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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4Q3NbvWZKGkJvP8SrHSMLpg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000400402</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparative Analysis between Transferred and Self-Referred STEMI Patients Undergoing Primary Angioplasty</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7043-4005</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Balk</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9698-1787</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Basso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3192-8835</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Quadros</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Schaan de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8232-3310</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saffi</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio Lumertz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3905-102X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leiria</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Porto Alegre</city>
            <state>RS</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria,</bold> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370. Postal Code 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>pesquisa.leiria@gmail.com</email>, <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Conception and design of the research: Balk M. Acquisition of data: Balk M, Gomes HB. Statistical analysis: Saffi MAL, Leiria TLL. Writing of the manuscript: Saffi MAL, Leiria TLL. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gomes HB, Quadros AS, Leiria TLL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>402</fpage>
      <lpage>407</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Studies have shown the benefits of rapid reperfusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction. However, there are still delays during transport of patients to primary angioplasty.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To evaluate whether there is a difference in total ischemic time between patients transferred from other hospitals compared to self-referred patients in our institution.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Historical cohort study including patients with acute myocardial infarction treated between April 2014 and September 2015. Patients were divided into transferred patients (group A) and self-referred patients (group B). Clinical characteristics of the patients were obtained from our electronic database and the transfer time was estimated based on the time the e-mail requesting patient's transference was received by the emergency department.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The sample included 621 patients, 215 in group A and 406 in group B. Population characteristics were similar in both groups. Time from symptom onset to arrival at the emergency department was significantly longer in group A (385 minutes vs. 307 minutes for group B, p &lt; 0.001) with a transfer delay of 147 minutes. There was a significant relationship between the travel distance and increased transport time (R = 0.55, p &lt; 0.001). However, no difference in mortality was found between the groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> In patients transferred from other cities for treatment of infarction, transfer time was longer than that recommended, especially in longer travel distances.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Reperfusion/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrinolytic Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Intensive Care Units</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>For patients presented within 12 hours of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI), reperfusion therapy with thrombolytic agent or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) should be provided as early as possible.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A shorter time-to-treatment in infarcted patients is associated with greater myocardial salvage and has a positive effect on ventricular function and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>PTCA is the therapy of choice for coronary reperfusion, if initiated within 90 minutes from AMI diagnosis or 120 minutes for patients referred for PTCA at another center.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Nevertheless, some factors contribute to increasing time-to-treatment: a) unawareness of AMI-related signs and symptoms by the patients; b) unawareness of the benefits of a rapid reperfusion therapy; c) lack of healthcare facilities adequately equipped to early detect patients with STEMI; d) delay in defining the most appropriate reperfusion therapy and patient transportation delay.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>For example, in hospitals for less complex cases, PTCA is not available, and the use of thrombolytic therapy or the transfer of patients to more specialized hospitals cause a delay in AMI treatment.</p>
      <p>In many countries, an integrated care system for STEMI is already available.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Strategies aimed at reducing the time to STEMI diagnosis and treatment are needed. However, data on inter-hospital transfer of patients in Brazil are scarce. The present study aimed at determining whether there are differences in total ischemic time between patients referred from other hospitals and those who self-referred, based on current guidelines' recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>This was a historical cohort study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of inter-hospital transfer of patients</title>
        <p>The normal procedure for accepting a patient's transfer for treatment of STEMI involves the receipt of an electrocardiography report (ECG) confirming the diagnosis of STEMI (previously by fax, and recently by e-mail). This would avoid costs in the health system with incorrect diagnosis and unnecessary referral to the emergency department.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Subjects</title>
        <p>Patients with diagnosis of STEMI registered in the database of the Institute of Cardiology of the University Foundation of Cardiology (IC-FUC) were assessed and allocated to one of two groups - Group A, patients whose names and electrocardiographic results were listed in the electronic mailbox of the emergency department, confirming the approximate time of contact and indicating the place of origin - and Group B, self-referred patients (all others).</p>
        <p>Transfer time (min) was calculated by subtracting the time and the day the message (containing ECG result attached) was received from the time and day patients were admitted to the emergency department (according to medical records). </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical consideration</title>
        <p>The study was registered at the research unit of the IC-FUC and approved by the local ethics committee.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median and interquartile range, as appropriate. Categorical variables were presented as absolute number and percentage and compared by the chi-square test and Z-test. Continuous variables were analyzed using Student's t-test for independent samples or the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, as appropriate. Normality was tested by the D'Agostino-Pearson test. Our database was constructed using Microsoft Excel 2010 software and then transferred to the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19.0.0. The SPSS software version 18.0 was used for statistical analysis. Two-tailed p-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>E-mail messages received by the emergency department of the IC-FUC between April 2014 and September 2015 were reviewed. ECG results showing ST-segment elevation and identification data of patients were cross-checked with data registered in the AMI database of the hospital.</p>
      <p>During the study period, 2,532 pieces of information were excluded - 68 messages in which patients' names could not be identified, 869 ECG results of patients with non-STEMI, 381 duplicate messages, 23 &#8220;unknown hard error&#8221; messages, 491 tomography reports, 408 internal messages, and 292 ECG results of patients with STEMI that had not been referred from other hospitals or patients not registered in the AMI database.</p>
      <p>Final sample was composed of 621 patients, 215 transferred patients (group A) and 406 self-referred (group B).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> describes characteristics of groups A and B. Both groups had similar risk factors.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of patients referred from other hospitals (group A) and self-referred patients (group B). Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Group A (n = 215)</th>
              <th align="center">Group B (n = 406)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">58 (28-87)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (18-98)</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">145 (67)</td>
              <td align="center">283 (69)</td>
              <td align="center">0.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Risk factors<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">128 (59)</td>
              <td align="center">251 (61)</td>
              <td align="center">0.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">148 (68)</td>
              <td align="center">249 (61)</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">67 (31)</td>
              <td align="center">132 (32)</td>
              <td align="center">0.86</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">55 (25)</td>
              <td align="center">96 (23)</td>
              <td align="center">0.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history</td>
              <td align="center">45 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">109 (26)</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Data presented as median and interquartile range;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Absolute and relative frequency.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> depicts mean variation in the time elapsed from symptom onset to arrival at emergency department (delta T) and the travel distance of patients, depending on the place of origin.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Map of the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, illustrating the regions by names and mean patient transport time to the Institute of Cardiology, University Foundation of Cardiology (IC-FUC).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0402-90014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Mean delta T of all patients was 334 minutes. Mean delta T of patients transferred by emergency medical services of the Secretariat of Health (group A) was 385 minutes, with a delay in transfer time of 147 minutes. Mean delta T of group B was 307 minutes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of median delta T between patients transferred from other institutions and self-referred patients.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0402-90014-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> shows a scatter plot of delta T and travel distance, with a good correlation coefficient between these variables (R = 0.55 and p &lt; 0.001). Despite that, the graphs shows a number of cities with shorter travel distances but higher transfer times (plots above diagonal), and cities with longer travel distances but shorter transfer time (plots below diagonal).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between distance from the place of origin and mean delta T (minutes).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0402-90014-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Despite the statistical difference in transfer time, no difference in mortality was observed between the groups.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Treatment of STEMI is considered a medical emergency, with significant mortality even in well renowned centers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The main objective of the therapy is restoration of blood flow in the culprit vessel. This is achieved by administration of fibrinolytic agents to dissolve intracoronary thrombus, or by PTCA, with percutaneous recanalization of the infarct artery with or without stent implantation. In the present study, we demonstrated the difference in delta T between STEMI patients referred for PTCA and self-referred STEMI patients to the emergency department of the IC-FUC</p>
      <p>The finding that transferred patients have longer ischemia time and a longer time to coronary reperfusion therapy is not a surprise, since in these cases there are delays in contacting medical and transport services, in obtaining authorization from the emergency medical services for ambulance services and in patients' transportation itself.</p>
      <p>According to the Brazilian guidelines, PTCA is the preferred option for coronary reperfusion, if initiated within 90 minutes from diagnosis of STEMI or within 120 minutes in case of patients referred for therapy at other centers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> It is worth pointing out that, in patients treated with PTCA, for each 30 minutes of delay, relative risk for mortality increases 7.5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a time period lower than 2 hours, primary PTCA was superior to fibrinolytic therapy in terms of severe adverse effects (death, stroke and reinfarction;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> event rates were 8.5% vs 14.2%, respectively; p = 0.02).</p>
      <p>The benefit of transferring STEMI patients for PTCA on in-hospital mortality, compared with onsite fibrinolytic therapy, decreased as transfer time increased. In-hospital mortality was 2.7%, 3.6% and 5.7% in PTCA group and 7.4%, 5.5% and 6.1% in fibrinolytic therapy group for delays of 0-60 minutes, 60-90 minutes and longer than 90 minutes, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, mean transfer time was 141 minutes, with wide variation according to patients' place of origin. In the cities of Porto Alegre, Viam&#227;o and S&#227;o Leopoldo, transfer time was shorter than 120 minutes. In all other cities, however, it was longer than recommended, reducing the benefits of the immediate transport of patients for primary angioplasty.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> more clearly illustrates the relationship between travel distance and prolonged transfer time. White areas in the map correspond to cities where no transfer of STEMI patients for primary angioplasty was registered. Therefore, patients from these areas were not included for analysis, although it is likely that their transfer times were similar to those in the cities nearby, and higher than predicted.</p>
      <p>An arm of the GRACE study with 3,959 patients compared fibrinolytic therapy with primary angioplasty, and showed a door-to-needle time of 35 minutes and door-to-balloon time of 78 minutes. Treatment delays were associated with an increase in 6-month mortality for both therapies. For each 10-min delay in door-to-needle, mortality increased by 0.30% for patients who underwent thrombolysis, and 0.18% for those who underwent primary PCI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In patients with chest pain treated within 3 hours of symptom onset, no difference in mortality was observed between PTCA and fibrinolysis (7.2% <italic>vs</italic>. 7.4%). Nevertheless, in those treated between 3-12 h after symptom onset, mortality significantly increased in fibrinolysis group compared with PTCA (6.0% vs. 15.3%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In centers without catheterization facilities, i.e., when patient transfer is required, thrombolysis should be performed, since, if carried out within 3 hours of STEMI, both angioplasty and thrombolytic therapy have similar benefit on mortality. Besides, between 3 hours and 12 hours of pain onset, in places where transfer time is expected to be longer than ideal transfer time, thrombolysis should be strongly considered.</p>
      <p>For calculation of the total ischemic time, one should consider the delay in seeking medical care, the time until AMI diagnosis, delays in patients' transfer to the catheterization laboratory, and internal delays of the referral system, from patients' enrollment to the opening of the infarct-related artery. In a previous study performed in our institution, the mean time from symptom onset to hospital admission was 90 minutes during business hours and 133 minutes outside this period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations of the study</title>
        <p>Despite the quantitative nature of delta T, this variable can be difficult to be evaluated, resulting in measurement errors. In addition, since this study consisted in a database review, there are potential biases, inherent to this type of analysis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The present study shows that AMI patients transferred from other institutions have prolonged ischemic time, exceeding that recommended by the Brazilians guidelines. However, ischemic time varied largely between the cities, in a direct proportion to the distance covered. These findings can help health managers in identifying how to improve patient transport system, leading to earlier reperfusion therapy and mortality reduction.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), under the protocol number 5565/18. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet. 2003;361(9351):13-20.</mixed-citation>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Boura</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grines</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>361</volume>
          <issue>9351</issue>
          <fpage>13</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
        </element-citation>
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      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Pinto DS, Kirtane AJ, Nallamothu BK, Murphy SA, Cohen DJ, Laham RJ, et al. Hospital delays in reperfusion for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: implications when selecting a reperfusion strategy. Circulation. 2006;114(19):2019-25.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Kirtane</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Nallamothu</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laham</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hospital delays in reperfusion for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: implications when selecting a reperfusion strategy</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2006</year>
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        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria,</bold> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370. CEP 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>pesquisa.leiria@gmail.com</email>, <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Balk M. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Balk M, Gomes HB. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Saffi MAL, Leiria TLL. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Saffi MAL, Leiria TLL. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gomes HB, Quadros AS, Leiria TLL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> Estudos mostram o benef&#237;cio da terapia de reperfus&#227;o r&#225;pida no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. No entanto, ainda ocorrem atrasos durante o transporte de pacientes para angioplastia prim&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo: </title>
          <p>Definir se existe uma diferen&#231;a no tempo total de isquemia entre pacientes transferidos de outro hospital comparados aos que procuram o servi&#231;o espontaneamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p> Estudo de coorte hist&#243;rico, incluindo pacientes atendidos com infarto entre abril de 2014 e setembro de 2015. Os pacientes foram divididos em pacientes transferidos (grupo A) e por demanda espont&#226;nea (grupo B). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes foram retiradas do banco de dados de infarto e o tempo de transfer&#234;ncia foi estimado tendo como base o correio eletr&#244;nico de acordo com o hor&#225;rio de contato. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi um p &lt; 0,05%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> A amostra incluiu 621 pacientes, 215 no grupo A e 406 no grupo B. As caracter&#237;sticas populacionais foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. O delta T foi significativamente maior no grupo de pacientes transferidos (385 minutos vs. 307 minutos para o grupo B, p &lt; 0,001) com um atraso decorrente do transporte de 147 minutos. Houve rela&#231;&#227;o significativa da dist&#226;ncia de transfer&#234;ncia e aumento do tempo de transporte (R = 0,55; p &lt; 0,001). Entretanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na mortalidade entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> Pacientes transferidos de outras cidades para tratamento de infarto tem Delta T de transfer&#234;ncia acima do recomendado, com tempo ainda mais longo quanto maior a dist&#226;ncia a ser percorrida.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com Bal&#227;o/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrinol&#237;ticos</kwd>
        <kwd>Unidades de Terapia Intensiva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Para pacientes se apresentando em at&#233; 12 horas do Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supra do Segmento ST (IAMCSST), a terapia de reperfus&#227;o, com trombol&#237;tico ou angioplastia coron&#225;ria transluminal percut&#226;nea (ACTP), deve ser oferecida t&#227;o cedo quanto poss&#237;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Um tempo menor at&#233; a abertura do vaso culpado est&#225; relacionado com a quantidade de mioc&#225;rdio salvo e tem repercuss&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A ACTP constitui-se na op&#231;&#227;o preferencial para a obten&#231;&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria, se iniciada at&#233; 90 minutos ap&#243;s a confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico do IAM ou at&#233; 120 minutos em caso de necessidade de transfer&#234;ncia para um centro capaz de realizar o procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No entanto, alguns fatores interferem para o aumento destes tempos: a) o n&#227;o reconhecimento por parte dos pacientes dos sinais e sintomas relacionados ao IAM; b) o desconhecimento dos benef&#237;cios da r&#225;pida terapia de reperfus&#227;o; c) a falta de estrutura dos servi&#231;os m&#233;dicos de sa&#250;de para a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce do paciente com IAMCSST; d) o atraso na defini&#231;&#227;o da terapia de reperfus&#227;o mais apropriada e na transfer&#234;ncia do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por exemplo, em hospitais de menor complexidade, a ACTP n&#227;o &#233; um procedimento dispon&#237;vel. Com isso, nestes hospitais, h&#225; a necessidade de gerar um atraso no tratamento do IAM transferindo o paciente para uma institui&#231;&#227;o de maior complexidade ou uso de terapia trombol&#237;tica.</p>
        <p>Um sistema de atendimento de sa&#250;de integrado que atende pacientes com IAMCSST j&#225; existe em diversos pa&#237;ses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Estrat&#233;gias que tem como objetivo agilizar e reduzir o tempo para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento do IAMCSST s&#227;o necess&#225;rias. No entanto, s&#227;o escassos os dados sobre o tempo de transfer&#234;ncia entre as institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de no Brasil. O presente estudo visa definir se existe uma diferen&#231;a no tempo total de isquemia quando considerado o tempo recomendado pelas diretrizes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> entre pacientes transferidos de outro hospital comparados aos que procuram o servi&#231;o espontaneamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte hist&#243;rica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas das transfer&#234;ncias interinstitucionais</title>
          <p>O procedimento normal de aceitar um paciente para transfer&#234;ncia e tratamento de IAMCSST envolve o recebimento de um eletrocardiograma (ECG) comprovando o diagn&#243;stico - antigamente por Fax e nos dias atuais por correio eletr&#244;nico. Tal exig&#234;ncia se justifica por evitar onerar o sistema de sa&#250;de com diagn&#243;sticos incorretos e encaminhamentos de urg&#234;ncia desnecess&#225;rios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra</title>
          <p>Os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST do banco de dados de infarto do Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC-FUC) foram avaliados e divididos em 2 grupos: Grupo A - Pacientes cujo nome e ECG constavam no correio eletr&#244;nico da emerg&#234;ncia, comprovando o hor&#225;rio aproximado de contato e o local de origem e Grupo B - demanda espont&#226;nea (todos os outros).</p>
          <p>O tempo de transfer&#234;ncia foi calculado subtraindo a hora e dia da chegada do e-mail com o ECG anexo da hora e dia da abertura da ficha no setor de emerg&#234;ncia, em minutos (min).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica</title>
          <p>O estudo foi cadastrado na unidade de pesquisa do IC-FUC e aprovado para realiza&#231;&#227;o pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil quando apropriado. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como n&#250;mero absoluto e percentual com compara&#231;&#245;es feitas com &#967;<sup>2</sup> e teste-Z. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas com teste t de Student para amostras independentes ou Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney conforme apropriado. O teste de normalidade utilizado foi o de D'Agostino-Pearson. Correla&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi realizada com utilizando o coeficiente de Pearson. O banco de dados foi elaborado no programa <italic>Microsoft Office Excel</italic> 2010 para <italic>Windows&#174;</italic> e posteriormente transferido para o programa <italic>IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)</italic> vers&#227;o 19.0.0. O pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS, vers&#227;o 18.0 foi utilizado para as an&#225;lises. Um valor de p bicaudal menor que 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram revisados os dados do correio eletr&#244;nico do servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia do IC-FUC de abril de 2014 at&#233; setembro de 2015. Todos os ECGs com demonstra&#231;&#227;o de supra desnivelamento do segmento ST e as vari&#225;veis de identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes foram cruzadas com as informa&#231;&#245;es do banco de dados de IAM do hospital.</p>
        <p>No per&#237;odo do estudo, foram exclu&#237;das 2532 informa&#231;&#245;es do correio eletr&#244;nico, correspondendo a: 68 mensagens sem possibilidade de identifica&#231;&#227;o do paciente; 869 mensagens com ECGs sem supra desnivelamento do segmento ST; 381 mensagens duplicadas; 23 avisos do sistema; 491 laudos de tomografias; 408 mensagens internas do servi&#231;o e 292 ECGs com supra desnivelamento do segmento ST, mas que n&#227;o vieram transferidos ou n&#227;o constavam no banco de dados.</p>
        <p>A amostra final analisada foi de 621 pacientes, sendo que 215 com transfer&#234;ncia comprovada (grupo A), e 406 correspondentes &#224; demanda espont&#226;nea (grupo B).</p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>, s&#227;o apresentados os resultados dos grupos A e B. Observa-se que ambos os grupos apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas de fatores de risco semelhantes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes transferidos de outros centros (grupo A) e pacientes de demanda espont&#226;nea (grupo B). Porto Alegre, RS</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo A (n = 215)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo B (n = 406)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">58 (28-87)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (18-98)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo, masculino<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">145 (67)</td>
                <td align="center">283 (69)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fatores de Risco</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">128 (59)</td>
                <td align="center">251 (61)</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">148 (68)</td>
                <td align="center">249 (61)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">67 (31)</td>
                <td align="center">132 (32)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">55 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria Familiar</td>
                <td align="center">45 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Dados apresentados em mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref> ilustra a varia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a apresenta&#231;&#227;o na emerg&#234;ncia (delta T) dos pacientes e as dist&#226;ncias percorridas, dependendo da cidade de origem.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mapa da regi&#227;o metropolitana de Porto Alegre, correspondendo aos dados do tempo m&#233;dio de deslocamento dos pacientes at&#233; o IC-FUC.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0402-90014-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de delta T para todos os pacientes do estudo foi 334 minutos. O delta T m&#233;dio dos pacientes transferidos com contato m&#233;dico de emerg&#234;ncia via secretaria de sa&#250;de (grupo A) foi de 385 minutos com um atraso decorrente do transporte de 147 minutos. J&#225; o delta T m&#233;dio dos pacientes do grupo B foi de 307 minutos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da mediana do Delta T de pacientes transferidos e demanda espont&#226;nea.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0402-90014-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref> demonstra um gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o entre o delta T e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida, observando-se um bom coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o entre estas duas vari&#225;veis (R = 0,55 e p &lt; 0,001). No entanto, observa-se que existem cidades com dist&#226;ncias menores do que a mediana e tempos de transfer&#234;ncia maiores do que a mediana (pontos acima da reta), e o inverso, cidades com dist&#226;ncias maiores do que a mediana e tempos de transfer&#234;ncia menores do que a mediana (pontos abaixo da reta).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a dist&#226;ncia (Km) da cidade de origem e o Delta T m&#233;dio (minutos).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0402-90014-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Apesar da diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica no tempo de transporte entre os grupos, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na mortalidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O tratamento do IAMCSST &#233; considerado uma emerg&#234;ncia m&#233;dica, com mortalidade significativa mesmo em centros de refer&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Seu principal objetivo &#233; o reestabelecimento de fluxo sangu&#237;neo no vaso culpado. Essa meta pode ser alcan&#231;ada com o uso de fibrinol&#237;ticos para dissolver o trombo intracoronariano, ou com ACTP, realizando a recanaliza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea da art&#233;ria culpada com ou sem implante de <italic>stent</italic>. Neste estudo, demonstramos a diferen&#231;a no delta T no IAMCSST entre os pacientes encaminhados para ACTP de outra institui&#231;&#227;o e os que buscam o servi&#231;o da emerg&#234;ncia do IC-FUC por demanda espont&#226;nea.</p>
        <p>A observa&#231;&#227;o de que pacientes encaminhados t&#234;m tempo aumentado de isquemia e atraso no in&#237;cio do tratamento de reperfus&#227;o coronariana n&#227;o surpreende, pois para o contato m&#233;dico, acionamento do servi&#231;o de transporte, autoriza&#231;&#227;o do Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia - SAMU e deslocamento do paciente haver&#225; atraso. Segundo as diretrizes brasileiras, a ACTP constitui-se na op&#231;&#227;o preferencial para a obten&#231;&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria, se iniciada at&#233; 90 minutos ap&#243;s a confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico do IAMCSST ou at&#233; 120 minutos em caso de necessidade de transfer&#234;ncia para centro capaz de realizar o procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Destacamos que em pacientes tratados com ACTP, a cada 30 minutos de atraso o risco relativo de mortalidade aumenta em 7,5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A ACTP prim&#225;ria, quando comparada aos trombol&#237;ticos em um tempo de at&#233; 2h, teve benef&#237;cio superior em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos graves (morte, acidente vascular cerebral e reinfarto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Taxa de eventos 8,5% vs. 14,2%, p = 0,002).</p>
        <p>O benef&#237;cio da transfer&#234;ncia de pacientes com IAMCSST para ACTP prim&#225;ria sobre a mortalidade hospitalar, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de fibrin&#243;lise no hospital de origem, diminuiu em fun&#231;&#227;o do atraso no transporte. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 2,7%, 3,6% e 5,7% no grupo ACTP e de 7,4%, 5,5% e 6,1% no grupo fibrin&#243;lise para atrasos de 0 a 60 minutos, de 60 a 90 minutos e maior que 90 minutos, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O tempo m&#233;dio gasto com transporte no nosso estudo foi de 141 minutos, com grande varia&#231;&#227;o dependendo do local de proced&#234;ncia do paciente. Nas cidades de Porto Alegre, Viam&#227;o e S&#227;o Leopoldo, esses tempos foram menores do que 120 minutos. Contudo, em todas as outras localidades o tempo de transfer&#234;ncia n&#227;o &#233; adequado, perdendo-se, assim, as vantagens da transfer&#234;ncia de urg&#234;ncia para angioplastia prim&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Observando-se a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>, pode-se notar de forma mais clara a rela&#231;&#227;o da dist&#226;ncia com tempo de transfer&#234;ncia prolongado. As localidades em branco no mapa n&#227;o encaminharam pacientes para angioplastia prim&#225;ria de forma que pudessem ser adicionados no estudo ou no gr&#225;fico, mas &#233; prov&#225;vel que os tempos de transfer&#234;ncia fossem similares &#224;s localidades vizinhas e acima do previsto.</p>
        <p>Um bra&#231;o do estudo <italic>GRACE</italic> com 3959 pacientes, comparando tratamento com fibrinol&#237;tico <italic>versus</italic> angioplastia prim&#225;ria, demonstrou tempo porta-agulha de 35 minutos e tempo porta-bal&#227;o de 78 minutos. Atrasos no tratamento foram associados com aumento de mortalidade em 6 meses para as duas terapias. Houve um aumento na mortalidade de 0,3% a cada 10 minutos no grupo trombol&#237;tico e de 0,18% a cada 10 minutos no grupo da ACTP prim&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica que receberam tratamento em menos de 3 horas do in&#237;cio do sintoma, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na mortalidade entre ACTP e fibrin&#243;lise (7,3% <italic>vs.</italic> 7,4%). Contudo, para os pacientes que receberam tratamento entre 3 e 12 horas, houve aumento significativo de mortalidade no grupo fibrin&#243;lise comparado ao ACTP (6,0% <italic>vs.</italic> 15,3%, p = 0,02).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em um local onde haja a necessidade de se transferir um paciente para realizar cateterismo, a tromb&#243;lise deve ser realizada, considerando-se que, nas primeiras 3 horas do IAMCSST, o benef&#237;cio da angioplastia e da terapia trombol&#237;tica sobre mortalidade &#233; o mesmo. Al&#233;m disso, fora desse per&#237;odo, mas ainda antes de 12 horas do in&#237;cio da dor, em localidade onde o tempo de transfer&#234;ncia sabidamente ser&#225; maior que o ideal, a tromb&#243;lise deve ser fortemente considerada.</p>
        <p>No c&#225;lculo do tempo total de isquemia card&#237;aca, deve-se contabilizar a demora da procura de atendimento pelo paciente, o tempo at&#233; o diagn&#243;stico do IAM, os atrasos com a transfer&#234;ncia at&#233; local adequado para a ACTP e, tamb&#233;m o atraso interno no servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia desde a abertura da ficha at&#233; a abertura do vaso culpado. Em estudo feito no pr&#243;prio IC-FUC demonstrou-se um Delta T interno do servi&#231;o m&#233;dio de 90 minutos em hor&#225;rio comercial e de 133 minutos fora deste per&#237;odo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>O delta T &#233; uma vari&#225;vel quantitativa, no entanto muitas vezes &#233; de dif&#237;cil avalia&#231;&#227;o podendo ocorrer erros na sua medida. Outro fato que deve ser considerado &#233; que este estudo &#233; uma revis&#227;o de banco de dados, com vieses potenciais inerentes a esse tipo de an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo demonstra que pacientes com IAM transferidos de outras institui&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m um tempo de isquemia prolongado, em excesso aquele recomendado pelas diretrizes brasileiras. No entanto, observamos uma grande varia&#231;&#227;o conforme a cidade, mas de modo diretamente proporcional &#224; dist&#226;ncia a ser percorrida. Esses resultados podem servir de aux&#237;lio aos gestores do sistema de sa&#250;de para identificar oportunidades para melhorar o sistema de transfer&#234;ncia destes pacientes, com consequente administra&#231;&#227;o mais precoce da terapia de reperfus&#227;o e diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 5565/18. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
