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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VDQhrVzbRkwh6FpxJb77pRs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000400408</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190059</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Time is Muscle</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2849-1596</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Maurino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Estimulocor - Avalia&#231;&#227;o Clinica e Cardiol&#243;gica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Estimulocor - Avalia&#231;&#227;o Clinica e Cardiol&#243;gica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luiz Maurino Abreu,</bold> Avenida Ataulfo de Paiva, 135 Grupo 1502. Postal Code 22440-901, Leblon, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>lmaurino@globo.com</email>, <email>lmabreu@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>408</fpage>
      <lpage>409</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction/therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardal Infarction/diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Time Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Survival Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombolytic Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Before the 80&#8217;s, the treatment of patients with <italic>ST</italic>-<italic>segment elevation myocardial infarction</italic> (STEMI) had as main goals the control of pain, arrhythmia and reduction of cardiac work, aiming to limit the extent of myocardial necrosis. These measures were partially effective, but the morbidity and mortality of <italic>acute myocardial infarction</italic> (AMI) remained high.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>From the findings of Dewood,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> angiographically showing the presence of coronary occlusion by a thrombus in the culprit artery of the STEMI, strategies of reperfusion have emerged both thrombolytic therapy and primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PCI). The treatment of STEMI changes from contemplation to intervention.</p>
    <p>About 50 years ago, Eugene Braunwald proposed a revolutionary hypothesis: time is muscle. It was demonstrated that the severity and extent of myocardial ischemic injury resulting from coronary occlusion could be radically altered by an adequate intervention as late as 3 hours after the coronary occlusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The best strategy for obtaining coronary reperfusion has been a constant topic of discussion over the last decades, essentially harmed by the mistaken competitive analysis between the possibilities of getting vessel opening. Most of the time it ignores the already very well defined and clear in the World guidelines; the best strategy is that it is available within well-established deadlines, being indifferent in the first 2 hours of pain.</p>
    <p>In a publication by Balk et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> in this edition, the authors, in a retrospective analysis of a database, comparatively analyzed the total ischemia times among patients undergoing primary PCI transferred from other hospitals (Group A = 406) compared to those who sought the service spontaneously (Group B = 215).</p>
    <p>Even if you consider this is a retrospective study with database information, there are very important potential biases. Among these, it was highlighted that 292 patients with electrocardiogram (ECG) tracings with ST-segment elevation were not transferred or were not included in the database. How many of these would have undergone thrombolysis at the site, transferred to another center, or died while waiting? Were they the most serious?</p>
    <p>The subject is of great relevance and the global guidelines establish that it adopts the beneficial strategy within the limit window of transfer to primary PCI of at most 120 minutes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In the article there is no report regarding thrombolysis in the first place of care. The average time delay for all patients in the study was 334 minutes. The average duration of symptoms of the patients transferred with emergency medical contact via the Health Department (Group A) was 385 minutes, with a delay due to the transport of 147 minutes. The average duration of symptoms of patients in group B was 307 minutes, reflecting real-world values far from those described in clinical trials.</p>
    <p>Several non-PCI-capable hospitals are transferring patients with STEMI to a supposed primary PCI without a transport protocol that ensures timely time. The medical act is transferred to another institution and many patients come into the sad statistic of "lost chance" of reperfusion, in which many do not receive and others are treated outside the ideal time window for the best result, a fact found in the world records in which Brazil collaborates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The decision of the best strategy at the first place of care, in which the limitations of treatment and delays in the transfer were respected, had momentum with the technology for sending ECG tracings and teleconsulting. There are examples of success in the world and in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> that demonstrated a reduction in mortality and greater preservation of myocardium in pre-hospital reperfusion by emphasizing the organisation of a pre-established regional network for fast transfers allowing the choice of the best treatment.</p>
    <p>The pharmaco-invasive strategy comes as a proposal for situations where there is no guarantee of adequate transfer times and for the period outside the routine hours of the referral center for primary angioplasty. It has as great merit to offer the two therapies to the patient. Those without time for adequate transference would receive the thrombolytic therapy in the first place of care, following a pre-established protocol, and with more time would be transferred to PCI-capable center to complement the treatment with the approach of guilty artery. The STREAM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> study demonstrated benefit and safety being this strategy adopted by the last European guideline.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
		</p>
    <p>I agree with the authors' conclusion that their results may serve as an aid to health system managers to identify opportunities to improve but as a whole. In primary care, identifying risk groups, promoting prevention and educating for early recognition of anginous pain; In the first care sites adopt myocardial infarction protocols, when necessary with teleconsultancy, with the strategy that respects the deadlines and clinical profile, with a transfer structure (EMS) for transfer to PCI-capable centre for the most serious cases, to rescue intervention, and for therapeutic complementation in the pharmaco-invasive line. It would be the Unified National Health System (SUS) full. The winnings will be all.</p>
    <p>The myocardium thanks.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Comparative Analysis between Transferred and Self-Referred STEMI Patients Undergoing Primary Angioplasty</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tempo &#233; M&#250;sculo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2849-1596</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Maurino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Estimulocor - Avalia&#231;&#227;o Clinica e Cardiol&#243;gica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Maurino Abreu,</bold> Avenida Ataulfo de Paiva, 135 Grupo 1502. CEP 22440-901, Leblon, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>lmaurino@globo.com</email>, <email>lmabreu@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio/diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio/terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Tempo</kwd>
        <kwd>Taxa de Sobrevida</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia Trombol&#237;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Antes dos anos 80, o tratamento dos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supra do segmento ST (IAMCSST) tinha como meta o controle da dor, da arritmia e a redu&#231;&#227;o do trabalho card&#237;aco, visando limitar a extens&#227;o da necrose mioc&#225;rdica. Estas medidas foram parcialmente efetivas, mas a morbidade e mortalidade do IAM permaneciam altas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A partir dos achados de DeWood,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> mostrando angiograficamente a presen&#231;a da oclus&#227;o coronariana por trombo na art&#233;ria culpada do IAMCSST, surgiram estrat&#233;gias de reperfus&#227;o tanto por trombol&#237;tico como por angioplastia coron&#225;ria transluminal percut&#226;nea (ACTP). O tratamento do IAMCSST muda da contempla&#231;&#227;o para a interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>H&#225; cerca de 50 anos, Eugene Braunwald, concebeu uma hip&#243;tese revolucion&#225;ria: tempo &#233; m&#250;sculo. Foi demonstrado que a gravidade e a extens&#227;o da les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio, resultante da oclus&#227;o coronariana, poderiam ser radicalmente alteradas por uma interven&#231;&#227;o adequada at&#233; 3 horas ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A melhor estrat&#233;gia para obten&#231;&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o coronariana tem sido, ao longo das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, um constante tema de discuss&#227;o, essencialmente prejudicado pela equivocada an&#225;lise competitiva entre as possibilidades de obten&#231;&#227;o da abertura do vaso. Na maioria se ignora o j&#225; muito bem definido e claro nas diretrizes mundiais; a melhor estrat&#233;gia &#233; a que est&#225; dispon&#237;vel dentro de prazos bem estabelecidos, sendo indiferentes nas primeiras duas horas de dor.</p>
      <p>Em publica&#231;&#227;o de Balk et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> nessa edi&#231;&#227;o, os autores, em an&#225;lise retrospectiva de um banco de dados, analisaram comparativamente os tempos totais de isquemia entre pacientes submetidos a ACTP transferidos de outros hospitais (grupo A = 406) comparados aos que procuraram o servi&#231;o espontaneamente (grupo B = 215).</p>
      <p>Mesmo considerando tratar-se de estudo retrospectivo com informa&#231;&#245;es de banco de dados, h&#225; vieses potenciais muito importantes. Dentre estes destaca-se que 292 pacientes com tra&#231;ados de eletrocardiograma (ECG) com supra desnivelamento do segmento ST n&#227;o vieram transferidos ou n&#227;o constavam no banco de dados. Quantos desses teriam sido submetidos a tromb&#243;lise no local, transferidos para outro centro, ou ido a &#243;bito enquanto aguardavam? Eram os mais graves?</p>
      <p>O tema &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia e as diretrizes mundiais estabelecem que se adote a estrat&#233;gia ben&#233;fica dentro da janela limite de transfer&#234;ncia para ACTP de no m&#225;ximo 120 minutos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> No artigo nada &#233; mencionado quanto a tromb&#243;lise no primeiro local. O tempo m&#233;dio de delta T para todos os pacientes do estudo foi 334 minutos. O delta T m&#233;dio dos pacientes transferidos com contato m&#233;dico de emerg&#234;ncia via Secretaria de Sa&#250;de (grupo A) foi de 385 minutos, com um atraso decorrente do transporte de 147 minutos. J&#225; o delta T m&#233;dio dos pacientes do grupo B foi de 307 minutos, refletindo valores de mundo real bem distantes dos descritos nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>Muitos hospitais sem servi&#231;o de hemodin&#226;mica est&#227;o transferindo pacientes com IAMCSST para uma suposta ACTP sem um protocolo de transporte garantindo tempo h&#225;bil. O ato m&#233;dico &#233; transferido para outra institui&#231;&#227;o e muitos pacientes entram na triste estat&#237;stica de &#8220;chance perdida&#8221; de reperfus&#227;o, em que muitos nada recebem e outros s&#227;o tratados fora das janelas de tempo ideal para o melhor resultado, fato constatado nos registros mundiais em que o Brasil colabora.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A decis&#227;o da melhor estrat&#233;gia no local de primeiro atendimento, em que se respeita as limita&#231;&#245;es de tratamento e os atrasos na transfer&#234;ncia, ganhou for&#231;a com a tecnologia para envio de tra&#231;ados de ECG e teleconsultoria. H&#225; exemplos de sucesso no mundo e no Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> que demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e maior preserva&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio na reperfus&#227;o pr&#233;-hospitalar ao dar &#234;nfase a organiza&#231;&#227;o de uma rede regional preestabelecida para transfer&#234;ncias r&#225;pidas permitindo a escolha do melhor tratamento.</p>
      <p>A estrat&#233;gia f&#225;rmaco-invasiva vem como proposta para situa&#231;&#245;es onde n&#227;o h&#225; garantia de tempo de transfer&#234;ncia adequado e para o per&#237;odo fora do hor&#225;rio de rotina do centro de refer&#234;ncia para angioplastia prim&#225;ria. Tem como grande m&#233;rito oferecer as duas terapias ao paciente. Aqueles sem tempo para transfer&#234;ncia adequada fariam a terapia trombol&#237;tica no primeiro local de atendimento, seguindo protocolo pr&#233;-estabelecido, e com mais tempo seriam transferidos para um centro de hemodin&#226;mica capacitado a complementar o tratamento com abordagem da art&#233;ria culpada. O estudo STREAM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> demonstrou benef&#237;cio e seguran&#231;a da estrat&#233;gia sendo esta adotada pela &#250;ltima diretriz europeia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Concordo com a conclus&#227;o dos autores de que seus resultados podem servir de aux&#237;lio aos gestores do sistema de sa&#250;de para identificar oportunidades para melhorar, mas como um todo. Na aten&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica, identificando os grupos de risco, promovendo preven&#231;&#227;o e educando para reconhecimento precoce da dor anginosa; nos locais de primeiro atendimento adotar protocolos de infarto, quando necess&#225;rio com teleconsultoria, com a estrat&#233;gia que respeite os prazos e perfil cl&#237;nico, com uma estrutura de transfer&#234;ncia (SAMU) para rede de cobertura para os casos mais graves, para interven&#231;&#227;o de resgate, e para complementa&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica na linha f&#225;rmaco-invasiva. Seria o Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) pleno. Os ganhos ser&#227;o de todos.</p>
      <p>O mioc&#225;rdio agradece.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: An&#225;lise Comparativa entre Pacientes com IAMCSST Transferidos e Pacientes de Demanda Espont&#226;nea Submetidos &#224; Angioplastia Prim&#225;ria</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
