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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dsgjf6CBQqGhYk5CRbHg8Xr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000400441</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190064</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Intra-Atrial Dyssynchrony Using Cardiac Magnetic Resonance to Quantify Tissue Remodeling in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3859-1833</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ciuffo</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa Allen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9758-2240</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcellos</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Doria de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Balouch</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tao</surname>
            <given-names>Susumu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nazarian</surname>
            <given-names>Saman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Spragg</surname>
            <given-names>David D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marine</surname>
            <given-names>Joseph E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berger</surname>
            <given-names>Ronald D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Calkins</surname>
            <given-names>Hugh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ashikaga</surname>
            <given-names>Hiroshi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of New Mexico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>New Mexico</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of New Mexico, New Mexico - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution content-type="orgname">The Johns Hopkins University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Baltimore</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Baltimore</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luisa Allen Ciuffo,</bold> University of New Mexico, 2211. 87131-1466, Lomas Blvd NE Albuquerque, Novo M&#233;xico - USA. E-mail: <email>iallem@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Conception and design of the research: Ciuffo LA, Lima J, Ashikaga H; Acquisition of data na Statistical analysis: Ciuffo LA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Ciuffo LA, Tao S; Obtaining financing: Ashikaga H; Writing of the manuscript: Ciuffo LA, Ashikaga H; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lima J, Balouch M, Tao S, Nazarian S, Marine JE, Calkins H, Ashikaga H, Vasconcellos HD, Spragg DD, Berger RD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>441</fpage>
      <lpage>450</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Recent studies suggest that left atrial (LA) late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) can quantify the underlying tissue remodeling that harbors atrial fibrillation (AF). However, quantification of LA-LGE requires labor-intensive magnetic resonance imaging acquisition and postprocessing at experienced centers. LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony assessment is an emerging imaging technique that predicts AF recurrence after catheter ablation. We hypothesized that 1) LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony is associated with LA-LGE in patients with AF and 2) LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony is greater in patients with persistent AF than in those with paroxysmal AF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p> We conducted a cross-sectional study comparing LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony and LA-LGE in 146 patients with a history of AF (60.0 &#177; 10.0 years, 30.1% nonparoxysmal AF) who underwent pre-AF ablation cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in sinus rhythm. Using tissue-tracking CMR, we measured the LA longitudinal strain in two- and four-chamber views. We defined intra-atrial dyssynchrony as the standard deviation (SD) of the time to peak longitudinal strain (SD-TPS, in %) and the SD of the time to the peak pre-atrial contraction strain corrected by the cycle length (SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub>, in %). We used the image intensity ratio (IIR) to quantify LA-LGE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results: </title>
          <p>Intra-atrial dyssynchrony analysis took 5 &#177; 9 minutes per case. Multivariable analysis showed that LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony was independently associated with LA-LGE. In addition, LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony was significantly greater in patients with persistent AF than those with paroxysmal AF. In contrast, there was no significant difference in LA-LGE between patients with persistent and paroxysmal AF. LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony showed excellent reproducibility and its analysis was less time-consuming (5 &#177; 9 minutes) than the LA-LGE (60 &#177; 20 minutes).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion: </title>
          <p>LA Intra-atrial dyssynchrony is a quick and reproducible index that is independently associated with LA-LGE to reflect the underlying tissue remodeling.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Atria</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent arrhythmia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and an independent predictor of stroke<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and dementia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The cornerstone treatment for drug-refractory AF is invasive catheter ablation with pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), but the rate of recurrence after PVI is relatively high.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Preprocedural assessment of left atrial (LA) late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) is a predictor of AF recurrence after PVI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> LA-LGE can be considered as a surrogate for the underlying tissue remodeling represented by fibrotic replacement that promotes AF. Although LA-LGE has a potential to improve the clinical outcomes of PVI by refining patient selection, its major limitation is the requirement of labor-intensive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition and postprocessing, which are not always compatible with clinical workflow. In addition, LA-LGE requires intravenous contrast administration, which is contraindicated in subgroups of PVI candidates, such as individuals with renal failure or allergic reactions to gadolinium-based contrast materials. As a result, LA-LGE is not part of the standard clinical practice, except at experienced centers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recently, we demonstrated that preprocedural assessment of LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony predicts AF recurrence after PVI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The assessment utilizes a tissue-tracking technology that can be applied to any routinely acquired cine MRI, which does not require intravenous contrast administration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> It is simple and quick, only based on two long-axis views (two-chamber and four-chamber views) of routine cine MRI. Because the LA structure and function reflect the underlying tissue fibrosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> it is possible that LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony serves as a surrogate for LA-LGE. </p>
      <p>In this study, we hypothesized that LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony is associated with LA-LGE in patients with AF. In addition, we further hypothesized that LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony is greater in patients with persistent AF than in those with paroxysmal AF. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony and LA-LGE in patients with either paroxysmal or persistent AF. We also quantified the amount of time required for the postprocessing, and the inter-reader and intra-reader reproducibility of LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>The study included 146 consecutive patients with symptomatic, drug-refractory AF referred for catheter ablation at the Johns Hopkins Hospital between June 2010 and December 2015 who underwent pre-procedural cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Patients with prior AF ablation or surgical procedure in the LA were excluded. Based on Heart Rhythm Society most recent guidelines, paroxysmal AF was defined as AF that terminates spontaneously or with intervention within 7 days of onset. Persistent AF is defined as continuous AF that is sustained beyond 7 days.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Patients in AF at the time of CMR were also excluded. The protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of The Johns Hopkins Hospital, and all the patients provided written informed consent.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CMR protocol</title>
        <p>CMR was performed with a 1.5-Tesla scanner (Avanto; Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany), a 6-channel phased-array body coil in combination with a 6-channel spine matrix coil. Electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated, breath-holding cine CMR images were acquired in the long-axis two- and four-chamber views by true fast imaging with steady-state precession (TrueFISP) sequence with the following parameters: TE/TR 3.0/1.5 ms; flip angle 78&#186;; in-plane pixel size 1.5&#215;1.5 mm<sup>2</sup>; slice thickness 8 mm; slice spacing 2 mm; 30 frames per ECG R-R interval with a temporal resolution of 20-40 ms. The patients also underwent respiratory-navigated, ECG-gated LGE for quantification of LA fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). LGE images were acquired within 15-25 minutes following the injection of gadopentetate dimeglumine (0.2 mmol/kg; Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Montville, NJ, USA) using a fat-saturated 3D inversion recovery-prepared fast spoiled gradient-recalled echo sequence with the following parameters: TE/TR 1.52/3.8 ms; flip angle 10&#186;; in-plane pixel size 1.3&#215;1.3 mm<sup>2</sup>; slice thickness 2.0 mm. The trigger time for three-dimensional (3D) LGE images was optimized to acquire imaging data during LA diastole as determined by the cine CMR images. The optimal inversion time was determined by an inversion time scout scan (median 270 ms, range 240-290 ms) to maximize nulling of the LA myocardium. The image intensity ratio (IIR)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> was measured to quantify LA-LGE using QMass MR (version 7.2; Medis Medical Imaging Systems bv, Leiden, the Netherlands) on axial images from 3D axial image data. Briefly, IIR is a signal intensity of LA-LGE normalized by the mean signal intensity of the LA blood pool. The IIR threshold of 1.22 that corresponds to bipolar voltage 0.3 mV on intracardiac electrogram was used to define myocardial fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Preprocedural CMR scans were acquired within a range of 15-25 minutes (mean 18.8 &#177; 2.4 minutes).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Magnetic resonance imaging Analysis</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Left atrial intra-atrial dyssynchrony</title>
          <p>Multimodality Tissue Tracking software (MTT, version 6.1, Toshiba, Japan) was used to quantify the LA longitudinal strains and strain rates in two-chamber and four-chamber views. The accuracy and reproducibility of MTT have been validated previously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Briefly, an experienced operator, blinded to the type of AF, defined the LA endocardial and epicardial borders at the LA end diastole (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The confluence of the pulmonary veins and LA appendage were excluded as appropriate. The software automatically propagates endocardial/epicardial borders over the entire cardiac cycle using a template matching algorithm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Finally, the operator verified the quality of the tracking generated by MTT. The software automatically divides the LA into six equal-length segments in each of the two- and four-chamber views, creating a total of 12 segments (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Longitudinal strain and strain rate were calculated within each of the 12 segments (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Based on those curves, we defined five indices of LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony as follows:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f1">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Quantification of left atrial regional function using cine cardiac magnetic resonance. The figures show a total of 12 color-coded segments within the left atrium. A: Two-chamber view with six equal-length segments; B: Four-chamber view with six equal-length segments.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0441-90064-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Strain curves of all 12 segments. Green dots, standard deviation of the time to peak strain (SD-TPS) of each segment; Blue dots, standard deviation of the time to peak pre-atrial strain (SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub>) of each segment.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0441-90064-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Left atrial (LA) late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). A &#8211; B: anterior LA shell view with areas of enhancement (red). C &#8211; D: posterior LA shell view with areas of enhancement (red). E - F: quantification of LA enhancement by CMR using image intensity ratio (IIR). Left side (A, C, and E), individual with low enhancement &#8211; right side (B, D, and F), individual with high enhancement.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0441-90064-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>SD-time to peak strain (SD-TPS): Standard deviation of the time to peak longitudinal strain in 12 segments. This index quantifies intra-atrial dyssynchrony of the LA reservoir function.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>SD-time to peak pre-atrial contraction strain (SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub>): Standard deviation of the time to the peak pre-atrial contraction strain in 12 segments. This index quantifies intra-atrial dyssynchrony of the LA reservoir and conduit function.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>A higher value of each index reflects a greater degree of intra-atrial dyssynchrony. We also presente the values of LA dyssynchrony as percentage (SD, %) of R-R' interval. A similar assessment of LA dyssynchrony has been published and validated before using 3D echocardiography against standard two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography, in a population of individuals with paroxysmal and persistent AF against healthy subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Out of a total of 1,752 segments, 34 (1.94%) were excluded from analysis because these segments lacked well-defined peaks in the strain/strain rate curves. A total of 22 subjects had at least one segment that was not analyzable, of whom 15 were in the persistent AF group and 7 were in the paroxysmal AF group (p = 0.02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>LA function</title>
          <p>LA functional analysis was described previously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The LA longitudinal strain and strain rate were calculated by averaging strain values in all 12 segments obtained in long-axis two- and four-chamber views. A positive and negative strain value indicates stretch and shortening, respectively, with respect to the reference configuration at the ventricular end diastole, defined as the peak of R wave on surface ECG. Maximum LA longitudinal strain (S<sub>max</sub> ) and pre-atrial contraction strain (S<sub>preA</sub>) were identified from the strain curve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>); the strain rates in left ventricular (LV) systole (SR<sub>s</sub>), LV early diastole (SR<sub>e</sub>), and LA contraction (SR<sub>a</sub>) were obtained from the strain rate curve. The LA volume curve was generated by the biplane modified Simpson's method, which was validated using the area-length method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and the maximum LA volume (V<sub>max</sub>), pre-atrial contraction LA volume (V<sub>preA</sub>), and minimum LA volume (V<sub>min</sub>) were extracted. All LA volumes were normalized by body surface area based on the Haycock's formula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The LA emptying fractions (EF) were calculated as follows: LA total EF = (V<sub>max</sub> - V<sub>min</sub>) &#215; 100% / V<sub>max</sub>; LA passive EF = (V<sub>max</sub> - V<sub>preA</sub>) &#215; 100% / V<sub>max</sub>; and LA active EF = (V<sub>preA</sub> - V<sub>min</sub>) &#215; 100% / V<sub>preA</sub>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ablation Protocol</title>
        <p>PVI catheter ablation of AF was performed using an electroanatomic mapping system with an image integration module (CARTO and CARTOMERGE&#174;, Biosense Webster, Irvine, CA, USA) to merge preprocedural CMR. The electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins was confirmed by a circular multipolar electrode mapping catheter (Lasso, Biosense Webster, Irvine, CA, USA). In cases of persistent AF, the ablation procedure usually included complementary ablation strategies. Ablation was performed with either an open-irrigated radiofrequency ablation catheter with or without force sensing, or a cryoballoon ablation catheter.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reproducibility</title>
        <p>Intra-reader reproducibility was established by one reader who performed analysis of the 15 studies twice, with an interval of 7 days between the two analyses. Inter-reader reproducibility was assessed by two readers who analyzed the same 15 cases. The second reader was blinded regarding the results of the first reader.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; SD for normally distributed continuous variables, median and interquartile range (IQR) for non-normally distributed continuous variables, and percentages for categorical variables. Comparison between groups was performed using Student's <italic>t</italic> test, chi-square test, and, Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. Multivariable linear regression analysis and Pearson's correlation were also used to examine the relationship between LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony and LA-LGE. Four linear regression models are presented: Model 1 (unadjusted), Model 2 (adjusted for the following clinical characteristics: age, sex, type of AF, body mass index [BMI], history of heart failure, hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea), and Model 3 (Model 2+ V<sub>min</sub> and S<sub>max</sub>). Indices of LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony and LA-LGE were log-transformed due to non-normal distribution. We also evaluated the possibility of interaction between LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony and AF type. Pearson's correlation coefficient was categorized with the following correlations: poor, 0; slight, 0.01-0.20; fair, 0.21-0.40; moderate, 0.41-0.60; good, 0.61-0.80, and excellent, 0.81-1.00. In a subset of randomly selected participants (n = 15), a Bland-Altman analysis was performed to quantify intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility and inter-study reproducibility(21)(22) <sup>23,24</sup>. Moreover, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with a two-way random model was evaluated, in which agreement was categorized as follows: ICC, &lt; 0.40, poor; ICC 0.40-0.75, fair to good; and ICC &gt; 0.75, excellent. The statistical computations were performed using Stata, version 12.0 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical</title>
        <p>A total of 146 patients were included in the final analysis, and their clinical characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. There were 61 (29.3%) female patients, and the mean age was 60.0 &#177; 10.0 years. A total of 102 patients (69.8%) had paroxysmal AF at the time of the procedure. Patients with paroxysmal and persistent AF were similar in terms of clinical baseline characteristics and medication usage, as demonstrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>; 4 of 44 patients (9.1%) in the persistent group and 2 of 102 patients (2.0%) in the paroxysmal group underwent cardioversion within 3-4 weeks prior to CMR (p = 0.158).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Overall (n = 146)</th>
                <th align="center">Paroxysmal AF (n = 102)</th>
                <th align="center">Persistent AF (n = 44)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Clinical</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center">60.0 &#177; 10.0</td>
                <td align="center">60.0 &#177; 10.1</td>
                <td align="center">59.7&#177;9.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.906</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">28.4 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td align="center">28.0 &#177; 5.4</td>
                <td align="center">29.9 &#177; 5.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.073</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (70.0)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (72.5)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (63.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.134</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart failure, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (9.6)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (7.8)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (13.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.082</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coronary artery disease/vascular disease, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (8.2)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (9.8)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.536</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (15.4)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (11.8)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.704</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (41.1)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (41.2)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (40.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.154</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">History of stroke/TIA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (6.2)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (7.8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.351</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VAS<sub>C</sub></td>
                <td align="center">1.60 &#177; 1.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">1.6 &#177; 1.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.942</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obstructive sleep apnea, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (15.8)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (16.7)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (13.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.796</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ablation strategy (cryoablation), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (23.3)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (27.5)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (13.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.324</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medication</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACEI/ARBS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (25.3)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (23.5)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (29.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.389</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-blockers, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (56.3)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (60.8)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (43.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.788</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Calcium-channel blockers, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (22.9)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (25.5)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (15.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.637</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Number of antiarrhythmic drugs</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.108</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation, n (%), or median. AF: atrial fibrillation; TIA: transient ischemic attack; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blockers; CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VAS<sub>C</sub>: score for stroke risk assessment in atrial fibrillation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Left atrial function, intra-atrial dyssynchrony, and atrial fibrillation type</title>
        <p>Patients with persistent AF had lower total LA emptying fraction (LAEF), active LAEF, SR, SR<sub>e</sub>, SR<sub>a</sub>, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) than those with paroxysmal AF (Table 2). In addition, SD-TPS was significantly higher in patients with persistent AF than in those with paroxysmal AF (median 3.6% <italic>versus</italic> 2.9 %, respectively, p = 0.036). SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub> was not significantly different between the AF types (4.6% <italic>versus</italic> 3.7%, respectively, p = 0.227) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The dyssynchrony analysis was performed in a consistent manner in all cases and took 5 &#177; 9 minutes per case. There was no difference in the amount of time required for the dyssynchrony analysis between the AF types (p = 0.35).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left atrial (LA) functional parameters by groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Paroxysmal AF (n = 102)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Persistent AF (n = 44)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Mean</th>
                <th align="center">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center">Mean</th>
                <th align="center">95% CI</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LA structure</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Minimum LA volume index, mm<sup>3</sup>/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">19.0 &#177; 7.8</td>
                <td align="center">18.5 - 21.4</td>
                <td align="center">23.0 &#177; 10.1</td>
                <td align="center">19.5 - 26.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.062</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maximum LA volume index, mm<sup>3</sup>/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">38.8 &#177; 10.5</td>
                <td align="center">36.8 - 40.8</td>
                <td align="center">39.6 &#177; 11.7</td>
                <td align="center">35.6 - 43.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.691</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LA Function</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total LAEF, %</td>
                <td align="center">49.5 &#177; 10.0</td>
                <td align="center">47.6 - 51.4</td>
                <td align="center">44.0 &#177; 12.6</td>
                <td align="center">39.6 - 48.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Passive LAEF, %</td>
                <td align="center">22.9 &#177; 7.3</td>
                <td align="center">21.6 - 24.3</td>
                <td align="center">20.7 &#177; 8.3</td>
                <td align="center">17.8 - 23.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.128</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Active LAEF, %</td>
                <td align="center">34.6 &#177; 10.8</td>
                <td align="center">32.5 - 36.6</td>
                <td align="center">29.5 &#177; 14.1</td>
                <td align="center">24.6 - 34.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S<sub>max</sub>, %</td>
                <td align="center">28.9 &#177; 8.9</td>
                <td align="center">27.2 - 30.5</td>
                <td align="center">26.0 &#177; 11.8</td>
                <td align="center">22.0 - 30.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.132</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SR</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 - 1.2</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.9 - 1.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.347</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SR<sub>e</sub></td>
                <td align="center">-1.1 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">-1.2 - -1.0</td>
                <td align="center">-0.8 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">-1.0 - -0.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SR<sub>a</sub></td>
                <td align="center">-1.4 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">-1.5 - -1.3</td>
                <td align="center">-1.1 &#177; 0.6</td>
                <td align="center">-1.3 - -0.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF, %</td>
                <td align="center">58.4 &#177; 6.0</td>
                <td align="center">57.0 - 59.8</td>
                <td align="center">53.4 &#177; 10.3</td>
                <td align="center">49.4 - 57.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Median</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>IQR</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Median</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>IQR</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dyssynchrony</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mean TPS, ms</td>
                <td align="center">397.8</td>
                <td align="center">374.5 - 420.2</td>
                <td align="center">403.5</td>
                <td align="center">369.9 - 429.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.538</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SD-TPS, %</td>
                <td align="center">2.9</td>
                <td align="center">2.1 - 3.9</td>
                <td align="center">3.6</td>
                <td align="center">2.3 - 4.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Log - SD-TPS, %</td>
                <td align="center">1.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.7 - 1.4</td>
                <td align="center">1.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.8 - 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mean SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub>, ms</td>
                <td align="center">795.3</td>
                <td align="center">692.4 - 884.9</td>
                <td align="center">846.7</td>
                <td align="center">760.6 - 967.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.046</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SD-TPS<sub>preA,</sub> %</td>
                <td align="center">4.6</td>
                <td align="center">3.0 - 8.6</td>
                <td align="center">3.7</td>
                <td align="center">2.9 - 5.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.227</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Log - SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub>, %</td>
                <td align="center">1.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 - 2.2</td>
                <td align="center">1.3</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 - 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.177</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LGE extent (% LA surface)</td>
                <td align="center">11.6</td>
                <td align="center">6.0 - 17.6</td>
                <td align="center">13.8</td>
                <td align="center">7.6 - 28.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.061</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Log LGE extent (% LA surface)</td>
                <td align="center">2.4</td>
                <td align="center">1.8 - 2.9</td>
                <td align="center">2.6</td>
                <td align="center">2.0 - 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.061</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Data are presented as median (interquartile range [IQR]) or mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). CI: confidence interval; LAEF: LA emptying fraction; S<sub>max</sub>: maximum longitudinal LA strain; SR: peak longitudinal strain rate; SR<sub>e</sub>: early diastolic strain rate; SR<sub>a</sub>: late diastolic strain rate; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; TPS: time to peak strain; TPS<sub>preA</sub>: time to peak pre-atrial contraction strain; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>LA Dyssynchrony and LA-LGE</title>
        <p>There was no significant difference in the extent of LA fibrosis quantified by LGE between the AF types (11.6 [6-17.6]% of LA surface <italic>versus</italic> 13.8 [7.6-28.4] % of LA surface in the paroxysmal and persistent AF groups, respectively, p = 0.061). In Model 1, log-transformed SD-TPS and SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub> were associated with the LA degree of log-transformed LA-LGE enhancement (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, AF type, history of heart failure, obstructive sleep apnea, hypertension, V<sub>min</sub>, and S<sub>max</sub>, both indices SD-TPS and SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub> remained significantly associated with LA-LGE (SD-TPS, &#946;: 0.60, p = 0.001; SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub>, &#946;: 0.18, p = 0.045) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref> displays the relationship between LA-LGE and LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony. There was no significant multiplicative interaction between AF type and LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony (interaction term for SD-TPS: 0.008, p = 0.258 and SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub>: 0.003, p = 0.158). The LA-LGE analysis was performed in a consistent manner in all cases and took 60 &#177; 20 minutes per case, also depending on the image quality. </p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariable and multivariable analyses</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Model 1<break/>Unadjusted</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Model 2<break/>Clinical variables</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Model 3<break/>Model 2 + Vmin + Smax</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">&#946;</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">&#946;</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">&#946;</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Log SD-TPS, %</td>
                <td align="center">0.66</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.57</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.60</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Log SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub>, %</td>
                <td align="center">0.19</td>
                <td align="center">0.034</td>
                <td align="center">0.21</td>
                <td align="center">0.020</td>
                <td align="center">0.18</td>
                <td align="center">0.045</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Model 2, adjusted for age, sex, type of atrial fibrillation, body mass index, history of cardiac failure, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea. Model 3, covariables included in Model 2 in addition to minimum left atrial volume and maximum longitudinal strain. V<sub>min</sub>: minimum left atrial volume; S<sub>max</sub>: maximum longitudinal strain; SD: standard deviation; TPS: time to peak strain; TPS<sub>preA</sub>: time to peak pre-atrial contraction strain.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Association between left atrial (LA) intra-atrial dyssynchrony and LA late gadolinium enhancement (LA-LGE). A, regression between LA-LGE and the standard deviation of the time to peak strain (SD-TPS); B, regression between LA-LGE and the standard deviation of the time to peak pre-atrial strain (SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub>). Blue line, linear regression line. Log: logarithmically transformed variables; SD: standard deviation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0441-90064-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dyssynchrony: inter-reader and intra-reader reproducibility</title>
        <p>Interobserver and intraobserver variabilities of LA analysis for the MTT method were assessed in 15 randomly select subjects (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). All parameters showed excellent intraobserver reproducibility (ICC 0.86 and 0.85 for SD-TPS and SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub> respectively, p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>) without significant systematic bias. In addition, both parameters showed good to excellent interobserver reproducibility (ICC 0.86 and 0.74 for SD-TPS and SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub>, respectively, p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Intra-reader and inter-reader reproducibility &#8211; Bland-Altman plot. A, standard deviation of the time to peak strain (SD-TPS) intra-reader reproducibility. B, standard deviation of the time to peak pre-atrial strain (SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub>) intra-reader reproducibility. C, SD-TPS inter-reader reproducibility. D, SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub> inter-reader reproducibility. R1: first reader; R2: second reader.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0441-90064-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Inter-reader and intra-reader reproducibility of the left atrial measurements. Results are reported as mean &#177; standard deviation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <bold>Inter-reader</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>ICC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LA parameter</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Difference (mean &#177; SD)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SD-TPS, %</td>
                <td align="center">-0.05 &#177; 0.21</td>
                <td align="center">0.86</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub>, %</td>
                <td align="center">-0.09 &#177; 0.83</td>
                <td align="center">0.74</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <bold>Intra-reader</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>ICC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LA parameter</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Difference (mean &#177; SD)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SD-TPS, %</td>
                <td align="center">0 &#177; 0.25</td>
                <td align="center">0.86</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub>, %</td>
                <td align="center">-0.03 &#177; 0.73</td>
                <td align="center">0.85</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>LA: left atrial; SD: standard deviation; ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient; TPS: time to peak strain; TPS<sub>preA</sub>: time to peak pre-atrial contraction strain.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main findings are summarized as follows: 1) LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony was independently associated with LA-LGE, 2) LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony was significantly greater in patients with persistent AF than in those with paroxysmal AF, 3) LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony is a reproducible index, and 4) LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony analysis is less time-consuming than LA-LGE.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>LA-LGE and dyssynchrony</title>
        <p>Our multivariable analysis showed that LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony is associated with LA-LGE after adjusting for clinical risk factors including the AF type. This finding serves as evidence to the potential use of LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony as a surrogate for LA-LGE. In addition, our analysis showed that patients with persistent AF had significantly greater LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony than those with paroxysmal AF. In contrast, there was no significant difference in LA-LGE between patients with persistent and paroxysmal AF, although there was a trend for a larger extent of LA-LGE with persistent AF. A possible explanation to account for these results is that intra-atrial dyssynchrony likely reflects subtle changes in atrial architecture that could generate AF but is not captured by LGE or other indices of LA function. In fact, mechanical dyssynchrony was a more specific marker of AF recurrence after AF ablation when compared to LA scar and function (8). Technical difficulties associated with LA-LGE acquisition and processing may also account for the finding. For example, the thin wall of the LA (~3 mm) poses a challenge to the spatial resolution of CMR. In addition, only a small fraction of intravenously administered contrast perfuses the LA wall because the vast majority perfuses the ventricles via the coronary arteries. Our result also showed that the LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony analysis is less time-consuming (5 &#177; 9 minutes) than LA-LGE (60 &#177; 20 minutes). This finding suggests that the implementation of LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony analysis in routine clinical practice would not significantly impede the clinical workflow of preprocedural assessment. The possibility that cardioversion-induced atrial stunning could have confounded our findings is low because: 1) cardioversion was performed in only a minority of patients in both groups and 2) there was no significant difference in the fraction of patients who underwent cardioversion between both groups.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>LA dyssynchrony reproducibility</title>
        <p>Our results showed excellent intra-reader reproducibility of LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony, with ICC ranging from 0.74 to 0.86 for SD-TPS, and 0.85 to 0.95 for SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub>, with the mean difference of 0 and -0.03, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). The inter-reader reproducibility was also excellent to good, with ICC ranging from 0.86 for SD-TPS and 0.74 for SD-TPS<sub>preA</sub>, with the mean difference of -0.05 and -0.09, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). Both intra-reader and inter-reader reproducibility were similar to the values described in studies using 2D and 3D echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This study accounts for a single-center, retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of patients referred for PVI to treat drug-refractory AF in a tertiary center. Therefore, there is a non-negligible chance of selection bias. For the dyssynchrony analysis, we used only two- and four-chamber cine CMR, which was included in a routine image-acquisition protocol. Therefore, it is possible that our analysis underestimated the degree of dyssynchrony by missing regions that were not covered by those two views. Since the strain was 2D and was obtained only in the in-plane direction, the strain values may have been underestimated compared with those in 3D strains. Besides, the CMR temporal resolution may also explain our lower values of dyssynchrony compared to echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> There is a chance of underestimation of dyssynchrony due to spontaneous restoration of sinus rhythm a few weeks before the CMR. However, we believe that this fact would happen more often in individuals with paroxysmal AF; thus, our findings may have underestimated the real difference in dyssynchrony between individuals with paroxysmal and persistent AF by underestimating the dyssynchrony in the paroxysmal group. Finally, we had to exclude subjects who were not in sinus rhythm by the time of the cine image acquisition, which could be a limitation for the application of our method in subjects with persistent AF.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony is significantly associated with LA-LGE independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors or LA structure and function. Moreover, LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony was greater in individuals with persistent AF than in those with paroxysmal AF, whereas LA-LGE was not significantly different between the two AF types. LA intra-atrial dyssynchrony is a reproducible index to quantify LA remodeling and is less time-consuming than LA-LGE. Intra-atrial dyssynchrony can be used as a surrogate for the underlying tissue remodeling in patients with AF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The Johns Hopkins IRB under the protocol number CIR0004531. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dessincronia Intra-atrial &#224; Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca para Quantifica&#231;&#227;o da Remodela&#231;&#227;o Tecidual em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3859-1833</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ciuffo</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa Allen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9758-2240</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcellos</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Doria de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Balouch</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tao</surname>
            <given-names>Susumu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nazarian</surname>
            <given-names>Saman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Spragg</surname>
            <given-names>David D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marine</surname>
            <given-names>Joseph E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berger</surname>
            <given-names>Ronald D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Calkins</surname>
            <given-names>Hugh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ashikaga</surname>
            <given-names>Hiroshi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">University of New Mexico, New Mexico - Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore - Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore - Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luisa Allen Ciuffo,</bold> University of New Mexico, 2211. 87131-1466, Lomas Blvd NE Albuquerque, Novo M&#233;xico - EUA. E-mail: <email>iallem@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ciuffo LA, Lima J, Ashikaga H; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ciuffo LA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Ciuffo LA, Tao S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ashikaga H; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ciuffo LA, Ashikaga H; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Lima J, Balouch M, Tao S, Nazarian S, Marine JE, Calkins H, Ashikaga H, Vasconcellos HD, Spragg DD, Berger RD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> Estudos recentes sugerem que o realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio (RTG) no &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) pode quantificar a remodela&#231;&#227;o tecidual subjacente que abriga a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA). No entanto, a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do RTG-AE requer um trabalho intenso de aquisi&#231;&#227;o por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e p&#243;s-processamento em centros experientes. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da dessincronia intra-atrial no AE &#233; uma t&#233;cnica de imagem emergente que prediz a recorr&#234;ncia da FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. N&#243;s levantamos as hip&#243;teses de que 1) a dessincronia intra-atrial est&#225; associada ao RTG-AE em pacientes com FA e 2) a dessincronia intra-atrial &#233; maior em pacientes com FA persistente do que naqueles com FA parox&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo: </title>
          <p>Realizamos um estudo transversal comparando a dessincronia intra-atrial no AE e o RTG-AE em 146 pacientes com hist&#243;ria de FA (60,0 &#177; 10,0 anos, 30,1% com FA n&#227;o parox&#237;stica) submetidos &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) durante ritmo sinusal antes da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA. Com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de RMC com tissue tracking, medimos o strain longitudinal do AE em cortes de duas e quatro c&#226;maras. Definimos a dessincronia intra-atrial como o desvio padr&#227;o (DP) do tempo at&#233; o pico do strain longitudinal (DP-TPS, em %) e o DP do tempo at&#233; o pico do strain antes da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial corrigido pela dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo (DP-TPS<sub>preA</sub>, em %). Utilizamos a raz&#227;o da intensidade da imagem (RIM) para quantificar o RTG-AE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados: </title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da dessincronia intra-atrial levou 9 &#177; 5 minutos por caso. A an&#225;lise multivariada mostrou que a dessincronia intra-atrial no AE esteve independentemente associada ao RTG-AE. Al&#233;m disso, a dessincronia intra-atrial no AE foi significativamente maior em pacientes com FA persistente do que naqueles com FA parox&#237;stica. Por outro lado, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no RTG-AE entre pacientes com FA persistente e parox&#237;stica. A dessincronia intra-atrial no AE mostrou excelente reprodutibilidade e sua an&#225;lise foi menos demorada (5 &#177; 9 minutos) do que o RTG-AE (60 &#177; 20 minutos).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o: </title>
          <p>A dessincronia intra-atrial no AE &#233; um &#237;ndice r&#225;pido, reprodut&#237;vel e independentemente associado ao RTG-AE para indicar remodela&#231;&#227;o tecidual subjacente. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019; 112(4):441-450)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>&#193;trios do Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectroscopia de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia mais prevalente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e um fator preditor independente de acidente vascular cerebral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e dem&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O tratamento de base para a FA refrat&#225;ria a medicamentos &#233; a terapia invasiva de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com isolamento das veias pulmonares (IVP), mas a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s IVP &#233; relativamente alta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-procedimento do realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio (RTG) no &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) &#233; um preditor de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s IVP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> O RTG-AE pode ser considerado um indicador de remodela&#231;&#227;o tecidual subjacente, representada pela substitui&#231;&#227;o fibr&#243;tica que promove a FA. Embora o RTG-AE tenha potencial para melhorar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos do IVP ao refinar a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, sua principal limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; a exig&#234;ncia de trabalhosa aquisi&#231;&#227;o por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) e p&#243;s-processamento, que nem sempre s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com o fluxo de trabalho cl&#237;nico. Al&#233;m disso, o RTG-AE requer administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste endovenoso, o que &#233; contraindicado em subgrupos de candidatos ao IVP, como indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia renal ou rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas a contrastes &#224; base de gadol&#237;nio. Com isto, o RTG-AE n&#227;o faz parte da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica padr&#227;o, exceto em centros experientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#243;s demonstramos recentemente que a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-procedimento da dessincronia intra-atrial no AE prediz recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s IVP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o utiliza a tecnologia de <italic>tissue tracking</italic> que pode ser aplicada a qualquer cinerresson&#226;ncia rotineira e que n&#227;o requer administra&#231;&#227;o endovenosa de contraste.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> &#201; simples e r&#225;pida, baseada apenas em dois cortes de eixo longo (duas e quatro c&#226;maras) de cinerresson&#226;ncia de rotina. Como a estrutura e a fun&#231;&#227;o do AE refletem a fibrose tecidual subjacente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> &#233; poss&#237;vel que a dessincronia intra-atrial no AE sirva como um substituto para o RTG-AE.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, n&#243;s levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que a dessincronia intra-atrial no AE est&#225; associada ao RTG-AE em pacientes com FA. Al&#233;m disso, supomos que a dessincronia intra-atrial no AE &#233; maior em pacientes com FA persistente do que naqueles com FA parox&#237;stica. Para testar estas hip&#243;teses, realizamos um estudo transversal para avaliar a dessincronia intra-atrial no AE e o RTG-AE em pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica ou persistente. Tamb&#233;m quantificamos o tempo necess&#225;rio para o p&#243;s-processamento e a reprodutibilidade interleitor e intraleitor da dessincronia intra-atrial no AE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 146 pacientes consecutivos com FA sintom&#225;tica e refrat&#225;ria a medicamentos, encaminhados para abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter no <italic>Johns Hopkins Hospital</italic> entre junho de 2010 e dezembro de 2015 e submetidos a RM card&#237;aca (RMC) antes do procedimento. Pacientes com pr&#233;via abla&#231;&#227;o de FA ou procedimento cir&#250;rgico no AE foram exclu&#237;dos. Com base nas diretrizes mais recentes da <italic>Heart Rhythm Society</italic>, a FA parox&#237;stica foi definida como FA com revers&#227;o espont&#226;nea ou por interven&#231;&#227;o dentro de 7 dias do seu in&#237;cio. A FA persistente foi definida como FA cont&#237;nua, sustentada al&#233;m de 7 dias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Pacientes em FA no momento da RMC tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Conselho de Revis&#227;o Institucional do <italic>Johns Hopkins Hospital</italic>, e todos os pacientes forneceram consentimento informado por escrito.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de RMC</title>
          <p>A RMC foi realizada com um aparelho de 1,5 Tesla (Avanto; Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Alemanha), uma bobina de corpo do tipo arranjo de fase (<italic>phased array</italic>) de 6 canais em combina&#231;&#227;o com uma bobina de coluna de 6 canais. As imagens de cine-RMC foram adquiridas em sincronia com o ECG (<italic>gated</italic>) no eixo longo de duas e quatro c&#226;maras por sequ&#234;ncia <italic>true fast imaging with steady-state precession</italic> (TrueFISP) com os seguintes par&#226;metros: TE/TR 3,0/1,5 ms; &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o 78&#186;; dimens&#227;o do pixel no plano de 1,5 &#215; 1,5 mm<sup>2</sup>; espessura do corte 8 mm; intervalo entre cortes 2 mm; 30 imagens por intervalo R-R no ECG com uma resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal de 20-40 ms. Os pacientes tamb&#233;m foram submetidos ao RTG com navegador respirat&#243;rio e em sincronia com o ECG (<italic>gated</italic>) para quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fibrose no AE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>). As imagens de RTG foram adquiridas dentro de 15-25 minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de gadopentetato de dimeglumina (0,2 mmol/kg; Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Montville, NJ, EUA) com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma sequ&#234;ncia 3D do tipo <italic>fast spoiled gradient-recalled echo</italic> com satura&#231;&#227;o de gordura e invers&#227;o-recupera&#231;&#227;o com os seguintes par&#226;metros: TE/TR 1,52/3,8 ms; &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o 10&#186;; dimens&#227;o do pixel no plano de 1,3 &#215; 1,3 mm<sup>2</sup>; espessura do corte 2,0 mm. O tempo de disparo para as imagens tridimensionais (3D) do RTG foi otimizado para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados de imagem durante a di&#225;stole do AE, conforme determinado pelas imagens de cine-RMC. O tempo de invers&#227;o ideal foi determinado por uma sequ&#234;ncia <italic>scout</italic> para o tempo de invers&#227;o (mediana 270 ms, intervalo 240-290 ms) para maximizar a anula&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio no AE. A raz&#227;o da intensidade de imagem (RIM),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> foi medida para quantificar o RTG-AE com utiliza&#231;&#227;o do QMass MR (vers&#227;o 7.2; Medis Medical Imaging Systems bv, Leiden, Holanda) em imagens axiais de dados de imagem axial 3D. Resumidamente, a RIM &#233; uma intensidade de sinal do RTG-AE normalizada pela m&#233;dia da intensidade do sinal do <italic>pool</italic> de sangue do AE. O limiar da RIM de 1,22, que corresponde &#224; voltagem bipolar de 0,3 mV no eletrograma intracard&#237;aco, foi utilizado para definir a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> As imagens de RMC obtidas antes do procedimento foram adquiridas dentro de um intervalo de 15 a 25 minutos (m&#233;dia 18,8 &#177; 2,4 minutos).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Dessincronia intra-atrial no &#225;trio esquerdo</title>
            <p>O programa <italic>Multimodality Tissue Tracking</italic> (MTT, vers&#227;o 6.1, Toshiba, Jap&#227;o) foi utilizado para quantificar no AE o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal e os <italic>strain rates</italic> em cortes de duas e quatro c&#226;maras. A acur&#225;cia e a reprodutibilidade do MTT foram validadas anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Resumidamente, um operador experiente, cegado para o tipo de FA, definiu as bordas endoc&#225;rdica e epic&#225;rdica do AE ao final da di&#225;stole do AE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>). A conflu&#234;ncia das veias pulmonares e o ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo foram exclu&#237;dos conforme apropriado. O programa propaga automaticamente as bordas endoc&#225;rdicas/epic&#225;rdicas durante todo o ciclo card&#237;aco atrav&#233;s de um algoritmo de correspond&#234;ncia de modelos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Por &#250;ltimo, o operador verificava a qualidade do <italic>tracking</italic> gerado pelo MTT. O programa divide automaticamente o AE em seis segmentos de comprimento igual em cada um dos cortes de duas e quatro c&#226;maras, resultando em um total de 12 segmentos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>). O <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal e o <italic>strain</italic> rate foram calculados dentro de cada um dos 12 segmentos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>). Com base nestas curvas, definimos cinco &#237;ndices de dessincronia intra-atrial no AE, da seguinte forma:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
						</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f6">
                <label>Figura 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o regional atrial esquerda com cinerresson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca. As imagens mostram um total de 12 segmentos codificados por cores no &#225;trio esquerdo. A: corte de duas c&#226;maras com seis segmentos de comprimento igual; B: corte de quatro c&#226;maras com seis segmentos de comprimento igual.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0441-90064-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f7">
                <label>Figura 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Curvas de strain de todos os 12 segmentos. Pontos verdes, desvio padr&#227;o do tempo at&#233; o pico do strain longitudinal (DP-TPS) de cada segmento; pontos azuis, desvio padr&#227;o do tempo at&#233; o pico do strain antes da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (DP-TPS<sub>preA</sub>) de cada segmento.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0441-90064-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f8">
                <label>Figura 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) com realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio no &#225;trio esquerdo (AE). A - B: corte anterior &#8220;em concha&#8221; do AE com &#225;reas de realce (vermelho). C - D: corte posterior &#8220;em concha&#8221; do AE com &#225;reas de realce (vermelho). E - F: quantifica&#231;&#227;o do realce no AE pela RMC com utiliza&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o da intensidade da imagem (RIM). Lado esquerdo (A, C e E), indiv&#237;duo com baixo realce - lado direito (B, D e F), indiv&#237;duo com alto realce.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0441-90064-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <list list-type="bullet">
                <list-item>
                  <p>DP-tempo at&#233; o pico do <italic>strain</italic> (DP-TPS): desvio padr&#227;o do tempo at&#233; o pico do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal em 12 segmentos. Este &#237;ndice quantifica a dessincronia intra-atrial da fun&#231;&#227;o de reservat&#243;rio do AE.</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>DP-tempo at&#233; o pico do <italic>strain</italic> antes da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (DP-TPS<sub>preA</sub>): Desvio padr&#227;o do tempo at&#233; o pico do <italic>strain</italic> antes da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial nos 12 segmentos. Este &#237;ndice quantifica a dessincronia intra-atrial do reservat&#243;rio e da fun&#231;&#227;o de condu&#231;&#227;o do AE.</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </p>
            <p>Um valor mais alto de cada &#237;ndice reflete um grau maior de dessincronia intra-atrial. Tamb&#233;m apresentamos os valores da dessincronia do AE em porcentagem (DP, %) do intervalo R-R'. Uma avalia&#231;&#227;o semelhante da dessincronia no AE foi publicada e validada anteriormente com utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia 3D <italic>versus</italic> a ecocardiografia bidimensional (2D) padr&#227;o em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com FA parox&#237;stica e FA persistente em rela&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> De um total de 1.752 segmentos, 34 (1,94%) foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise por n&#227;o terem apresentado picos bem definidos nas curvas de <italic>strain/strain rate</italic>. Ao todo, 22 indiv&#237;duos apresentavam ao menos um segmento n&#227;o analis&#225;vel, dos quais 15 estavam no grupo com FA persistente e 7 no grupo com FA parox&#237;stica (p = 0,02).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o do AE</title>
            <p>A an&#225;lise funcional do AE foi descrita anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal do AE e o <italic>strain rate</italic> foram calculados pela m&#233;dia dos valores do <italic>strain</italic> em todos os 12 segmentos obtidos nos cortes de eixo longo de duas e quatro c&#226;maras. Valores positivos e negativos de <italic>strain</italic> indicam alongamento e encurtamento, respectivamente, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; configura&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia ao final da di&#225;stole ventricular, definida como o pico da onda R no ECG de superf&#237;cie. O <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal m&#225;ximo do AE (S<sub>max</sub>) e o <italic>strain</italic> de contra&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-atrial (S<sub>preA</sub>) foram identificados a partir da curva de <italic>strain</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>); os <italic>strain rates</italic> na s&#237;stole do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE; SR<sub>s),</sub> in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole do VE (SR<sub>e)</sub> e na contra&#231;&#227;o do AE (SR<sub>a</sub>) foram obtidos a partir da curva de <italic>strain rate</italic>. A curva de volume do AE foi gerada pelo m&#233;todo biplano de Simpson modificado, que foi validado pelo m&#233;todo de &#225;rea-comprimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e o volume m&#225;ximo do AE (V<sub>max</sub>), volume pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o do AE (V<sub>preA</sub>) e o volume m&#237;nimo do AE (V<sub>min</sub>) foram extra&#237;dos. Todos os volumes do AE foram normalizados pela &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal com base na f&#243;rmula de Haycock.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> As fra&#231;&#245;es de esvaziamento (FE) do AE foram calculadas da seguinte forma: FE total do AE = (V<sub>max</sub> - V<sub>min</sub>) &#215; 100% / V<sub>max</sub>; FE passiva do AE = (V<sub>max</sub> - V<sub>preA</sub>) &#215; 100% / V<sub>max</sub> e FE ativa do AE = (V<sub>preA</sub> - V<sub>min</sub>) &#215; 100% / V<sub>preA</sub>.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de abla&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>O tratamento da FA com abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com IVP foi realizado com aux&#237;lio de um sistema de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico com um m&#243;dulo de integra&#231;&#227;o de imagens (CARTO e CARTOMERGE&#174;, Biosense Webster, Irvine, CA, EUA) para integrar a RMC pr&#233;-procedimento. O isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares foi confirmado por um cateter de mapeamento multipolar circular (Lasso, Biosense Webster, Irvine, CA, EUA). Nos casos de FA persistente, o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o inclu&#237;a habitualmente estrat&#233;gias de abla&#231;&#227;o complementar. A abla&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com um cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia por irriga&#231;&#227;o aberta com ou sem sensor de for&#231;a, ou com um cateter bal&#227;o para crioabla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reprodutibilidade</title>
          <p>A reprodutibilidade intraleitor foi estabelecida por um observador que realizou an&#225;lise dupla dos 15 estudos, com um intervalo de 7 dias entre as duas an&#225;lises. A reprodutibilidade interleitor foi avaliada por dois observadores que analisaram os mesmos 15 casos. O segundo observador estava cegado em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados do primeiro observador.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados est&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal e como porcentagens para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos foi realizada por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, teste do qui-quadrado e teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado. An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear multivariada e correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson tamb&#233;m foram utilizadas para examinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a dessincronia intra-atrial no AE e o RTG-AE. Quatro modelos de regress&#227;o linear s&#227;o apresentados: Modelo 1 (n&#227;o ajustado), Modelo 2 (ajustado para as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas: idade, sexo, tipo de FA, &#237;ndice de massa corporal [IMC], hist&#243;ria de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, hipertens&#227;o e apneia obstrutiva do sono) e Modelo 3 (Modelo 2+ V<sub>min</sub> e S<sub>max</sub>). &#205;ndices de dessincronia intra-atrial no AE e RTG-AE foram transformados em log por terem distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. Tamb&#233;m avaliamos a possibilidade de intera&#231;&#227;o entre a dessincronia intra-atrial no AE e o tipo de FA. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi categorizado com as seguintes correla&#231;&#245;es: fraca, 0; leve, 0,01-0,20; baixa, 0,21-0,40; moderada, 0,41-0,60; boa, 0,61-0,80 e excelente, 0,81-1,00. Em um subgrupo de participantes selecionados aleatoriamente (n = 15), foi realizada an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman para quantificar a reprodutibilidade intraobservador e interobservador e a reprodutibilidade interestudo. Al&#233;m disso, foi avaliado o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI) com um modelo aleat&#243;rio de duas vias, no qual a concord&#226;ncia foi categorizada da seguinte maneira: CCI &lt; 0,40, pobre; CCI 0,40-0,75, regular a boa; e CCI &gt; 0,75, excelente. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o programa Stata, vers&#227;o 12.0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Cl&#237;nico</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise final 146 pacientes, cujas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>. Havia 61 (29,3%) pacientes do sexo feminino e a m&#233;dia de idade foi de 60,0 &#177; 10,0 anos. Um total de 102 pacientes (69,8%) apresentava FA parox&#237;stica no per&#237;odo do procedimento. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais e o uso de medicamentos foram semelhantes nos pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica e naqueles com FA persistente, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>; 4 de 44 pacientes (9,1%) no grupo persistente e 2 de 102 pacientes (2,0%) no grupo parox&#237;stico haviam sido submetidos &#224; cardiovers&#227;o 3-4 semanas antes da RMC (p = 0,158).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Geral (n = 146)</th>
                  <th align="center">FA parox&#237;stica (n =102)</th>
                  <th align="center">FA persistente (n = 44)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Cl&#237;nico</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">60,0 &#177; 10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">60,0 &#177;10,1</td>
                  <td align="center">59,7 &#177; 9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,906</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">28,4 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">28,0 &#177; 5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">29,9 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,073</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Homens, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (70,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (72,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (63,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,134</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (9,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (7,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (13,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,082</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana/doen&#231;a vascular, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (8,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (9,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,536</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (15,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (11,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,704</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (41,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (41,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (40,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,154</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de AVC/AIT, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (7,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,351</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VAS<sub>C</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">1,60 &#177; 1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 &#177; 1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,942</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Apneia obstrutiva do sono, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (15,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (13,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,796</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o (crioabla&#231;&#227;o), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (23,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (27,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (13,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,324</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Medicamento</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IECA/BRA, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (25,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (23,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (29,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,389</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Betabloqueadores, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (56,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (60,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (43,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,788</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (22,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (25,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (15,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,637</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#250;mero de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,108</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Os valores est&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o, n (%) ou mediana. FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; IECA/BRA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina e bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina; CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VAS<sub>C</sub>: escore de avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de acidente vascular cerebral na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda, dessincronia intra-atrial e tipo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</title>
          <p>Pacientes com FA persistente apresentaram menor fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento do AE (FEAE) total, FEAE ativa, SR, SRe, SRa e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, o DP-TPS foi significativamente maior em pacientes com FA persistente do que naqueles com FA parox&#237;stica (medianas 3,6% e 2,9%, respectivamente, p = 0,036). O DP-TPS<sub>preA</sub> n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente entre os tipos de FA (4,6% <italic>versus</italic> 3,7%, respectivamente, p = 0,227) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>). A an&#225;lise da dessincronia foi realizada de forma consistente em todos os casos e levou 5 &#177; 9 minutos por caso. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na quantidade de tempo necess&#225;ria para a an&#225;lise da dessincronia entre os tipos de FA (p = 0,35).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros funcionais do &#225;trio esquerdo por grupos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">FA parox&#237;stica (n = 102)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">FA persistente (n = 44)</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estrutura do AE</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice do volume m&#237;nimo do AE, mm<sup>3</sup>/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">19,0 &#177; 7,8</td>
                  <td align="center">18,5 - 21,4</td>
                  <td align="center">23,0 &#177; 10,1</td>
                  <td align="center">19,5 - 26,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,062</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice do volume m&#225;ximo do AE, mm<sup>3</sup>/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">38,8 &#177; 10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">36,8 - 40,8</td>
                  <td align="center">39,6 &#177; 11,7</td>
                  <td align="center">35,6 - 43,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,691</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o do AE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEAE total, %</td>
                  <td align="center">49,5 &#177; 10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">47,6 - 51,4</td>
                  <td align="center">44,0 &#177; 12,6</td>
                  <td align="center">39,6 - 48,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEAE passiva, %</td>
                  <td align="center">22,9 &#177; 7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">21,6 - 24,3</td>
                  <td align="center">20,7 &#177; 8,3</td>
                  <td align="center">17,8 - 23,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,128</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEAE ativa, %</td>
                  <td align="center">34,6 &#177; 10,8</td>
                  <td align="center">32,5 - 36,6</td>
                  <td align="center">29,5 &#177; 14,1</td>
                  <td align="center">24,6 - 34,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S<sub>max</sub>, %</td>
                  <td align="center">28,9 &#177; 8,9</td>
                  <td align="center">27,2 - 30,5</td>
                  <td align="center">26,0 &#177; 11,8</td>
                  <td align="center">22,0 - 30,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,132</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SR</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 - 1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 - 1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,347</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SR<sub>e</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">-1,1 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,2 - -1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,8 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,0 - -0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SR<sub>a</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">-1,4 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,5 - -1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,1 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,3 - -0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">58,4 &#177; 6,0</td>
                  <td align="center">57,0 - 59,8</td>
                  <td align="center">53,4 &#177; 10,3</td>
                  <td align="center">49,4 - 57,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Mediana</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>IIQ</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Mediana</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>IIQ</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Dessincronia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">M&#233;dia TPS, ms</td>
                  <td align="center">397,8</td>
                  <td align="center">374,5 - 420,2</td>
                  <td align="center">403,5</td>
                  <td align="center">369,9 - 429,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,538</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DP-TPS, %</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1 - 3,9</td>
                  <td align="center">3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3 - 4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,036</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Log - DP-TPS, %</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7 - 1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8 - 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,036</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">M&#233;dia DP-TPS<sub>preA</sub>, ms</td>
                  <td align="center">795,3</td>
                  <td align="center">692,4 - 884,9</td>
                  <td align="center">846,7</td>
                  <td align="center">760,6 - 967,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DP-TPS<sub>preA,</sub> %</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0 - 8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9 - 5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,227</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Log - DP-TPS<sub>preA</sub>, %</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 - 2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 - 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,177</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Extens&#227;o RTG (% superf&#237;cie do AE)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,6</td>
                  <td align="center">6,0 - 17,6</td>
                  <td align="center">13,8</td>
                  <td align="center">7,6 - 28,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,061</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Log da extens&#227;o RTG (% superf&#237;cie do AE)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 - 2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0 - 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,061</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>Os dados est&#227;o apresentados como mediana (intervalo interquartil [IIQ]) ou m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; FEAE: fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento do AE; S<sub>max:</sub> strain longitudinal m&#225;ximo do AE; SR: pico da taxa do strain longitudinal; SR<sub>e</sub>: strain rate no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole; SR<sub>a</sub>: strain rate na di&#225;stole tardia; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TPS: tempo at&#233; o pico do strain; TPS<sub>preA</sub>: tempo at&#233; o pico do strain antes da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial; RTG: realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dessincronia do AE e RTG-AE</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na extens&#227;o da fibrose do AE quantificada por RTG entre os tipos de FA (11,6 [6-17,6]% da superf&#237;cie do AE <italic>versus</italic> 13,8 [7,6-28,4] % da superf&#237;cie do AE; p = 0,061). No Modelo 1, o DP-TPS e o DP-TPS<sub>preA</sub> transformados em log foram associados com o grau de realce do RTG-AE do AE transformado em log (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). Ap&#243;s ajuste para a idade, sexo, IMC, tipo de FA, hist&#243;ria de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, apneia obstrutiva do sono, hipertens&#227;o, V<sub>min,</sub> e S<sub>max</sub>, ambos os &#237;ndices DP-TPS e DP-TPS<sub>preA</sub> permaneceram significativamente associados ao RTG-AE (DP-TPS, &#946;: 0,60, p = 0,001; DP-TPS<sub>preA</sub>, &#946;: 0,18, p = 0,045) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref> mostra a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o RTG-AE e a dessincronia intra-atrial do AE. N&#227;o houve uma intera&#231;&#227;o multiplicativa significativa entre o tipo de FA e a dessincronia intra-atrial no AE (termos de intera&#231;&#227;o para DP-TPS: 0,008, p = 0,258 e para DP-TPS<sub>preA</sub>: 0,003, p = 0,158). A an&#225;lise do RTG-AE foi realizada de forma consistente em todos os casos e levou 60 &#177; 20 minutos por caso, dependendo da qualidade da imagem.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre a dessincronia intra-atrial no &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio no AE (RTG-AE). A, regress&#227;o entre RTG-AE e o desvio padr&#227;o do tempo at&#233; o pico do strain longitudinal (DP-TPS); B, regress&#227;o entre RTG-AE e o desvio padr&#227;o do tempo at&#233; o pico do strain antes da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (DP&#8209;TPS<sub>preA</sub>). Linha azul, linha de regress&#227;o linear. Log: vari&#225;veis transformadas em log; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0441-90064-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lises univariada e multivariada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo 1<break/>N&#227;o ajustado</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo 2<break/>Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo 3<break/>Modelo 2 + V<sub>min</sub> + S<sub>max</sub></th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">&#946;</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                  <th align="center">&#946;</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                  <th align="center">&#946;</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Log - DP-TPS, %</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Log - DP-TPS<sub>preA</sub>, %</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,034</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,020</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,045</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>Modelo 2: ajustado para idade, sexo, tipo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, hist&#243;ria de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, hipertens&#227;o arterial, apneia obstrutiva do sono. Modelo 3: covari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no Modelo 2: al&#233;m de volume m&#237;nimo do &#225;trio esquerdo e strain longitudinal m&#225;ximo do &#225;trio esquerdo. V<sub>min</sub>: volume m&#237;nimo do AE; S<sub>max</sub>: strain longitudinal m&#225;ximo do AE; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; TPS: tempo at&#233; o pico do strain; TPS<sub>preA</sub> : tempo at&#233; o pico do strain antes da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dessincronia: reprodutibilidade interleitor e intraleitor</title>
          <p>A variabilidade interobservador e intraobservador da an&#225;lise do AE para o m&#233;todo de MTT foi avaliada em 15 indiv&#237;duos selecionados aleatoriamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>). Todos os par&#226;metros apresentaram excelente reprodutibilidade intraobservador (CCI 0,86 e 0,85 para DP-TPS e DP-TPS<sub>preA</sub>, respectivamente, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>), sem vi&#233;s sistem&#225;tico significativo. Al&#233;m disso, ambos os par&#226;metros apresentaram boa a excelente reprodutibilidade interobservador (CCI 0,86 e 0,74 para DP-TPS e DP-TPS<sub>preA</sub>, respectivamente, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Reprodutibilidade intraleitor e interleitor - gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman. A) reprodutibilidade intraleitor do desvio padr&#227;o do tempo at&#233; o pico do strain longitudinal (DP-TPS). B) reprodutibilidade intraleitor do desvio padr&#227;o do tempo at&#233; o pico do strain antes da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (DP-TPS<sub>preA</sub>). C) reprodutibilidade interleitor DP-TPS. D) reprodutibilidade interleitor DP-TPSpreA. R1: primeiro observador; R2: segundo observador.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0441-90064-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Reprodutibilidade interleitor e intraleitor das medidas atriais esquerdas (AE). Os resultados est&#227;o representados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP).</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                    <bold>Interleitor</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>CCI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Par&#226;metro AE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Diferen&#231;a (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DP-TPS, %</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,05 &#177; 0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">DP-TPS<sub>preA</sub>,%</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,09 &#177; 0,83</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                    <bold>Intraleitor</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>CCI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Par&#226;metro AE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Diferen&#231;a (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DP-TPS, %</td>
                  <td align="center">0 &#177; 0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DP-TPS<sub>preA</sub>,%</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,03 &#177; 0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; CCI: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse; TPS: tempo at&#233; o pico do strain; TPS<sub>preA</sub>: tempo at&#233; o pico do strain antes da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os principais resultados est&#227;o resumidos a seguir: 1) A dessincronia intra-atrial no AE esteve independentemente associada ao RTG-AE, 2) a dessincronia intra-atrial no AE foi significativamente maior nos pacientes com FA persistente do que naqueles com FA parox&#237;stica, 3) a dessincronia intra-atrial no AE &#233; um &#237;ndice reprodut&#237;vel e 4) a an&#225;lise da dessincronia intra-atrial no AE &#233; menos demorada do que o RTG-AE.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>RTG-AE e dessincronia</title>
          <p>Nossa an&#225;lise multivariada mostrou que a dessincronia intra-atrial no AE est&#225; associada ao RTG-AE ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos, incluindo o tipo de FA. Este achado serve como evid&#234;ncia para o uso potencial da dessincronia intra-atrial no AE como um substituto para o RTG-AE. Al&#233;m disso, nossa an&#225;lise mostrou que pacientes com FA persistente apresentavam dessincronia intra-atrial no AE significativamente maior do que aqueles com FA parox&#237;stica. Por outro lado, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no RTG-AE entre pacientes com FA persistente e FA parox&#237;stica, embora tenha ocorrido uma tend&#234;ncia para uma extens&#227;o maior de RTG-AE com FA persistente. Uma explica&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel para estes resultados &#233; que a dessincronia intra-atrial provavelmente reflete mudan&#231;as sutis na arquitetura atrial que podem gerar FA, mas que n&#227;o s&#227;o captadas pelo RTG ou por outros &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o do AE. De fato, a dessincronia mec&#226;nica foi um marcador mais espec&#237;fico de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o de FA quando comparada &#224; cicatriz e fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda (8). Dificuldades t&#233;cnicas associadas &#224; aquisi&#231;&#227;o e processamento do RTG-AE tamb&#233;m podem explicar o achado. Por exemplo, a parede fina do AE (~3 mm) representa um desafio para a resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial da RMC. Al&#233;m disso, apenas uma pequena fra&#231;&#227;o do contraste administrado por via endovenosa perfunde a parede do AE, pois a grande maioria perfunde os ventr&#237;culos atrav&#233;s das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Nosso resultado tamb&#233;m mostrou que a an&#225;lise da dessincronia intra-atrial do AE foi menos demorada (5 &#177; 9 minutos) do que o RTG-AE (60 &#177; 20 minutos). Este achado sugere que a implementa&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise de dessincronia intra-atrial no AE na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria n&#227;o impediria significativamente o fluxo de trabalho cl&#237;nico na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-procedimento. A possibilidade de que o atordoamento atrial induzido por cardiovers&#227;o possa ter confundido nossos achados &#233; baixa, pois: 1) a cardiovers&#227;o foi realizada em apenas uma minoria de pacientes em ambos os grupos e 2) n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na fra&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos &#224; cardiovers&#227;o entre os dois grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reprodutibilidade da dessincronia no AE</title>
          <p>Nossos resultados mostraram excelente reprodutibilidade intraleitor da dessincronia intra-atrial do AE, com varia&#231;&#227;o do CCI de 0,74 a 0,86 para DP-TPS, e 0,85 a 0,95 para DP-TPS<sub>preA</sub> e diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de 0 e -0,03, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>). A reprodutibilidade interleitor foi tamb&#233;m de excelente a boa, com varia&#231;&#227;o do CCI de 0,86 para DP-TPS e 0,74 para DP-TPS<sub>preA</sub> e uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de -0,05 e -0,09, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>). Tanto a reprodutibilidade intraleitor quanto a interleitor mostraram valores semelhantes aos descritos em estudos com ecocardiografia 2D e 3D.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este estudo foi uma an&#225;lise unic&#234;ntrica, retrospectiva e transversal de pacientes encaminhados para IVP para tratamento de FA refrat&#225;ria a medicamentos em um centro terci&#225;rio. Portanto, existe uma chance n&#227;o desprez&#237;vel de vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Para a an&#225;lise de dessincronia, utilizamos apenas cine-RMC de duas e quatro c&#226;maras, que foi inclu&#237;da em um protocolo rotineiro de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens. Portanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel que nossa an&#225;lise tenha subestimado o grau de dessincronia ao ignorar regi&#245;es n&#227;o inclu&#237;das nestes dois cortes. Como o <italic>strain</italic> foi 2D e obtido apenas na dire&#231;&#227;o do plano, os valores de <italic>strain</italic> podem ter sido subestimados em compara&#231;&#227;o com os de <italic>strain</italic> 3D. Al&#233;m disso, a resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal da RMC tamb&#233;m pode explicar nossos valores mais baixos de dessincronia em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> H&#225; uma chance de termos subestimado a dessincronia devido &#224; restaura&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea do ritmo sinusal algumas semanas antes da RMC. No entanto, acreditamos que esse fato tenha ocorrido com maior frequ&#234;ncia em indiv&#237;duos com FA parox&#237;stica; assim, nossos achados podem ter subestimado a real diferen&#231;a da dessincronia entre indiv&#237;duos com FA parox&#237;stica e persistente por subestimar a dessincronia no grupo parox&#237;stico. Por &#250;ltimo, tivemos que excluir indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o estavam em ritmo sinusal no momento da aquisi&#231;&#227;o da cineimagem, o que poderia ser uma limita&#231;&#227;o para a aplica&#231;&#227;o do nosso m&#233;todo em indiv&#237;duos com FA persistente.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A dessincronia intra-atrial do AE est&#225; significativamente associada ao RTG-AE, independentemente de fatores de risco cardiovasculares tradicionais ou da estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o do AE. Al&#233;m disso, a dessincronia intra-atrial do AE foi maior em indiv&#237;duos com FA persistente do que naqueles com FA parox&#237;stica, enquanto o RTG-AE n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente entre os dois tipos de FA. A dessincronia intra-atrial no AE &#233; um &#237;ndice reprodut&#237;vel para quantificar a remodela&#231;&#227;o do AE e requer menos tempo do que o RTG-AE. A dessincronia intra-atrial pode ser utilizada como substituta para a remodela&#231;&#227;o tecidual subjacente em pacientes com FA.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do The Johns Hopkins IRB sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CIR00045312. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
