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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5wmqFJ7MhH5WNxrPPgvgKFm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000400424</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005004102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190031</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Exhibit Reduced Baroreflex Sensitivity That May Be Associated with Increased Body Fat</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8276-1035</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Philbois</surname>
            <given-names>Stella Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9845-3611</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gastaldi</surname>
            <given-names>Ada Clarice</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8175-2989</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Facioli</surname>
            <given-names>T&#225;bata de Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0551-3927</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Felix</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina Sanches</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9631-4167</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Rosana Maria dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fares</surname>
            <given-names>Thauane Hanna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0009-0005</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo Celso Dutra de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Ribeir&#227;o Preto</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Hugo Celso Dutra de Souza,</bold> Rua Lu&#237;s Basso, 130. Postal Code 14040-150, Jardim Recreio, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>hugocds@fmrp.usp.br</email>, <email>hugousp@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Philbois SV, Souza HCD; acquisition of data: Philbois SV, Facioli TP, Felix ACS; analysis and interpretation of the data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Philbois SV, Gastaldi AC, Souza HCD; statistical analysis: Philbois SV, Facioli TP; obtaining funding: Souza HCD; writing of the manuscript: Gastaldi AC, Souza HCD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>424</fpage>
      <lpage>429</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) women have a high prevalence of obesity and alterations in cardiovascular autonomic control, mainly modifications in heart rate variability (HRV) autonomic modulation. However, there are few studies about other autonomic control parameters, such as blood pressure variability (BPV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). In addition, there are still doubts about the obesity real contribution in altering autonomic control in these women.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate BPV and BRS autonomic modulation alterations in PCOS women, as well as, to evaluate whether these alterations are due PCOS or increased body fat.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We studied 30 eutrophic volunteers [body mass index (BMI) &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>] without PCOS (control group) and 60 volunteers with PCOS divided into: eutrophic (BMI &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, N = 30) and obese women (BMI &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, N = 30). All volunteers were submitted to anthropometric evaluation, hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory parameters record at rest and during physical exercise, analysis of HRV, BPV and spontaneous BRS. The differences in p less than 5% (p &lt; 0.05) were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Related to eutrophics groups, there were no differences in autonomic parameters evaluated. The comparison between the PCOS groups showed that both PCOS groups did not differ in the BPV analysis. Although, the obese PCOS group presented lower values of spontaneous BRS and HRV, in low frequency and high frequency oscillations in absolute units.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Our results suggest that obesity did little to alter HRV in women with PCOS, but it may influence the spontaneous BRS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposity</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Fat Distribution</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPQ</funding-source>
          <award-id>457216/2014-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by CNPQ 457216/2014-0.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) frequently present cardiovascular autonomic control impairments, mainly characterized by a cardiac autonomic imbalance in determining heart rate variability (HRV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> This imbalance is an important cardiovascular diseases risk predictor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The autonomic impairment causes are still not well established. Some studies suggest that they are result of hormonal and metabolic disorders due PCOS, such as insulin resistance increased.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> On the other hand, it is possible that they are simply due body fat percentage increase, which triggers series of systemic alterations, including metabolic and cardiovascular, that affect the cardiac autonomic control.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another important aspect is that only HRV is frequently investigated in these women, and we know little about PCOS effects on others autonomic parameters, such as baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and blood pressure variability (BPV). More specifically, there are no studies associating PCOS to BPV, and in BRS case, studies are incipient. On this, only one study was performed and found no differences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> However, this study only addressed obese PCOS and non-PCOS women, which limited further findings.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate spontaneous BRS and BPV in eutrophic PCOS women and to investigate the contribution of obesity to these autonomic parameters in these women.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants</title>
        <p>With a convenience sample, ninety volunteers aged between 18 and 39 years were included, 30 non PCOS women, considered as a control group, and 60 PCOS women, according to Rotterdam consensus,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> were subdivided according to the body mass index (BMI): eutrophic group (30 women) and obese group (30 women). All of them were sedentary, did not use any medication, and were screened at the outpatient clinic of the Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic of Clinical Hospital of Ribeirao Preto Medical School (HC-FMRP/USP).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Polycystic ovary syndrome diagnostic</title>
        <p>Transvaginal pelvic ultrasound was performed with the Voluson 730 Expert Machine (GE Medical Systems, ZIPF, Austria) to analysis the cysts presence or absence. The ovarian volume and follicles number/size were evaluated, and to calculate ovarian volume the prolate ellipsoid formula (depth x width x length x 0.5) was used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In addition, laboratory tests for serum total testosterone, androstenedione, sex hormone binding globulin and free androgen, prolactin, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and thyrotropin dosed to diagnose exclusion causes. Blood samples were collected during the follicular phase in women with regular ovulatory cycles and at any time in those with irregular cycles. All the above examinations were performed at the Gynecology Laboratory of HC-FMRP, between 07h00 and 09h00 a.m. after a previous 12-hour fast.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ergospirometric test</title>
        <p>The peak oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2peak</sub>) was assessed by a submaximal exercise test on a treadmill (Super ATL Millenium&#174;, Inbramed/Inbrasport, Brazil) using the Modificated Bruce protocol. The analysis of exhaled gases (VO<sub>2</sub> and VCO<sub>2</sub>) was performed using a metabolic device (UltimaTM CardiO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, Medical Graphics Corp., USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometric parameters</title>
        <p>Body weight and height were obtained using an analogue scale with an altimeter (Welmy), while the body mass index (BMI) values were obtained using the formula W/H<sup>2</sup>, where W is the weight in kilograms and H is the height of the subject in meters. Body composition was evaluated using the bioelectrical impedance method (Quantum BIA 101; Q-RJL Systems, Clinton Township, Michigan, USA). The groups were subdivided by their BMI, where the eutrophic groups had BMI &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and the obese group had BMI &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of the heart rate variability and blood pressure variability</title>
        <p>The spectral analysis of HRV was recorded between 09h00 and 10h00 a.m. according to the following protocol: after remaining in a supine rest position on orthostatic bed for 20 min, the volunteers were passively placed in an inclined position (75&#176; angle) for an additional 10 min. HRV for supine and inclined positions (that is, the tilt test) was recorded using an electrocardiogram (AD Instruments, Sydney, Australia), and a time series of RR interval (RRi) was obtained.</p>
        <p>The HRV was obtained using the RRi from electrocardiographic record (ECG), through the modified MC5 shunt at a sampling frequency of 1000Hz. The BPV data values were obtained from the systolic arterial pressure (SAP) recorded beat-to-beat by means of digital plethysmography recording equipment, FINOMETER (Finometer Pro, Finapress Medical System, Amsterdam, Netherland). The room temperature was kept at 21&#186;C, the ambient light and the noise were controlled, to prevent any interference with recording of data.</p>
        <p>The BPV and HRV analyses were performed using custom computer software (CardioSeries v2.0, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://sites.google.com/site/cardioseries">http://sites.google.com/site/cardioseries</ext-link>). The values of the RRi and SAP intervals were redesigned in 3 Hz cubic spline interpolation, to normalize the time interval between the beats. The series of interpolated RRi and SAP follow the Welch Protocol;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> they have been divided into half-overlapping sets of 256 data points, overlapping 50%. The stationary segment was visually inspected and those with artifacts or transients were excluded. Each RRi and SAP stationary segment were submitted to spectral analysis by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), after Hanning window. The RRi specters were integrated in low frequency (LF; 0.04 - 0.15 Hz) and high frequency (HF; 0.15 - 0.5 Hz) bands and the results are expressed in absolute (ms<sup>2</sup>) and normalized units (nu), while the SAP specters were integrated only in low frequency band (LF; 0,04 - 0,15Hz) and the results are expressed in absolute units (mmHg<sup>2</sup>).</p>
        <p>The HRV normalized values were obtained by calculating the percentage of LF and HF power related to the total power of spectrum minus the very low-frequency band (VLF; &lt; 0.2 Hz).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> In addition, normalization procedure was performed to minimize variations of total power in the absolute value of LF and HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> To assess the sympathovagal balance, LF/HF ratio of RRi variability was also calculated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity</title>
        <p>The BRS was assessed in time-domain using the sequence technique, as described by Di Rienzo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The computer software CardioSeries v2.4 scanned beat-to-beat time series of RRi and SAP values searching for sequences of at least 3 consecutive beats in which; progressive increases in SAP were followed by progressive increases in RRi (up sequence) and progressive decreases in SAP were followed by progressive decreases in RRi (down sequence), with a correlation coefficient (r) between RRi and SAP values higher than 0.8. The mean slope of the linear regression line between the SAP and RRi values of each sequence found determined spontaneous BRS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>In a comparison between two groups the Student's t-test and in comparison of three groups the one ways variance analysis (ANOVA ONE WAY) were performed. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify de the dates normality; when the distribution was not normal, non-parametric tests were used, the Mann-Whitney test to compare between two groups, and in comparison of three groups, the Kruskal-Wallis test. When the variables had a normal distribution, they were described as mean (&#177; standard deviation), and which had non-parametric distribution they were described as median (&#177; interquartile range). The differences in p were less than 5% (p &lt; 0.05) were considered statistically significant. All statistical tests were performed with Sigma Stat 3.5 software (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The volunteer&#8217;s anthropometric characteristics and hemodynamic parameters are in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. The obese PCOS group had higher BMI, weight and body fat percentage than the other groups. On the other hand, VO<sub>2peak</sub> was lower in the obese PCOS group. In relation to blood pressure, the obese group had higher values of diastolic blood pressure and mean blood pressure compared to the control and eutrophic PCOS groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hemodynamic characteristics and values among healthy women and women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), subdivided into eutrophic PCOS (BMI &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and obese PCOS (BMI &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Control</th>
              <th align="center">PCOS eutrophic</th>
              <th align="center">PCOS obese</th>
              <th align="center">p<sup>&#921;</sup></th>
              <th align="center">p<sup>&#921;&#921;</sup></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Characteristics</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">31.2 &#177; 6.6</td>
              <td align="center">28.5 &#177; 5.2</td>
              <td align="center">30.2 &#177; 5.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.053</td>
              <td align="center">0.107</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heights, meters</td>
              <td align="center">1.64 &#177; 5.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.62 &#177; 5.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.62 &#177; 7.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.102</td>
              <td align="center">0.649</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight, kg</td>
              <td align="center">64 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">60.6 &#177; 5.7</td>
              <td align="center">90.3 &#177; 10.9<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">23.5 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">22.9 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">33.9 &#177; 2.4<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.494</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body fat percentage, %</td>
              <td align="center">25.6 &#177;3.6 </td>
              <td align="center">26.4 &#177; 3.4</td>
              <td align="center">44.3 &#177; 3.3<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.325</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2peak</sub>, L/min/kg</td>
              <td align="center">35.5 &#177; 3.3</td>
              <td align="center">31.9 &#177; 3.9</td>
              <td align="center">25.3 &#177; 3.3<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemodynamics Values</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">76 &#177; 2.6</td>
              <td align="center">74.6 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">77 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">0.764</td>
              <td align="center">0.416</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">105 &#177; 8.9</td>
              <td align="center">101 &#177; 11.8</td>
              <td align="center">111 &#177; 9.5<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.057</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">70 &#177; 10.3</td>
              <td align="center">66 &#177; 9.6</td>
              <td align="center">76 &#177; 7.4<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">84 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">80 &#177; 9.8</td>
              <td align="center">90 &#177; 7.5<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Values expressed as means &#177; SD: standard deviation; m: Meters; Kg: kilogram; BMI: body mass index; VO<sub>2peak</sub>: volume of oxygen consumed at the peak of exercise; L/min/Kg: liters per minutes per kilo; HR: heart rate; bpm: beat per minute; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MBP: mean blood pressure; mmHg: millimeters of mercury; statistical difference when p &lt; 0.05; (*) vs. Control; (&#8224;) vs. eutrophic PCOS; P<sup>&#921;</sup>: eutrophic control group vs PCOS eutrophic group; P<sup>&#921;&#921;</sup>: PCOS eutrophic group vs. PCOS obese group.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> presents the spectral analysis of HRV and BPV results during rest of all groups studied. The HRV analysis at rest shows the obese PCOS group had lower variance. In addition, the control groups and eutrophic PCOS presented higher LF and HF oscillations in absolute values than the obese PCOS group. There were no differences between the groups in BPV analysis.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Parameters of the spectral analysis of the heart rate variability analysis calculated from the time series RR intervals and systolic arterial pressure variability calculated by the pulse beat-to-heart rate interval obtained between women without and with polycystic ovaries syndrome (PCOS) divided according to the body mass index eutrophic &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and obese &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Rest</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Control</th>
              <th align="center">PCOS eutrophic</th>
              <th align="center">PCOS obese</th>
              <th align="center">p<sup>&#921;</sup></th>
              <th align="center">p<sup>&#921;&#921;</sup></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>HR variability</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RRi, ms</td>
              <td align="center">872 &#177; 31</td>
              <td align="center">879 &#177; 20.6</td>
              <td align="center">812 &#177; 18.5<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.961</td>
              <td align="center">0.049</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Variance, ms<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">2389 &#177; 310</td>
              <td align="center">2654 &#177; 341</td>
              <td align="center">1851 &#177; 405<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.971</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF, ms<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">697 &#177; 105</td>
              <td align="center">720 &#177; 93</td>
              <td align="center">413 &#177; 80<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.855</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF, un</td>
              <td align="center">40.3 &#177; 3.8</td>
              <td align="center">45.5 &#177; 3.5</td>
              <td align="center">46.4 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.350</td>
              <td align="center">0.850</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF, ms<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">1134 &#177; 188</td>
              <td align="center">1180 &#177; 229</td>
              <td align="center">968 &#177; 204<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.502</td>
              <td align="center">0.014</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF, un</td>
              <td align="center">59.6 &#177; 3.8</td>
              <td align="center">54.4 &#177; 3.5</td>
              <td align="center">53.4 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.350</td>
              <td align="center">0.850</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF/HF Ratio</td>
              <td align="center">0.79 &#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.92 &#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.94 &#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.474</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>BP variability</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Variance, mmHg<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">22.9 &#177; 4.3</td>
              <td align="center">24.9 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td align="center">21 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">0.168</td>
              <td align="center">0.052</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF, mmHg<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">6.7 &#177; 1.4</td>
              <td align="center">7.6 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">5.7 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.196</td>
              <td align="center">0.054</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Values expressed as means &#177; SD: standard deviation; HR: heart rate; RRi: interval between R waves on the electrocardiogram; nu: normalized units; ms&#178;: milliseconds squared; LF: low frequency band; HF: high frequency band; BP: blood pressure; significant difference p &lt; 0.05; (*) vs rest control, (&#8224;) vs. rest eutrophic PCOS; P<sup>&#921;</sup>: eutrophic control group vs PCOS eutrophic group; P<sup>&#921;&#921;</sup>: PCOS eutrophic group vs. PCOS obese group.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The results of BRS analysis obtained during rest in all groups studied, control, eutrophic PCOS and obese PCOS, are seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>, that show at rest the obese PCOS group presented lower spontaneous BRS than the others groups. In addition, it is important to note that the control group demonstrated a higher baroreflex effectiveness index.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Parameters of the baroreflex analysis by the calculated sequence series of RR intervals obtained between women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) divided according to the body mass index eutrophic &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and obese &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Rest</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Control</th>
              <th align="center">PCOS eutrophic</th>
              <th align="center">PCOS obese</th>
              <th align="center">p<sup>&#921;</sup></th>
              <th align="center">p<sup>&#921;&#921;</sup></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Baroreflex Sensitivity</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ramp numbers</td>
              <td align="center">85 &#177; 40.7</td>
              <td align="center">84.3 &#177; 39.8</td>
              <td align="center">93.7 &#177; 42.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.853</td>
              <td align="center">0.379</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BEI</td>
              <td align="center">0.74 &#177; 0.13</td>
              <td align="center">0.63 &#177; 0.12*</td>
              <td align="center">0.58 &#177; 0.15*</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
              <td align="center">0.225</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">UP, ms/mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">15.1 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center">18 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">11.7 &#177; 6.7 *&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">0.738</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DOWN, ms/mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">16.5 &#177; 5.6</td>
              <td align="center">18.3 &#177; 8.8</td>
              <td align="center">12.7 &#177; 7.5 *&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">0.738</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GAIN, ms/mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">16.1 &#177; 5.5</td>
              <td align="center">18.3 &#177; 9.3</td>
              <td align="center">12.3 &#177; 7.2 *&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">0.687</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Values expressed as means &#177; SD: standard deviation; BEI: baroreflex efficacy index; GAIN: total gain; DOWN: hypotensive responses associated with tachycardia responses; UP: hypertensive responses associated with bradycardic responses; significant difference p &lt; 0.05; (*) vs rest Control, (&#8224;) vs rest eutrophic PCOS; P<sup>&#921;</sup>: eutrophic control group vs PCOS eutrophic group; P<sup>&#921;&#921;</sup>: PCOS eutrophic group vs. PCOS obese group.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study mainly findings were, at rest the obese PCOS group had lower HRV and BRS than the other two groups, BPV was similar across groups.</p>
      <p>Regarding hemodynamic values, PCOS obese group showed the highest values of systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure compared to other groups, despite the fact that all subjects were normotensive; some studies had also show a relation with body fat increase and increase BP values.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> To VO<sub>2peak</sub>, the obese PCOS group had the lowest value, similarity to literature, which some authors found a negative correlation between obesity and VO2peak.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There are few studies in the literature about obesity and PCOS, which are contradictory, some point to this association as a negative factor in HRV,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> although others report that there is no association between weight gain and PCOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> In this sense, the lower HRV found in the obese PCOS group in the present study suggests that this change is due to obesity. The literature indicates that the obesity mechanisms may be associated with a reduced sympathetic system response in the postsynaptic region since they had found in presynaptic cleft a high sympathetic activity represented by high concentration of noradrenaline.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> In addition, a recent study carried out in our laboratory showed low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) bands differences, in absolute and normalized units, in healthy and sedentary women with normal BMI, overweight and obesity, they verified that the obese group had lower LF and HF oscillations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding BRS, the eutrophic PCOS and control groups presented similar values, agreeing with Lambert, 2015, in which the groups had similar BMI and BRS values. In relation to the obese PCOS group, it had the lowest values in all BRS parameters than the others two eutrophic groups, suggesting that obesity may be responsible for a reduction in BRS. In this sense, a study comparing BRS in women divided by BMI indicates a BRS reduction with gain weight, observed by the BRS gain value, in this way, the BRS decrease might correlate to weight increase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> However, it is known that BRS is also influenced by many other factors like insulin resistance, blood glucose, sodium sensibility, genetic markers and ovarian hormones.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> In the present study, neither of these other factors were measuring. Thereby it is possible to suggest that obesity may influenced in BRS values, as observed in another study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> although further studies are needed to confirm these findings in PCOS women.</p>
      <p>Finally, in relation to BPV similarity were found between the studied groups, there are few information since there are no studies in the literature about the behaviour of BPV in PCOS women, the studies found are associated with cardiovascular diseases, unrelated to PCOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Although, PCOS women have a greater predisposition to develop cardiovascular diseases, the present study population were healthy and did not use medication, suggesting that PCOS does not alter the BPV. In addition, the obese PCOS group also did not present differences in relation to eutrophic groups. The studies found on BPV and obesity are contradictory, some suggest an increase<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> while others point out a reduction of BPV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> However, both suggest that the baroreflex could justify these changes. Meanwhile, in our study, although the obese PCOS group presented a decrease in BRS, the BPV, apparently, was not affected. In this way, we need more studies to elucidate these findings.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The present study had some limitations, as insulin, glucose and inflammatory markers dosages absence, which could contribute to results discussion; another limitation was HRV and BPV measure only in supine position. It is possible that during an autonomic provocation test, as in tilt test, we could find different responses in autonomic modulation between the studied groups. However, it is important to note that the study limitations do not invalidate the main findings in supine position and its clinical implications.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Although PCOS is an endocrine-metabolic disease that causes several body changes, it does not alter the autonomic cardiovascular control. However, the association with obesity resulted in a decrease in BRS values, and attenuated the HRV values. Suggesting that obesity may play a role in change hemodynamics parameters and cardiovascular autonomic control. However, further studies should be conducted to investigate the effects of metabolic and hormonal changes in these women and the association of these changes with cardiovascular autonomic control.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPQ 457216/2014-0.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Stella Vieira Philbois, from Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto e da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto under the protocol number 11487/2014. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mulheres com S&#237;ndrome do Ov&#225;rio Polic&#237;stico Apresentam menor Sensibilidade Barorreflexa, a Qual Pode Estar Associada ao Aumento da Gordura Corporal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8276-1035</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Philbois</surname>
            <given-names>Stella Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9845-3611</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gastaldi</surname>
            <given-names>Ada Clarice</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8175-2989</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Facioli</surname>
            <given-names>T&#225;bata de Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0551-3927</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Felix</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina Sanches</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9631-4167</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Rosana Maria dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fares</surname>
            <given-names>Thauane Hanna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0009-0005</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo Celso Dutra de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Hugo Celso Dutra de Souza,</bold> Rua Lu&#237;s Basso, 130. CEP 14040-150, Jardim Recreio, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>hugocds@fmrp.usp.br</email>, <email>hugousp@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Philbois SV, Souza HCD; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Philbois SV, Facioli TP, Felix ACS; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Philbois SV, Gastaldi AC, Souza HCD; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Philbois SV, Facioli TP; obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Souza HCD; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gastaldi AC, Souza HCD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As mulheres com s&#237;ndrome do ov&#225;rio polic&#237;stico (SOP) apresentam alta preval&#234;ncia de obesidade e altera&#231;&#245;es no controle auton&#244;mico cardiovascular, principalmente modifica&#231;&#245;es na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC). No entanto, existem poucos estudos sobre outros par&#226;metros de controle auton&#244;mico, como a variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial (VPA) e a sensibilidade barorreflexa (SBR). Al&#233;m disso, ainda h&#225; d&#250;vidas sobre a real contribui&#231;&#227;o da obesidade na altera&#231;&#227;o do controle auton&#244;mico dessas mulheres.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar as altera&#231;&#245;es da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica da VPA e SBR em mulheres com SOP, bem como avaliar se essas altera&#231;&#245;es se devem &#224; SOP ou ao aumento da gordura corporal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram estudadas 30 volunt&#225;rias com peso normal [&#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>] sem SOP (grupo controle) e 60 volunt&#225;rias com SOP, divididas em: mulheres com peso normal (IMC &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, N = 30) e mulheres obesas (IMC &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, N = 30). Todas as volunt&#225;rias foram submetidas &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica, com registro de par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e cardiorrespirat&#243;rios em repouso e durante exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, e an&#225;lise da VFC, VPA e SBR espont&#226;nea. As diferen&#231;as de p &lt; 5% (p &lt; 0,05) foram consideradas estatisticamente significantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos com peso normal, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nos par&#226;metros auton&#244;micos avaliados. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos SOP mostrou que ambos os grupos n&#227;o diferiram na an&#225;lise da VPA. No entanto, o grupo SOP obeso apresentou menores valores de SBR espont&#226;nea e VFC nas oscila&#231;&#245;es de baixa e alta frequ&#234;ncias, em unidades absolutas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nossos resultados sugerem que a obesidade pouco influenciou a VFC em mulheres com SOP, mas pode afetar a SBR espont&#226;nea.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Ov&#225;rio Polic&#237;stico/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da Gordura Corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Mulheres com s&#237;ndrome do ov&#225;rio polic&#237;stico (SOP) frequentemente apresentam comprometimento do controle auton&#244;mico cardiovascular, caracterizado principalmente por um desequil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco na determina&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Esse desequil&#237;brio &#233; um importante preditor de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> As causas da defici&#234;ncia auton&#244;mica ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o bem estabelecidas. Alguns estudos sugerem que ela &#233; causada por dist&#250;rbios hormonais e metab&#243;licos decorrentes da SOP, como a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica aumentada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Por outro lado, &#233; poss&#237;vel que ocorra simplesmente devido ao aumento percentual de gordura corporal, o que desencadeia uma s&#233;rie de altera&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas que afetam o controle auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco, incluindo altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outro aspecto importante &#233; que apenas a VFC &#233; comumente investigada nessas mulheres, e pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos da SOP sobre outros par&#226;metros auton&#244;micos, como a sensibilidade barorreflexa (SBR) e a variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial (VPA). Mais especificamente, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos associando a SOP &#224; VPA e, no caso da SBR, os estudos s&#227;o incipientes. Sobre esse assunto, apenas um estudo foi realizado, sem encontrar diferen&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Entretanto, esse estudo avaliou apenas as mulheres com e sem SOP, o que limitou achados adicionais.</p>
        <p>Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a SBR espont&#226;nea e a VPA em mulheres com SOP e peso normal e investigar a contribui&#231;&#227;o da obesidade para esses par&#226;metros auton&#244;micos nessas mulheres.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>Com uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia, foram inclu&#237;das 90 volunt&#225;rias com idade entre 18 e 39 anos, 30 mulheres sem SOP, como grupo controle, e 60 mulheres com SOP, segundo o consenso de Rotterdam,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e subdivididas de acordo com o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC): grupo com peso normal (30 mulheres) e grupo obeso (30 mulheres). Todas eram sedent&#225;rias, n&#227;o utilizavam qualquer medica&#231;&#227;o e foram selecionadas no ambulat&#243;rio da Cl&#237;nica de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto (HC-FMRP/USP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagn&#243;stico da s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos</title>
          <p>A ultrassonografia p&#233;lvica transvaginal foi realizada com o equipamento Voluson 730 Expert Machine (GE Medical Systems, ZIPF, &#193;ustria) para analisar a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de cistos. Avaliou-se o volume ovariano e o n&#250;mero/tamanho dos fol&#237;culos, e para calcular o volume ovariano foi utilizada a f&#243;rmula do elipsoide prolato (profundidade x largura x comprimento x 0,5).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, foram feitos testes laboratoriais para medir a testosterona s&#233;rica total, androstenediona, globulina de liga&#231;&#227;o a horm&#244;nios sexuais e andr&#243;genos livres, prolactina, 17-hidroxiprogesterona e tirotropina para diagnosticar as causas de exclus&#227;o. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas durante a fase folicular em mulheres com ciclos ovulat&#243;rios regulares e a qualquer momento naquelas com ciclos irregulares. Todos os exames acima foram realizados no Laborat&#243;rio de Ginecologia do HC-FMRP, entre as 07h00 e as 09h00, ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste ergoespirom&#233;trico</title>
          <p>O pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2pico</sub>) foi avaliado por meio de teste de esfor&#231;o subm&#225;ximo em esteira rolante (Super ATL Millenium&#174;, Inbramed/Inbrasport, Brasil), utilizando o protocolo de Bruce Modificado. A an&#225;lise dos gases expirados (VO<sub>2</sub> e VCO<sub>2</sub>) foi realizada utilizando-se um analisador metab&#243;lico (UltimaTM CardiO2, Medical Graphics Corp., EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos</title>
          <p>O peso corporal e a estatura foram obtidos utilizando-se uma balan&#231;a anal&#243;gica com estadi&#244;metro (Welmy), enquanto os valores do IMC foram obtidos pela f&#243;rmula P/E<sup>2</sup>, onde &#8216;P&#8217; &#233; o peso em quilogramas e &#8216;E&#8217; &#233; a estatura do indiv&#237;duo em metros. A composi&#231;&#227;o corporal foi avaliada pelo m&#233;todo da imped&#226;ncia bioel&#233;trica (Quantum BIA 101; Q-RJL Systems, Clinton Township, Michigan, EUA). Os grupos foram subdivididos pelo IMC, onde os grupos com peso normal apresentaram IMC &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e o grupo obeso apresentou IMC &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) e da variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial (VPA)</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise espectral da VFC foi registrada entre as 09h00 e as 10h00 de acordo com o seguinte protocolo: ap&#243;s permanecerem em dec&#250;bito dorsal em repouso ortost&#225;tico por 20 min, as volunt&#225;rias foram passivamente posicionadas em posi&#231;&#227;o inclinada (&#226;ngulo de 75&#176;) por mais 10 minutos. A VFC para as posi&#231;&#245;es supina e inclinada (isto &#233;, o tilt test) foi registrada utilizando um eletrocardiograma (AD Instruments, Sydney, Austr&#225;lia), sendo obtida uma s&#233;rie temporal de intervalos RR (RRi, do ingl&#234;s <italic>RR intervals</italic>).</p>
          <p>A VFC foi obtida utilizando os RRi a partir do registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico (ECG), atrav&#233;s da deriva&#231;&#227;o MC5 modificada em uma frequ&#234;ncia de amostragem de 1000Hz. Os valores da VPA foram obtidos da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), registrada batimento a batimento, em um equipamento para registro de pletismografia digital, FINOMETER (Finometer Pro, Finapress Medical System, Amsterdam, Holanda). A temperatura ambiente foi mantida a 21&#186;C, a luz ambiente e o ru&#237;do foram controlados, para evitar qualquer interfer&#234;ncia na grava&#231;&#227;o dos dados.</p>
          <p>As an&#225;lises de VPA e VFC foram realizadas utilizando-se um software customizado (CardioSeries v2.0, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://sites.google.com/site/cardioseries">http://sites.google.com/site/cardioseries</ext-link>). Os valores dos RRi e intervalos PAS foram redesenhados em interpola&#231;&#227;o com <italic>spline</italic> c&#250;bico de 3 Hz, para normalizar o intervalo de tempo entre os batimentos. As s&#233;ries de RRi interpolados e PAS seguem o Protocolo de Welch;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> elas foram divididas em conjuntos de sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de 256 pontos de dados, com sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de 50%. O segmento estacion&#225;rio foi visualmente inspecionado e aqueles com artefatos ou transientes foram exclu&#237;dos. Cada segmento estacion&#225;rio RRi e PAS foi submetido &#224; an&#225;lise espectral por Transformada R&#225;pida de Fourier (FFT), ap&#243;s a janelamento de Hanning. Os espectros de RRi foram integrados nas bandas de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF, do ingl&#234;s <italic>low frequency</italic>; 0,04 - 0,15 Hz) e alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF, do ingl&#234;s <italic>high frequency</italic>; 0,15 - 0,5 Hz), e os resultados foram expressos em unidades absoluta (ms&#178;) e normalizadas (un), enquanto os espectros da PAS foram integrados apenas na banda de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF; 0,04 - 0,15Hz), sendo os resultados expressos em unidades absolutas (mmHg<sup>2</sup>).</p>
          <p>Os valores normalizados da VFC foram obtidos calculando-se os porcentuais das pot&#234;ncias de LF e HF relacionados ao espectro de pot&#234;ncia total menos a banda de frequ&#234;ncia muito baixa (VLF; &lt; 0,2 Hz).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Al&#233;m disso, foi realizado o procedimento de normaliza&#231;&#227;o para minimizar as varia&#231;&#245;es da pot&#234;ncia total nos valores absolutos de LF e HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Para avaliar o balan&#231;o simp&#225;tico-vagal, tamb&#233;m foi calculada a raz&#227;o LF/HF da variabilidade dos RRi.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensibilidade barorreflexa espont&#226;nea</title>
          <p>A SBR foi avaliada no dom&#237;nio do tempo utilizando o m&#233;todo da sequ&#234;ncia, como descrito por Di Rienzo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> O <italic>software</italic> CardioSeries v2.4 analisou as s&#233;ries temporais batimento a batimento dos valores de RRi e PAS procurando sequ&#234;ncias de pelo menos tr&#234;s batimentos consecutivos nas quais aumentos progressivos na PAS foram seguidos por aumentos progressivos nos RRi (respostas bradic&#225;rdicas) e decr&#233;scimos progressivos na PAS foram seguidos por decr&#233;scimos progressivos nos RRi (respostas taquic&#225;rdicas), com um coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o (r) entre valores de RRi e PAS superiores a 0,8. A inclina&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da linha da regress&#227;o linear entre os valores de PAS e RRi de cada sequ&#234;ncia encontrada determinou a SBR espont&#226;nea.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre dois grupos foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, na compara&#231;&#227;o entre tr&#234;s grupos foi realizada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia <italic>one wa</italic>y (<italic>ONE WAY ANOVA</italic>). O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi utilizado para verificar a normalidade dos dados; quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o mostrou ser n&#227;o-normal, foram utilizados testes n&#227;o param&#233;tricos; o teste de Mann-Whitney foi usado para compara&#231;&#227;o entre dois grupos e, na compara&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s grupos, utilizou-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Quando as vari&#225;veis apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, foram descritas como m&#233;dia (&#177; desvio padr&#227;o), e aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica foram descritas como mediana (&#177; intervalo interquartil). As diferen&#231;as de p &lt; 5% (p &lt; 0,05) foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas. Todos os testes estat&#237;sticos foram realizados com o <italic>software</italic> Sigma Stat 3.5 (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, Calif&#243;rnia, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas e os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos das volunt&#225;rias s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. O grupo SOP obeso apresentou maior IMC, peso e percentual de gordura corporal que os demais grupos. Por outro lado, o VO<sub>2pico</sub> foi menor no grupo SOP obeso. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o arterial, o grupo obeso apresentou maiores valores de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica e press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos controle e SOP com peso normal.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas hemodin&#226;micas e valores em mulheres saud&#225;veis e mulheres com s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos (SOP), subdivididas em grupo SOP com peso normal (IMC &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e grupo SOP obeso (IMC &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Controle</th>
                <th align="center">SOP peso normal</th>
                <th align="center">SOP obeso</th>
                <th align="center">p<sup>&#921;</sup></th>
                <th align="center">p<sup>&#921;&#921;</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">31,2 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">28,5 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">30,2 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,053</td>
                <td align="center">0,107</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura, metros</td>
                <td align="center">1,64 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,62 &#177; 5,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,62 &#177; 7,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
                <td align="center">0,649</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso, kg</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">60,6 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">90,3 &#177; 10,9<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">23,5 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">22,9 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">33,9 &#177; 2,4<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,494</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Percentual de gordura corporal,%</td>
                <td align="center">25,6 &#177;3,6 </td>
                <td align="center">26,4 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">44,3 &#177; 3,3<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,325</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2pico</sub>, L/min/kg</td>
                <td align="center">35,5 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">31,9 &#177; 3,9</td>
                <td align="center">25,3 &#177; 3,3<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Valores Hemodin&#226;micos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">74,6 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">77 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0,764</td>
                <td align="center">0,416</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">105 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td align="center">101 &#177; 11,8</td>
                <td align="center">111 &#177; 9,5<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,057</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">70 &#177; 10,3</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 9,6</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 7,4<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAM (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">84 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 9,8</td>
                <td align="center">90 &#177; 7,5<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Valores expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; m: Metros; Kg: quilograma; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; VO<sub>2pico</sub>: volume de oxig&#234;nio consumido no pico do exerc&#237;cio; L/min/kg: litros por minuto por quilo; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; bpm: batida por minuto; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; mmHg: mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio; diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica quando p &lt; 0,05; (*) vs. Controle; (&#8224;) versus grupo SOP com peso normal; p<sup>&#921;</sup>: grupo controle com peso normal vs. grupo SOP com peso normal; p<sup>&#921;&#921;</sup>: grupo SOP com peso normal vs. grupo SOP obeso.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta a an&#225;lise espectral dos resultados da VFC e da VPA durante o repouso em todos os grupos estudados. A an&#225;lise da VFC em repouso mostra que o grupo SOP obeso apresentou menor vari&#226;ncia. Al&#233;m disso, os grupos Controle e SOP com peso normal apresentaram maiores oscila&#231;&#245;es de LF e HF em valores absolutos do que o grupo SOP obeso. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos na an&#225;lise da VPA.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros da an&#225;lise espectral da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca calculada a partir da s&#233;rie temporal dos intervalos RR e da variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica calculada pelo intervalo de batimentos card&#237;acos entre as mulheres sem e com a s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos (SOP), divididas de acordo com o &#237;ndice de massa corporal: normal &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e obeso &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Repouso</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Controle</th>
                <th align="center">SOP peso normal</th>
                <th align="center">SOP obeso</th>
                <th align="center">p<sup>&#921;</sup></th>
                <th align="center">p<sup>&#921;&#921;</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Variabilidade da FC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RRi, ms</td>
                <td align="center">872 &#177; 31</td>
                <td align="center">879 &#177; 20,6</td>
                <td align="center">812 &#177; 18,5<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,961</td>
                <td align="center">0,049</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vari&#226;ncia, ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2389 &#177; 310</td>
                <td align="center">2654 &#177; 341</td>
                <td align="center">1851 &#177; 405<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,971</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF, ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">697 &#177; 105</td>
                <td align="center">720 &#177; 93</td>
                <td align="center">413 &#177; 80<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,855</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF, un</td>
                <td align="center">40,3 &#177; 3,8</td>
                <td align="center">45,5 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">46,4 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,350</td>
                <td align="center">0,850</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF, ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1134 &#177; 188</td>
                <td align="center">1180 &#177; 229</td>
                <td align="center">968 &#177; 204<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,502</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF, un</td>
                <td align="center">59,6 &#177; 3,8</td>
                <td align="center">54,4 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">53,4 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,350</td>
                <td align="center">0,850</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,92 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,94 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,474</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Variabilidade da PA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vari&#226;ncia, mmHg<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">22,9 &#177; 4,3</td>
                <td align="center">24,9 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">21 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0,168</td>
                <td align="center">0,052</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF, mmHg<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">6,7 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">7,6 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">5,7 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,196</td>
                <td align="center">0,054</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Valores expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; RRi: intervalo entre as ondas R no eletrocardiograma; un: unidades normalizadas; ms<sup>2</sup>: milissegundos ao quadrado; LF: banda de baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: banda de alta frequ&#234;ncia; PA: press&#227;o arterial; diferen&#231;a significativa p &lt; 0,05; (*) vs. grupo controle em repouso, (&#8224;) vs. grupo SOP com peso normal em repouso; P<sup>&#921;</sup>: grupo controle com peso normal vs. grupo SOP com peso normal; P<sup>&#921;&#921;</sup>:grupo SOP com peso normal vs. grupo SOP obeso.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os resultados das an&#225;lises da SBR obtidas durante o repouso em todos os grupos estudados - controle, SOP com peso normal e SOP obeso - s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>, onde observa-se que, em repouso, o grupo SOP obeso apresentou menor SBR espont&#226;nea que os demais grupos. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; importante notar que o grupo controle demonstrou maior &#237;ndice de efetividade do barorreflexo.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros da an&#225;lise do barorreflexo pela s&#233;rie sequencial calculada de intervalos RR obtidas em mulheres com e sem s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos (SOP), divididas de acordo com o &#237;ndice de massa corporal: normal &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e obeso &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Repouso</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Controle</th>
                <th align="center">SOP peso normal</th>
                <th align="center">SOP obeso</th>
                <th align="center">p<sup>&#921;</sup></th>
                <th align="center">p<sup>&#921;&#921;</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sensibilidade barorreflexa</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;meros de rampas</td>
                <td align="center">85 &#177; 40,7</td>
                <td align="center">84,3 &#177; 39,8</td>
                <td align="center">93,7 &#177; 42,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,853</td>
                <td align="center">0,379</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BEI</td>
                <td align="center">0,74 &#177; 0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 &#177; 0,12*</td>
                <td align="center">0,58 &#177; 0,15*</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,225</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ascendente, ms/mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">15,1 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">18 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">11,7 &#177; 6,7<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,738</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Descendente, ms/mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">16,5 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">18,3 &#177; 8,8</td>
                <td align="center">12,7 &#177; 7,5<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,738</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GANHO, ms/mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">16,1 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">18,3 &#177; 9,3</td>
                <td align="center">12,3 &#177; 7,2<sup>*&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,687</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Valores expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; BEI: &#237;ndice de efetividade do barorreflexo; GANHO: ganho total; Descendente: respostas hipotensivas associadas a respostas taquic&#225;rdicas; Ascendente: respostas hipertensivas associadas a respostas bradic&#225;rdicas; diferen&#231;a significativa p &lt; 0,05; (*) vs. grupo controle em repouso, (&#8224;) vs. grupo SOP com peso normal em descanso; P<sup>&#921;</sup>: grupo controle com peso normal vs. grupo SOP com peso normal; P<sup>&#921;&#921;</sup>: grupo SOP com peso normal vs. grupo SOP obeso.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, os principais achados foram que, em repouso, o grupo SOP obeso apresentou menor VFC e SBR do que os outros dois grupos. A VPA foi semelhante entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores hemodin&#226;micos, o grupo SOP obeso apresentou os maiores valores de PAS, diast&#243;lica e m&#233;dia em compara&#231;&#227;o aos demais grupos, apesar de todas as mulheres serem normotensas; alguns estudos tamb&#233;m mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o com o aumento da gordura corporal e aumento dos valores de PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Para o VO<sub>2pico</sub>, o grupo SOP obeso apresentou o menor valor, em concord&#226;ncia com a literatura, onde alguns autores encontraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre obesidade e VO<sub>2pico</sub>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Existem poucos estudos na literatura sobre obesidade e SOP, e eles s&#227;o contradit&#243;rios, com alguns apontando essa associa&#231;&#227;o como um fator negativo na VFC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> enquanto outros relatam que n&#227;o h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento do peso e SOP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Nesse sentido, no presente estudo, a menor VFC encontrada no grupo SOP obeso sugere que essa altera&#231;&#227;o ocorre devido &#224; obesidade. A literatura indica que os mecanismos de obesidade podem estar associados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta do sistema simp&#225;tico na regi&#227;o p&#243;s-sin&#225;ptica, uma vez que encontraram alta atividade simp&#225;tica na fenda pr&#233;-sin&#225;ptica, representada pela alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de noradrenalina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Al&#233;m disso, um estudo recente realizado em o nosso laborat&#243;rio apresentou diferen&#231;as nas bandas de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF) e alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF), em unidades absolutas e normalizadas, em mulheres saud&#225;veis e sedent&#225;rias com IMC normal, sobrepeso e obesidade, e os autores verificaram que o grupo obeso apresentava menores oscila&#231;&#245;es de LF e HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; SBR, os grupos SOP com peso normal e controle apresentaram valores semelhantes, em concord&#226;ncia com Lambert, 2015, em cujo trabalho os grupos apresentaram valores semelhantes de IMC e SBR. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo SOP obeso, o mesmo apresentou menores valores em todos os par&#226;metros de SBR em compara&#231;&#227;o com os outros dois grupos com peso normal, sugerindo que a obesidade pode ser respons&#225;vel por uma redu&#231;&#227;o na SBR. Nesse sentido, um estudo comparando a SBR em mulheres divididas de acordo com o IMC, indicou uma redu&#231;&#227;o da SBR com o aumento de peso, observado pelo valor do ganho da SBR; dessa forma, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da SBR pode se correlacionar ao aumento de peso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Entretanto, sabe-se que a SBR tamb&#233;m &#233; influenciada por muitos outros fatores, como resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, glicemia, sensibilidade ao s&#243;dio, marcadores gen&#233;ticos e horm&#244;nios ovarianos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> No presente estudo, nenhum desses outros fatores foi mensurado. Desse modo, &#233; poss&#237;vel sugerir que a obesidade pode influenciar os valores de SBR, como observado em outro estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> embora sejam necess&#225;rios mais estudos para confirmar esses achados em mulheres com SOP.</p>
        <p>Por fim, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; semelhan&#231;a da VPA entre os grupos estudados, h&#225; poucas informa&#231;&#245;es, pois n&#227;o h&#225; estudos na literatura sobre o comportamento da VPA em mulheres com SOP, e aqueles encontrados est&#227;o associados a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares n&#227;o relacionadas &#224; SOP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Embora as mulheres com SOP tenham uma maior predisposi&#231;&#227;o para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, a popula&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo era saud&#225;vel e n&#227;o utilizava medica&#231;&#227;o, sugerindo que a SOP n&#227;o altera a VPA. Al&#233;m disso, o grupo SOP obeso tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos com peso normal. Os estudos encontrados sobre a VPA e a obesidade s&#227;o contradit&#243;rios, alguns sugerindo um aumento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> enquanto outros apontam uma redu&#231;&#227;o da VPA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> No entanto, ambos sugerem que o barorreflexo poderia justificar essas altera&#231;&#245;es. Enquanto isso, em nosso estudo, embora o grupo obeso com SOP apresentasse uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na SBR, a VPA, aparentemente, n&#227;o foi afetada. Desta forma, precisamos de mais estudos para elucidar esses achados.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>O presente estudo apresentou algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, como a aus&#234;ncia da dosagem de insulina, glicose e marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, o que poderia contribuir para a discuss&#227;o dos resultados; outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi que as medidas da VFC e da VPA foram realizadas apenas na posi&#231;&#227;o supina. &#201; poss&#237;vel que durante uma manobra de provoca&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, como no teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o, pud&#233;ssemos encontrar respostas diferentes na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica entre os grupos estudados. No entanto, &#233; importante notar que as limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo n&#227;o invalidam os principais achados na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e suas implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Embora a SOP seja uma doen&#231;a end&#243;crino-metab&#243;lica que causa diversas altera&#231;&#245;es corporais, ela n&#227;o altera o controle auton&#244;mico cardiovascular. No entanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o com a obesidade resultou em diminui&#231;&#227;o dos valores da SBR e atenuou os valores da VFC, sugerindo que a obesidade pode desempenhar um papel na altera&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e controle auton&#244;mico cardiovascular. Entretanto, novos estudos devem ser realizados para investigar os efeitos das altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e hormonais nessas mulheres e a associa&#231;&#227;o dessas altera&#231;&#245;es com o controle auton&#244;mico cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq 457216/2014-0.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Stella Vieira Philbois pela Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto e da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 11487/2014. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
