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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7HqMw8KDdpTXGjZzvvVKsZB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000400410</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180275</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efficacy, Safety, and Performance of Isolated Left vs. Right Ventricular Pacing in Patients with Bradyarrhythmias: A Randomized Controlled Trial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crevelari</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth Sartori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5723-8285</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Regina da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albertini</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Marcos de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Roberto Costa,</bold> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Postal Code 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>rcosta@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Conception and design of the research, analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript: Crevelari ES, da Silva KR, Costa R; acquisition of data: Crevelari ES, Albertini CMM, Vieira MLC; obtaining funding: Costa R; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Crevelari ES, da Silva KR, Albertini CMM, Vieira MLC, Martinelli Filho M, Costa R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>410</fpage>
      <lpage>421</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Considering the potential deleterious effects of right ventricular (RV) pacing, the hypothesis of this study is that isolated left ventricular (LV) pacing through the coronary sinus is safe and may provide better clinical and echocardiographic benefits to patients with bradyarrhythmias and normal ventricular function requiring heart rate correction alone.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To assess the safety, efficacy, and effects of LV pacing using an active-fixation coronary sinus lead in comparison with RV pacing, in patients eligible for conventional pacemaker (PM) implantation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Randomized, controlled, and single-blinded clinical trial in adult patients submitted to PM implantation due to bradyarrhythmias and systolic ventricular function &#8805; 0.40. Randomization (RV vs. LV) occurred before PM implantation. The main results of the study were procedural success, safety, and efficacy. Secondary results were clinical and echocardiographic changes. Chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test and Student's t-test were used, considering a significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> From June 2012 to January 2014, 91 patients were included, 36 in the RV Group and 55 in the LV Group. Baseline characteristics of patients in both groups were similar. PM implantation was performed successfully and without any complications in all patients in the RV group. Of the 55 patients initially allocated into the LV group, active-fixation coronary sinus lead implantation was not possible in 20 (36.4%) patients. The most frequent complication was phrenic nerve stimulation, detected in 9 (25.7%) patients in the LV group. During the follow-up period, there were no hospitalizations due to heart failure. Reductions of more than 10% in left ventricular ejection fraction were observed in 23.5% of patients in the RV group and 20.6% of those in the LV group (p = 0.767). Tissue Doppler analysis showed that 91.2% of subjects in the RV group and 68.8% of those in the LV group had interventricular dyssynchrony (p = 0.022).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> The procedural success rate of LV implant was low, and the safety of the procedure was influenced mainly by the high rate of phrenic nerve stimulation in the postoperative period.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiac Pacing, Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Bradycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacemaker, Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular remodeling</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Artificial cardiac pacing is the only treatment for acquired atrioventricular blocks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Conventional pacemakers (PM), which stimulate the right ventricle (RV), via unicameral or atrioventricular pacing, have been the most widely used devices to treat these bradyarrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Owing to its proven effectiveness in reducing symptoms caused by low cerebral and systemic blood flow, as well as its increased survival rate, this clinical indication represents 55.1% and 83.4% of all implants performed in the United States of America and Brazil, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, deleterious effects of chronic right ventricular pacing have been described. Examples include proarrhythmic mechanisms, intra- or interventricular electromechanical dyssynchrony, and ventricular remodeling, which may lead to heart failure refractory to drug treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Changing the mode of pacing from RV to biventricular has been reported to reverse these events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Isolated atrial synchronous left ventricular pacing has been used for the correction of cardiac dyssynchrony in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction and left bundle branch block, with results similar to those obtained by atriobiventricular pacing.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> There is, however, no evidence to date that the use of isolated left ventricular pacing, in comparison with right ventricular pacing, may reduce the rate of ventricular remodeling in patients with acquired atrioventricular blocks, regardless of the presence or absence of previous left ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Notwithstanding the possible clinical-functional benefits that may be expected from the use of left ventricular pacing, in comparison with right ventricular pacing, there are other factors that may influence this comparison, especially those related to the operating technique and its complications. The technique of implanting PM with endocardial RV pacing is well established and its results and complications have long been known. On the other hand, implants in the left ventricle (LV), via epicardial or transvenous access, presents specificities both with regard to the anesthetic technique and the skills required to perform them, either via thoracotomy or coronary sinus catheterization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Among these aspects, the viability of using coronary sinus tributary veins in individuals with normal or slightly enlarged heart is still unknown, notwithstanding the significant experience already achieved with this means of access in patients with cardiomegaly and an accentuated increase in the left ventricular cavity.</p>
      <p>In view of this concern regarding the deleterious effects of chronic right ventricular pacing, the hypothesis of the present study was that the use of an active-fixation coronary sinus lead will allow for safe isolated left ventricular pacing for patients with atrioventricular blocks who are indicated for conventional PM implantation.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objectives</title>
      <p>The objective of the present study was to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and effects of left ventricular pacing, using an active-fixation coronary sinus lead (<italic>Medtronic Attain StarFix&#174; Model 4195 OTW</italic>),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> in comparison with right ventricular pacing in patients who were indicated for conventional PM implantation and who had normal or slightly altered left ventricular function, with the aim of determining:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>The procedural success rate of coronary sinus lead implantation;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The safety and efficacy of left ventricular pacing;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Cardiac synchrony and the occurrence of remodeling and left ventricular dysfunction.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>This is a randomized controlled clinical trial that compared the use of right ventricular pacing (RV Group) with relation to unifocal left ventricular pacing (LV Group) in patients with bradyarrhythmias.</p>
        <p>This study was performed in a high complexity cardiology hospital. It received approval from the Institution's Research Ethics Committee. All participants signed an informed consent form. This study was registered at <italic>ClinicalTrials.gov</italic>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Population</title>
        <p>Adult subjects who met the following criteria were considered eligible for the study: (1) Indication of initial implantation of a definitive conventional PM by the transvenous technique; (2) Systolic ventricular function &#8805; 0.40; (3) Agreement to participate in the study.</p>
        <p>Individuals who presented at least one of the following criteria were not included in the study: (1) Impediment of venous access through tributaries of the superior vena cava due to: uncorrected intracardiac defects, absence of venous access, tricuspid valve prosthesis, or need for radiotherapy in the thorax; (2) &gt; 85 years of age; (3) Pregnancy in progress; (4) Contraindication for use of iodinated contrast during the surgical procedure (serum creatine &#8805; 3.0 mg/dL).</p>
        <p>Patients were consecutively selected from those with indication for conventional PM implantation. After the indication of surgical treatment, the individuals who fulfilled the eligibility criteria were submitted to a preoperative evaluation, consisting of medical history, clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic assessment. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagram showing the main phases of the study. LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0410-80275-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Composition of study groups</title>
        <p>Before the surgical procedure, patients were allocated into two groups in a random distribution list generated by a computer: (1) composed of patients who were submitted to conventional RV lead implantation; (2) LV Group: composed of patients who received implantation of an active-fixation coronary sinus lead in the LV.</p>
        <p>The random distribution list was generated by the computer program <italic>Statistical Analysis System</italic> (SAS), with a 2:1 ratio of LV implants. To guarantee a balanced distribution of patients, we opted for block randomization, generating a list with blocks of 10 to allocate patients into the two study groups.</p>
        <p>Allocation was performed by means of sealed, opaque envelopes, which were numbered sequentially. Patient allocation always occurred the night before the surgical procedure, following adequate assessment of the study's eligibility criteria. The process of preparing and sealing the envelopes was performed by an independent individual who was not involved in any other steps of the study.</p>
        <p>Blinding of all patients and the investigator responsible for assessing the study results was guaranteed during all phases of the study. Due to the surgical intervention protocol, it was not possible to blind the surgical staff and the team responsible for the PM evaluations and programming.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study interventions</title>
        <p>The two main interventions performed during this study were conventional right ventricular (RV Group) and left ventricular (LV Group) implantations. The surgical procedure for PM implantation was always performed through the transvenous route, in accordance with our institution's routine practice.</p>
        <p>In patients allocated into the RV Group, the <italic>Medtronic CapSureFix Novus&#174; 5076-58</italic> lead was preferably implanted in the middle portion of the interventricular septum, always under indirect vision using fluoroscopy. When it was not possible to obtain adequate fixation, stimulation, or sensitivity in the mid-septum position, the ventricular lead was implanted in the apical septum or the outlet septum.</p>
        <p>In patients allocated into the LV Group, a <italic>Medtronic 6228 CTH</italic> deflectable catheter was introduced into the coronary sinus, serving as a guide for the introduction of a <italic>Medtronic Attain 6227 DEF</italic> deflectable guide catheter. When the latter was introduced into the coronary sinus, coronary sinus phlebography was performed in a left anterior oblique position at 30 degrees, with the aid of a <italic>Medtronic Attain 6215</italic> balloon catheter and non-ionic iodized contrast medium (<italic>Iodixanol</italic>, VisipaqueTM). When the radiological anatomy of the coronary sinus and its tributary veins was defined, a <italic>Medtronic Attain StarFix&#174; Model 4195 OTW</italic> unipolar lead was introduced into one of the veins of the lateral or posterolateral wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). When it was not possible to use the veins of the lateral or posterolateral wall due to inadequate stimulation or sensitivity, phrenic stimulation, or lack of lead stability, the diagonal vein was used; placement in the anterior or posterior interventricular sulci was not permitted.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>View of the active-fixation coronary sinus lead (Medtronic Attain StarFix<sup>&#174;</sup> Model 4195 OTW).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0410-80275-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exclusion of patients when implant through the coronary sinus was not feasible</title>
        <p>This study excluded all patients allocated into the LV Group in whom it was not possible to implant the lead in coronary veins. After the surgical team determined that implantation in the LV was not possible, the <italic>Medtronic Attain StarFix&#174; Model 4195 OTW</italic> lead was removed and a new <italic>Medtronic CapSureFix Novus&#174; 5076-58</italic> was implanted in the RV. After the procedure, the patients were excluded from the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study outcomes</title>
        <p>This study's primary outcomes include: (1) The proposed procedure was successful, defined by coronary sinus catheterization with lead implant in the posterior or lateral LV wall; (2) Procedure safety, defined by the absence of surgical complications during the study period (24 months); (3) Procedure efficacy, defined by the maintenance of chronic stimulation thresholds at &lt; 2.5 V with 0.4 ms during the study period (24 months).</p>
        <p>Secondary outcomes were clinical evolutions and echocardiographic changes, such as: (1) Alteration of left ventricular function, defined by the reduction of at least 10% of the ejection fraction in the examination performed at the end of the study; (2) LV positive remodeling, defined by a 15% increase in the systolic diameter of the cardiac chamber. (3) Ventricular dyssynchrony, defined by the presence of intra-or interventricular electromechanical delay in the examination performed at the end of the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample size calculation</title>
        <p>The calculation of this study's sample size was based on the average occurrence rate of the primary outcomes according to the description in the literature, considering an alpha error of 5% and a statistical power of 80%. With respect to operative outcomes, we found procedural success, efficacy, and safety rates in 99% and 91% of the patients who underwent lead implantation in the RV and the LV, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> The sample size required for finding an equivalence between the two techniques was estimated at 188 patients in the LV Group and 94 in the RV Group, with a total of 282 cases.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electronic data collection and management</title>
        <p>Demographic, clinical, surgical, and echocardiographic data were collected and stored in an electronic database developed in REDCap (<italic>Research Electronic Data Capture</italic>) System,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> which is hosted on our institution's server.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The data registered in the REDCap System were exported in the form of Excel spreadsheets (Microsoft Excel) and analyzed by the <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS), version 17.0.</p>
        <p>All variables were initially analyzed descriptively. For quantitative variables, this analysis was done by observing the minimum and maximum values, the averages, and standard deviations. Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated for all qualitative variables.</p>
        <p>We used unpaired Student's <italic>t-</italic>test to compare averages between groups; when the normality assumption of the data was rejected, the variable was evaluated by logarithmic transformation. The chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test was used to test homogeneity between proportions. We used Analysis of Variance with repeated measures to compare groups throughout the evaluations.</p>
        <p>Data analysis was performed according to the intention-to-treat principle. The level of significance for statistical tests was set at 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants</title>
        <p>In the period between June 2012 and January 2014, 417 patients were indicated for conventional PM implantation due to bradyarrhythmias and were, thus, potential candidates for participation in this study. Of these, 91 were included in the study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Composition of the study population. LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0410-80275-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Patient inclusion was prematurely interrupted by a consensual decision made by the study's monitoring committee due to problems related to safety of using the <italic>Medtronic Attain StarFix<sup>&#174;</sup> Model 4195 OTW</italic> lead. Following this decision, no other participants were included. Nonetheless, clinical follow-up continued until the last patient, who was included in January 2014, had completed 24 months of postoperative follow-up. The premature interruption of this study occurred due to difficulties in obtaining adequate left ventricular pacing conditions with the operating technique defined in the research protocol, on the part of the study population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Demographic and basic clinical characteristics</title>
        <p>The population included in this study was composed of 71 individuals who participated in all phases of the study. There was a slight predominance of females (52.1%), as well as individuals who self-identified as white (69.0%). At the moment of inclusion, average age was 66.5 &#177; 11.2 years, varying from 24 to 85 years of age. Demographic and clinical characteristics were similar in both groups, except for the presence of Chagas disease, which was more common in the LV Group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic and clinical characteristic of study participants</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center">Total (n = 71)</th>
                <th align="center">LV Group (n = 35)</th>
                <th align="center">RV Group (n= 36)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female sex, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (52.1)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (54.3)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (50.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.717<sup>(1)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years), average &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">66.5 &#177; 11.2</td>
                <td align="center">68.4 &#177; 9.2</td>
                <td align="center">64.8 &#177; 12.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.179<sup>(2)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">White race, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (69.0)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (68.6)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (69.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.936<sup>(1)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Functional Class (NYHA), n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I</td>
                <td align="center">22 (31.0)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (34.3)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (27.8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">33 (46.5)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (42.9)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (50.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.544<sup>(1)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">14 (19.7)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (22.9)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (16.7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IV</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2.8)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5.6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Structural cardiac disease, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">None</td>
                <td align="center">52 (73.2)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (71.4)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (75.0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chagas disease</td>
                <td align="center">12 (16.9)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (25.7)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.063<sup>(3)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemic heart disease</td>
                <td align="center">6 (8.5)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.9)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (13.9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.4)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Associated comorbidities</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">None</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2.8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.9)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.8)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000<sup>(3)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">59 (83.1)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (80.0)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (86.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.492<sup>(1)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chagas disease</td>
                <td align="center">8 (11.3)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (14.3)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.710<sup>(3)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">19 (26.8)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (28.6)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (25.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.734<sup>(1)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">23 (32.4)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (28.6)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (36.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.497<sup>(1)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cardiovascular medications, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">None</td>
                <td align="center">4 (5.6)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5.7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5.6)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000<sup>(3)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACEI/ARB</td>
                <td align="center">52 (73.2)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (80.0)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (66.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.204<sup>(1)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
                <td align="center">29 (40.8)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (34.3)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (47.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.267<sup>(1)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betablockers</td>
                <td align="center">8 (11.3)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (17.1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.151<sup>(3)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QRS duration prior to implant &gt; 120 ms, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (74.6)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (74.3)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (75.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.944<sup>(1)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV ejection fraction, average &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">59.9 &#177; 6.8</td>
                <td align="center">61.1 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">58.1 &#177; 8.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.069<sup>(2)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV final systolic volume, average &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">42.1 &#177; 16.1</td>
                <td align="center">39.5 &#177; 15.4</td>
                <td align="center">44.8 &#177; 16.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.168<sup>(2)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV final diastolic volume, average &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">100.7 &#177; 24.7</td>
                <td align="center">97.1 &#177; 27.2</td>
                <td align="center">104.3 &#177;21.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.223<sup>(2)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BNP, average &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">83.2 &#177; 111.8</td>
                <td align="center">72.3 &#177; 77.6</td>
                <td align="center">93.8 &#177;137.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.482<sup>(2)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TNF alpha, average &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">50.7 &#177; 186.6</td>
                <td align="center">74.9 &#177; 265.1</td>
                <td align="center">27.2 &#177; 13.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.388<sup>(2)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IL6, average &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">11.3 &#177; 16.0</td>
                <td align="center">9.1 &#177; 12.4</td>
                <td align="center">13.4 &#177; 18.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.092<sup>(2)</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; LV: left ventricle; NYHA: New York Heart Association; RV: right ventricle; SD: standard devition. (1) Chi-squared test; (2) Unpaired Student's t-test; (3) Fisher's exact test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of the operation</title>
        <p>Atrioventricular PM were implanted in 95.8% of individuals studied. Single-chamber ventricular pacing was indicated in 3 (4.2%) patients as a consequence of permanent atrial fibrillation. Details regarding surgical procedures performed on patients in the RV and LV Groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Operation data of study participants</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center">Total (n = 71)</th>
                <th align="center">LV Group (n = 35)</th>
                <th align="center">RV Group (n= 36)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Pacemaker type, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Single-chamber</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4.2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5.7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.614<sup>(3)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dual-chamber</td>
                <td align="center">68 (95.8)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (94.3)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (97.2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Lead implant access</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Subclavian vein puncture</td>
                <td align="center">44 (62.0)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (45.7)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (77.8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cephalic vein dissection</td>
                <td align="center">6 (8.5)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5.7)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002<sup>(3)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Both</td>
                <td align="center">21 (29.6)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (48.6)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11.1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Duration of ventricular lead positioning</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Average &#177; SD (minutes)</td>
                <td align="center">22.2 &#177; 21.4</td>
                <td align="center">38.5 &#177; 19.8</td>
                <td align="center">6.4 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>(2)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Variation (minutes)</td>
                <td align="center">2 - 119</td>
                <td align="center">8 - 119</td>
                <td align="center">2 - 15</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Total procedure duration</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Average &#177; SD (minutes)</td>
                <td align="center">84.8 &#177; 29.9</td>
                <td align="center">103.3 &#177; 27.9</td>
                <td align="center">66.9 &#177; 19.0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>(2)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Variation (minutes)</td>
                <td align="center">34 - 167</td>
                <td align="center">45 - 167</td>
                <td align="center">34 - 113</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>RV pacing site, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apex</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11.1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Septum</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">32 (88.9)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LV pacing site, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anterolateral</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">6 (17.1)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lateral</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">26 (74.3)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Posterolateral</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8.6)</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>LV: left ventricle; NA: not applicable; RV: right ventricle; SD: standard deviation. (2) Unpaired Student's t-test; (3) Fisher's exact test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Data comparison related to the operations performed to implant the devices used in this study revealed significant differences between the groups. Time spent implanting left ventricular leads was, on average, 32.4 minutes greater than RV lead implant. Moreover, the total duration of the procedure was also longer, lasting, on average, 36.3 minutes more in patients in the LV Group.</p>
        <p>The approach used to introduce the leads also differed significantly between the two groups. In patients allocated to the LV Group, cephalic vein dissection, either isolated or in association with one puncture in the subclavian vein, was more frequent. The analysis in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows that two punctures of the subclavian vein was the preferred technique for the patients in the RV Group (p = 0.002).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Primary study outcomes</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Success of the proposed surgical procedure</title>
          <p>In all patients in the RV Group, PM implantation was successfully performed without any intercurrences. In the LV Group, on the other hand, it was not possible to implant the lead in coronary veins in 20 (36.4%) of the of the 55 patients initially allocated.</p>
          <p>The most frequent cause of failure to implant the LV lead was undesired phrenic nerve stimulation in regions that could be stimulated through the LV free wall. This problem occurred in 12 patients, representing 60% of all causes of LV implant failure. Coronary sinus cannulation difficulties (n = 3), inability to access coronary veins (n = 5), and unstable positioning (n = 2) prevented the use of left ventricular pacing in the other cases of failure to use the coronary sinus.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Surgical procedure safety</title>
          <p>Postoperative complications were detected only in the LV Group. The most frequent complication was phrenic stimulation, observed in 9 (25.7%) patients.</p>
          <p>During the clinical follow-up period, 4 (11.4%) patients in the LV Group underwent reoperation. There were 1 case of LV lead fracture (358 days after the initial implant) and 3 (8.6%) cases of phrenic stimulation which could not be resolved by reprogramming (42, 55, and 70 days after the initial procedure). In all 4 cases, the surgical procedure was performed successfully and without complications. The surgical team, however, decided to perform new lead implants in the RV, leading to a crossover of patients from the LV Group to the RV Group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Surgical procedure efficacy</title>
          <p>Once the previously mentioned complications were corrected, stimulation and sensitivity were considered adequate in all phases of the study in 100% of the patients in the RV Group and 31 (88.6%) patients in the LV Group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Of the 4 patients who presented ventricular stimulation thresholds above those considered adequate in this study, 2 cases occurred intraoperatively (acute phase); 1 patient presented alterations in the stimulation threshold during months 6, 12, 18, and 24 of clinical follow-up and 1 presented alterations in months 18 and 24 of clinical follow-up.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic outcomes, derived from the comparison between the baseline echocardiogram and the echocardiogram performed at the 24-month follow-up visit</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Echocardiographic outcomes</th>
                  <th align="center">LV Group (n = 34)</th>
                  <th align="center">RV Group (n = 34)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>LVEF</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">10% reduction</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (20.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (23.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.767<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Without 10% reduction</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (79.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (76.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>FSVLV</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">15% increase</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (29.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (27.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.846<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Without 15% increase</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (70.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (72.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Alteration of LVEF and/or FSVLV</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Present</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (35.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (32.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.798<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Absent</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (64.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (67.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Intraventricular dyssynchrony</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Delay &#8805; 65 ms</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (43.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (55.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.324<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Delay &lt; 65 ms</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (56.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (44.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Interventricular dyssynchrony</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Delay &#8805; 100 ms</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (68.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (91.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Delay &lt; 100 ms</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (31.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume; LV: left ventricle; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; RV: right ventricle. (1) Chi-squared test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Secondary study outcomes</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical outcomes</title>
          <p>There were two deaths in the study, both in patients in the RV Group. The declared causes were acute myocardial infarction, 13.2 months after implantation, and septic shock due to pneumonia, 20.9 months after implantation.</p>
          <p>There were no hospitalizations due to heart failure during the study's follow-up period. At the end of the first month of observation, 100% of the patients in the RV Group and 97.1% in the LV Group were oligosymptomatic, being classified as in functional class (FC) I or II. The analysis of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref> shows that there was no difference in behavior between the groups throughout the follow-up period. Few patients presented symptoms with minor exertion and were classified as FC III. No cases were classified as FC IV.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Behavior of Functional Classification of Heart Failure (NYHA) during assessment in the clinical follow-up phase. FC: functional class; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0410-80275-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic results</title>
          <p>The echocardiographic studies performed at the baseline and at month 24 of follow-up showed that there was left ventricular remodeling and changes in ejection fraction over time in both groups. They also showed the presence of differences in the mechanics of the two ventricles resulting from right or left ventricular pacing.</p>
          <p>The analysis in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> makes it possible to observe that: (1) a reduction of more than 10% in LV ejection fraction was observed in 23.5% of the patients in the RV group and in 20.6% of the LV Group (p = 0.767); (2) an increase of more than 15% in final systolic volume was observed in 27.3% of the individuals in the RV Group and 29.4% in the LV Group (p = 0.846), and that both outcomes occurred at the same time in 32.3% of the RV Group and 35.3% of the LV Group (p = 0.798).</p>
          <p>According to the criteria defined for the present study, tissue Doppler analysis showed that 55.9% of the individuals in the RV Group and 43.7% of those in the LV Group had left ventricular intraventricular dyssynchrony (p = 0.324). This method also detected that 91.2% and 68.7% of patients in the RV and LV groups, respectively, had interventricular dyssynchrony (p = 0.022).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study was the first designed with the specific purpose of comparing the clinical and functional effects of left ventricular pacing to those of right ventricular pacing in patients with advanced atrioventricular conduction block, as well as evaluating the feasibility of using coronary sinus as a safe alternative for the artificial pacemaker dependent patients on this type of therapy.</p>
      <p>Considering the evidence that there are deleterious effects related to right ventricular pacing in patients with advanced atrioventricular blocks who have preserved ventricular function at the time of first PM implantation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and the fact that new transvenous techniques for implanting leads in the LV are being developed, we judge that it is important to evaluate whether there are clinical and functional differences that justify changing from the classic form of endocardial right ventricular pacing to LV pacing, as well as whether the routine use of left ventricular pacing through the coronary sinus is technically feasible in patients with atrioventricular blocks.</p>
      <p>There were difficulties in patient inclusion in the study, mainly due to the high rate of chronic renal dysfunction in individuals with acquired atrioventricular block and due to the urgency of treating bradycardia, which made it difficult to perform fundamental tests for selection and inclusion of patients into the study. The main reason why only 91 patients were included was the monitoring committee's decision to interrupt the study, owing to problems related to the safety of the <italic>Medtronic Attain StarFix<sup>&#174;</sup> Model 4195 OTW</italic> lead in the present study project. In more than a third of individuals allocated for LV implant, it was not possible to obtain safe conditions for artificial pacing of patients who were dependent on this type of therapy. In this manner, in 20 of the 55 patients allocated into the LV Group, after unsuccessfully attempting the left ventricular implant through the coronary sinus, the surgical team decided to perform the implant in the RV. Despite the fact that, at the end of the operation, these 20 patients received the lead in the RV, they were excluded from the phase which compared results regarding pacing effectiveness and clinical and functional effects. On the other hand, regarding safety analysis, the failure to obtain safe conditions for LV pacing in 36.4% of cases was decisive to the conclusion that the <italic>Medtronic Attain StarFix<sup>&#174;</sup> Model 4195 OTW</italic> lead, notwithstanding its utility in patients undergoing biventricular implantation for cardiac resynchronization, is not an adequate option for unifocal ventricular pacing in patients dependent on PM.</p>
      <p>The most frequent reason that left ventricular pacing failed in the patients of the present study was phrenic nerve stimulation. Although this complication is reported in 2-37% of patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> in the present study it occurred in 12 patients, which represents the main cause of failure to implant in the LV. Nevertheless, 25.7% of patients presented phrenic nerve stimulation in the postoperative period. We believe that the small epicardial surface of the LV lateral wall, in patients with preserved ventricular function, when compared to the epicardial area of patients with severe dysfunction, caused the regions where the left ventricular lead was implanted to be very close to the phrenic nerve. The association of this condition with the unipolar configuration of the <italic>StarFix.</italic> lead implicated an absence of alternatives for correcting the phrenic nerve stimulation, with the exception of reducing the stimulation energy. Reducing the stimulation energy, in turn, prevented an adequate safety margin from being maintained in patients pacemaker dependent patients.</p>
      <p>Notwithstanding the premature interruption of the study, the results observed regarding ventricular pacing safety and effectiveness assessments were sufficient to reach strong conclusions.</p>
      <p>Analysis of the intraoperative parameters of ventricular leads showed that the stimulation threshold, impedance, and sensitivity for QRS complexes showed significant differences between the groups. With the exception of two cases in the LV Group, the values obtained for both RV and LV stimulation were within the range considered ideal for safe ventricular pacing.</p>
      <p>Even though the postoperative complication rate was expressively higher in the LV Group, undesired phrenic nerve stimulation was the most common complication, occurring in 9 of the 35 patients in this group. Of these, 3 cases required surgical correction due to the impossibility of resolving the problem by reprogramming the energy. A fourth patient required reoperation due to a fracture of the <italic>StarFix</italic> lead conductor. In these 4 cases, the medical team decided to implant a new lead in the RV, which resulted in 4 cases of crossover in the study.</p>
      <p>Based on the criteria established in the study, efficacy, stimulation and sensitivity parameters were considered adequate in all evaluations perfomed for all patients of the RV group. In the LV Group, however, only 31 of the 35 patients studied presented adequate ventricular pacing conditions in all phases of the study. In 2 patients, the parameters did not meet the conditions established as adequate by the study during the intraoperative phase, but there was improvement in the stimulation conditions during the postoperative period. In 2 other cases, failure began to occur in month from the 6th and 18th months of follow-up.</p>
      <p>The premature interruption of the study compromised the analysis of secondary results, as the sample size calculation had defined that 282 research subjects would be included in the study, 188 patients in the LV Group and 94 in the RV Group.</p>
      <p>During the study's follow-up period, there were no hospitalizations owing to heart failure. On the other hand, we observed the occurrence of left ventricular remodeling and reduction of left ventricular ejection fraction when comparing the echocardiogram performed at the baseline with that obtained at month 24 of follow-up. Although the rate of patients whose LV ejection fraction worsened was higher in patients in the RV Group (23.5% vs. 20.6%), the number of individuals included in the study did not allow the sample to be analyzed regarding this result. The rate of ventricular remodeling was slightly higher in patients in the LV Group (29.4% vs. 27.3%).</p>
      <p>Analysis of cardiac synchrony showed that there was an important difference between LV wall activation time in patients in the RV Group more frequently than in the LV Group (55.9% vs. 43.8%). Similarly, patients in the RV Group more frequently showed delays in activation between the RV and LV (91.2% vs. 68.8%). Notwithstanding the small number of patients evaluated, the difference in the occurrence rate of interventricular dyssynchrony between groups was statistically significant (p = 0.022).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Although the study met its primary objectives, there are some inevitable limitations. The main limitation is related to the premature interruption of the study which made it impossible to reach the sample size necessary for evaluating clinical and echocardiographic outcomes. Additionally, a small number of individuals with LV ejection fraction between 0.40 and 0.50 were included; these individuals would possibly have had greater chances of suffering the deleterious effects of RV pacing. This notwithstanding, the safety and efficacy results refer exclusively to the use of unipolar leads, which no longer represent state-of-the-art LV pacing through the coronary sinus, given that the last 3 years have seen the development of quadripolar leads that facilitate positioning with ideal stimulation in a location far from the phrenic nerve.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Regardless of the methodological problems occurred, it was possible to observe that interventricular synchrony was shown to be significantly better in patients with LV pacing. This perspective opens doors for future studies to be conducted using quadripolar leads with the aim of preventing the deleterious effects of conventional ventricular pacing.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The routine use of isolated left ventricular pacing pacemaker dependent patients with the use of a <italic>Medtronic Attain StarFix&#174; Model 4195 OTW</italic> lead through the coronary sinus was shown to be impractical given the low rates of procedural success, safety, and efficacy.</p>
      <p>The comparison of the clinical and echocardiographic effects of left ventricular pacing with those of right ventricular pacing was not possible owing to the low level of cases studied, even though interventricular synchrony was shown to be significantly better in patients with LV pacing.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study was funded by Medtronic.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Elizabeth Sartori Crevelari, from Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa (CAPPesq) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 00610412,2,0000,0068 (Plataforma Brasil CAAE). All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efic&#225;cia, Seguran&#231;a e Desempenho da Estimula&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda versus Direita em Pacientes com Bradiarritmias: Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Randomizado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crevelari</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth Sartori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5723-8285</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Regina da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albertini</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Marcos de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Roberto Costa,</bold> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, CEP 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rcosta@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Crevelari ES, da Silva KR, Costa R; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Crevelari ES, Albertini CMM, Vieira MLC; obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Costa R; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Crevelari ES, da Silva KR, Albertini CMM, Vieira MLC, Martinelli Filho M, Costa R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> Considerando-se os potenciais efeitos delet&#233;rios da estimula&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), a hip&#243;tese desse estudo &#233; que a estimula&#231;&#227;o unifocal ventricular esquerda pelo seio coron&#225;rio &#233; segura e pode proporcionar melhores benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos aos pacientes com bradiarritmias que apresentam fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal, necessitando apenas da corre&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a seguran&#231;a, a efic&#225;cia e os efeitos da estimula&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), utilizando um cabo-eletrodo com fixa&#231;&#227;o ativa, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Estudo cl&#237;nico, randomizado, simples-cego em pacientes adultos com indica&#231;&#227;o de marca-passo (MP) devido a bradiarritmias e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica &#8805; 0,40. A randomiza&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria (VD vs VE) ocorreu antes do procedimento. Os desfechos prim&#225;rios do estudo foram: o sucesso, a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia do procedimento proposto. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios foram: a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Empregou-se os testes Qui-quadrado, Exato de Fisher e <italic>t</italic> de Student, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> De junho de 2012 a janeiro de 2014 foram inclu&#237;dos 91 pacientes, sendo 36 no grupo VD e 55 no grupo VE. As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes dos dois grupos foram similares. O implante de MP foi realizado com sucesso e sem nenhuma intercorr&#234;ncia em todos os pacientes do grupo VD. Dos 55 pacientes inicialmente alocados para o grupo VE, o implante do cabo-eletrodo em veias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel em 20 (36,4%) pacientes. Dentre os 35 pacientes que permaneceram com o cabo-eletrodo no VE, a estimula&#231;&#227;o fr&#234;nica foi a complica&#231;&#227;o mais frequente e foi detectada em 9 (25,7%) pacientes. Na fase de seguimento cl&#237;nico, n&#227;o houve hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Redu&#231;&#245;es superiores a 10% na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE foram observadas em 23,5% dos pacientes do grupo VD e em 20,6% dos pacientes do grupo VE (p = 0,767). A an&#225;lise feita pelo Doppler tecidual mostrou que 91,2% dos indiv&#237;duos do grupo VD e 68,8% dos do grupo VE apresentaram dissincronia interventricular (p = 0,022).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p> A taxa de sucesso do implante no VE foi baixa e a seguran&#231;a do procedimento foi influenciada, principalmente, pela alta taxa de estimula&#231;&#227;o fr&#234;nica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Bradicardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodelamento ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial &#233; a &#250;nica alternativa para o tratamento dos bloqueios atrioventriculares adquiridos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">3</xref> Os marca-passos (MPs) convencionais, que estimulam o ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), na forma unicameral ou atrioventricular, t&#234;m sido os dispositivos mais utilizados para o tratamento destas bradiarritmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Por sua comprovada efetividade na redu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas, decorrentes do baixo fluxo cerebral e sist&#234;mico, assim como pelo aumento da taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia, essa indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica representa 55,1% e 83,4% de todos os implantes realizados, nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica e no Brasil, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Entretanto os efeitos delet&#233;rios da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita cr&#244;nica t&#234;m sido descritos, tais como: mecanismos pr&#243;-arr&#237;tmicos, dissincronia eletromec&#226;nica intra ou interventricular, remodelamento ventricular, podendo chegar &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria ao tratamento medicamentoso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A revers&#227;o desses eventos tem sido reportada pela mudan&#231;a do modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o, da baseada no VD para a biventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda isolada sincronizada aos batimentos atriais, tem sido utilizada para a corre&#231;&#227;o da dissincronia card&#237;aca em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave e bloqueio do ramo esquerdo do feixe de His, com resultados semelhantes aos obtidos pela estimula&#231;&#227;o atriobiventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> N&#227;o existem, entretanto, at&#233; o momento, evid&#234;ncias de que o uso da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda isolada, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, possa reduzir a taxa de remodelamento ventricular em pacientes com bloqueios atrioventriculares adquiridos, independentemente da presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda pr&#233;via.</p>
        <p>A despeito de poss&#237;veis benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nico-funcionais que possam ser esperados pelo uso da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda quando comparada &#224; direita, existem outros fatores que podem influir nessa compara&#231;&#227;o, em especial os relacionados &#224; t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria e suas complica&#231;&#245;es. Nesse sentido, a t&#233;cnica de implante de MPs com estimula&#231;&#227;o no endoc&#225;rdio do VD est&#225; bem estabelecida e seus resultados e complica&#231;&#245;es j&#225; s&#227;o conhecidos de longa data. Por outro lado, o implante no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), por acesso epic&#225;rdico ou transvenoso, apresenta especificidades tanto no que tange &#224; t&#233;cnica anest&#233;sica, quanto &#224;s habilidades necess&#225;rias para sua realiza&#231;&#227;o, por toracotomia ou pelo cateterismo do seio coron&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Dentre estes aspectos, a viabilidade do uso das veias tribut&#225;rias do seio coron&#225;rio em indiv&#237;duos com o cora&#231;&#227;o normal ou pouco aumentado ainda &#233; desconhecida, n&#227;o obstante &#224; grande experi&#234;ncia j&#225; obtida com essa via de acesso em pacientes com cardiomegalia e aumento acentuado da cavidade ventricular esquerda.</p>
        <p>Diante da preocupa&#231;&#227;o com os efeitos delet&#233;rios da estimula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ventricular direita, a hip&#243;tese do presente estudo &#233; a de que o uso de um cabo-eletrodo de fixa&#231;&#227;o ativa permitir&#225; a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda isolada segura para os pacientes portadores de bloqueios atrioventriculares que apresentam indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de MP convencional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objetivos</title>
        <p>A finalidade do presente estudo foi avaliar a seguran&#231;a, a efic&#225;cia e os efeitos da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, utilizando o cabo-eletrodo com fixa&#231;&#227;o ativa (<italic>Medtronic Attain StarFix&#174; Modelo 4195 OTW</italic>),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita em pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de MP convencional e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal ou discretamente alterada, visando determinar:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>A taxa de sucesso de implante dos cabos-eletrodos.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A sincronia card&#237;aca e a ocorr&#234;ncia de remodelamento e de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo cl&#237;nico randomizado controlado que comparou o uso da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita (Grupo VD) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda unifocal (Grupo VE) em pacientes com bradiarritmias.</p>
          <p>Esse estudo foi realizado em um hospital cardiol&#243;gico de alta complexidade, tendo sido aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o. Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE). O estudo foi registrado no <italic>ClinicalTrials.gov</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para o estudo, indiv&#237;duos adultos com as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: (1) Indica&#231;&#227;o de implante inicial de MP convencional definitivo pela t&#233;cnica transvenosa; (2) Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica &#8805; 0,40; (3) Concord&#226;ncia em participar do estudo, com assinatura do TCLE.</p>
          <p>N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo os indiv&#237;duos que apresentavam ao menos uma das seguintes situa&#231;&#245;es: (1) Impedimento do acesso venoso pelas tribut&#225;rias da veia cava superior por: defeitos intracard&#237;acos n&#227;o corrigidos, Aus&#234;ncia acesso venoso, pr&#243;tese valvar tric&#250;spide ou necessidade de radioterapia no t&#243;rax; (2) Idade &gt; 85 anos; (3) Gesta&#231;&#227;o em curso; (4) Contraindica&#231;&#227;o para o uso de contraste iodado durante o procedimento cir&#250;rgico (creatinina s&#233;rica &#8805; 3,0 mg/dL).</p>
          <p>Os pacientes foram selecionados de forma consecutiva dentre os que tinham indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de MP convencional. Ap&#243;s a indica&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cir&#250;rgico, os indiv&#237;duos que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, constitu&#237;da por levantamento do hist&#243;rico, avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, laboratorial e ecocardiogr&#225;fica. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>)</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Diagrama mostrando as principais fases do estudo. VD: ventr&#237;culo direito, VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0410-80275-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o dos grupos estudados</title>
          <p>Antes do procedimento cir&#250;rgico, os pacientes foram alocados em dois grupos, por interm&#233;dio de uma lista com distribui&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria gerada por computador: (1) Grupo VD: composto pelos pacientes submetidos a implante de cabo-eletrodo no VD; (2) Grupo VE: composto pelos pacientes submetidos a implante de cabo-eletrodo no VE.</p>
          <p>A lista de distribui&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria foi gerada por computador por meio do programa <italic>Statistical Analysis System</italic> (SAS), em propor&#231;&#227;o 2:1 para o implante no VE. Para garantir um equil&#237;brio na distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, optou-se pela randomiza&#231;&#227;o em blocos, sendo gerada uma lista com blocos de 10 para aloca&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes nos dois grupos do estudo. </p>
          <p>A aloca&#231;&#227;o foi realizada por meio de envelopes opacos, selados e numerados sequencialmente. O momento da aloca&#231;&#227;o do paciente sempre ocorreu na v&#233;spera do procedimento cir&#250;rgico, ap&#243;s adequada avalia&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para o estudo. O processo de montagem dos envelopes e a lacra&#231;&#227;o foi realizado por pessoa independente, n&#227;o envolvida em nenhuma das etapas do estudo.</p>
          <p>O cegamento de todos os pacientes e do pesquisador respons&#225;vel pela avalia&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos do estudo foi garantido ao longo de todas as fases do estudo. Por tratar-se de um protocolo com interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel manter o cegamento da equipe cir&#250;rgica e da equipe respons&#225;vel pelas avalia&#231;&#245;es eletr&#244;nicas do MP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Interven&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>As duas principais interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas durante este estudo foram o implante de MP convencional ventricular direito (Grupo VD) ou esquerdo (Grupo VE). O procedimento cir&#250;rgico para implante do MP foi realizado sempre pela via transvenosa segundo as rotinas habituais da nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Nos pacientes alocados no Grupo VD, o cabo-eletrodo <italic>Medtronic CapSureFix Novus&#174; 5076-58</italic> foi implantado, preferencialmente, na por&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria do septo interventricular, sempre sob vis&#227;o indireta pela fluoroscopia. Na impossibilidade de se obter boa fixa&#231;&#227;o ou boas condi&#231;&#245;es de estimula&#231;&#227;o ou de sensibilidade na posi&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria, o cabo-eletrodo ventricular foi implantado no septo apical ou no de sa&#237;da.</p>
          <p>Nos pacientes alocados para o Grupo VE, com o aux&#237;lio da fluoroscopia, o cateter deflect&#237;vel explorador <italic>Medtronic 6228 CTH</italic> foi introduzido no seio coron&#225;rio, servindo de guia para a introdu&#231;&#227;o do cateter-guia deflect&#237;vel <italic>Medtronic Attain 6227 DEF</italic>. Com este &#250;ltimo introduzido no seio coron&#225;rio, foi realizada a flebografia do seio coron&#225;rio em posi&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda a 30 graus, com o aux&#237;lio do cateter-bal&#227;o <italic>Medtronic Attain 6215</italic> e contraste iodado n&#227;o i&#244;nico (<italic>Iodixanol</italic>, VisipaqueTM). Uma vez definida a anatomia radiol&#243;gica do seio coron&#225;rio e de suas veias tribut&#225;rias, o cabo-eletrodo <italic>Medtronic Attain StarFix&#174; Model 4195 OTW</italic> unipolar foi introduzido em uma das veias da parede lateral ou p&#243;stero lateral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>). No caso de impossibilidade de se utilizar as veias das paredes lateral ou p&#243;stero lateral por condi&#231;&#245;es inadequadas de estimula&#231;&#227;o ou de sensibilidade, por estimula&#231;&#227;o fr&#234;nica ou por falta de estabilidade do cabo-eletrodo, foi utilizada a veia diagonal, n&#227;o tendo sido permitido o posicionamento nos sulcos interventriculares anterior ou posterior.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Aspecto do cabo-eletrodo de fixa&#231;&#227;o ativa (Medtronic Attain StarFix&#174; Modelo 4195 OTW).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0410-80275-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclus&#227;o dos pacientes em que o implante pelo seio coron&#225;rio n&#227;o era vi&#225;vel</title>
          <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo todos os pacientes alocados no Grupo VE nos quais n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel o implante do cabo-eletrodo em veias coron&#225;rias. Ap&#243;s a defini&#231;&#227;o, pela equipe cir&#250;rgica, de que o implante no VE n&#227;o era poss&#237;vel, o cabo-eletrodo <italic>Medtronic Attain StarFix&#174; Modelo 4195 OTW</italic> foi retirado e um novo cabo-eletrodo <italic>Medtronic CapSureFix Novus&#174; 5076-58</italic> foi implantado no VD. Ao final do procedimento, o paciente foi exclu&#237;do do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos do estudo</title>
          <p>Os desfechos prim&#225;rios do estudo inclu&#237;ram: (1) Sucesso do procedimento proposto, definido pela cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do seio coron&#225;rio com implante do eletrodo na parede posterior ou lateral do VE; (2) Seguran&#231;a do procedimento, definida pela aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas no per&#237;odo do estudo (24 meses); (3) Efic&#225;cia do procedimento, definida pela manuten&#231;&#227;o de limiares cr&#244;nicos de estimula&#231;&#227;o &lt; 2,5 V com 0,4 ms no per&#237;odo do estudo (24 meses).</p>
          <p>Os desfechos secund&#225;rios foram a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, tais como: (1) Altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, definida pela redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 10% da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o no exame realizado ao t&#233;rmino do estudo; (2) Remodelamento positivo do VE, definido pelo aumento de 15% no di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico dessa c&#226;mara card&#237;aca (3) Dissincronia ventricular, definida pela presen&#231;a de atraso eletromec&#226;nico intra ou interventricular no exame realizado ao t&#233;rmino do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>C&#225;lculo amostral</title>
          <p>O c&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral do estudo baseou-se na taxa de ocorr&#234;ncia m&#233;dia dos desfechos prim&#225;rios de acordo com a descri&#231;&#227;o da literatura, considerando-se erro alfa de 5% e poder estat&#237;stico de 80%. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos operat&#243;rios, encontramos taxas de sucesso, efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a de 99% e 91% dos pacientes submetidos a implante de cabo-eletrodo no VD e no VE, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> O n&#250;mero amostral necess&#225;rio para encontrarmos a equival&#234;ncia entre as duas t&#233;cnicas operat&#243;rias foi estimado em 188 pacientes no Grupo VE e 94 no Grupo VD, totalizando 282 casos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta eletr&#244;nica e gerenciamento dos dados</title>
          <p>Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos, cir&#250;rgicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram coletados e armazenados em banco de dados eletr&#244;nico desenvolvido no sistema REDCap (<italic>Research Electronic Data Capture</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> que se encontra hospedado no servidor da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados cadastrados no sistema REDCap foram exportados em formato de planilhas Excel (Microsoft Excel) e analisados pelo programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS) vers&#227;o 17.0.</p>
          <p>Inicialmente todas as vari&#225;veis foram analisadas descritivamente. Para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas esta an&#225;lise foi feita atrav&#233;s da observa&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos, do c&#225;lculo de m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. Para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas calculou-se frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas.</p>
          <p>Para a compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias de dois grupos foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado. Quando a suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade dos dados foi rejeitada, a vari&#225;vel foi avaliada atrav&#233;s da transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica. Para se testar a homogeneidade entre as propor&#231;&#245;es foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado ou o teste Exato de Fisher. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos ao longo das avalia&#231;&#245;es foi utilizada a An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise dos dados foi realizada segundo o princ&#237;pio de "inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar". O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado nos testes estat&#237;sticos foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>No per&#237;odo compreendido entre junho de 2012 e janeiro de 2014, 417 pacientes receberam indica&#231;&#227;o para implante de MP convencional por bradiarritmias, sendo, portanto, potenciais candidatos a participar do estudo. Destes, 91 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. VD: ventr&#237;culo direito, VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0410-80275-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A inclus&#227;o de pacientes foi interrompida precocemente por decis&#227;o consensual do comit&#234; de monitoramento do estudo em fun&#231;&#227;o de problemas relacionados com a seguran&#231;a do uso do cabo-eletrodo <italic>Medtronic Attain StarFix<sup>&#174;</sup> Modelo 4195 OTW</italic>. Ap&#243;s essa decis&#227;o, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos outros participantes. Por outro lado, o seguimento cl&#237;nico foi mantido at&#233; que o &#250;ltimo paciente, que foi inclu&#237;do em janeiro de 2014, tivesse completado 24 meses de acompanhamento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A interrup&#231;&#227;o precoce do estudo ocorreu pela dificuldade de se obter condi&#231;&#245;es adequadas de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda com a t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria definida no protocolo de pesquisa, em parte da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o inclu&#237;da nesta an&#225;lise foi composta pelos 71 indiv&#237;duos que participaram de todas as fases do estudo. Houve discreto predom&#237;nio de indiv&#237;duos do sexo feminino (52,1%), assim como dos declarados da ra&#231;a branca (69,0%). No momento da inclus&#227;o, a idade m&#233;dia foi de 66,5 &#177; 11,2 anos, variando de 24 a 85 anos. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas foram similares nos dois grupos, exceto pela presen&#231;a de Doen&#231;a de Chagas, que foi mais frequente no Grupo VE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos participantes da pesquisa</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th align="center">Todos (n= 71)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo VE (n= 35)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo VD (n= 36)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">G&#234;nero feminino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (52,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (54,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,717<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">66,5 &#177; 11,2</td>
                  <td align="center">68,4 &#177; 9,2</td>
                  <td align="center">64,8 &#177; 12,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,179<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ra&#231;a branca, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (69,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (68,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (69,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,936<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Classe Funcional (NYHA), n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (31,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (34,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (27,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">II</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (46,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,544<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">III</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (19,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (22,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IV</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nenhuma</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (73,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (71,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (75,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a de Chag&#225;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (16,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (25,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,063<sup>(3)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (8,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (13,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Comorbidades associadas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nenhuma</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000<sup>(3)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (83,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (80,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (86,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,492<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (11,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,710<sup>(3)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (26,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,734<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (32,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (36,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,497<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Medicamentos de a&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o utilizados</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (5,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000<sup>(3)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IECA/BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (73,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (80,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (66,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,204<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (40,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (34,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (47,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,267<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (11,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (17,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,151<sup>(3)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS antes do implante &gt; 120 ms, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (74,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (74,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (75,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,944<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">59,9 &#177; 6,8</td>
                  <td align="center">61,1 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">58,1 &#177; 8,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,069<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume sist&#243;lico final VE, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">42,1 &#177; 16,1</td>
                  <td align="center">39,5 &#177; 15,4</td>
                  <td align="center">44,8 &#177; 16,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,168<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume diast&#243;lico final VE, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">100,7 &#177; 24,7</td>
                  <td align="center">97,1 &#177; 27,2</td>
                  <td align="center">104,3 &#177;21,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,223<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BNP, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">83,2 &#177; 111,8</td>
                  <td align="center">72,3 &#177; 77,6</td>
                  <td align="center">93,8 &#177;137,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,482<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TNF alfa, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">50,7 &#177; 186,6</td>
                  <td align="center">74,9 &#177; 265,1</td>
                  <td align="center">27,2 &#177; 13,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,388<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IL6, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">11,3 &#177; 16,0</td>
                  <td align="center">9,1 &#177; 12,4</td>
                  <td align="center">13,4 &#177; 18,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,092<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IECA: inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; HAS: Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; NYHA: New York Heart Association; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito. (1) Teste qui-quadrado. (2) Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado. (3) Teste exato de Fisher</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas operat&#243;rias</title>
          <p>MPs atrioventriculares foram implantados em 95,8% dos indiv&#237;duos estudados. A indica&#231;&#227;o da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular de c&#226;mara &#250;nica em 3 (4,2%) pacientes foi consequ&#234;ncia de serem portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente. Detalhes dos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos realizados nos pacientes dos Grupos VD e VE encontram-se descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dados operat&#243;rios dos participantes da pesquisa</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th align="center">Todos (n = 71)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo VE (n = 35)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo VD (n = 36)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Tipo de marca-passo, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Unicameral</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,614<sup>(3)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dupla c&#226;mara</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (95,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (94,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (97,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Via de acesso para implante dos eletrodos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pun&#231;&#227;o de veia subcl&#225;via</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (62,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (45,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (77,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dissec&#231;&#227;o de veia cef&#225;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (8,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002<sup>(3)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ambas</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (29,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (48,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Tempo de posicionamento do eletrodo ventricular</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">M&#233;dia &#177; DP (minutos)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,2 &#177; 21,4</td>
                  <td align="center">38,5 &#177; 19,8</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o (minutos)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 - 119</td>
                  <td align="center">8 - 119</td>
                  <td align="center">2 - 15</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Dura&#231;&#227;o total do procedimento</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">M&#233;dia &#177; DP (minutos)</td>
                  <td align="center">84,8 &#177; 29,9</td>
                  <td align="center">103,3 &#177; 27,9</td>
                  <td align="center">66,9 &#177; 19,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>(2)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o (minutos)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 - 167</td>
                  <td align="center">45 - 167</td>
                  <td align="center">34 - 113</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>S&#237;tio de estimula&#231;&#227;o no VD, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ponta</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Septo</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (88,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>S&#237;tio de estimula&#231;&#227;o no VE, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anterolateral</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (17,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Lateral</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (74,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P&#243;stero lateral</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; NA: n&#227;o aplic&#225;vel; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. (2) Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado. (3) Teste exato de Fisher.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o dos dados, relacionados &#224;s opera&#231;&#245;es realizadas para implante dos dispositivos utilizados no estudo, mostram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos. O tempo para implante do cabo-eletrodo ventricular esquerdo foi maior do que o tempo gasto para o implante do cabo de VD, em m&#233;dia, 32,4 minutos a mais. A dura&#231;&#227;o total do procedimento, entretanto, foi ainda maior, em m&#233;dia, 36,3 minutos a mais nos pacientes do Grupo VE.</p>
          <p>A via de acesso utilizada para introdu&#231;&#227;o dos cabos-eletrodos tamb&#233;m diferiu significativamente entre os dois grupos, sendo mais frequente o uso da dissec&#231;&#227;o da veia cef&#225;lica, isoladamente ou em associa&#231;&#227;o com uma pun&#231;&#227;o na veia subcl&#225;via, em pacientes alocados para o Grupo VE. A an&#225;lise da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref> mostra que duas pun&#231;&#245;es da veia subcl&#225;via foi a t&#233;cnica preferida para os pacientes do Grupo VD (p = 0,002).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos prim&#225;rios do estudo</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Sucesso do procedimento cir&#250;rgico proposto</title>
            <p>O implante de MP foi realizado com sucesso e sem nenhuma intercorr&#234;ncia em todos os pacientes do Grupo VD. No Grupo VE, entretanto, dos 55 pacientes inicialmente alocados, o implante do cabo-eletrodo em veias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel em 20 (36,4%) pacientes.</p>
            <p>A causa mais frequente de insucesso do implante do cabo-eletrodo ventricular esquerdo foi a estimula&#231;&#227;o indesejada do nervo fr&#234;nico, nas regi&#245;es pass&#237;veis &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o da parede livre do VE. Este problema ocorreu em 12 pacientes, o que representou 60% das causas de insucesso para o implante em VE. Dificuldade para a canula&#231;&#227;o do seio coron&#225;rio (n = 3), impossibilidade de acessar as veias coron&#225;rias (n = 5), e posicionamento considerado inst&#225;vel (n = 2) impediram o uso da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda nos demais casos de falha do uso do seio coron&#225;rio.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Seguran&#231;a do procedimento cir&#250;rgico</title>
            <p>Complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias foram detectadas apenas no Grupo VE. A complica&#231;&#227;o mais frequente foi a estimula&#231;&#227;o fr&#234;nica, observada em 9 (25,7%) pacientes.</p>
            <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento cl&#237;nico, 4 (11,4%) pacientes do grupo VE foram reoperados, sendo: um caso de fratura do cabo-eletrodo ventricular esquerdo (358 dias ap&#243;s o implante inicial) e 3 (8,6%) casos por estimula&#231;&#227;o fr&#234;nica n&#227;o pass&#237;vel de corre&#231;&#227;o por reprograma&#231;&#227;o (42, 55 e 70 dias do procedimento inicial). Em todos os quatro casos o procedimento cir&#250;rgico foi realizado com sucesso e sem complica&#231;&#245;es. Houve, entretanto, a decis&#227;o da equipe cir&#250;rgica de realizar o implante dos novos cabos-eletrodos no VD, motivando o cruzamento (<italic>crossover</italic>) dos pacientes do grupo VE para o grupo VD.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Efic&#225;cia do procedimento cir&#250;rgico proposto</title>
            <p>Uma vez corrigidas as complica&#231;&#245;es j&#225; relatadas, as condi&#231;&#245;es de estimula&#231;&#227;o e de sensibilidade foram consideradas adequadas em todas as fases do estudo para 100% dos pacientes do Grupo VD e para 31 (88,6%), do Grupo VE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). Dentre os quatro pacientes que apresentaram limiares de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular acima dos valores considerados adequados no estudo, dois casos ocorreram no momento intraoperat&#243;rio (fase aguda); um paciente apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o do limiar de estimula&#231;&#227;o no 6&#186;, 12&#186;, 18&#186; e 24&#186; meses de seguimento cl&#237;nico e o &#250;ltimo, apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o no 18&#186; e no 24&#186; m&#234;s de seguimento cl&#237;nico.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t6">
              <label>Tabela 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Desfechos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, derivado da compara&#231;&#227;o entre o ecocardiograma basal e o exame realizado aos 24 meses de seguimento cl&#237;nico</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Desfechos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</th>
                    <th align="center">Grupo VE (n=34)</th>
                    <th align="center">Grupo VD (n=34)</th>
                    <th align="center">p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>FEVE</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Redu&#231;&#227;o de 10%</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (20,6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (23,5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,767<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Sem redu&#231;&#227;o de 10%</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (79,4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (76,5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>VSFVE</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Aumento de 15%</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (29,4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (27,3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,846<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Sem aumento de 15%</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (70,6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (72,7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>Altera&#231;&#227;o na FEVE e/ou VSFVE</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Presente</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (35,3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (32,3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,798<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (64,7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (67,7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>Dissincronia intraventricular</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Atraso &#8805; 65 ms</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (43,7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (55,9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,324<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Atraso &lt; 65 ms</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (56,3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (44,1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>Dissincronia interventricular</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Atraso &#8805; 100 ms</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (68,7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (91,2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,022<sup>(1)</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Atraso &lt; 100 ms</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (31,3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (8,8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN6">
                  <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSFVE: volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito. (1) Teste qui-quadrado.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos secund&#225;rios do estudo</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Desfechos cl&#237;nicos</title>
            <p>Houve dois &#243;bitos no estudo, ambos de pacientes do grupo VD. As causas declaradas foram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, 13,2 meses ap&#243;s o implante e choque s&#233;ptico por pneumonia, 20,9 meses ap&#243;s o implante.</p>
            <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento do estudo, n&#227;o houve hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Ao final do primeiro m&#234;s de observa&#231;&#227;o, 100% dos pacientes do Grupo VD e 97,1% dos do Grupo VE estavam oligossintom&#225;ticos, em classe funcional (CF) I ou II. A an&#225;lise da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref> mostra que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a de comportamento entre os grupos em todo o per&#237;odo de seguimento. Poucos pacientes apresentaram sintomas aos pequenos esfor&#231;os e foram classificados em CF III. N&#227;o houve casos classificados como CF IV.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f8">
                <label>Figura 4</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Comportamento da classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (NYHA) durante as avalia&#231;&#245;es da fase de seguimento cl&#237;nico. CF: classe funcional; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito, VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0410-80275-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desfechos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
            <p>O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico realizado nos momentos basal e aos 24 meses de seguimento, mostrou que houve remodelamento ventricular esquerdo e modifica&#231;&#245;es da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ao longo do tempo em ambos os grupos. Mostrou ainda, a presen&#231;a de diferen&#231;as da mec&#226;nica dos dois ventr&#237;culos decorrentes da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita ou esquerda.</p>
            <p>A an&#225;lise da tabela 3, permite observar-se que: (1) o desfecho redu&#231;&#227;o maior do que 10% na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE foi observado em 23,5% dos pacientes do grupo VD e em 20,6% dos do grupo VE (p = 0,767); (2) o desfecho aumento do volume sist&#243;lico final maior do que 15% foi observado em 27,3% dos indiv&#237;duos do Grupo VD e em 29,4% dos do Grupo VE (p = 0,846) e que ambos os desfechos ocorreram ao mesmo tempo em 32,3% e em 35,3%, respectivamente para os Grupos VD e VE (p = 0,798).</p>
            <p>De acordo com os crit&#233;rios definidos para o presente estudo, a an&#225;lise feita pelo Doppler tecidual mostrou que 55,9% dos indiv&#237;duos do Grupo VD e 43,7% dos do Grupo VE apresentaram dissincronia intraventricular ventricular esquerda (p = 0,324). Pelo mesmo m&#233;todo, foi detectado que 91,2% e 68,7% dos pacientes dos Grupos VD e VE, respectivamente, apresentavam dissincronia interventricular (p = 0,022).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo foi o primeiro projetado com a finalidade espec&#237;fica de comparar os efeitos cl&#237;nicos e funcionais da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda aos da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, em pacientes com bloqueios avan&#231;ados da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, assim como, de avaliar a viabilidade de se usar o acesso pelo seio coron&#225;rio como alternativa segura para a estimula&#231;&#227;o artificial de pacientes dependentes desse tipo de terapia.</p>
        <p>Considerando-se as evid&#234;ncias de que existem efeitos delet&#233;rios relacionados &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita de pacientes com bloqueios atrioventriculares avan&#231;ados com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada no momento do implante do primeiro MP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e que novas t&#233;cnicas transvenosas para implante de cabos-eletrodos no VE est&#227;o sendo desenvolvidas, julgamos importante avaliar se existiriam diferen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas e funcionais para justificar a mudan&#231;a da forma cl&#225;ssica de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular pelo endoc&#225;rdio do VD para o VE, assim como, se existe viabilidade t&#233;cnica para o uso rotineiro da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda pelo seio coron&#225;rio em pacientes com bloqueios atrioventriculares.</p>
        <p>Houve dificuldades para a inclus&#227;o de pacientes no estudo principalmente pela alta taxa de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal cr&#244;nica na popula&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com bloqueio atrioventricular adquirido e pela urg&#234;ncia em se tratar a bradicardia, o que dificultou a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames fundamentais para a sele&#231;&#227;o e inclus&#227;o dos pacientes no estudo. A principal raz&#227;o para que apenas 91 pacientes fossem inclu&#237;dos, foi a determina&#231;&#227;o de interrup&#231;&#227;o do estudo pelo comit&#234; de monitoramento, pelos problemas relacionados &#224; seguran&#231;a do cabo-eletrodo <italic>Medtronic Attain StarFix<sup>&#174;</sup> Modelo 4195 OTW</italic> no presente projeto de pesquisa. Em mais de um ter&#231;o dos indiv&#237;duos alocados para implante no VE, n&#227;o foram obtidas condi&#231;&#245;es consideradas seguras para a estimula&#231;&#227;o artificial de pacientes dependentes desse tipo de terapia. Dessa forma, ap&#243;s terem sido esgotadas as tentativas para o implante ventricular esquerdo pelo seio coron&#225;rio, em 20 dos 55 pacientes inicialmente alocados para o Grupo VE, a equipe cir&#250;rgica optou por realizar o implante no VD. A despeito de, ao final da opera&#231;&#227;o, esses 20 pacientes terem ficado com o cabo-eletrodo no VD, esses indiv&#237;duos foram exclu&#237;dos da fase de compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados da efetividade da estimula&#231;&#227;o e dos efeitos cl&#237;nicos e funcionais. Entretanto, quanto &#224; an&#225;lise da seguran&#231;a, os 36,4% de falha para se obter condi&#231;&#245;es seguras para estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda foram decisivos para se concluir que o cabo-eletrodo <italic>Medtronic Attain StarFix<sup>&#174;</sup> Modelo 4195 OTW</italic>, a despeito de sua utilidade para pacientes submetidos a implante biventricular para ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, n&#227;o &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o adequada para a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular unifocal em pacientes dependentes de MP.</p>
        <p>O motivo mais frequente para a falha da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda nos pacientes do presente estudo foi a estimula&#231;&#227;o do nervo fr&#234;nico. Embora essa complica&#231;&#227;o seja relatada em 2 a 37% em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> no presente estudo este problema ocorreu em 12 pacientes, o que representou a principal causa de insucesso para o implante em VE. N&#227;o obstante, 25,7% dos pacientes apresentaram estimula&#231;&#227;o fr&#234;nica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Acreditamos que a pequena superf&#237;cie epic&#225;rdica da parede lateral do VE dos pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada, quando comparada &#224; &#225;rea epic&#225;rdica de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o grave, fez com que as regi&#245;es onde o eletrodo ventricular esquerdo foi implantado estivessem muito pr&#243;ximas do nervo fr&#234;nico. A associa&#231;&#227;o dessa condi&#231;&#227;o &#224; configura&#231;&#227;o unipolar do cabo-eletrodo <italic>Starfix</italic>, implicou na falta de alternativa para a corre&#231;&#227;o da estimula&#231;&#227;o fr&#234;nica que n&#227;o fosse a redu&#231;&#227;o da energia de estimula&#231;&#227;o. A redu&#231;&#227;o da energia de estimula&#231;&#227;o, por sua vez, impediu que margem de seguran&#231;a adequada para pacientes dependentes de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial fosse mantida.</p>
        <p>A despeito da interrup&#231;&#227;o precoce do estudo, os desfechos observados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da seguran&#231;a e da efetividade da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram suficientes para que conclus&#245;es robustas fossem obtidas.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise dos par&#226;metros intraoperat&#243;rios dos cabos-eletrodos ventriculares demonstrou que o limiar de estimula&#231;&#227;o, a imped&#226;ncia de estimula&#231;&#227;o e a sensibilidade para os complexos QRS apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos. &#192; exce&#231;&#227;o de dois casos do Grupo VE, os valores obtidos, tanto para estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD quanto do VE, estavam dentro da faixa que se considera ideal para a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular segura.</p>
        <p>Embora a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias tenha sido expressivamente maior no Grupo VE, a estimula&#231;&#227;o indesejada do nervo fr&#234;nico foi a mais frequente delas, tendo ocorrido em 9 dos 35 pacientes desse grupo. Destes, 3 casos necessitaram de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, pela impossibilidade de resolu&#231;&#227;o do problema por reprograma&#231;&#227;o da energia. Um quarto paciente precisou ser reoperado por fratura do condutor do cabo-eletrodo <italic>Starfix</italic>. Nestes quatro casos a equipe m&#233;dica optou por realizar implante de novo cabo-eletrodo no VD, o que resultou nos quatro casos de <italic>crossover</italic> no estudo.</p>
        <p>Pelos crit&#233;rios estabelecidos para an&#225;lise do desfecho, a efic&#225;cia, as condi&#231;&#245;es de estimula&#231;&#227;o e de sensibilidade foram consideradas adequadas em todas as avali&#231;&#245;es realizadas para todos os pacientes do Grupo VD. No Grupo VE, entretanto, apenas 31 dos 35 pacientes estudados apresentaram condi&#231;&#245;es adequadas de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular em todas as fases do estudo. Em dois, os par&#226;metros n&#227;o atenderam &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es estabelecidas como adequadas no estudo no momento intraoperat&#243;rio, mas houve melhora nas condi&#231;&#245;es de estimula&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Em outros dois casos, a falha ocorreu a partir do 6&#186; e do 18&#186; meses de seguimento.</p>
        <p>A interrup&#231;&#227;o precoce do estudo prejudicou a an&#225;lise dos desfechos secund&#225;rios, uma vez que o c&#225;lculo amostral havia definido que deveriam ser inclu&#237;dos 282 sujeitos de pesquisa no estudo, 188 pacientes no Grupo VE e 94 no Grupo VD.</p>
        <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento do estudo, n&#227;o houve hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Por outro lado, foi observada a ocorr&#234;ncia de remodelamento ventricular esquerdo e redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o quando se comparou o ecocardiograma realizado no momento basal com o obtido aos 24 meses de seguimento. Embora a taxa de pacientes com piora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE tenha sido maior dentre os pacientes do Grupo VD (23,5% <italic>vs</italic> 20,6%), o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos no estudo n&#227;o permitiu que a amostra tivesse poder para analisar esse desfecho. A taxa de remodelamento ventricular foi discretamente maior entre pacientes do Grupo VE (29,4% <italic>vs</italic> 27,3%).</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da sincronia card&#237;aca mostrou que havia diferen&#231;a importante entre o tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o das paredes do VE mais frequentemente em pacientes do Grupo VD (55,9% <italic>vs</italic> 43,8%). No mesmo sentido, pacientes do Grupo VD apresentaram, mais frequentemente, retardo da ativa&#231;&#227;o entre os VD e VE (91,2% <italic>vs</italic> 68,8%). A despeito do pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes avaliados, a diferen&#231;a na taxa de ocorr&#234;ncia de dissincronia interventricular entre os grupos apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,022).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Embora o estudo tenha atingido seus objetivos prim&#225;rios, existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es inevit&#225;veis. A principal limita&#231;&#227;o se refere &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o precoce do estudo que n&#227;o permitiu que o n&#250;mero amostral necess&#225;rio para os desfechos cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos fosse alcan&#231;ado. Al&#233;m disso, foi inclu&#237;do um n&#250;mero pequeno de indiv&#237;duos com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE entre 0,40 e 0,50 que, possivelmente, teriam maiores chances de sofrer os efeitos delet&#233;rios da estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD. N&#227;o obstante, os resultados de seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia referem-se exclusivamente ao uso de cabos-eletrodos unipolares, os quais n&#227;o representam mais o estado da arte da estimula&#231;&#227;o do VE pelo seio coron&#225;rio, visto que, nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s anos, foram desenvolvidos cabos-eletrodos quadripolares que facilitam o posicionamento em um local de estimula&#231;&#227;o ideal, distante do nervo fr&#234;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Independentemente dos problemas metodol&#243;gicos que ocorreram, foi poss&#237;vel observar que a sincronia interventricular se mostrou significativamente melhor nos pacientes estimulados pelo VE, abrindo perspectivas para que novos estudos, com cabos-eletrodos quadripolares, sejam conduzidos com vistas a prevenir os efeitos delet&#233;rios da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular convencional.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o rotineira da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda exclusiva, em indiv&#237;duos dependentes de MP com o uso do cabo-eletrodo <italic>Medtronic Attain StarFix&#174; Modelo 4195 OTW</italic> pelo seio coron&#225;rio, mostrou-se impratic&#225;vel pelas baixas taxas de sucesso, seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia do procedimento.</p>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, aos da ventricular direita, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel pelo pequeno n&#250;mero de casos estudados, embora a sincronia interventricular tenha se mostrado significativamente melhor nos pacientes estimulados pelo VE.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p> O presente estudo foi financiado pela Empresa Medtronic.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Elizabeth Sartori Crevelari pelo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Comiss&#227;o para An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa (CAPPesq) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob protocolo 00610412.2.0000.0068 (Plataforma Brasil CAAE). Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
