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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">gJG5KTXVfhSxSBmrNM4b8bT</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000400432</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005007103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190060</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Retrospective Analysis of Risk Factors for Related Complications of Chemical Ablation on Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2778-870X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Cheng-Yang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4806-3927</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Shi</surname>
            <given-names>Yun-Qi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Liaoning Provincial Jin Qiu Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Liaoning Province</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - Liaoning Provincial Jin Qiu Hospital, Liaoning Province - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Liaoning Provincial People&#8217;s Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Liaoning Province</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - Liaoning Provincial People&#8217;s Hospital, Liaoning Province - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Cheng-Yang Li,</bold> N&#176;. 317 XIAONAN Street. 110016, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province - China. E-mail: <email>chengyanglisvip@163.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cheng-Yang L; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cheng-Yang L and Yun-Qi S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>432</fpage>
      <lpage>438</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The analysis of risk factors for predicting related complications has not been reported to date.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study aims to investigate the risk factors of related complications of percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) retrospectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>Clinical data, and one-year follow-up results of patients with HOCM, who underwent PTSMA between January 2000 and July 2013 in the Department of Cardiology, Liaoning Province People&#8217;s Hospital, Liaoning Province, China, were retrospectively analyzed to determine risk factors for operative complications with multiple logistic regression analysis. All p values are two-sided, with values of p &lt; 0.05 being considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Among 319 patients with HOCM, PTSMA was performed in 224 patients (120 males and 104 females, mean age was 48.20 &#177; 14.34 years old). The incidence of PTSMA procedure-related complications was 36.23% (66/224), which included three cardiac deaths, two cardiac shocks, one ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction, two ventricular fibrillations, 20 third-degree atrioventricular (AV) blocks (four patients were implanted with a permanent pacemaker (PPM)), 32 complete right bundle branch blocks, two complete left bundle branch blocks, and four puncture-related complications. After multivariate logistic regression analysis, it was found that age, gender, coronary artery diseases, diabetes, heart rate, cardiac function on admission, the number of septal ablations, and the volume of alcohol were not independent risk factors correlated to the whole complications, except for hypertension (OR: 4.856; 95% CI: 1.732-13.609). Early experience appears to be associated with the occurrence of complications.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Hypertension was an independent risk factor for PTSMA procedure-related complications. It might be much safer and more efficient if PTSMA procedures are restricted to experienced centers, according to the analysis results for the learning curve.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial, Percutaneous Transluminal Septal Myocardial Ablation (PTSMA)</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction Left/complications</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is defined as primary myocardial hypertrophy with dynamic left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and diastolic dysfunction of left ventricle (LV). HOCM, which induces symptoms of angina, dyspnea and syncope, is a genetically determined disorder caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric contractile proteins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Myectomy has been proven to be capable of improving short- and middle-term survival in patients with HOCM with severe drug refractory symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> With the development of techniques and equipment for percutaneous coronary intervention, percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) has become an alternative to myectomy with a decade history.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, despite the advances in the judgment of indication, operating skill, optimal medical treatment and the management of complications, PTSMA-related complications remain high during the perioperative period. The most common complication is right bundle branch block. The most significant complications include high-degree conduction block needing PPM, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac shock, cardiac death, puncture site complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Unfortunately, only predictors for long follow-up outcome have ever been analyzed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The analysis of risk factors for predicting related complications have not been reported to date. In this report, we attempted to identify risk factors related to PTSMA procedure complications by conducting a retrospective review of 319 HOCM patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The study population comprised 319 patients with HOCM, who were referred to the Cardiology Department of Liaoning Provincial People&#8217;s Hospital of China, and considered septal reduction therapy with PTSMA between January 2000 and July 2013. Among these 319 patients, 258 met the inclusion criteria for septal reduction therapy with resting left ventricular outflow tract gradient (LVOTG) &#8805; 30 mmHg or exercise-induced LVOTG &#8805; 50 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The diagnostic criteria for HOCM were end-diastolic wall thickness &gt;15 mm, and a non-dilated LV with an ejection fraction (EF) of &#8805; 50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Exclusion criteria were hypertrophy from other causes (n<italic>&#160;</italic>= 17), history of myocardial infarction (n = 10), and prior intervention with PTSMA (n = 7) or septal myectomy (n = 0). Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) (coronary artery stenosis &#8805; 50% evaluated at coronary angiography) without myocardial infarction, mild or moderate valvular heart disease unrelated to HOCM, and patients on antihypertensive therapy were not excluded.</p>
      <p>Diabetes was defined according to the guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Hypertension was defined as either a systolic or diastolic elevation of blood pressure (&gt;140/90 mmHg) or ongoing antihypertensive therapy. Hypercholesterolemia was defined as a total cholesterol level &gt;5.0 mmol/L, or current treatment with lipid-lowering medications. The present study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. The Local Ethics Committee of the Liaoning Province Hospital approved the study protocol, and all patients provided an informed consent.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography</title>
        <p>Before and during the procedure, and at follow-up, all patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography using a Hewlett-Packard Sonos 1500 (Hewlett-Packard Co., Andover, Massachusetts, USA) echocardiograph with an interfaced 2.5-MHz transducer. The following parameters were measured: intra-ventricular septum (IVS) thickness, left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) thickness, and end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions from the minor axis M-mode of the LV obtained from a 2-dimensional standard left parasternal view. LVOTG was measured by a continuous-wave Doppler probe positioned at the cardiac apex. EF was automatically calculated.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dobutamine stress echocardiography</title>
        <p>Dobutamine was administered using an infusion pump at a starting rate of 5 <italic>&#181;</italic>g&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>, with increments of 5 <italic>&#181;</italic>g&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> every three minutes to a maximum dose of 40 <italic>&#181;</italic>g&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> if necessary. The stress-induced echocardiography endpoint is the end of the eighth stage of the dobutamine protocol, or following chest pain, dyspnea, a drop in arterial pressure of 20 mmHg or more, and an ST-segment shift of 1 mm or more.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac catheterization, gradient determination and ablation procedure</title>
        <p>The right femoral and right radial arteries, as well as the right femoral vein, were cannulated using the standard Judkins technique. After an intravenous bolus of 100-150 U/kg of heparin, a 6F temporary pacemaker lead was placed in the right ventricle, a 6F pigtail catheter was positioned in the left ventricular apex, and a 6F Judkins guiding catheter was placed in the left coronary artery. The resting LVOTG was determined by simultaneous pressure recording. Provocation after premature ventricular contraction caused by the pigtail catheter (Terumo, Japan) was performed if necessary. The adequate septal branch was identified on the coronary angiogram; after that, a 0.014-inch guide wire (Bmw; Bebi Inc., India) was inserted into the septal branch. Then, an over-the-wire balloon catheter (1.5/2.0/2.5 mm in diameter, 10/20 mm in length; Medtronic, USA) was placed in the proximal part of the septal branch. After balloon inflation at 2-6 atm, the correct balloon position was determined by injection of the contrast medium <italic>via</italic> the guiding catheter into the left coronary artery, and by injection through the balloon catheter shaft into the septal branch. In order to determine the target septal branch, probationary balloon inflation and/or myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) was performed. When sufficient decrease in LVOTG was observed through probationary balloon inflation, the septal branch was identified as the target. MCE was routinely performed according to routine methods.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> When the target septal branch was determined, after intravenous administration of 5 mg of diamorphine, 1-2 ml of absolute alcohol was slowly injected through the balloon catheter shaft. Ten minutes later, the balloon was deflated and the contrast medium was injected <italic>via</italic> the guiding catheter to ascertain that the septal branch was completely blocked. Patients were monitored in the Coronary Care Unit for three days after removal of the vascular sheaths. After 48 hours, when the patient appeared to have normal cardiac conduction, the temporary pacemaker was removed. If high-grade AV conduction disturbances were observed during the following days, PPM implantation was offered. Patients were discharged and followed at our outpatient clinics.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Complications</title>
        <p>Complications during PTSMA procedures and in-hospital monitoring were registered. The events were acute heart failure, cardiac shock, cardiac death and arrhythmic events (bradycardia, asystole, sustained and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation). Coronary artery complications were coronary dissection, coronary perforation, acute myocardial infarction, acute pericardial effusion, pericardial tamponade, and alcohol displacement. Bundle branch block and AV block including advanced heart block, which lead to PPM implantation, were registered. Advanced heart block was defined as bifascicular block, and second- or third-degree AV block. Asystole due to third-degree AV block was classified as third-degree AV block (i.e. advanced heart block). Puncture related complications were also included for the final analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient follow-up</title>
        <p>Patients were carefully monitored in the Coronary Care Unit for at least three days after the procedure, and back-up pacing was continued <italic>via</italic> the femoral vein when necessary. In-hospital assessment was performed for all clinical outcomes, including hemorrhagic and vascular complications (femoral artery pseudoaneurysm and puncture hematoma were also included for analysis). After discharge, monthly clinical follow-up examinations were conducted on an outpatient basis, in order to monitor the occurrence of adverse events. Examinations through catheterization were not routinely performed, and were only conducted when residual or recurrent symptoms were observed after discharge. PTSMA was repeated when necessary. A failed outcome after PTSMA was defined as the need for re-intervention due to the absence of clinical improvement, or recurrence of symptoms, and significant LVOTG. To analyze the influence of the learning curve in relation to PTSMA complications, patients were separated into three chronological groups (early experience: from 2000 to 2004; intermediate experience: from 2005 to 2009; late experience: from 2010 to 2013) according to their experience with PTSMA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All data analysis was performed with the SPSS System (version 19.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and Levene&#8217;s test had been used to test the normality distribution and variances equality of data. Data with normal distribution were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). Differences between groups were analyzed for statistical significance using the unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test. Frequency was compared using Chi-squared (X<sup>2</sup>) test. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression was used to select independent variables. A p-value &lt; 0.05 (2-tailed) was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 224 subjects, who were between 9-82 years old, were included into this study for final analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The detailed patients&#8217; demographic and echocardiographic characteristics were shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flow diagram of the patients selection<italic>.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0432-90060-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical characteristic of 224 patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) on admission</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Patients on admission (n = 224)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">48.20 &#177; 14.34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male/female</td>
              <td align="center">120/104</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">New York Heart Association functional class</td>
              <td align="center">1.08 &#177; 0.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CAD</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DM</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">1/</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR (beats/min)</td>
              <td align="center">70.92 &#177; 11.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVOTD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">9.38 &#177; 2.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EF</td>
              <td align="center">0.65 &#177; 0.07</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>CAD: coronary artery disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; HR: heart rate; LVOTD: left ventricular outflow tract diameter; EF: ejection fraction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Acute results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Changes to hemodynamic results during the intervention</title>
          <p>An 82 year-old patient died during the injection of alcohol for acute pericardial tamponade. A mean of 1.17 &#177; 0.45 (range: 1-2) septal branches were occluded by injection of 2.07 &#177; 0.89 ml (range: 0.5-3.0 ml) of alcohol. A reduction in LVOTG was achieved for all patients. The mean systolic pressure difference in LVOTG at rest decreased from 67.91 &#177; 37.23 to 16.24 &#177; 19.13 (p &lt; 0.01). The post premature gradient was reduced from 119.42 &#177; 38.44 to 40.83 &#177; 22.61 (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Improvement of clinical course</title>
          <p>All patients complained of marked chest pain during alcohol injection, and a feeling of discomfort in the left thorax lasted up to 30 hours (10-30 hours). Clinical symptoms greatly improved in 190 patients (85%). Differences in New York Heart Association functional class (from 1.08 &#177; 0.36 to 1.01 &#177; 0.09) were not statistically significant. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Complications</title>
          <p>Two patients developed ventricular fibrillation after alcohol injection, and sinus rhythm was restored by 200 J of defibrillation. Two patients had cardiac shock due to the prolonged occlusion of the septal arteries. One case of thrombosis in the left anterior descending artery during the PTSMA procedure was observed. The patient was successfully treated, and coronary flows were normalized. Temporary right bundle branch block and left bundle branch block occurred in 32 patients and two patients, respectively. Furthermore, 20 patients developed a third-degree AV block, but only four patients developed a complete AV block, requiring PPM implantation. Puncture related complications occurred in four patients (femoral artery pseudoaneurysm in two patients and puncture hematoma in two patients), which were successfully treated with compression bandage.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>One-year noninvasive follow-up</title>
        <p>None of the patients were lost to follow-up. No other complications or severe major adverse cardiac events occurred during the clinical follow-up, except that PTSMA was successfully performed again in one patient for recurrent angina pectoris.</p>
        <p>The univariate analysis of risk factors for PTSMA-related complications is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Age, female gender, alcohol volume, the number of septal ablations, comorbidities with CAD, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus (DM) were associated with increased occurrence of complications. Results of the multiple logistic regression analysis are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. In multiple logistic models, except for hypertension (OR: 4.856; 95% CI: 1.732-13.609), age, gender, alcohol volume, the number of septal ablation, comorbidities with CAD, and DM were not potential risk factors for predicting PTSMA-related complications.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate analysis of risk factors for related complications of PTSMA</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Complications (n=66)</th>
                <th align="center">No Complications (n=158)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">51.27 &#177; 14.13</td>
                <td align="center">46.91 &#177; 14.28</td>
                <td align="center">0.038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male/female</td>
                <td align="center">27/39</td>
                <td align="center">92/66</td>
                <td align="center">0.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">New York Heart Association functional class</td>
                <td align="center">1.10 &#177; 0.40</td>
                <td align="center">1.08 &#177; 0.33</td>
                <td align="center">0.566</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CAD</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">0.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">0.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.122</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR (beats/min)</td>
                <td align="center">71.55 &#177; 11.92</td>
                <td align="center">71.08 &#177; 12.29</td>
                <td align="center">0.792</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVOTD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">9.13 &#177; 2.64</td>
                <td align="center">9.33 &#177; 2.54</td>
                <td align="center">0.604</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EF</td>
                <td align="center">0.63 &#177; 0.13</td>
                <td align="center">0.66 &#177; 0.08</td>
                <td align="center">0.506</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alcohol volume</td>
                <td align="center">2.14 &#177; 0.88</td>
                <td align="center">1.85 &#177; 0.91</td>
                <td align="center">0.023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Number of ablation septal</td>
                <td align="center">1.19 &#177; 0.43</td>
                <td align="center">1.07 &#177; 0.27</td>
                <td align="center">0.034</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>CAD: coronary artery disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; HR: heart rate; LVOTD: left ventricular outflow tract diameter; EF: ejection fraction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate logistic regression for potential risk factors for PTSMA complications</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
                <th align="center">Odds ratio</th>
                <th align="center">CI</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">0.767</td>
                <td align="center">0.995</td>
                <td align="center">0.959-1.031</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">0.198</td>
                <td align="center">0.527</td>
                <td align="center">0.198-1.399</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CAD</td>
                <td align="center">0.761</td>
                <td align="center">0.761</td>
                <td align="center">0.132-4.407</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
                <td align="center">4.856</td>
                <td align="center">1.732-13.609</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM</td>
                <td align="center">0.176</td>
                <td align="center">6.620</td>
                <td align="center">0.428-12.527</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alcohol volume</td>
                <td align="center">0.385</td>
                <td align="center">0.757</td>
                <td align="center">0.403-1.420</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Number of ablation septal</td>
                <td align="center">0.436</td>
                <td align="center">0.682</td>
                <td align="center">0.370-2.253</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>CAD: coronary artery disease; DM: diabetes mellitus.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the comparisons of clinical characteristics between patients with and without history of hypertension. Female patients appeared to have more cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, aging, DM, and history of heart failure in the present study.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparisons of clinical and echocardiographic characteristics between patients with and without hypertension</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Hypertension (n = 46)</th>
                <th align="center">No hypertension (n = 178)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">58.13 &#177; 10.10<sup>**</sup></td>
                <td align="center">45.23 &#177; 13.95</td>
                <td align="center">0.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female</td>
                <td align="center">28<sup>**</sup></td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">0.025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM</td>
                <td align="center">3<sup>**</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CAD</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">0.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">History of heart failure</td>
                <td align="center">7<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">0.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVOTD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">9.56 &#177; 2.76</td>
                <td align="center">9.24 &#177; 2.62</td>
                <td align="center">0.480</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR (beats/min)</td>
                <td align="center">70.57 &#177; 11.13</td>
                <td align="center">71.37 &#177; 12.46</td>
                <td align="center">0.692</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EF</td>
                <td align="center">0.63 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">0.65 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">0.113</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>CAD: coronary artery disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; HR: heart rate; LVOTD: left ventricular outflow tract diameter; EF: ejection fraction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>, patients were chronologically divided into three groups according to their experience with PTSMA. In addition, in-hospital complications were more frequent in patients who underwent PTSMA procedures in the early stage (from 2000 to 2004), and less often in patients who unerwent PTSMA procedures later and in experienced time periods (2010-2013) (p = 0.022).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>In hospital complications and late interventional failure according to experience</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Early experience (n = 75)</th>
                <th align="center">Intermediate experience (n = 93)</th>
                <th align="center">Late experience (n = 56)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Events</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">0.022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No events</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>PTSMA is a nonsurgical technique to reduce septal mass by producing a septal infarction using the catheter techniques reported by Sigwart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Permanent septal necrosis is created through the injection of alcohol in the septal branches that supply the myocardium and are responsible for LVOT obstruction induced by abnormal structure and function. This effectively reduces the pressure gradients in patients with HOCM. This technique has the advantage of micro-trauma and high success rate, as well as low mortality (0-1.8%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In the present cohort, a successful reduction in LVOTG was achieved in the majority of patients during the procedure (85%) (at rest: from 67.91 &#177; 37.23 to 16.24 &#177; 19.13 mmHg, p &lt; 0.01; post premature beat: 119.42 &#177; 38.44 to 40.83 &#177; 22.61 mmHg, p &lt; 0.01) and at discharge (96%).</p>
      <p>However, the occurrence of PTSMA procedure-related complications was notable. In the present study, 14.35% (32/223) of patients had transient complete bundle branch block (32/223), and 0.90% (2/223) of patients had complete left bundle branch block. This phenomenon was consistent with a previous report.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The right bundle is usually supplied by proximal septal perforators. Thus, PTMSA frequently leads to complete right bundle branch block. Furthermore, septal myectomy causes complete left bundle branch block in most patients. This is the reason why PTMSA caused more complete right bundle branch and less complete left bundle branch block in our study. Not more than 10% of patients had a high-degree AV block. However, PPM was only performed in four patients (1.79%), which was superior when compared with other PTSMA centers (46% and 38%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Serious complications were not uncommon. Except for patient&#8217;s death from acute tamponade during the procedure, the most significant complication of the procedure was heart block,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> which led to the deaths of two patients in our study. One patient had acute severe left ventricular dysfunction during the procedure, while the other patient had heart failure during monitoring in Coronary Care Unit. In addition, reports of in-hospital ventricular fibrillation in relation to PTSMA have attracted considerable attention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> We found two (0.89%) cases of in-hospital ventricular fibrillation. According to our experience, careful monitoring was indispensable to reducing cardiac adverse events caused by ventricular arrhythmia. As for other serious nonfatal complications, acute myocardial infarction, which was caused by the spill of alcohol into the left anterior descending coronary artery, occurred in one patient. However, no coronary dissection and nonfatal cardiac tamponade occurred.</p>
      <p>Patients&#8217; demographic characteristics should be the potential risks for PTSMA procedure complications. However, according to a previous report,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> none of the studied baseline echocardiographic, clinical and PTSMA-related characteristics were useful in predicting the PTSMA success rate and its complications. A report on nine-year follow-up results from the SZEGED study revealed that coronary flow velocity reserve (CFR) was an independent predictor of cardiovascular event-free survival for patients with HOCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> However, CFR was estimated by transesophageal echocardiography, which is inconvenient in clinical practice. In the univariate analysis of our study, age, gender, alcohol volume, the number of septal ablations, comorbidities with CAD, hypertension and DM appeared to be associated with the increased occurrence of complications. However, only hypertension, and not the other characteristics, was shown to be a potential factor for predicting complications (OR: 4.856; 95% CI: 1.732-13.609) after multivariate logistic regression analysis. Patients with hypertension were older, showed more significant changes in the echocardiogram, presented with more comorbidities (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). We might present a hypothesis that patients with hypertension had lower cardiac reserve function due to more cardiovascular risks in this cohort. Hence, this might be the reason why hypertension could be a potential risk factor for PTSMA complications.</p>
      <p>It is well-known that clinical experience influences the results of a procedure. Similar to results observed from percutaneous coronary interventions,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> a high-volume load for operators and institutions has been proven to be associated with better procedural outcomes. The importance of a learning curve for PTSMA was confirmed in our study, because a high incidence of late PTSMA failure was noted in the early experience group of patients, whereas this number was significantly reduced with higher experience. At a frequency of approximately 16 treated patients per year, the incidence of late PTSMA complication has been reduced from 41.33% to 23.21%, which was not different from that in other experienced centers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Therefore, PTSMA procedures might be safer and more efficient in experienced centers.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>There were several important limitations in the present study. (1) One of the most important limitations was that only a limited number of HOCM patients were examined. (2) In this study, these PTSMA procedures were elected based on the preferences of patients and the physician. Therefore, patients were not consecutively enrolled. If the patient was an older person, or had significant comorbidity conditions, PTSMA was not that strongly suggested. For older patients, especially those with concomitant disease and without enough insurance, medication or a less aggressive approach of PTSMA might be a better or the only choice, even with the incomplete elimination of LVOT obstruction. (3) The decision regarding the target septal artery was taken based on available angiographic images, as well as the assistance of MCE. However, we still could not rule out that more targeted imaging might have yielded more anatomically correct values.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In summary, PTSMA was effective in reducing LVOTG in HOCM patients. Hypertension was the only independent risk factor for PTSMA procedure-related complications after multivariate logistic regression analysis. In addition, PTSMA procedures might be safer and more efficient in experienced centers, according to the analysis result for the learning curve.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital da Prov&#237;ncia de Liaoning. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise Retrospectiva de Fatores de Risco para Complica&#231;&#245;es Relacionadas com Abla&#231;&#227;o Qu&#237;mica na Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica Obstrutiva</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2778-870X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Cheng-Yang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4806-3927</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Shi</surname>
            <given-names>Yun-Qi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - Liaoning Provincial Jin Qiu Hospital, Liaoning Province - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - Liaoning Provincial People&#8217;s Hospital, Liaoning Province - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Cheng-Yang Li,</bold> N&#176;. 317 XIAONAN Street. 110016, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province - China. E-mail: <email>chengyanglisvip@163.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cheng-Yang L; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cheng-Yang L e Yun-Qi S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise dos fatores de risco para previs&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas n&#227;o foi relatada at&#233; o momento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar retrospectivamente os fatores de risco de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas da abla&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica septal transluminal percut&#226;nea (PTSMA) para cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva (CMHO).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Dados cl&#237;nicos e resultados de acompanhamento de um ano de pacientes com CMHO submetidos a PTSMA entre janeiro de 2000 e julho de 2013 no Departamento de Cardiologia do Hospital Popular da Prov&#237;ncia de Liaoning, prov&#237;ncia de Liaoning, China, foram analisados retrospectivamente para determinar fatores de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es operat&#243;rias com an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla. Todos os valores de p s&#227;o bilaterais, com valores de p &lt; 0,05 sendo considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Entre os 319 pacientes com CMHO, a PTSMA foi realizada em 224 pacientes (120 homens e 104 mulheres, com idade m&#233;dia de 48,20 &#177; 14,34 anos). A incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento PTSMA foi de 36,23% (66/224), incluindo tr&#234;s mortes card&#237;acas, dois choques card&#237;acos, um infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento de ST, duas fibrila&#231;&#245;es ventriculares e 20 bloqueios atrioventriculares (AV) de terceiro grau (quatro pacientes receberam implantes de marca-passo permanente), 32 bloqueios completos de ramo direito, dois bloqueios completos de ramo esquerdo e quatro complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com a pun&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, verificou-se que idade, sexo, doen&#231;as coronarianas, diabetes, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#224; admiss&#227;o, n&#250;mero de abla&#231;&#245;es septais e volume de &#225;lcool n&#227;o foram fatores de risco independentes correlacionados com as complica&#231;&#245;es totais, exceto para hipertens&#227;o (OR: 4,856; IC 95%: 1,732-13,609). A experi&#234;ncia principiante parece estar associada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial foi um fator de risco independente para complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com o procedimento de PTSMA. Pode ser muito mais seguro e eficiente se os procedimentos de PTSMA forem restritos a centros experientes, de acordo com os resultados da an&#225;lise para a curva de aprendizado.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica Transluminal Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva (CMHO) &#233; definida como hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica prim&#225;ria com obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE) e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). A CMHO, que induz sintomas de angina, dispneia e s&#237;ncope, &#233; um dist&#250;rbio geneticamente determinado, causado por muta&#231;&#245;es em genes que codificam prote&#237;nas contr&#225;teis sarcom&#233;ricas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A miectomia tem provado ser capaz de melhorar a sobrevida em curto e m&#233;dio prazo em pacientes com CMHO com sintomas refrat&#225;rios a f&#225;rmacos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Com o desenvolvimento de t&#233;cnicas e equipamentos para interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, a abla&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica septal transluminal percut&#226;nea (PTSMA) tornou-se uma alternativa &#224; miectomia com uma d&#233;cada de hist&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Entretanto, apesar dos avan&#231;os no julgamento da indica&#231;&#227;o, habilidade operacional, tratamento cl&#237;nico ideal e manejo de complica&#231;&#245;es, as complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com a PTSMA permanecem elevadas durante o per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio. A complica&#231;&#227;o mais comum &#233; o bloqueio de ramo direito. As complica&#231;&#245;es mais significativas incluem bloqueio de condu&#231;&#227;o de alto grau que necessita de marcapasso definitivo, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, choque card&#237;aco, morte card&#237;aca, complica&#231;&#245;es no local da pun&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Infelizmente, apenas os preditores de desfecho em acompanhamento de longo prazo foram analisados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A an&#225;lise dos fatores de risco para predizer complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas n&#227;o foi relatada at&#233; o momento. Neste relat&#243;rio, tentamos identificar os fatores de risco relacionados com as complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento PTSMA, realizando uma revis&#227;o retrospectiva de 319 pacientes com CMHO.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi composta por 319 pacientes com CMHO, que foram encaminhados ao Departamento de Cardiologia do Hospital da Prov&#237;ncia de Liaoning na China e foram considerados para terapia de redu&#231;&#227;o de septo com PTSMA entre janeiro de 2000 e julho de 2013. Entre esses 319 pacientes, 258 atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para terapia de redu&#231;&#227;o septal com gradiente de VSVE (GVSVE) em repouso &#8805;30 mmHg ou GVSVE induzida por exerc&#237;cio &#8805; 50 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para CMHO foram espessura da parede diast&#243;lica final &gt; 15 mm e VE n&#227;o dilatado com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) &#8805; 50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram hipertrofia decorrente de outras causas (n = 17), hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (n = 10) e interven&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via com PTSMA (n = 7) ou miectomia septal (n = 0). Pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) (estenose de art&#233;ria coronariana &#8805;50% avaliada na cineangiocoronariografia) sem infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular leve ou moderada sem rela&#231;&#227;o com CMHO e pacientes sob tratamento anti-hipertensivo n&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <p>O diabetes foi definido de acordo com as diretrizes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Hipertens&#227;o foi definida como eleva&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica da press&#227;o arterial (&gt;140/90 mmHg) ou tratamento anti-hipertensivo em andamento. A hipercolesterolemia foi definida como um n&#237;vel de colesterol total &gt;5,0 mmol/L ou tratamento atual com medicamentos hipolipemiantes. O presente estudo respeitou a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Local do Hospital da Prov&#237;ncia de Liaoning aprovou o protocolo do estudo e todos os pacientes forneceram um consentimento informado.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
          <p>Antes e durante o procedimento e no acompanhamento, todos os pacientes foram submetidos a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica usando um ecocardi&#243;grafo da Hewlett-Packard Sonos 1500 (Hewlett-Packard Co., Andover, Massachusetts, EUA) com um transdutor de 2.5-MHz MHz com interface. Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram medidos: espessura do septo intraventricular (SIV), espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PPVE) e dimens&#245;es sist&#243;lica final e diast&#243;lica final do modo-M do eixo menor do VE obtidas a partir de uma incid&#234;ncia bidimensional paraesternal esquerda padr&#227;o. VSVE foi medida por uma sonda Doppler de onda cont&#237;nua posicionada no &#225;pice card&#237;aco. A FE foi calculada automaticamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia sob estresse com dobutamina</title>
          <p>A dobutamina foi administrada utilizando uma bomba de infus&#227;o com uma taxa inicial de 5 <italic>&#181;</italic>g.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, com incrementos de 5 <italic>&#181;</italic>g.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> a cada tr&#234;s minutos at&#233; uma dose m&#225;xima de 40 <italic>&#181;</italic>g.kg<sup>-1</sup> min<sup>-1</sup>, se necess&#225;rio. O desfecho da ecocardiografia induzida por estresse &#233; o fim da oitava etapa do protocolo de dobutamina, ou ap&#243;s dor tor&#225;cica, dispneia, queda da press&#227;o arterial de 20 mmHg ou mais e desvio do segmento ST de 1 mm ou mais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cateterismo card&#237;aco, determina&#231;&#227;o de gradiente e procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>As art&#233;rias radial direita e femoral direita, bem como a veia femoral direita, foram canuladas usando a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o de Judkins. Ap&#243;s um bolus intravenoso de 100-150 U/kg de heparina, um eletrodo de marcapasso tempor&#225;rio de 6F foi colocado no ventr&#237;culo direito, um cateter pigtail de 6F foi posicionado no &#225;pice do VE, e um cateter guia Judkins de 6F foi colocado na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda. A VSVE em repouso foi determinada pelo registro simult&#226;neo de press&#227;o. A provoca&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular prematura causada pelo cateter pigtail (Terumo, Jap&#227;o) foi realizada quando necess&#225;rio. O ramo septal adequado foi identificado no angiograma coron&#225;rio; depois disso, um fio-guia de 0,014 polegadas (Bmw; Bebi Inc., &#205;ndia) foi inserido no ramo septal. Em seguida, um cateter bal&#227;o guiado por fio (over-the-wire) (1,5/2,0/2,5 mm de di&#226;metro, 10/20 mm de comprimento; Medtronic, EUA) foi colocado na parte proximal do ramo septal. Ap&#243;s a insufla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o a 2-6 atm, a posi&#231;&#227;o correta do bal&#227;o foi determinada pela inje&#231;&#227;o do meio de contraste atrav&#233;s do cateter-guia na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda e pela inje&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do cateter-bal&#227;o no ramo septal. Para determina&#231;&#227;o do ramo septal alvo, insuflou-se o bal&#227;o tempor&#225;rio e/ou realizou-se ecocardiografia com contraste mioc&#225;rdico (ECM). Quando uma diminui&#231;&#227;o suficiente na VSVE foi observada atrav&#233;s da insufla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o tempor&#225;rio, o ramo septal foi identificado como alvo. A ECM foi rotineiramente realizada de acordo com os m&#233;todos de rotina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Quando o ramo septal alvo foi determinado, ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de 5 mg de diamorfina, 1-2 mL de &#225;lcool absoluto foram injetados lentamente atrav&#233;s da haste do cateter bal&#227;o. Dez minutos depois, o bal&#227;o foi desinsuflado e o meio de contraste foi injetado pelo cateter-guia para verificar se o ramo septal estava completamente bloqueado. Os pacientes foram monitorados na Unidade Coronariana por tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o das bainhas vasculares. Ap&#243;s 48 horas, quando o paciente parecia ter condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca normal, o marcapasso tempor&#225;rio foi removido. Se dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o AV de alto grau fossem observados nos dias seguintes, o implante de marcapasso permanente (MPP) era oferecido. Os pacientes receberam alta e foram acompanhados em nossos ambulat&#243;rios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Complica&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es durante os procedimentos de PTSMA e o monitoramento hospitalar foram registradas. Os eventos foram insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda, choque card&#237;aco, morte card&#237;aca e eventos arr&#237;tmicos (bradicardia, assistolia, taquicardia ventricular sustentada e n&#227;o sustentada e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular). As complica&#231;&#245;es da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria foram dissec&#231;&#227;o coronariana, perfura&#231;&#227;o coronariana, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, derrame peric&#225;rdico agudo, tamponamento peric&#225;rdico e deslocamento de &#225;lcool. Bloqueio de ramo e bloqueio AV incluindo bloqueio card&#237;aco avan&#231;ado, que levou &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de MPP, foram registrados. O bloqueio card&#237;aco avan&#231;ado foi definido como bloqueio bifascicular e bloqueio AV de segundo ou terceiro grau. A assistolia devido ao bloqueio AV de terceiro grau foi classificada como bloqueio AV de terceiro grau (ou seja, bloqueio card&#237;aco avan&#231;ado). Complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com pun&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;das para a an&#225;lise final.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Acompanhamento do paciente</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram cuidadosamente monitorados na Unidade Coronariana por pelo menos tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s o procedimento, e a estimula&#231;&#227;o de apoio foi continuada pela veia femoral quando necess&#225;rio. A avalia&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar foi realizada para todos os desfechos cl&#237;nicos, incluindo complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas e vasculares (pseudoaneurisma da art&#233;ria femoral e hematoma de pun&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;dos para an&#225;lise). Ap&#243;s a alta, os exames mensais de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico foram realizados em ambulat&#243;rio, com o objetivo de monitorar a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos. Exames por cateterismo n&#227;o foram realizados rotineiramente e foram realizados apenas quando sintomas residuais ou recorrentes foram observados ap&#243;s a alta. O PTSMA foi repetido quando necess&#225;rio. Um desfecho com falhas ap&#243;s PTSMA foi definido como a necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de melhora cl&#237;nica ou recorr&#234;ncia dos sintomas e VSVE significativa. Para analisar a influ&#234;ncia da curva de aprendizado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es da PTSMA, os pacientes foram separados em tr&#234;s grupos cronol&#243;gicos (experi&#234;ncia principiante: de 2000 a 2004; experi&#234;ncia intermedi&#225;ria: de 2005 a 2009; experi&#234;ncia avan&#231;ada: de 2010 a 2013) segundo sua experi&#234;ncia com PTSMA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todas as an&#225;lises dos dados foram realizadas com o sistema SPSS (vers&#227;o 19.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov de uma amostra e o teste de Levene foram utilizados para testar a distribui&#231;&#227;o de normalidade e a igualdade de vari&#226;ncia dos dados. Os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram analisadas quanto &#224; signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica usando o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado. A frequ&#234;ncia foi comparada pelo teste do qui-quadrado (X<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>). A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada por etapas foi utilizada para selecionar vari&#225;veis independentes. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 (bicaudal) foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Um total de 224 indiv&#237;duos, com idades entre 9 e 82 anos, foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo para an&#225;lise final (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas detalhadas dos pacientes foram apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagrama de fluxo da sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0432-90060-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de 224 pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva (CMHO) na admiss&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Pacientes &#224; admiss&#227;o (n = 224)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">48,20 &#177; 14,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino/Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">120/104</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe funcional da New York Heart Association</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 &#177; 0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVC</td>
                <td align="center">1/</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (batimentos/min)</td>
                <td align="center">70,92 &#177; 11,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DVSVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">9,38 &#177; 2,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FE</td>
                <td align="center">0,65 &#177; 0,07</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DM: diabetes melito; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral DVSVE: di&#226;metro da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados agudos</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es nos resultados hemodin&#226;micos durante a interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
            <p>Um paciente de 82 anos faleceu durante a inje&#231;&#227;o de &#225;lcool para tamponamento peric&#225;rdico agudo. A m&#233;dia de 1,17 &#177; 0,45 (intervalo: 1-2) dos ramos septais foi oclu&#237;da por inje&#231;&#227;o de 2,07 &#177; 0,89 ml (varia&#231;&#227;o: 0,5-3,0 ml) de &#225;lcool. A redu&#231;&#227;o na VSVE foi atingida para todos os pacientes. A diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica na VSVE em repouso diminuiu de 67,91 &#177; 37,23 para 16,24 &#177; 19,13 (p &lt; 0,01). O gradiente p&#243;s-prematuro foi reduzido de 119,42 &#177; 38,44 para 40,83 &#177; 22,61 (p &lt; 0,01).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Melhora do curso cl&#237;nico</title>
            <p>Todos os pacientes queixaram-se de dor tor&#225;cica acentuada durante a inje&#231;&#227;o de &#225;lcool, e uma sensa&#231;&#227;o de desconforto no t&#243;rax esquerdo durou at&#233; 30 horas (10-30 horas). Os sintomas cl&#237;nicos melhoraram muito em 190 pacientes (85%). Diferen&#231;as na classe funcional da New York Heart Association (de 1,08 &#177; 0,36 a 1,01 &#177; 0,09) n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significantes.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Complica&#231;&#245;es</title>
            <p>Dois pacientes desenvolveram fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de &#225;lcool e o ritmo sinusal foi restabelecido em 200 J de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o. Dois pacientes apresentaram choque card&#237;aco devido &#224; oclus&#227;o prolongada das art&#233;rias septais. Um caso de trombose na art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda durante o procedimento PTSMA foi observado. O paciente foi tratado com sucesso e os fluxos coronarianos foram normalizados. Bloqueio tempor&#225;rio de ramo direito e bloqueio de ramo esquerdo ocorreram em 32 pacientes e dois pacientes, respectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, 20 pacientes desenvolveram bloqueio atrioventricular de terceiro grau, mas apenas quatro pacientes desenvolveram bloqueio AV completo, necessitando de implante de MPP. Complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com a pun&#231;&#227;o ocorreram em quatro pacientes (pseudoaneurisma da art&#233;ria femoral em dois pacientes e hematoma por pun&#231;&#227;o em dois pacientes), que foram tratados com sucesso com bandagem de compress&#227;o.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Acompanhamento n&#227;o invasivo de um ano</title>
          <p>Nenhum dos pacientes foi perdido no seguimento. Nenhuma outra complica&#231;&#227;o ou eventos card&#237;acos adversos graves ocorreram durante o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico, exceto que o PTSMA foi novamente realizado com sucesso em um paciente devido a recorr&#234;ncia de angina pectoris.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise univariada dos fatores de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com a PTSMA &#233; mostrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>. Idade, sexo feminino, volume de &#225;lcool, n&#250;mero de abla&#231;&#245;es septais, comorbidades com DAC, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes melito (DM) foram associadas ao aumento da ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es. Os resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>. Em m&#250;ltiplos modelos log&#237;sticos, exceto para hipertens&#227;o (OR: 4,856; IC95%: 1,732-13,609), idade, sexo, volume de &#225;lcool, n&#250;mero de abla&#231;&#245;es septais, comorbidades com DAC e DM n&#227;o foram fatores de risco potenciais para predizer complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com PTSMA.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise univariada dos fatores de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com PTSMA</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Complica&#231;&#245;es (n = 66)</th>
                  <th align="center">Sem Complica&#231;&#245;es (n = 158)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">51,27 &#177; 14,13</td>
                  <td align="center">46,91 &#177; 14,28</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Masculino/Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">27/39</td>
                  <td align="center">92/66</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">New York Heart Classe funcional da New York Heart Association</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10 &#177; 0,40</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08 &#177; 0,33</td>
                  <td align="center">0,566</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DM</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,122</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC (batimentos/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,55 &#177; 11,92</td>
                  <td align="center">71,08 &#177; 12,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,792</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DVSVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,13 &#177; 2,64</td>
                  <td align="center">9,33 &#177; 2,54</td>
                  <td align="center">0,604</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63 &#177; 0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66 &#177; 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,506</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume de &#225;lcool</td>
                  <td align="center">2,14 &#177; 0,88</td>
                  <td align="center">1,85 &#177; 0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#250;mero de abla&#231;&#227;o septal</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19 &#177; 0,43</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 &#177; 0,27</td>
                  <td align="center">0,034</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DM: diabetes melito; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DVSVE: di&#226;metro da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada para potenciais fatores de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es de PTSMA</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                  <th align="center">Odds ratio</th>
                  <th align="center">IC</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,767</td>
                  <td align="center">0,995</td>
                  <td align="center">0,959-1,031</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">0,198</td>
                  <td align="center">0,527</td>
                  <td align="center">0,198-1,399</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,761</td>
                  <td align="center">0,761</td>
                  <td align="center">0,132-4,407</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">4,856</td>
                  <td align="center">1,732-13,609</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DM</td>
                  <td align="center">0,176</td>
                  <td align="center">6,620</td>
                  <td align="center">0,428-12,527</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume de &#225;lcool</td>
                  <td align="center">0,385</td>
                  <td align="center">0,757</td>
                  <td align="center">0,403-1,420</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#250;mero de abla&#231;&#227;o septal</td>
                  <td align="center">0,436</td>
                  <td align="center">0,682</td>
                  <td align="center">0,370-2,253</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DM diabetes melito.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref> mostra as compara&#231;&#245;es das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas entre pacientes com e sem hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o. Pacientes do sexo feminino pareciam ter mais fatores de risco cardiovascular, como hipertens&#227;o, envelhecimento, DM e hist&#243;ria de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no presente estudo.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#245;es das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas entre pacientes com e sem hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Hipertens&#227;o (n = 46)</th>
                  <th align="center">Sem Hipertens&#227;o (n = 178)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">58,13 &#177; 10,10<sup>**</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">45,23 &#177; 13,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">28<sup>**</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">75</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DM</td>
                  <td align="center">3<sup>**</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">7<sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DVSVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,56 &#177; 2,76</td>
                  <td align="center">9,24 &#177; 2,62</td>
                  <td align="center">0,480</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC (batimentos/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">70,57 &#177; 11,13</td>
                  <td align="center">71,37 &#177; 12,46</td>
                  <td align="center">0,692</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,113</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DM: diabetes melito; DVSVE: di&#226;metro da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Conforme listado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>, os pacientes foram cronologicamente divididos em tr&#234;s grupos de acordo com sua experi&#234;ncia com PTSMA. Al&#233;m disso, as complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares foram mais frequentes em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos de PTSMA na fase inicial (de 2000 a 2004) e menos frequentemente em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos de PTSMA mais tardiamente e em per&#237;odos de tempo com maior experi&#234;ncia (2010-2013) (p = 0,022).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares e fal&#234;ncia intervencionista tardia de acordo com a experi&#234;ncia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Experi&#234;ncia principiante (n = 75)</th>
                  <th align="center">Experi&#234;ncia Intermedi&#225;ria (n = 93)</th>
                  <th align="center">Experi&#234;ncia avan&#231;adas (n = 56)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Eventos</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sem eventos</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A PTSMA &#233; uma t&#233;cnica n&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para reduzir a massa septal atrav&#233;s da produ&#231;&#227;o de um infarto septal usando as t&#233;cnicas de cateteres relatadas por Sigwart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A necrose septal permanente &#233; criada por meio de inje&#231;&#227;o de &#225;lcool nos ramos septais que suprem o mioc&#225;rdio e s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE induzida por anormalidades de estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o. Isso efetivamente reduz os gradientes de press&#227;o em pacientes com CMHO. Essa t&#233;cnica tem a vantagem de micro-trauma e alta taxa de sucesso, bem como baixa mortalidade (0-1,8%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Na presente coorte, uma redu&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida no GVSVE foi alcan&#231;ada na maioria dos pacientes durante o procedimento (85%) (em repouso: de 67,91 &#177; 37,23 para 16,24 &#177; 19,13 mmHg, p &lt; 0,01; p&#243;s-batimento prematuro: 119,42 &#177; 38,44 a 40,83 &#177; 22,61 mmHg, p &lt; 0,01) e na alta (96%).</p>
        <p>No entanto, a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com o procedimento PTSMA foi not&#225;vel. No presente estudo, 14,35% (32/223) dos pacientes apresentaram bloqueio de ramo completo transit&#243;rio (32/223) e 0,90% (2/223) dos pacientes apresentaram bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo. Este fen&#244;meno foi compat&#237;vel com um relat&#243;rio anterior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O ramo direito &#233; geralmente suprido por perfurantes septais proximais. Assim, a PTMSA frequentemente leva ao bloqueio completo do ramo direito. Al&#233;m disso, a miectomia septal causa bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo na maioria dos pacientes. Esta &#233; a raz&#227;o pela qual o PTMSA causou bloqueio mais completo de ramo direito e bloqueio de ramo esquerdo menos completo em nosso estudo. N&#227;o mais que 10% dos pacientes tiveram bloqueio atrioventricular de alto grau. No entanto, o implante de MPP s&#243; foi realizado em quatro pacientes (1,79%), o que foi superior quando comparado a outros centros de PTSMA (46% e 38%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Complica&#231;&#245;es graves n&#227;o foram incomuns. Com exce&#231;&#227;o da morte do paciente por tamponamento agudo durante o procedimento, a complica&#231;&#227;o mais significativa do procedimento foi o bloqueio card&#237;aco,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> que levou &#224; morte de dois pacientes em nosso estudo. Um paciente apresentou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda aguda grave durante o procedimento, enquanto o outro paciente apresentou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o acompanhamento na Unidade Coronariana. Al&#233;m disso, relatos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular intra-hospitalar em rela&#231;&#227;o ao PTSMA t&#234;m atra&#237;do aten&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Encontramos dois (0,89%) casos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular intra-hospitalar. De acordo com nossa experi&#234;ncia, a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa foi indispens&#225;vel para reduzir eventos adversos card&#237;acos causados por arritmia ventricular. Quanto a outras complica&#231;&#245;es graves n&#227;o fatais, o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, causado pelo derrame de &#225;lcool na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior, ocorreu em um paciente. No entanto, n&#227;o houve dissec&#231;&#227;o coronariana e tamponamento card&#237;aco n&#227;o fatal.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes devem ser os riscos potenciais para complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento de PTSMA. No entanto, de acordo com um relat&#243;rio anterior,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> nenhuma das caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e relacionadas com PTSMA em momento basal estudadas foram &#250;teis na previs&#227;o da taxa de sucesso de PTSMA e suas complica&#231;&#245;es. Um relat&#243;rio sobre os resultados de acompanhamento de nove anos do estudo SZEGED revelou que a reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano (VFC) foi um preditor independente de sobrevida livre de eventos cardiovasculares para pacientes com CMHO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> No entanto, a VFC foi estimada por ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, o que &#233; inconveniente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Na an&#225;lise univariada de nosso estudo, idade, sexo, volume de &#225;lcool, n&#250;mero de abla&#231;&#245;es septais, comorbidades com DAC, hipertens&#227;o e DM foram associadas ao aumento da ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, apenas a hipertens&#227;o, e n&#227;o as outras caracter&#237;sticas, mostrou-se um fator potencial para predizer complica&#231;&#245;es (OR: 4,856; IC 95%: 1,732-13,609) ap&#243;s an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. Os pacientes com hipertens&#227;o eram mais velhos, apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es mais significativas no ecocardiograma, apresentaram mais comorbidades (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>). Podemos apresentar uma hip&#243;tese de que pacientes com hipertens&#227;o apresentavam menor fun&#231;&#227;o de reserva card&#237;aca devido a mais riscos cardiovasculares nessa coorte. Assim, esta pode ser a raz&#227;o pela qual a hipertens&#227;o pode ser um fator de risco potencial para complica&#231;&#245;es de PTSMA.</p>
        <p>Sabe-se bem que a experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica influencia os resultados de um procedimento. Semelhante aos resultados observados em interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> uma carga de alto volume para operadores e institui&#231;&#245;es mostrou-se associada a melhores desfechos de procedimento. A import&#226;ncia de uma curva de aprendizado para PTSMA foi confirmada em nosso estudo, porque uma alta incid&#234;ncia de fal&#234;ncia tardia de PTSMA foi observada no grupo de experi&#234;ncia principiante de pacientes, enquanto este n&#250;mero foi significativamente reduzido com maior experi&#234;ncia. Em uma frequ&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 16 pacientes tratados por ano, a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es tardias de PTSMA foi reduzida de 41,33% para 23,21%, o que n&#227;o foi diferente de outros centros experientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Portanto, os procedimentos de PTSMA podem ser mais seguros e mais eficientes em centros experientes.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Houve v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es importantes no presente estudo. (1) Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es mais importantes foi que apenas um n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes com CMHO foi examinado. (2) Neste estudo, esses procedimentos de PTSMA foram eleitos com base nas prefer&#234;ncias dos pacientes e do m&#233;dico. Portanto, os pacientes n&#227;o foram inscritos consecutivamente. Se o paciente fosse uma pessoa idosa ou tivesse comorbidades significativas, o PTSMA n&#227;o era t&#227;o fortemente sugerido. Para pacientes mais velhos, especialmente aqueles com doen&#231;a concomitante e sem seguro suficiente, a medica&#231;&#227;o ou uma abordagem menos agressiva da PTSMA pode ser uma escolha melhor ou &#250;nica, mesmo com a elimina&#231;&#227;o incompleta da obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE. (3) A decis&#227;o sobre a art&#233;ria septal alvo foi tomada com base nas imagens angiogr&#225;ficas dispon&#237;veis, bem como a assist&#234;ncia do ECM. No entanto, ainda n&#227;o pudemos descartar que imagens mais direcionadas poderiam ter gerado valores mais anatomicamente corretos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em resumo, o PTSMA foi efetivo na redu&#231;&#227;o do GVSVE em pacientes com CMHO. A hipertens&#227;o foi o &#250;nico fator de risco independente para complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com o procedimento PTSMA ap&#243;s an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. Al&#233;m disso, procedimentos de PTSMA podem ser muito mais seguros e eficientes em centros experientes, de acordo com os resultados da an&#225;lise para a curva de aprendizado.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital da Prov&#237;ncia de Liaoning. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
