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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yVJFYbh9Msf4zRNvkk8gwHc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000400451</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190073</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Quantification of Left Atrial Tissue Remodeling Using Intra-Atrial Dyssynchrony by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5675-5689</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bering</surname>
            <given-names>Patrick T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Medstar Washington Hospital Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Washington</city>
          <state>District of Columbia</state>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington - District of Columbia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Minneapolis Heart Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Abbott Northwestern Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Minneapolis</city>
          <state>Minnesota</state>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Minneapolis Heart Institute - Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis - Minnesota</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Valve Science Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Minneapolis</city>
          <state>Minnesota</state>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Valve Science Center - Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis - Minnesota</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jo&#227;o L. Cavalcante,</bold> Director, Cardiac MRI, Structural Cardiovascular Imaging and Core Labs - Minneapolis Heart Institute - 800 East 28<sup>th</sup> Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55407. Email: <email>joao.cavalcante@allina.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>451</fpage>
      <lpage>452</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodeling Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Dyssynchrony Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Morphological and functional characteristics of the left atrium (LA) play a key role in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF), which represents a global health burden as the most common cardiac arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> For patients with drug-refractory AF, catheter-ablation may aid in a) prolonged restoration of sinus rhythm, b) decreased in total arrhythmic burden, symptomatic improvement, and c) better quality of life. However, catheter-ablation may not have a durable effect for a significant number of patients despite repeated procedures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A variety of innovative procedural technologies aim to improve patient freedom from AF. Scientific progress in the identification of patient characteristics that suggest a favorable or poor likelihood of procedural success may enhance patient selection for catheter-ablation and optimize time utilization for the cardiac electrophysiologist.</p>
    <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) has been shown to be a promising, non-invasive tool for the measurement of LA fibrosis, which predicts the recurrence of AF after catheter-ablation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> While this tissue characterization of the LA represents a promising technology for patients with AF in whom catheter-ablation is being considered, it remains mostly these days at expert centers, has labor-intensive post-processing and necessitates the use of gadolinium contrast, which may exclude patients who have advanced kidney disease or allergic reactions to gadolinium. Functional assessment with intra-atrial dyssynchrony utilizing tissue-tracking represents an elegant technique to characterize LA mechanics that does not require gadolinium contrast or significant post-processing and was recently shown to correlate with the recurrence of AF after catheter-ablation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In this issue, Ciuffo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> advance the understanding of adverse LA remodeling and dysfunction in patients with AF. Using CMR to measure intra-atrial dyssynchrony in sinus rhythm, defined as the standard deviation of the time to the peak longitudinal strain [SD-TPS (%)] and pre-atrial contraction strain [SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub> (%)] corrected by the cycle length. LA fibrosis was quantified using LGE images, which, interestingly, did not differ significantly between paroxysmal and persistent AF types. Notably, SD-TPS was significantly higher in patients with persistent AF than those with paroxysmal AF, although this association did not hold true for SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub> between the AF types. On multivariable adjustment for age, sex, BMI, AF type, history of heart failure, OSA, hypertension, minimal LA volume and maximum LA longitudinal strain, both SD-TPS and SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub> remained significantly associated with LA LGE, although the signal was much stronger for SD-TPS. Inter- and intra-reader reproducibility was excellent for both indices, and the data were post-processed in a short amount of time.</p>
    <p>These findings highlight the potential for intra-atrial dyssynchrony by CMR to represent a fast and accurate surrogate of LA fibrosis, especially in the prediction of AF recurrence after catheter-ablation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The authors have appropriately acknowledged the potential for selection bias in their non-randomized, retrospective cohort, and this technique requires patients to be in sinus rhythm at the time of CMR imaging. Still, Ciuffo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> have added valuable insights into the understanding of LA remodeling in AF and must be praised for their work, which studied a real-world population and considered the important concern of work-flow for CMR post-processing. Their findings should stimulate more research into the use of intra-atrial dyssynchrony as non-invasive risk stratification for patients with AF, which does not require gadolinium contrast to enhance patient selection for invasive therapies such as catheter-ablation.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Intra-Atrial Dyssynchrony Using Cardiac Magnetic Resonance to Quantify Tissue Remodeling in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o do Remodelamento Tecidual do &#193;trio Esquerdo Utilizando Dessincronia Intra-Atrial por Imagem de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5675-5689</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bering</surname>
            <given-names>Patrick T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington - District of Columbia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Minneapolis Heart Institute - Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis - Minnesota</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Valve Science Center - Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis - Minnesota</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jo&#227;o L. Cavalcante,</bold> Director, Cardiac MRI, Structural Cardiovascular Imaging and Core Labs - Minneapolis Heart Institute - 800 East 28th Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55407. E-mail: <email>joao.cavalcante@allina.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodelamento Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Dessincronia Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) exercem um papel fundamental na patog&#234;nese da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), que representa a arritmia card&#237;aca mais comum encontrada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Para pacientes com FA refrat&#225;ria a f&#225;rmacos, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter pode auxiliar a) na restaura&#231;&#227;o prolongada do ritmo sinusal, b) diminui&#231;&#227;o da carga arr&#237;tmica total com melhora sintom&#225;tica e c) melhor qualidade de vida. Entretanto, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter pode n&#227;o ter um efeito duradouro para um n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes, apesar dos procedimentos repetidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> V&#225;rias tecnologias com inovacoes procedurais visam fazer com que o paciente fique livre da FA. O progresso cient&#237;fico na identifica&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas do paciente que sugerem uma probabilidade favor&#225;vel ou baixo sucesso no procedimento podem ajudar na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter e otimizar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do tempo para o eletrofisiologista card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) com o realce tardio de gadol&#237;nio (LGE) tem se mostrado uma ferramenta promissora e n&#227;o invasiva para a mensura&#231;&#227;o da fibrose do AE, que prediz a recorr&#234;ncia da FA ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Embora a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual do AE represente uma tecnologia promissora para pacientes com FA, nos quais a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter est&#225; sendo considerada, nos dias atuais ela permanece em sua maior parte em centros especializados. Al&#233;m disso ela tem um p&#243;s-processamento que demanda trabalho intenso e requer o uso de contraste com gadol&#237;nio, o que pode excluir pacientes com doen&#231;a renal avan&#231;ada ou rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas ao gadol&#237;nio. A avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional com dessincronia intra-atrial utilizando rastreamento tecidual representa portanto uma t&#233;cnica elegante para caracterizar a mec&#226;nica do AE e n&#227;o requer contraste de gadol&#237;nio ou p&#243;s-processamento significativo. Recentemente esta analise demonstrou correlacionar-se com a recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, Ciuffo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> avan&#231;am no entendimento do remodelamento e disfun&#231;&#227;o adversos do AE em pacientes com FA, utilizando a RMC para medir a dessincronia intra-atrial em ritmo sinusal, definida como o desvio padr&#227;o do tempo at&#233; o pico de <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal [DP-TPS (%)] e <italic>strain</italic> na contra&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-atrial [DP-TPSpreA (%)] corrigido pela dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo. A fibrose do AE foi quantificada utilizando imagens de LGE, que, curiosamente, n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os tipos de FA parox&#237;stica e persistente.</p>
      <p>O DP-TPS foi significativamente maior em pacientes com FA persistente do que naqueles com FA parox&#237;stica, embora essa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o seja v&#225;lida para o DP-TPSpreA entre os tipos de FA. No ajuste multivariado para idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, tipo de FA, hist&#243;ria de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, apneia obstrutiva do sono, hipertens&#227;o, volume m&#237;nimo do AE e <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal m&#225;ximo do AE, ambos o DP-TPS e DP-TPSpreA permaneceram significativamente associados com o LGE do AE, embora a associa&#231;&#227;o tenha sido muito mais forte para o DP-TPS. A reprodutibilidade inter e intra-leitor foi excelente para ambos os &#237;ndices, e os dados foram p&#243;s-processados em um curto per&#237;odo de tempo.</p>
      <p>Esses achados destacam o potencial da dessincronia intra-atrial por RMC para representar um substituto r&#225;pido e preciso da fibrose do AE, especialmente na previs&#227;o de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>.</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Os autores reconheceram adequadamente o potencial do vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o em sua coorte retrospectiva n&#227;o-randomizada, e essa t&#233;cnica requer que os pacientes estejam em ritmo sinusal no momento da aquisi&#231;&#227;o da imagem por RMC. Ainda assim, Ciuffo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> acrescentaram informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas sobre a compreens&#227;o do remodelamento do AE na FA e devem ser elogiados por seu trabalho, o qual avaliou uma popula&#231;&#227;o do mundo real e considerou a importante preocupa&#231;&#227;o com demanda para o p&#243;s-processamento da RMC.</p>
      <p>Seus achados devem estimular mais pesquisas sobre o uso de dessincronia intra-atrial como uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco n&#227;o invasiva para pacientes com FA, que n&#227;o requer contraste de gadol&#237;nio para melhorar a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para terapias invasivas, tais como a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Dessincronia Intra-atrial &#224; Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca para Quantifica&#231;&#227;o da Remodela&#231;&#227;o Tecidual em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
