional de sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>O argumento de que a teleconsulta preenche uma dificuldade de assist&#234;ncia em fun&#231;&#227;o de dist&#226;ncia geogr&#225;fica precisa esclarecer o significado de dist&#226;ncia, para que n&#227;o se enquadre algo que possa ser presencial, mas que apresente dificuldades de acesso, por "ser longe", por ter tr&#226;nsito complicado, por demandar assist&#234;ncia em hor&#225;rios incompat&#237;veis com a disponibilidade do m&#233;dico etc. Em suma, n&#227;o deve a comodidade servir de justificativa para a aceita&#231;&#227;o de um atendimento incompleto do ponto de vista de identifica&#231;&#227;o de sinais e sintomas.</p>
      <p>Transparece cristalino que n&#227;o houve na norma defini&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas geograficamente remotas, deixando-se margem para interpreta&#231;&#245;es ampliativas das possibilidades da teleconsulta, que n&#227;o pode perder seu car&#225;ter meramente complementar, para atender necessidades assistenciais pr&#243;prias de um pa&#237;s de dimens&#245;es continentais, transformando-se em potente ferramenta de cerceamento de direitos consagrados dos pacientes. Ou seja, a teleconsulta, admitindo-se a sua legalidade, somente se justifica para ampliar o acesso aos benefici&#225;rios desassistidos do SUS.</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, no &#226;mbito da Sa&#250;de Suplementar, a Lei 9.656, de 3 de junho de 1998,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> que disp&#245;e sobre os planos e seguros privados de assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de, estabelece um marco regulat&#243;rio pr&#243;prio, previsto na esfera contratual, distinto do compromisso de acesso universal, integral e gratuito previsto do artigo 196 da Constitui&#231;&#227;o Federal. Portanto, os limites de cobertura dos benefici&#225;rios das operadoras de planos de sa&#250;de est&#227;o claramente definidos em lei.</p>
      <p>A Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Sa&#250;de Suplementar (ANS), a quem incumbe regular o setor e elaborar o Rol de Procedimentos e Eventos em Sa&#250;de, ou Rol de Procedimentos, j&#225; deliberou ser a consulta m&#233;dica um dos procedimentos de cobertura obrigat&#243;ria. Outrossim, n&#227;o poderia a teleconsulta ser utilizada como forma de substituir a imprescind&#237;vel consulta presencial, a qual o benefici&#225;rio arca totalmente com seu &#244;nus, ser usada para restringir o acesso a direito l&#237;quido e certo.</p>
      <p>Ainda recorrendo &#224; Lei 7.498/1986,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> &#233; evidente que a enfermagem somente tem compet&#234;ncia legal para prescrever &#8220;medicamentos estabelecidos em programas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e em rotina aprovada pela institui&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de&#8221;. Dessa forma, mesmo que se alegue que a responsabilidade pela eventual prescri&#231;&#227;o em teleconsulta &#233; do m&#233;dico que se encontra a dist&#226;ncia, o outro profissional de sa&#250;de que, igualmente, assiste o ato m&#233;dico, dele participa, em pleno exerc&#237;cio da sua profiss&#227;o, devendo, por conseguinte, portar-se dentro dos ditames legais.</p>
      <p>Parece que, no &#226;mbito da sa&#250;de suplementar, n&#227;o existe respaldo legal, por exemplo, para a enfermagem, mesmo sob supervis&#227;o, prescrever medicamentos ou solicitar exames, e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de teleconsulta, com participa&#231;&#227;o de outros profissionais de sa&#250;de, seria uma pr&#225;tica sem guarida na legisla&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A publica&#231;&#227;o da Resolu&#231;&#227;o 2.227/2018<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> trouxe inquietude, pois &#233; necess&#225;rio partir de uma premissa: a teleconsulta s&#243; pode ser feita quando o m&#233;dico j&#225; conhece o paciente. Necess&#225;rio, destarte, uma consulta antecedente em que ocorreu pr&#233;via rela&#231;&#227;o presencial entre m&#233;dico e paciente. Por&#233;m, a presen&#231;a desse requisito ser&#225; de dif&#237;cil controle e fiscaliza&#231;&#227;o, at&#233; porque conhecer o paciente n&#227;o significa conhecer o caso do momento. Assim, consultas de primeira vez da situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ficam pass&#237;veis de serem "confundidas" com retorno, onde se poderia aceitar o n&#227;o presencial para not&#237;cias da evolu&#231;&#227;o, ajustes terap&#234;uticos e avalia&#231;&#227;o de exames solicitados.</p>
      <p>A Lei 12.871, de 22 de outubro de 2013,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> que instituiu o Programa Mais M&#233;dicos, permitiu que a revalida&#231;&#227;o do diploma m&#233;dico n&#227;o fosse obrigat&#243;ria no contexto estrito desse programa. Ou seja, a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 2.227/2018<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> deveria deixar claro que somente no &#226;mbito de programas p&#250;blicos, uma vez constatada a aus&#234;ncia de m&#233;dicos, seria poss&#237;vel a teleconsulta sem outro m&#233;dico junto ao paciente.</p>
      <p>Acredita-se que Hip&#243;crates tenha afastado a medicina dos deuses justamente para permitir a intera&#231;&#227;o entre seres humanos. Agora, corremos o risco de que o "endeusamento" da tecnologia extrapole a sua utilidade ineg&#225;vel de transmiss&#227;o de dados dentro de padr&#245;es &#233;ticos. Assim, sob o ponto de vista transdisciplinar, acerca dos seus tr&#234;s fundamentos - rigor, abertura e toler&#226;ncia -, h&#225; alto risco de comprometimento do rigor tecnocient&#237;fico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O CFM, ao editar a Resolu&#231;&#227;o, abra&#231;a o desconhecido, o inesperado, desprezando a toler&#226;ncia &#224;s opini&#245;es opostas, que podem surgir no complexo processo de tomada de decis&#227;o, em face do direito do paciente &#224; voz ativa, quando dialoga diretamente com o m&#233;dico.</p>
      <p>Acerca dos dois pilares p&#233;treos da &#233;tica m&#233;dica, causa preocupa&#231;&#227;o o lidar com a prud&#234;ncia - cautela durante o processo de tomada de decis&#227;o - e com o zelo - qualidade de aplica&#231;&#227;o e observa&#231;&#227;o da evolu&#231;&#227;o acerca da conduta consentida. Acerca de tr&#234;s dos princ&#237;pios da bio&#233;tica, preocupa o manejo da benefic&#234;ncia bem como da n&#227;o malefic&#234;ncia - que hoje, porque qualquer m&#233;todo &#233; pass&#237;vel de causar algum dano, virou sin&#244;nimo de seguran&#231;a, al&#233;m de trazer novos aspectos sobre a autonomia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Por fim, ser&#225; que a teleconsulta passa pelo crivo dos dez passos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> essenciais para um diagn&#243;stico qualificado em cl&#237;nica, no &#226;mbito da integra&#231;&#227;o anamnese-exame f&#237;sico?</p>
      <p>Conv&#233;m recordar o dec&#225;logo que deve ser observado para a elabora&#231;&#227;o de um bom diagn&#243;stico: (1) vis&#227;o de conjunto do paciente possibilitada pela proximidade f&#237;sica; (2) livre emiss&#227;o pelo paciente de suas queixas e impress&#245;es; (3) di&#225;logo m&#233;dico-paciente estimulado para esclarecer pontos obscuros e hip&#243;teses levantadas pelo m&#233;dico com base no dito pelo paciente; (4) constru&#231;&#227;o de hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas sustentadas pela anamnese; (5) realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame f&#237;sico e identifica&#231;&#227;o, ou n&#227;o, de sinais alinhados com as hip&#243;teses, ou expans&#227;o para novas hip&#243;teses; (6) retorno &#224; anamnese quando indicado por achados do exame f&#237;sico que comp&#245;em novos racioc&#237;nios cl&#237;nicos; (7) avalia&#231;&#227;o da necessidade e sele&#231;&#227;o de exame complementar com base na integra&#231;&#227;o anamnese-exame f&#237;sico; (8) integra&#231;&#227;o dos laudos complementares com o racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico que sustenta a solicita&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos; (9) formula&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico prov&#225;vel; e (10) uso como base para a conduta terap&#234;utica, sempre lembrando de esclarecer bem o paciente para que ele possa dar, ou n&#227;o dar, o consentimento, que n&#227;o deve ser obtido no in&#237;cio como uma carta branca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Quest&#245;es essenciais precisam ser bem definidas: (1) n&#237;vel de seguran&#231;a biol&#243;gica para o paciente; (2) n&#237;vel de seguran&#231;a &#233;tica e legal para o m&#233;dico; (3) impacto na forma&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico; (4) impacto nos h&#225;bitos da sociedade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Outro ponto que merece destaque &#233; a telecirurgia, prevista no artigo 8&#186; e definida como a &#8220;realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimento cir&#250;rgico remoto, mediado por tecnologias interativas seguras, com m&#233;dico executor e equipamento rob&#243;tico em espa&#231;os f&#237;sicos distintos&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A telecirurgia somente &#233; poss&#237;vel em virtude da cirurgia rob&#243;tica, cuja aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica no Brasil ainda &#233; restrita, sendo que a maior parte das t&#233;cnicas carecem de avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo CFM.</p>
      <p>Para sua efetiva&#231;&#227;o, &#233; imperioso que a equipe m&#233;dica seja composta, no m&#237;nimo, por m&#233;dico operador do equipamento rob&#243;tico (cirurgi&#227;o remoto) e m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel pela manipula&#231;&#227;o instrumental (cirurgi&#227;o local), ambos devendo ser especialistas, com Registro de Qualifica&#231;&#227;o de Especialista (RQE) na &#225;rea correspondente ao ato cir&#250;rgico principal, com registro no Conselho Regional de Medicina (CRM) de sua jurisdi&#231;&#227;o, excluindo-se, ao menos em tese, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de telecirurgia por m&#233;dicos n&#227;o inscritos no CRM, atuantes em outros pa&#237;ses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A compet&#234;ncia legal para definir o car&#225;ter experimental, ou n&#227;o, de procedimentos m&#233;dicos &#233; do CFM, com fulcro na Lei 12.842/2013,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> consubstanciado no artigo 7&#186;, autorizando ou vedando a sua pr&#225;tica pelos m&#233;dicos no Brasil. Nessa senda, seria apropriado inserir um dispositivo na resolu&#231;&#227;o restringindo a pr&#225;tica da telecirurgia rob&#243;tica &#224;s t&#233;cnicas j&#225; aprovadas pelo CFM e em uso corrente no pa&#237;s, pois seria desarrazoado ofertar-se algo com disponibilidade restrita frustrando as justas expectativas da classe m&#233;dica e da sociedade brasileira.</p>
      <p>Vale destacar que nenhuma das t&#233;cnicas de cirurgia rob&#243;tica faz parte do rol de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas do Brasil, tampouco est&#227;o inclu&#237;das no Rol de Procedimentos e Eventos em Sa&#250;de da ANS. Ou seja, a amplia&#231;&#227;o da rede assistencial de cirurgia rob&#243;tica, sem sequer haver previs&#227;o de cobertura no pa&#237;s, pode inaugurar a &#8220;telejudicializa&#231;&#227;o&#8221; da sa&#250;de, uma nova forma de invers&#227;o de prioridades no sistema de sa&#250;de do pa&#237;s.</p>
      <p>Finalmente, &#233; oportuno discorrer sobre o artigo 9&#186;, o qual regulamenta o telediagn&#243;stico: &#8220;O telediagn&#243;stico deve ser realizado segundo diretrizes cient&#237;ficas propostas pela Associa&#231;&#227;o de Especialidade vinculada ao m&#233;todo, reconhecida pela Comiss&#227;o Mista de Especialidades, constitu&#237;da conforme Decreto n&#186; 8.516, de 10 de setembro de 2015&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Nesse sentido, &#233; importante destacar que a Lei 12.401, de 28 de abril de 2011,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> define que a compet&#234;ncia de elabora&#231;&#227;o de protocolos cl&#237;nicos e diretrizes terap&#234;uticas<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">a</xref> no &#226;mbito do SUS &#233; da Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Incorpora&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologias no SUS (Conitec).</p>
      <p>A Conitec, com base na legisla&#231;&#227;o em coment&#225;rio, tem atribui&#231;&#227;o legal para elabora&#231;&#227;o de protocolos cl&#237;nicos e diretrizes terap&#234;uticas. N&#227;o poderia o CFM, com base em resolu&#231;&#227;o normativa, excluir quem tem compet&#234;ncia legal para elaborar diretrizes no &#226;mbito do sistema de sa&#250;de do Brasil, delegando-se exclusivamente essa atribui&#231;&#227;o a ente privado, mesmo que condicionada a sua aprova&#231;&#227;o. Torna-se premente o aprimoramento da norma nesse particular.</p>
      <p>Outrossim, n&#227;o seria demais afirmar que a <italic>Resolu&#231;&#227;o</italic> 2.227/2018<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> n&#227;o tem o cond&#227;o de legitimar, <italic>lato sensu</italic>, a incorpora&#231;&#227;o da telemedicina no Brasil, somente cuida de regular a participa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;dicos em sua pr&#225;tica. O ingresso de qualquer tecnologia segundo a legisla&#231;&#227;o vigente, isso inclui a telemedicina, levar&#225; em considera&#231;&#227;o, necessariamente:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="roman-upper">
          <list-item>
            <p>as evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas sobre a efic&#225;cia, a acur&#225;cia, a efetividade e a seguran&#231;a do medicamento, produto ou procedimento objeto do processo, acatadas pelo &#243;rg&#227;o competente para o registro ou a autoriza&#231;&#227;o de uso;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>a avalia&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica comparativa dos benef&#237;cios e dos custos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s tecnologias j&#225; incorporadas, inclusive no que se refere aos atendimentos domiciliar, ambulatorial ou hospitalar, quando cab&#237;vel.&#8221;</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>A Resolu&#231;&#227;o 2.227/2018,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> apesar de necess&#225;ria, da forma como est&#225; redigida, salvo melhor ju&#237;zo, confronta a legisla&#231;&#227;o p&#225;tria que regulamenta as outras profiss&#245;es de sa&#250;de, como discutido, e deveria ser modificada, ao menos no que concerne &#224; reda&#231;&#227;o dos artigos 4&#186;, 8&#186; e 9&#186;. No nosso entendimento, a reda&#231;&#227;o abaixo seria mais adequada para a oportunidade e esp&#233;cie. Seria razo&#225;vel a adequa&#231;&#227;o abaixo como forma de compatibilizar a norma j&#225; publicada e o conjunto de teses defendidas neste articulado:</p>
      <p>Art. 4&#186; A teleconsulta &#233; a consulta m&#233;dica remota, mediada por tecnologias, com m&#233;dico e paciente localizados em diferentes espa&#231;os geogr&#225;ficos.</p>
      <p>&#167; 1&#186; Na teleconsulta, &#233; premissa obrigat&#243;ria o pr&#233;vio estabelecimento de uma rela&#231;&#227;o presencial entre m&#233;dico e paciente.</p>
      <p>&#167; 2&#186; Nos atendimentos por longo tempo ou de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, &#233; recomendada consulta presencial em intervalos n&#227;o superiores a 120 dias.</p>
      <p>&#167; 3&#186; O estabelecimento de rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente de modo virtual &#233; permitido, exclusivamente, para cobertura assistencial em &#225;reas geograficamente remotas, desde que existam as condi&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas e t&#233;cnicas recomendadas e profissional de sa&#250;de de sa&#250;de legalmente habilitado.</p>
      <p>&#167; 4&#186; Para os fins definidos neste artigo, compete aos Conselhos Regionais de Medicina, no &#226;mbito de suas jurisdi&#231;&#245;es, definir, em ato pr&#243;prio, quais s&#227;o as &#225;reas geograficamente remotas.</p>
      <p>&#167; 5&#186; O teleatendimento deve ser devidamente consentido pelo paciente ou seu representante legal e realizado por livre decis&#227;o e sob responsabilidade profissional do m&#233;dico.</p>
      <p>&#167; 6&#186; Em caso de participa&#231;&#227;o e treinamento de outros profissionais de sa&#250;de, deve-se atender aos requisitos da legisla&#231;&#227;o que regulamenta as respectivas profiss&#245;es.</p>
      <p>&#167; 7&#186; &#201; vedada a teleconsulta no &#226;mbito da sa&#250;de suplementar.</p>
      <p>Artigo 8&#186;</p>
      <p>(...)</p>
      <p>&#167; 10 Procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos n&#227;o avaliados ou considerados experimentais pelo Conselho Federal de Medicina devem ser realizados em protocolos de pesquisa de acordo com as normas do Sistema CEP/CONEP.</p>
      <p>Art. 9&#186; O telediagn&#243;stico deve ser realizado segundo diretrizes cient&#237;ficas aprovadas pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Incorpora&#231;&#227;o de tecnologias no SUS (Conitec) ou propostas pela Associa&#231;&#227;o de Especialidade vinculada ao m&#233;todo, reconhecida pela Comiss&#227;o Mista de Especialidades, constitu&#237;da conforme Decreto n&#186; 8.516, de 10 de setembro de 2015.</p>
      <p>Antes da publica&#231;&#227;o do presente artigo, o CFM, em virtude dos motivos aqui abordados, revogou a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 2.227/2018<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> para permitir que seu objetivo se materialize na pr&#225;tica e que a regulamenta&#231;&#227;o apropriada da extraordin&#225;ria telemedicina deixe de ser uma promessa, convertendo-se em instrumento de equidade e justi&#231;a social,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> sob pena de, em vez de uma janela para o futuro, a telemedicina converter-se em uma porta para o caos.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>a</label>
          <p>II - Protocolo cl&#237;nico e diretriz terap&#234;utica: documento que estabelece crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a ou do agravo &#224; sa&#250;de; o tratamento preconizado, com os medicamentos e demais produtos apropriados, quando couber; as posologias recomendadas; os mecanismos de controle cl&#237;nico; e o acompanhamento e a verifica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados terap&#234;uticos, a serem seguidos pelos gestores do SUS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
