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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CQBQRLzv4JMQqy8FY5X3WQN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000400392</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005003104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190028</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevalence of Lens Opacity in Interventional Cardiologists and Professional Working in the Hemodynamics in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6936-9162</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Henrique Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8487-0473</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Bitelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1953-6721</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Corpa</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Maria Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9981-3997</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Higa</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Shinzato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3133-4778</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Marco T&#250;lio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4281-6820</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8189-5023</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quadros</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Shaan de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0732-9920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lemke</surname>
            <given-names>Viviana de Mello Guzzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3134-7691</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cantarelli</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Jos&#233; de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Adriano Henrique Pereira Barbosa</bold>, Rua Doutor Bacelar, 719 Apto 104. Postal Code 04026-001, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>barbosa-ah@uol.com.br</email>, <email>ahpbarb@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Barbosa AHP, Medeiros RB; acquisition of data: Barbosa AHP, Medeiros RB, Corpa AMR, Higa FS, Souza MT, Barbosa PL, Moreira AC; analysis and interpretation of the data: Barbosa AHP, Medeiros RB, Corpa AMR, Higa FS; statistical analysis: Barbosa AHP; obtaining funding: Barbosa AHP, Lemke VMG, Cantarelli MJC; writing of the manuscript: Barbosa AHP, Medeiros RB, Corpa AMR, Cantarelli MJC; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Barbosa AHP, Medeiros RB, Quadros AS, Cantarelli MJC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>392</fpage>
      <lpage>399</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Posterior subcapsular cataract is a tissue reaction commonly found among professionals exposed to ionizing radiation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the prevalence of cataract in professionals working in hemodynamics in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Professionals exposed to ionizing radiation (group 1, G1) underwent slit lamp examination with a biomicroscope for lens examination and compared with non-exposed subjects (group 2, G2). Ophthalmologic findings were described and classified by opacity degree and localization using the Lens Opacities Classification System III. Both groups answered a questionnaire on work and health conditions to investigate the presence of risk factors for cataract. The level of significance was set at 5% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 112 volunteers of G1, mean age of 44.95 (&#177;10.23) years, and 88 volunteers of G2, mean age of 48.07 (&#177;12.18) years were evaluated; 75.2% of G1 and 85.2% of G2 were physicians. Statistical analysis between G1 and G2 showed a prevalence of posterior subcapsular cataract of 13% and 2% in G1 and G2, respectively (0.0081). Considering physicians only, 38% of G1 and 15% of G2 had cataract, with the prevalence of posterior subcapsular cataract of 13% and 3%, respectively (p = 0.0176). Among non-physicians, no difference was found in the prevalence of cataract (by types).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Cataract was more prevalent in professionals exposed to ionizing radiation, with posterior subcapsular cataract the most frequent finding.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cataract/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiation,Ionizing</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiologists</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodynamics</kwd>
        <kwd>Occupational Risks</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiation,Protection</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In the last years, due to considerable increase in the complexity of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in cardiology, radiology and interventional neurology, health professionals have been increasingly exposed to ionizing radiation. This has been particularly seen in some areas, including interventional cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> With the development of new therapeutic devices and adjuvant therapy, cardiologists have been involved in even more complex and longer procedures, requiring longer exposure to ionizing radiation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Routine, continuous exposure to radiation may cause deleterious effects on human body by direct or indirect effect on the cells, causing physiological and/or functional damage to the organs. For any radiation dosage, there is the risk of neoplasm and cell death, with a direct relationship between the dose and the risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The lens is one of the most sensitive tissues to ionizing radiation. Studies have suggested a significant risk of changes in the lens in populations exposed to low radiation doses. These populations include patients undergoing computed tomography,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> astronauts,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> radiologic technologists,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> patients undergoing radiotherapy,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> atomic bombing survivors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and Chernobyl survivors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The most common change in the lens reported in these studies was lens opacity classified as posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Considering health professionals, studies have shown higher prevalence of this type of cataract among individuals working in interventional radiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In 2011, the International Commission for Radiological Protection (ICRP) revised radiation threshold levels that may cause lens damage, and reduced the occupational dose limits, aiming to reduce the incidence of cataract induced by radiation among health professionals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>During last years, interventional cardiology has exponentially increased in Brazil; however, so far, there is no data available on the prevalence of lens opacity among exposed professionals. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of cataract in interventional cardiologists (ICs) and professionals working in hemodynamics and possible factors that could minimize the risk.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Subjects</title>
        <p>Eligible participants were recruited at health conferences health. Inclusion criteria were conference attendance and signing of the consent form. Exclusion criteria were - previous ocular surgeries, including cataract, glaucoma, refractive and retina surgeries; chronic use of ocular topical medication; diabetes mellitus; chronic use of corticosteroids and systemic arterial hypertension.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Logistics</title>
        <p>All individuals included in the study were volunteers who self-referred to the investigators expressing their willingness to participate in the study. The investigators built an exhibition stand at two medical conferences, so that the attendees had easy, fast access to it.</p>
        <p>The individuals included in the study were allocated into one of two groups - exposed to ionizing radiation (G1) and not exposed to ionizing radiation (G2). G1 was composed of ICs and health professionals in the field of cardiac hemodynamics from several regions of Brazil, who attended the annual congress of the Latin American Society of Interventional Cardiology (SOLACI) and the Brazilian Society of Hemodynamics and Interventional Cardiology (SBHCI) that was held in Rio de Janeiro on June 08<sup>th</sup>-10<sup>th</sup>, 2016. G2 was composed of cardiologists not exposed to ionizing radiation, attending the annual congress of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology held in Fortaleza on September 23<sup>rd</sup>-25<sup>th</sup>, 2016.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical assessment and ophthalmologic examination</title>
        <p>All participants were interviewed by one of the investigators who used a detailed questionnaire on demographic data, occupational practices that may be subjected to radiation exposure (use of radiation protection devices, number of years of work, types of procedures performed, among others) and coexisting diseases.</p>
        <p>Ophthalmologic examination was performed using slit lamp examination by two experienced ophthalmologists, after the instillation of topical ocular medication (mydriacyl), which allows examination of the whole lens. The findings were described and classified by opacity pattern and degree according to the <italic>Lens Opacities Classification System III</italic> (LOCS III).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> It consists of the classification of lens opacity by its pattern as cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular, and by its severity as grade 1-6.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>A convenience sample was used in the study. Continuous variables were described as mean and standard deviation or median. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Shapiro-Wilk test were used to test the normality of data distribution. Categorical variables were compared by the chi-square test. When more than 20% of the cells had expected frequency lower than 5, we used the Fisher's exact test (2 x 2 table) or the likelihood ratio test. The level of significance was set at 5% (p &lt; 0.05). The SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)</italic> version 19.0 was used of the analysis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 278 volunteers agreed to participate in the study, 156 in the radiation-exposed group (G1) and 122 in the non-exposed group (G2). Forty-four volunteers of G1 and 34 of G2 were excluded, and thus 112 participants in G1 and 88 in G2 were included (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Mean age was 44.95 &#177; 10.23 years in the G1 and 48.07 &#177;12.18 years in the G2 (p = 0.0264). Sociodemographic data are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart of the study.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0392-90028-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sociodemographic data of the volunteers</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center">G1</th>
              <th align="center">G2</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Age (mean)</td>
              <td align="center">44.95 (&#177;10.23)</td>
              <td align="center">48.07 (&#177;12.18)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5">Age range</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;36</td>
              <td align="center">28 (21.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (20.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">36-45</td>
              <td align="center">45 (35.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (15.9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">46-55</td>
              <td align="center">37 (32.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (33%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">56-65</td>
              <td align="center">10 (8.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (25%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">&gt;66</td>
              <td align="center">4 (3.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (5.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Sex</td>
              <td align="center">Female</td>
              <td align="center">24 (21.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (15.9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Male</td>
              <td align="center">88 (78.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">74 (84.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5">Region</td>
              <td align="center">Middle-west</td>
              <td align="center">7 (6.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (11.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">North</td>
              <td align="center">6 (5.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (5.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Northeast</td>
              <td align="center">20 (18.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (25%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">South</td>
              <td align="center">11 (10%)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (12.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Southeast</td>
              <td align="center">66 (60%)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (45.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Occupation</td>
              <td align="center">Nurse</td>
              <td align="center">21 (18.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Physician</td>
              <td align="center">85 (75.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">75 (85.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Nurse technician or nursing assistant</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (12.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Technician or technologist</td>
              <td align="center">3 (2.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Total</td>
              <td align="center">112</td>
              <td align="center">88</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the ophthalmologic findings, 37 volunteers (33%) in G1 and only 14 (16%) in G2 had some degree of lens opacity (p = 0.0058). When analyzed by the type of cataract, no difference was found in the frequency of cortical cataract, with 15 individuals in G1 (13%) and 8 in G2 (9%) (p = 0.3438). However, PSC cataract was significantly more frequent in G1 (n = 14, 13%) than in G2 (n = 2, 2%) (p = 0.0081). Lens opacity in cortical + subcapsular was found in 28 volunteers in G1 (25%) and 10 in G2 (11%) (p = 0.0147).</p>
      <p>Analysis by occupational category showed a mean age of 46.76 &#177; 9.99 years among ICs and 48.75 &#177; 12.32 in the control group, with no difference between the groups (p = 0.1358). Lens opacity was found in 32 ICs (38%) and 11 clinical cardiologists (CCs) (15%) (p = 0.0011). PSC cataract was found in 11 ICs (13%) and 2 CCs (3%) (p = 0.0176). The presence of cortical cataract + subcapsular cataract was found in 28% of ICs (n = 24) and 9% of CCs (n = 7) (p = 0.0025). No statistically significant difference was found in the frequency of cortical cataract (15% versus 7%, p = 0.0848).</p>
      <p>In the group of non-physicians exposed to radiation, 5 participants showed some degree of lens opacity (18%), which was also detected in 3 control non-physicians (23%) (p = 0.7357). Subcapsular cataract was found in 3 radiation-exposed non-physicians, and in none control non-physicians (p = 0.2114).</p>
      <p>Regarding the eye affected, cataract in the left eye was more common, with SCP cataract observed in 50% of the exposed individuals, whereas cataract in the right eye was identified in 14% of exposed participants. Cataract in both eyes was affected in 36% of these individuals. Cortical cataract was also more frequent in the left eye (46% of exposed subjects), whereas the right eye was affected in 27% of the cases.</p>
      <p>In the control group, no eye was more prevalent than the other in the cases of cataract, with similar frequency in both eyes as well as cataract type - cortical and subcapsular - both bilateral in 60% of cases.</p>
      <p>Most ICs reported to perform 50 procedures per month (38.1%) and from 50 to 100 procedures (43.7%) per month. Eighty-two percent of the ICs reported to perform diagnostic procedures within 30 minutes, using from four to six X-ray energy projections (46.5%) and 15 frames per second (70.9%). For therapeutic procedures, 66.1% of ICs reported that the procedures lasted 30-60 minutes, with delivery of x-ray energy in pulses (rather than in a continuous dose).</p>
      <p>The number of years of work in hemodynamics was not a statistically significant determinant for the occurrence of lens opacity; 62% of the professionals reported less than 20 years of work years, and half of them reported between 5 and 10 years of work in the field. Although we did not find a correlation between damage and work experience time, lens opacity could occur early in those with lower time of work experience. This reinforces the importance of the use of personal and collective protective devices.</p>
      <p>Results of the use of personal and collective protective devices reported by the physicians are described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 3</xref>,<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the use of lead glasses (with or without lateral protection) 40% of the radiation-exposed volunteers reported to be regular users, although this result did not show a statistically significant correlation with the frequency of lens opacity. The same was observed with the routine use of lead shielding, reported by approximately 30% of the professionals. The reasons for the low frequency of routine use of protective devices, reported by participants, are graphically illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>, such as - ergonomic discomfort, unavailability of protective device, among others.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Subcapsular cataract in a young interventional cardiologist.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0392-90028-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequency (%) of use of lead shields placed laterally to the fluoroscopy table by interventionists (n = xx).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0392-90028-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequency (%) of use of lead glasses by interventionists (n = xx).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0392-90028-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequency (%) of use of suspended radiation protection by interventionists (n = xx).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0392-90028-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>ICs and other professionals that work in hemodynamics are routinely exposed to ionizing radiation and hence at higher risk for the deleterious effects of this exposure. Eye lens are one of the most sensitive organs to continuous radiation exposure. Many studies in several countries have shown a higher prevalence of cataract in professionals exposed to radiation, with the PSC type more frequently correlated with ionizing radiation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The increase in the prevalence of cataract was identified with the increase in radiation doses and previously reported in literature review studies. Uncertainties about a radiation threshold that could induce lens opacity still exist. The latency period between irradiation and development of lens opacity is uncertain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The LOCS III grading system is considered relevant in these types of studies and have been used to compare recent data obtained from occupationally exposed individuals and atomic bomb survivors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In Brazil, interventional cardiology has played a prominent, internationally recognized role. Nevertheless, so far, there is no study on the prevalence of cataract among professionals or even in several areas of interventional radiology. The present study aims at filling this gap, providing nationwide information on the theme.</p>
      <p>Our findings showed that interventional cardiology professionals have significantly more lens changes than non-exposed individuals (p = 0.0058), although the non-exposed groups were significantly older. Sucapsular cataract was more frequent in the exposed group (p = 0.0081) than in controls, confirming previously published results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The other types of cataract (cortical and nuclear), when separately analyzed, were not prevalent in the exposed group, corroborating results from previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> On the other hand, the prevalence of subcapsular + cortical cataract was higher in the exposed than in control group.</p>
      <p>Our findings showed a higher prevalence of cataract in the left eye than in the right eye among participants. This was also reported in previous studies showing that, during interventional procedures, the left side of the brain receives higher doses of radiation, due to positioning of the professional during the tests.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Analysis by occupational category highlighted a higher prevalence of lens opacity, of any type, in the exposed group (38% of ICs) and in clinicians that were not exposed to radiation (15%). PSC cataract, a lens opacity related to radiation exposure, was found in 13% of ICs and in only 3% of clinicians.</p>
      <p>Elmaraezy et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> in a metanalysis recently published, found a cataract prevalence, of any type, of 36% among ICs, similar to our results. In this same meta-analysis, all studies included reported a significant prevalence of subcapsular cataract in ICs, with no difference between the prevalence of cortical and nuclear opacity.</p>
      <p>In the French O'CLOC study (Occupational Cataracts and Lens Opacities in interventional Cardiology), Jacob et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> found a prevalence of 17% of PSC in ICs and of 5% in the control group, similar to our findings.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> It is worth pointing out that, in the O&#8217;CLOC study, the control group was composed of non-physicians, differently from our study, in which radiation-exposed physicians were compared with medical cardiologists (non-interventionists), similar in number and age, but not exposed to ionizing radiation.</p>
      <p>Va&#241;&#243; et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> found a significant prevalence of PSC cataract among interventional catheterization professionals - physicians, nurses and technicians. We did not find a significantly greater prevalence of cataract in radiation-exposed non-physicians when compared with the control group. This can be mainly explained by the small number of non-physicians included in the study (25% nurses and 3% nursing assistants), professional categories and years of work in catheterization laboratory.</p>
      <p>Professional activity measured in years of work and number of procedures performed annually can be predictors of increased risk of damage, as we tend to associate them with increased cumulative dose. However, we should consider that the use of protective devices and the ability of professionals in performing the procedures may significantly change these cumulative doses. Some authors have shown that there is no clear relationship between the incidence of lens opacity and number of procedures, as in the study by Jacob et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> in which the number of procedures varied from 50 to 1,267, with a mean of 542 &#177; 312 procedures per year. In their study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> the risk for cataract was lower in regular users of lead glasses as compared with irregular users, without statistical significance though.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, only 40% of the radiation-exposed volunteers reported to wear lead glasses on a regular basis, which make our sample size (considering both exposed and non-exposed groups) even smaller. Besides, variables such as age, work experience, number of procedures performed, lead shielding, among others make it difficult to establish any association between the regular use of protective device and the findings. Also, there are no data regarding occupational dose. Studies have highlighted the importance of the accuracy of dosimetry measurements in clinical practice to determine correlations of radiation doses and effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> In the present study, we could not estimate the radiation dose received by the participants exposed. Also, by interview of participants, we found that only 63.8% of them used personal radiation dosimeters over the lead (chest) aprons for their own control, although this device is the most reliable way to measure cumulative radiation over a month, and its usage is regulated by current radiation protection legislation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Variations in individual doses recorded in dosimeters can help in the understanding of conditions associated with increased doses and establishment of safer conditions during the procedures. Safety promotion, by means of reduction of radiation doses delivered to the patient and the staff, is a responsibility of the operator. Fluoroscopy and cinefluorography time should be controlled, as well as the total cumulative dose for the patient (air kerma) should be monitored and registered at the end of the test, For dose reduction, adequate collimation and use of virtual collimation are essential, in addition to other factors, including virtual expansion and geometric adjustments may affect the distribution of scattered radiation. The use of mobile radiation shields, including suspended radiation protection and lead shields placed laterally to the fluoroscopy table, are relevant strategies to reduce individual radiation doses, and should be used regardless of gantry angulations. The adoption of angiography device in cardiovascular procedures in terms of radiologic protection was summarized in a recent study that describes all adjustments necessary to minimize the radiation doses delivered to patients and professionals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although the use of protective lead glasses was recognized as important protective devices by radiation-exposed volunteers, the reason for their low frequency of use, according to them was mainly their &#8220;weight&#8221; and &#8220;difficult adjustment to the face&#8221;. Thus, ergonomic improvements should be made to encourage the use of protective lead glasses on a routine basis.</p>
      <p>Evidence of early occurrence of lens opacity has been discussed in the scientific community; however, the fact that participants have received a radiation dose lower than the occupational threshold (mean of 5 years, 20 mSy/year) can be attributed to the fact that they did not use personal protective apparatus regularly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite the consistent findings of our study, some limitations should be noted. There are some uncertainties regarding the use of personal and collective protective devices that cannot be measured, since these data were obtained by interview. Nevertheless, despite the uncertainties of dose estimates using a radiation dosimeter, an effective control of the doses enables the correlation of dose and tissue damage. In our study, this correlation could not be evaluated since information on individual occupation dose were not available.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In the present study, we detected early occurrence of lens opacity in Brazilian interventional cardiologists, who attended the annual congress of the SOLACI/SBHCI.</p>
      <p>The questionnaire administered by interview allowed us to obtain information about the current use of radiation protective devices and to detect the need for strategies that reinforce the importance of fostering a culture of radiologic protection among professionals exposed to radiation.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Unifesp/EPM under the protocol number 1.550.372. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgment</title>
      <p>To all those present at the SOLACI and SBC 2016 congresses who agreed to participate voluntarily.</p>
    </ack>
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          <article-title>Portaria 453, de 01 de junho de 1998. Diretrizes B&#225;sicas de Prote&#231;&#227;o Radiol&#243;gica em Radiodiagn&#243;stico M&#233;dico e Odontol&#243;gico.</article-title>
          <source>Di&#225;rio Oficial da Uni&#227;o</source>
          <day>02</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>1998</year>
          <comment>Sec&#227;o 1</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32 Christopoulos G, Makke L, Christakopoulos G, Kotsia A, Rangan BV, Roesle M, et al. Optimizing radiation safety in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: a practical approach. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;87(2):291-301.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Christopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Makke</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christakopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kotsia</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rangan</surname>
              <given-names>BV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roesle</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Optimizing radiation safety in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: a practical approach</article-title>
          <source>Catheter Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>291</fpage>
          <lpage>301</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de Opacidades do Cristalino em Cardiologistas Intervencionistas e Profissionais Atuantes na &#193;rea de Hemodin&#226;mica no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6936-9162</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Henrique Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8487-0473</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Bitelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1953-6721</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Corpa</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Maria Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9981-3997</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Higa</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Shinzato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3133-4778</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Marco T&#250;lio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4281-6820</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8189-5023</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quadros</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Shaan de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0732-9920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lemke</surname>
            <given-names>Viviana de Mello Guzzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3134-7691</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cantarelli</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Jos&#233; de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Adriano Henrique Pereira Barbosa</bold>, Rua Doutor Bacelar, 719 Apto 104. CEP 04026-001, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>barbosa-ah@uol.com.br</email>, <email>ahpbarb@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Barbosa AHP, Medeiros RB; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Barbosa AHP, Medeiros RB, Corpa AMR, Higa FS, Souza MT, Barbosa PL, Moreira AC; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Barbosa AHP, Medeiros RB, Corpa AMR, Higa FS; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Barbosa AHP; obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Barbosa AHP, Lemke VMG, Cantarelli MJC; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Barbosa AHP, Medeiros RB, Corpa AMR, Cantarelli MJC; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Barbosa AHP, Medeiros RB, Quadros AS, Cantarelli MJC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A catarata subcapsular posterior &#233; uma rea&#231;&#227;o tecidual encontrada com frequ&#234;ncia nos profissionais expostos &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de catarata nos profissionais que atuam na &#225;rea de hemodin&#226;mica no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Profissionais expostos &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante (grupo 1, G1) foram submetidos ao exame biomicrosc&#243;pico com l&#226;mpada de fenda para avalia&#231;&#227;o do cristalino, e comparados aos n&#227;o expostos (grupo 2, G2). Os achados foram descritos e classificados quanto ao grau de opacidade e localiza&#231;&#227;o por meio do <italic>Lens opacities classification system III</italic>. Ambos os grupos responderam question&#225;rio sobre condi&#231;&#245;es de trabalho e de sa&#250;de para afastar fatores de risco para catarata, e foram comparados quanto aos achados. Foi utilizado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados 112 volunt&#225;rios (G1) com m&#233;dia de idade 44,95 (&#177;10,23) anos e 88 volunt&#225;rios (G2) com m&#233;dia de 48,07 (&#177;12,18) anos. Desses, 75,2% (G1) e 85,2% (G2) eram m&#233;dicos. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica entre os grupos G1 e G2 mostrou uma preval&#234;ncia da catarata no grupo G1 de 33% comparada ao G2 de 16% (p = 0,0058), sendo a catarata subcapsular posterior presente em 13% no G1 e 2% no G2 (p = 0,0081). Considerando apenas os m&#233;dicos, 38% no G1 e 15% no G2 (p = 0,0011) apresentaram catarata, sendo a subcapsular posterior 13% e 3% (p = 0,0176), respectivamente. No grupo dos profissionais n&#227;o m&#233;dicos, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na preval&#234;ncia dos achados oftalmol&#243;gicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A catarata esteve mais presente no grupo de profissionais expostos &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante, sendo que a catarata subcapsular posterior foi o dano tecidual mais encontrado.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Catarata/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Radia&#231;&#227;o Ionizante</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiologistas</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodin&#226;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>Riscos Ocupacionais</kwd>
        <kwd>Prote&#231;&#227;o Radiol&#243;gica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, devido ao aumento consider&#225;vel do n&#250;mero e da complexidade de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos nas &#225;reas da cardiologia, radiologia e neurologia intervencionista, os profissionais v&#234;m sendo expostos &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante de forma mais intensa. Entre essas &#225;reas, destaca-se a cardiologia intervencionista.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O advento de novos dispositivos terap&#234;uticos e medicamentos adjuvantes possibilitou ao cardiologista atuar em procedimentos mais complexos e mais longos, demandando maior exposi&#231;&#227;o do profissional &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o de forma rotineira e cont&#237;nua pode acarretar efeitos biol&#243;gicos nocivos ao corpo humano por a&#231;&#227;o direta ou indireta nas c&#233;lulas, causando efeitos fisiol&#243;gicos e/ou funcionais nos &#243;rg&#227;os. Para qualquer dose de radia&#231;&#227;o h&#225; um risco de indu&#231;&#227;o ao aparecimento de neoplasias ou de morte celular, com maior probabilidade relacionada diretamente &#224; maior dose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O cristalino &#233; um dos tecidos mais sens&#237;veis &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante. Estudos sugerem que pode haver um risco significativo de altera&#231;&#245;es no cristalino em popula&#231;&#245;es expostas a doses baixas de radia&#231;&#227;o. Essas incluem indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; tomografia computadorizada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> astronautas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> tecn&#243;logos radiol&#243;gicos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; radioterapia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> al&#233;m de sobreviventes aos ataques com bomba at&#244;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e ao acidente de Chernobyl.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A altera&#231;&#227;o mais frequentemente encontrada nesses estudos foi a opacidade do cristalino classificada como catarata subcapsular posterior (SCP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Entre os profissionais de sa&#250;de, os estudos demonstram maior preval&#234;ncia deste tipo de catarata naqueles que atuam na &#225;rea da radiologia intervencionista.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em 2011, a Comiss&#227;o Internacional de Prote&#231;&#227;o Radiol&#243;gica (ICRP) revisou o limiar de dose para ocorr&#234;ncia de dano ao cristalino e reduziu o limite de dose ocupacional, buscando diminuir o n&#250;mero de cataratas induzidas por radia&#231;&#227;o em profissionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No Brasil, a cardiologia intervencionista cresceu de forma exponencial nos &#250;ltimos anos, mas at&#233; o presente momento n&#227;o h&#225; dados publicados sobre a preval&#234;ncia de opacidade em profissionais expostos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de catarata nos cardiologistas intervencionistas (CIs) e profissionais que atuam na &#225;rea de hemodin&#226;mica no Brasil e os poss&#237;veis fatores que possam minimizar esse risco.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>Os indiv&#237;duos considerados para inclus&#227;o neste estudo foram selecionados entre volunt&#225;rios participantes de congressos na &#225;rea de sa&#250;de. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram estar participando do congresso e assinatura do termo de consentimento, livre e esclarecido. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: hist&#243;rico de cirurgias oculares, dentre elas cirurgia para catarata, glaucoma, cirurgia refrativa ou de retina; uso cr&#244;nico de medica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica ocular; diabetes mellitus; uso cr&#244;nico de corticosteroides e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Log&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos neste estudo foram volunt&#225;rios que procuraram os investigadores manifestando sua inten&#231;&#227;o em participar da pesquisa. Os investigadores organizaram um estande localizado na &#225;rea de exposi&#231;&#245;es de dois congressos m&#233;dicos, de forma que os congressistas poderiam visualizar e participar de forma f&#225;cil e pr&#225;tica.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o no estudo, os indiv&#237;duos foram classificados em dois grupos: expostos &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante (G1) e n&#227;o expostos &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o (G2). Os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos no G1 foram CIs e profissionais de sa&#250;de que atuam na &#225;rea de hemodin&#226;mica provenientes das diversas regi&#245;es do Brasil, e que participaram do Congresso Latino-Americano e Brasileiro de Cardiologia Intervencionista (SOLACI/SBHCI) que ocorreu nos dias 08, 09 e 10 de junho de 2016, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos no G2 foram cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos (CCs) e profissionais n&#227;o expostos &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante, participantes do congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, ocorrido nos dias 23, 24 e 25 de setembro de 2016, na cidade de Fortaleza.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e oftalmol&#243;gica</title>
          <p>Todos os participantes foram entrevistados por um dos investigadores por meio de entrevista com question&#225;rio detalhado para avaliar dados demogr&#225;ficos, pr&#225;ticas profissionais com foco na exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o (uso de equipamentos de prote&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica, n&#250;mero de anos trabalhados, tipos de procedimentos realizados, entre outros) e doen&#231;as coexistentes.</p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o oftalmol&#243;gica foi feita por dois m&#233;dicos oftalmologistas com experi&#234;ncia na &#225;rea, pelo exame em l&#226;mpada de fenda, ap&#243;s instila&#231;&#227;o de uma a duas gotas de medica&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica ocular (mydriacyl), a qual permite a observa&#231;&#227;o total do cristalino. Os achados foram descritos e classificados de acordo com o padr&#227;o e o grau de opacidade baseados na classifica&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Lens Opacities Classification System III</italic> (LOCS III).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Essa classifica&#231;&#227;o baseia-se na avalia&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o da opacidade como catarata cortical, nuclear e subcapsular posterior, e de acordo com sua intensidade de 1 a 6.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O tamanho da amostra empregada foi por conveni&#234;ncia. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas conforme sua m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana. Para se testar a normalidade dos dados, foram utilizados o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas com teste qui-quadrado. Em casos onde mais de 20% das c&#233;lulas apresentavam valor inferior a 5 foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher (tabelas 2 x 2) ou o teste da raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a. Foi considerado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p &lt; 0,05). O programa SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)</italic> vers&#227;o 19.0 foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Um total de 278 volunt&#225;rios aceitaram participar do estudo, sendo 156 no grupo exposto (G1) e 122 no grupo n&#227;o exposto (G2). Desse total foram exclu&#237;dos 44 volunt&#225;rios do G1 e 34 do G2, totalizando 112 participantes no G1 e 88 no G2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>). A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 44,95 &#177; 10,23 anos no G1 e 48,07 &#177; 12,18 anos no G2, esse &#250;ltimo apresentando a idade significantemente mais elevada que o G1 (p = 0,0264). Os dados s&#243;cio demogr&#225;ficos est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma do estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0392-90028-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados s&#243;cio demogr&#225;ficos dos volunt&#225;rios</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center">G1</th>
                <th align="center">G2</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Idade (m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">44,95 (&#177;10,23)</td>
                <td align="center">48,07 (&#177;12,18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Faixa et&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 36</td>
                <td align="center">28 (21,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (20,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">36-45</td>
                <td align="center">45 (35,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (15,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">46-55</td>
                <td align="center">37 (32,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (33%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">56-65</td>
                <td align="center">10 (8,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (25%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">&gt; 66</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">G&#234;nero</td>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">24 (21,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (15,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">88 (78,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (84,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Regi&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Centro-oeste</td>
                <td align="center">7 (6,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (11,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Norte</td>
                <td align="center">6 (5,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Nordeste</td>
                <td align="center">20 (18,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (25%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sul</td>
                <td align="center">11 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (12,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Sudeste</td>
                <td align="center">66 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (45,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Profiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Enfermeiro</td>
                <td align="center">21 (18,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dico</td>
                <td align="center">85 (75,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (85,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">T&#233;cnico ou auxiliar de enfermagem</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (12,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">T&#233;cnico ou tecn&#243;logo</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Total de profissionais</td>
                <td align="center">112</td>
                <td align="center">88</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto ao achado oftalmol&#243;gico, 37 volunt&#225;rios (33%) no G1 e somente 14 no G2 (16%) apresentavam algum grau de opacidade (p = 0,0058). Quando separados pelo tipo de achado, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em catarata cortical, com 15 achados no G1 (13%) e 8 no G2 (9%) (p = 0,3438). Entretanto, quando comparamos o achado do tipo SCP, 14 volunt&#225;rios apresentaram-na no G1 (13%), enquanto somente 02 participantes no G2 a t&#234;m (2%), com um p = 0,0081. Opacidade em cortical + subcapsular foi encontrada em 28 volunt&#225;rios no G1 (25%) e em 10 no G2 (11%) (p=0,0147).</p>
        <p>Ao separarmos por categoria profissional, a m&#233;dia de idade foi de 46,76 &#177; 9,99 anos nos CIs e de 48,75 &#177; 12,32 anos para o grupo controle, sem diferen&#231;a entre os dois grupos (p = 0,1358). Trinta e dois CIs (ou seja, 38% da amostra) apresentaram algum tipo de altera&#231;&#227;o, enquanto 11 CCs tinham algum achado (15%) (p = 0,0011). A catarata SCP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>) foi encontrada em 11 CIs (13%) e em somente 02 CCs (3%) (p=0,0176). A presen&#231;a de catarata cortical e catarata subcapsular foi encontrada em 28% dos CIs (24 achados) e em 9% no grupo cl&#237;nico (07 achados) (p = 0,0025). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante na presen&#231;a da catarata do tipo cortical (15% versus 7%, p = 0,0848).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Catarata subcapsular em jovem cardiologista intervencionista.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0392-90028-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>No grupo exposto n&#227;o m&#233;dicos, 5 participantes apresentaram algum grau de opacidade (18%), tamb&#233;m detectado em 03 participantes do grupo controle (23%), n&#227;o m&#233;dicos (p=0,7357). A catarata subcapsular nos profissionais n&#227;o m&#233;dicos foi encontrada em 03 participantes no grupo exposto e n&#227;o foi encontrada no grupo controle (p = 0,2114).</p>
        <p>Quanto ao olho acometido, o lado esquerdo apresentou mais achados, estando a catarata do tipo subcapsular presente em 50% dos indiv&#237;duos expostos, enquanto que o lado direito foi acometido em 14%. Ambos os olhos foram acometidos em 36% das vezes. A catarata do tipo cortical tamb&#233;m acometeu mais frequentemente o olho esquerdo do grupo exposto (46%), enquanto que o olho direito foi acometido em 27% dos casos. Ambos representam 27% dos casos.</p>
        <p>No grupo controle, n&#227;o houve predomin&#226;ncia de olho acometido, com frequ&#234;ncia similar em ambos os olhos, bem como do tipo - cortical e subcapsular - presentes bilateralmente (60%).</p>
        <p>Entre os CIs, a maioria relatou realizar mensalmente 50 procedimentos (38,1%) e entre 50-100 (43,7%) procedimentos. Desses, 81,7% informaram que realizavam os procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos em at&#233; 30 min, utilizando de 4 a 6 p (46,5%) com 15 quadros por segundo (70,9%). No caso dos procedimentos terap&#234;uticos, 66,1% relataram que os procedimentos podiam durar entre 30 e 60 min, com uso descont&#237;nuo de radia&#231;&#227;o X.</p>
        <p>O n&#250;mero de anos de trabalho na especialidade n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significante como fator determinante para a maior propor&#231;&#227;o de achados de opacidades; 62% dos profissionais entrevistados relataram ter menos de 20 anos de atividade profissional e, entre esses, a metade relatou ter entre 5 e 10 anos de atua&#231;&#227;o na especialidade. Embora n&#227;o tenhamos detectado a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o dano e o tempo de experi&#234;ncia do profissional, &#233; fato que esse possa ocorrer de forma precoce em profissionais com menor tempo de atividade na &#225;rea. Isso refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia do uso dos dispositivos de prote&#231;&#227;o individuais e coletivos.</p>
        <p>Os resultados relativos ao uso dos dispositivos de prote&#231;&#227;o pessoal e coletivo obtidos dos relatos dos profissionais m&#233;dicos est&#227;o representados nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figuras 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequ&#234;ncia (%) do uso da prote&#231;&#227;o lateral da mesa de exame pelos m&#233;dicos (n = xx).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0392-90028-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequ&#234;ncia (%) do uso dos &#243;culos plumb&#237;feros pelos m&#233;dicos (n = xx)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0392-90028-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequ&#234;ncia do uso do anteparo plumb&#237;fero suspenso pelos m&#233;dicos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-04-0392-90028-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de &#243;culos plumb&#237;fero (com e sem prote&#231;&#227;o lateral), 40% dos volunt&#225;rios do grupo exposto relataram utiliz&#225;-lo de forma rotineira, mas esse resultado n&#227;o se correlacionou de maneira estatisticamente significativa com a propor&#231;&#227;o de achados de opacidade. O mesmo se observou com rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso rotineiro do anteparo plumb&#237;fero suspenso relatado por cerca de 30% dos profissionais. Esses baixos &#237;ndices de ades&#227;o ao uso rotineiro dos dispositivos de prote&#231;&#227;o foram justificados pelos motivos representados graficamente (Figuras 1-3), tais como: desconforto ergon&#244;mico, indisponibilidade do dispositivo de prote&#231;&#227;o, entre outros.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>CIs e demais profissionais que atuam na &#225;rea de hemodin&#226;mica trabalham rotineiramente sob radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante, e consequentemente est&#227;o mais propensos aos efeitos delet&#233;rios desta exposi&#231;&#227;o. As lentes dos olhos s&#227;o um dos &#243;rg&#227;os mais sens&#237;veis &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua. Diversos estudos em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses t&#234;m demonstrado maior preval&#234;ncia de catarata nos profissionais expostos &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, estando a catarata do tipo SCP mais frequentemente relacionada &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O aumento da preval&#234;ncia precoce de catarata foi observado com o aumento das doses de radia&#231;&#227;o e relatado em estudo de revis&#227;o da literatura. Incertezas sobre exist&#234;ncia e o valor de um limiar de radia&#231;&#227;o para indu&#231;&#227;o de opacidade do cristalino ainda persistem. O per&#237;odo de lat&#234;ncia entre a irradia&#231;&#227;o e o aparecimento da opacidade &#233; incerto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O sistema de gradua&#231;&#227;o LOCS III, &#233; considerado relevante nesses tipos de estudos e vem sendo utilizado por propiciar comparabilidade entre dados recentes obtidos com indiv&#237;duos expostos ocupacionalmente e com sobreviventes da bomba at&#244;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No Brasil, onde a cardiologia intervencionista tem desempenhado papel de destaque internacional, n&#227;o h&#225; estudo sobre a preval&#234;ncia de catarata nos seus profissionais, ou mesmo nas diversas aplica&#231;&#245;es da radiologia intervencionista. O presente estudo tem por objetivo suprir esta lacuna, trazendo informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o tema no territ&#243;rio nacional.</p>
        <p>Os resultados encontrados demonstram que os profissionais que atuam na &#225;rea de cardiologia intervencionista apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es no cristalino com diferen&#231;a significante comparada ao grupo n&#227;o exposto (p = 0,0058), a despeito do grupo de profissionais n&#227;o expostos ter m&#233;dia de idade mais elevada. O achado de catarata do tipo subcapsular foi significativamente mais frequente (p = 0,0081) no grupo exposto em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, confirmando os resultados de outros estudos publicados anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os demais tipos de catarata (cortical e nuclear), quando analisados separadamente, n&#227;o foram prevalentes no grupo exposto, corroborando resultados de estudos pr&#233;vios publicados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> J&#225; a associa&#231;&#227;o da catarata subcapsular + cortical foi mais prevalente no grupo exposto que o grupo controle.</p>
        <p>Os resultados mostraram predomin&#226;ncia de catarata no olho esquerdo dos profissionais. Esse resultado foi relatado em outros estudos que demonstraram que, em procedimentos intervencionistas, o lado esquerdo do cr&#226;nio recebe mais radia&#231;&#227;o comparada ao lado direito, explicada pelo posicionamento do profissional durante sua realiza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quando separamos por categoria profissional, torna-se mais evidente a preval&#234;ncia de qualquer tipo de opacidade do cristalino no grupo exposto, sendo encontrado em 38% dos CIs, comparativamente &#224; frequ&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 15% nos m&#233;dicos cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o expostos &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o. A catarata SCP, opacidade relacionada &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o, foi encontrada em 13% dos CIs e em somente 3% dos m&#233;dicos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        <p>Elmaraezy et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> em uma metan&#225;lise recentemente publicada sobre o tema, encontraram uma preval&#234;ncia de qualquer tipo de catarata de 36% nos CIs, resultado semelhante ao nosso estudo. Neste mesmo trabalho, todos os estudos que compunham a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica apresentaram preval&#234;ncia significativa de catarata do tipo sub capsular nos CIs, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a quanto a preval&#234;ncia de opacidade do tipo cortical e nuclear.</p>
        <p>No estudo franc&#234;s O'CLOC study (Occupational Cataracts and Lens Opacities in Interventional Cardiology), Jacob et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> encontraram uma preval&#234;ncia de 17% de opacidade do tipo SCP nos CIs e de 5% no grupo controle, dados encontrados semelhantes aos nossos. Vale salientar que nesse estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> o grupo controle era formado por profissionais n&#227;o m&#233;dicos, diferentemente do nosso estudo em que o grupo exposto m&#233;dico foi comparado a m&#233;dicos CCS, em n&#250;mero e idades semelhantes, que tinham como diferencial n&#227;o serem expostos &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante.</p>
        <p>Va&#241;&#243; et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> encontraram uma preval&#234;ncia significante de catarata do tipo SCP em m&#233;dicos, enfermeiras e t&#233;cnicos que trabalham em hemodin&#226;mica. Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o detectamos aumento estatisticamente significante de preval&#234;ncia de catarata nos profissionais n&#227;o m&#233;dicos expostos &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o quando comparados ao grupo controle. Esse resultado pode ser justificado principalmente pelo pequeno n&#250;mero de volunt&#225;rios n&#227;o m&#233;dicos (25% enfermeiras e 3% auxiliares de enfermagem), especificidades das atividades e anos de atua&#231;&#227;o destes profissionais em laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
        <p>A atividade profissional medida por anos de trabalho e o n&#250;mero de procedimentos realizados anualmente podem ser preditores de aumento de risco de dano, uma vez que tendemos a associ&#225;-los &#224; dose de radia&#231;&#227;o acumulada. Por&#233;m, deve ser considerado que o uso de dispositivos de prote&#231;&#227;o e a habilidade do profissional na execu&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos, entre outros fatores, podem modificar significativamente as doses acumuladas. Alguns pesquisadores mostram que n&#227;o h&#225; clara rela&#231;&#227;o do aparecimento da opacidade com n&#250;mero de procedimentos, como no estudo de Jacob et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> em que o n&#250;mero de procedimentos variou de 50 a 1267, com m&#233;dia de 542 &#177; 312 procedimentos/ano. Nesse estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os profissionais que utilizavam os &#243;culos plumb&#237;feros regularmente e os que usavam de forma inconsistente mostrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o do risco para a primeira condi&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m sem evid&#234;ncia estatisticamente significante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, apenas 40% dos volunt&#225;rios do grupo exposto &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o relataram utilizar de forma rotineira os &#243;culos plumb&#237;feros o que torna menor a nossa amostra de profissionais cujos olhos est&#227;o mais ou menos intensamente expostos &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disto, h&#225; vari&#225;veis entre esses grupos que dificultam associar o uso rotineiro ou inconsistente dos dispositivos de prote&#231;&#227;o com a propor&#231;&#227;o de achados de opacidade como: idade, experi&#234;ncia profissional, n&#250;mero de procedimentos, uso do anteparo suspenso, entre outros. Al&#233;m disto, n&#227;o h&#225; dados relativos &#224;s doses ocupacionais. Estudos ressaltam a import&#226;ncia da acur&#225;cia da dosimetria na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica como elemento relevante para o estudo da correla&#231;&#227;o das doses com o efeito da radia&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> No presente estudo, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estimar as doses recebidas pelos profissionais expostos. Por meio de entrevista, verificamos que somente 63,8% referem utilizar rotineiramente os dos&#237;metros pessoais sobre o avental (no t&#243;rax) para controle de doses pessoais, a despeito deste dispositivo ser a forma mais fidedigna de conhecermos as doses mensalmente acumuladas e de seu uso ser regulamentado pelas normas de prote&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica vigentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Varia&#231;&#245;es das doses pessoais registradas nos dos&#237;metros podem ajudar ao entendimento das condi&#231;&#245;es associadas ao aumento das doses e ao estabelecimento de condi&#231;&#245;es mais seguras durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos. Promover a seguran&#231;a, por meio da redu&#231;&#227;o das doses no paciente e na equipe, &#233; responsabilidade do profissional que efetua o procedimento (operador). O tempo de fluoroscopia e fluorografia (cine) deve ser gerenciado e a dose total acumulada no paciente (kerma ar) deve ser monitorada e registrada ao t&#233;rmino do exame. Para redu&#231;&#227;o das doses, adequada colima&#231;&#227;o e uso de colima&#231;&#227;o virtual s&#227;o essenciais, al&#233;m de outros fatores como o uso de amplia&#231;&#227;o virtual e ajustes geom&#233;tricos que possam afetar a distribui&#231;&#227;o da radia&#231;&#227;o espalhada. As blindagens de posicionamento ajust&#225;veis pelo operador (incluindo anteparo suspenso e faixas plumb&#237;feras posicionadas na lateral da mesa de exames) &#233; um meio relevante de redu&#231;&#227;o das doses individuais e devem ser utilizadas a despeito das altera&#231;&#245;es do posicionamento do <italic>gantry</italic> do equipamento. O uso do equipamento angiogr&#225;fico em procedimentos cardiovasculares sob aspecto da prote&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica &#233; sumarizado em recente estudo que apresenta de forma detalhada os ajustes necess&#225;rios para a minimiza&#231;&#227;o das doses para pacientes e profissionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A baixa taxa de uso dos &#243;culos, embora claramente reconhecida entre os volunt&#225;rios expostos como importante para a prote&#231;&#227;o pessoal, foi por eles justificada pelo inc&#244;modo no uso, principalmente devido ao &#8220;peso&#8221; e a &#8220;dif&#237;cil adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224; face&#8221;. Desse modo, melhorias ergon&#244;micas devem ser encorajadas para que os profissionais se adequem melhor ao uso rotineiro dos &#243;culos com prote&#231;&#227;o plumb&#237;fera.</p>
        <p>As evid&#234;ncias de opacidade precoce para fins ocupacionais t&#234;m sido debatidas na comunidade cientifica; n&#227;o obstante, o fato de os profissionais haverem recebido doses inferiores ao limite ocupacional obtido da m&#233;dia de 05 anos (20 mSv/ano) pode estar associado ao fato de n&#227;o fazerem uso rotineiro de todos os dispositivos de prote&#231;&#227;o pessoal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A despeito dos consistentes resultados encontrados, nosso estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es. H&#225; incertezas imensur&#225;veis relativas ao uso dos dispositivos de prote&#231;&#227;o individual e coletiva, uma vez que essas informa&#231;&#245;es foram adquiridas por meio de entrevistas. Contudo, apesar das incertezas associadas &#224; estimativa das doses ocupacionais por dosimetria individual, o controle efetivo dessas doses nos permite obter uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre dose efetiva e eventuais danos teciduais. Neste trabalho, essa correla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o p&#244;de ser avaliada, uma vez que n&#227;o havia informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as doses ocupacionais dos participantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente estudo permitiu detectar a exist&#234;ncia de opacidade precoce do cristalino na amostra de cardiologistas intervencionistas brasileiros que participaram do congresso da SOLACI/SBHCI, corroborando com a literatura que demonstra o potencial de danos oculares desses profissionais devido &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o ocupacional &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O question&#225;rio respondido por meio de entrevista nos permitiu coletar informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o uso presente dos dispositivos de prote&#231;&#227;o contra a radia&#231;&#227;o e verificar que devem ser estabelecidas estrat&#233;gias para refor&#231;ar a import&#226;ncia da cultura da prote&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica entre os profissionais expostos &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Unifesp/EPM sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 1.550.372. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>A todos os presentes nos congressos da SOLACI e SBC 2016 que aceitaram participar de forma volunt&#225;ria.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
