<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3Km4pVmnqVYf5GwJNFDb87g</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000400390</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190051</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Biomarker-based Inflammatory Score in Obese Patients with Resistant Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9490-7997</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Cibele Isaac Saad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Cibele Isaac Saad Rodrigues,</bold> Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de S&#227;o Paulo - Medicina - Rua Gr&#233;cio Scudeler, 61. Postal code 18048-006, Sorocaba, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cibele.sr@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>390</fpage>
      <lpage>391</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension/adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>CitoKyines</kwd>
        <kwd>AdipoKynes</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers, Pharmacological</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Resistant arterial hypertension (RAH) is defined, according to the American Heart Association Scientific Position of 2018,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> as well as observed in the I Brazilian Position of RAH in 2012,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> when an individual's blood pressure (BP) remains elevated above the blood pressure target, in spite of the use of three antihypertensive drugs of different therapeutic classes, commonly a long-acting dihydropyridine slow-calcium-channel antagonist drug; a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blocker, which may be an angiotensin II converting-enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II AT<sub>1</sub> receptor blocker; and an appropriate diuretic, all administered at the maximum doses or at the highest possible tolerated doses, and in accordance with the prescribed administration intervals. These patients are considered to be at greater risk of cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> more likely to have adverse events in response to drug therapy, usually dose-related; a secondary cause of hypertension should be ruled out in this group of individuals, because its prevalence is significantly higher than in the nonresistant hypertensive population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The controlled RAH is also currently recognized as that in which patients using four or more medications reached the blood pressure target; and refractory AH, an entity that has a different pathophysiology from RAH, when even the four drugs are not enough to control it.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> According to this new classification, patients with pseudohypertension should be excluded, that is, it is mandatory for diagnostic confirmation to verify adherence and tolerance to medication; to rule out white-coat hypertension; and thus, it is crucial to perform systematized blood pressure measurements outside the office environment through Ambulatory BP Monitoring (ABPM) or Home BP Measurement (HBPM); and finally, the use of a correct and reliable BP measurement technique.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Even in primary AH, the existence of a systemic inflammatory process, albeit a subclinical one, is recognized and this condition has been identified with higher intensity in cardiovascular and renal diseases, such as RAH and chronic kidney disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Specifically in the case of RAH, which is a multifactorial and polygenic entity, often associated with metabolic diseases that occur with insulin resistance, such as diabetes and obesity, inflammatory processes promoted by mediators may be involved, leading to the important endothelial dysfunction of the microvasculature and increased oxidative stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Biomarkers, in turn, are quantifiable characteristics of the biological processes that can be measured with accuracy and reproducibility and may or may not correlate with clinical symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In recent years, the search for these mediators that may be involved in the prediction, initiation, development, diagnosis, progression and follow-up of AH therapeutic efficacy has been intense and of great value, as the amount of knowledge increases.</p>
    <p>Even in Brazil, a recent study has shown that patients with severe and uncontrolled AH have associated microvascular dysfunction, as well as high levels of C-reactive protein and endothelin (in patients not using statins).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The article, "<italic>A Proposed Inflammatory Score of Circulating Cytokines/Adipokines Associated with Resistant Hypertension, but Dependent on Obesity Parameters</italic>" published in this issue,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> brings good news about the role of inflammatory cytokines and adipokines (TNF-&#945;, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, leptin and adiponectin) that may be implicated in the pathophysiology of RAH. Based on the measurement of these biomarkers, it was possible to construct an inflammatory score that correlated more with the presence of overweight and obesity than with hypertension itself. The reason for these findings is possibly the production of these substances by the visceral adipose tissue, which becomes resistant to insulin and leptin causing immune responses that, in turn, activate inflammatory, prothrombotic and vasoconstriction cascades with sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity, sodium retention and RAAS activation, thus, occurring simultaneously with AH treatment resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The interest in the measurement of biomarkers can be very useful to understand all the variables of the hypertension phenomenon, particularly regarding its pathogenesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It should be considered, however, that these measurements are not yet routinely available in clinical practice, not even in specialized AH centers, as they are expensive, have their use still restricted to research; have not been tested yet in a large scale survey from an epidemiological point of view; and require technical expertise so that their results are reliable. Understanding their roles, degrees of accuracy and reproducibility, as well as the correlation with cardiovascular and renal outcomes, is a task that still depends on future studies.</p>
    <p>Despite the aforementioned difficulties, one can say we are moving towards the measurement of these biomarkers in a systematic way, as they gain more credibility and availability. Based on that, the construction of scores can help in the detection of situations of incipient inflammation, where it would be possible to perform early risk stratification with consequent timely interventions.</p>
    <p>Therefore, it is expected we can better understand the pathophysiology of resistant hypertension in the presence of obesity and the biological phenomena that culminate in oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial microvascular dysfunction. The study published in this issue contributes qualitatively to this understanding.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial relate to the article: Proposed Inflammatory Score of Circulating Cytokines/Adipokines Associated with Resistant Hypertension, but Dependent on Obesity Parameters</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Carey RM, Calhoun DA, Bakris GL, Brook RD, Daugherty SL Dennison-Himmelfarb CR, et al. Resistant hypertension: detection, evaluation, and management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2018;72(5):e53-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carey</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calhoun</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bakris</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brook</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daugherty</surname>
              <given-names>RDSL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dennison-Himmelfarb</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resistant hypertension: detection, evaluation, and management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>e53</fpage>
          <lpage>e90</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Alessi A, Brand&#227;o AA, Coca A, Cordeiro AC, Nogueira AR, Feitosa AM, et al.. First brazilian position on resistant hypertension. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; 99(1):576-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alessi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coca</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nogueira</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feitosa</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>First brazilian position on resistant hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>576</fpage>
          <lpage>585</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Daugherty SL, Powers JD, Magid DJ, Tavel HM, Masoudi FA, Margolis KL, et al. Incidence and prognosis of resistant hypertension in hypertensive patients. Circulation. 2012;125(13):1635-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Daugherty</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Powers</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magid</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavel</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masoudi</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Margolis</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidence and prognosis of resistant hypertension in hypertensive patients</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>125</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1635</fpage>
          <lpage>1642</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Muxfeldt ES, Chedier B, Rodrigues CIS. Resistant and refractory hypertension: two sides of the same disease? J Bras Nefrol. 2018 Dec 6. Pii:S0101- 28002018005045101.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Muxfeldt</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chedier</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>CIS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resistant and refractory hypertension: two sides of the same disease?</article-title>
          <source>J Bras Nefrol</source>
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pii">S0101-28002018005045101</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Sheppard JP, Martin U, MacManus RJ. Diagnosis and management of resistant hypertension. Heart. 2017;103(16):1295-302.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sheppard</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>MacManus</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnosis and management of resistant hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1295</fpage>
          <lpage>1302</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 de la Sierra A, Larrousse M. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with increased levels of biomarkers in essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2010;24(6):373-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>de la Sierra</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larrousse</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Endothelial dysfunction is associated with increased levels of biomarkers in essential hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Hum Hypertens</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>373</fpage>
          <lpage>379</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Shere A, Eletta O, Goyal H. Circulating blood biomarkers in essential hypertension: a literature review. J Lab Precis Med. 2017;2:99.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shere</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eletta</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goyal</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Circulating blood biomarkers in essential hypertension: a literature review</article-title>
          <source>J Lab Precis Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <fpage>99</fpage>
          <lpage>99</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Strimbu K, Tavel JA. What are biomarkers? Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2010;5(6):463-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Strimbu</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavel</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>What are biomarkers</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin HIV AIDS</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>463</fpage>
          <lpage>466</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Junqueira CLC, Magalh&#227;es MEC, Brand&#227;o AA, Ferreira E, Cyrino FZGA, Maranh&#227;o PA, et al. Microcirculation and biomarkers in patients with resistant or mild-to-moderate hypertension: a cross-sectional study. Hypertens Res. 2018;41(7):515-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Junqueira</surname>
              <given-names>CLC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>MEC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cyrino</surname>
              <given-names>FZGA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maranh&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Microcirculation and biomarkers in patients with resistant or mild-to-moderate hypertension: a cross-sectional study</article-title>
          <source>Hypertens Res</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>515</fpage>
          <lpage>523</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 de Faria APC, Ritter AMV, Gasparetti CS, et al. Proposta de um Escore Inflamat&#243;rio de Citocinas e Adipocinas Plasm&#225;ticas Associado &#224; Hipertens&#227;o Resistente, mas Dependente de Par&#226;metros de Obesidade. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019; 112(4):383-389.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>de Faria</surname>
              <given-names>APC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ritter</surname>
              <given-names>AMV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gasparetti</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Proposta de um Escore Inflamat&#243;rio de Citocinas e Adipocinas Plasm&#225;ticas Associado &#224; Hipertens&#227;o Resistente, mas Dependente de Par&#226;metros de Obesidade</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>383</fpage>
          <lpage>389</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Chaudhary K, Buddinemi JP, Nistala R, Whaley-Connell A.. Resistant hypertension in the high-risk metabolic patient. Curr Diab Rep. 2011;11(1):41-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chaudhary</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buddinemi</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nistala</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whaley-Connell</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resistant hypertension in the high-risk metabolic patient</article-title>
          <source>Curr Diab Rep</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>41</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 DeMarco VG, Arooor AR, Sowers JR. The pathophysiology of hypertension in patients with obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014;10(6):364-76.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>DeMarco</surname>
              <given-names>VG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arooor</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sowers</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The pathophysiology of hypertension in patients with obesity</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>364</fpage>
          <lpage>376</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Escore Inflamat&#243;rio a partir de Biomarcadores na Hipertens&#227;o Resistente de Obesos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9490-7997</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Cibele Isaac Saad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Cibele Isaac Saad Rodrigues,</bold> Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de S&#227;o Paulo - Medicina - Rua Gr&#233;cio Scudeler, 61. CEP 18048-006, Sorocaba, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>cibele.sr@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>Citocinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Adipocinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores Farmacol&#243;gicos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente (HAR) &#233;, segundo o Posicionamento Cient&#237;fico da American Heart Association (AHA) realizado em 2018,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> bem como observado no I Posicionamento Brasileiro de HAR em 2012,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> quando a press&#227;o arterial (PA) de um indiv&#237;duo permanece elevada acima da meta press&#243;rica, apesar da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s medicamentos anti-hipertensivos de diferentes classes terap&#234;uticas, comumente um antagonista de canais lentos de c&#225;lcio di-idropirid&#237;nico de longa dura&#231;&#227;o; um bloqueador do sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona (SRAA), que pode ser um inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina II ou bloqueador dos receptores AT<sub>1</sub> da angiotensina II) e; um diur&#233;tico apropriado, todos administrados em doses m&#225;ximas ou nas maiores doses poss&#237;veis toleradas, e respeitados os intervalos de administra&#231;&#227;o prescritos. Estes pacientes s&#227;o considerados de maior risco para morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular e renal;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> mais propensos a apresentar eventos adversos em resposta a terapia medicamentosa, geralmente dose relacionados; e &#233; neste grupo de indiv&#237;duos que se deve afastar uma causa secund&#225;ria de hipertens&#227;o porque sua preval&#234;ncia &#233; significantemente maior que na popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos n&#227;o resistentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Reconhece-se ainda, atualmente, a HAR controlada, como sendo aquela em que pacientes utilizando quatro ou mais medica&#231;&#245;es encontram-se na meta press&#243;rica; e a HA refrat&#225;ria, entidade com fisiopatologia diversa da HAR, quando mesmo quatro medicamentos n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientes para o controle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Nesta nova classifica&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes com pseudo-hipertens&#227;o devem ser exclu&#237;dos, ou seja, &#233; obrigat&#243;ria para confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica checar ader&#234;ncia e toler&#226;ncia &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o; afastar HA do avental branco, portanto &#233; imperiosa a realiza&#231;&#227;o de medidas press&#243;ricas sistematizadas fora do ambiente de consult&#243;rio por meio da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) ou medida residencial da press&#227;o arterial (MRPA); e, finalmente, utiliza&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnica de medida da PA correta e confi&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Mesmo na HA prim&#225;ria &#233; reconhecida a exist&#234;ncia de processo inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico, ainda que subcl&#237;nico, sendo que esta condi&#231;&#227;o tem sido identificada em maior intensidade em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e renais como a HAR e a doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Especificamente no caso da HAR, que &#233; uma entidade de etiologia multifatorial e polig&#234;nica, frequentemente associada a doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas que cursam com resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica como diabetes e obesidade, processos inflamat&#243;rios propiciados por mediadores podem estar envolvidos levando &#224; importante disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial da microvasculatura e aumento do estresse oxidativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Biomarcadores, por sua vez, s&#227;o caracter&#237;sticas quantific&#225;veis dos processos biol&#243;gicos, que podem ser medidos com acur&#225;cia e reprodutibilidade, podendo ou n&#227;o se correlacionar &#224; sintomatologia cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, a busca por esses mediadores que pudessem estar envolvidos na predi&#231;&#227;o, in&#237;cio, desenvolvimento, diagn&#243;stico, progress&#227;o e acompanhamento da efic&#225;cia terap&#234;utica da HA tem sido intensa e de grande valor, a medida que se progride em conhecimento. Mesmo no Brasil, recentemente, uma pesquisa mostrou que pacientes portadores de HA grave e sem controle, apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular associada, bem como n&#237;veis elevados de prote&#237;na C reativa e endotelina (naqueles pacientes sem uso de estatina).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O artigo Proposta de um Escore Inflamat&#243;rio de Citocinas e Adipocinas Plasm&#225;ticas Associado &#224; Hipertens&#227;o Resistente, mas Dependente dos Par&#226;metros de Obesidade publicado neste volume,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> traz not&#237;cias promissoras quanto ao papel de citocinas e adipocinas inflamat&#243;rias (TNF-&#945;, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, leptina e adiponectina) que possam estar implicadas na fisiopatologia da HAR. A partir da dosagem desses biomarcadores, foi poss&#237;vel construir um escore inflamat&#243;rio que se correlacionou mais com a presen&#231;a de sobrepeso e obesidade do que da pr&#243;pria hipertens&#227;o. A raz&#227;o para esses achados &#233; possivelmente a produ&#231;&#227;o destas subst&#226;ncias pelo tecido adiposo visceral que se torna resistente &#224; insulina e leptina provocando respostas imunes que, por sua vez, ativam cascatas inflamat&#243;rias, pr&#243;-tromb&#243;ticas e vasoconstritoras com hiperatividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, reten&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio e ativa&#231;&#227;o do SRAA e, assim, cursando com resist&#234;ncia ao tratamento da HA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O interesse na dosagem de biomarcadores pode ser de grande utilidade na compreens&#227;o de todas as vari&#225;veis do fen&#244;meno hipertensivo, particularmente em sua patog&#234;nese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Deve-se ponderar, no entanto, que esta dosagem ainda n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de forma rotineira, nem sequer nos centros especializados em HA; apresentam custos proibitivos; tem seu uso ainda restrito a pesquisas; ainda n&#227;o foram testados em larga escala do ponto de vista epidemiol&#243;gico e; necessitam de expertise t&#233;cnica para que seus resultados sejam fidedignos. Compreender seus pap&#233;is, graus de acur&#225;cia e reprodutibilidade, bem como correla&#231;&#227;o com desfechos cardiovasculares e renais &#233; tarefa que ainda depender&#225; de estudos futuros.</p>
      <p>Apesar das dificuldades expostas, podemos afirmar que estamos nos encaminhando para a dosagem desses biomarcadores de forma sistem&#225;tica a medida que ganhem credibilidade e disponibilidade. A partir disso, a constru&#231;&#227;o de escores podem auxiliar na detec&#231;&#227;o de situa&#231;&#245;es de inflama&#231;&#227;o incipiente em que se poderia atuar precocemente na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco com consequentes interven&#231;&#245;es tempestivas.</p>
      <p>Espera-se assim que, com brevidade, possamos entender melhor a fisiopatogenia da hipertens&#227;o resistente na presen&#231;a de obesidade e os fen&#244;menos biol&#243;gicos que culminam em estresse oxidativo, inflama&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular endotelial. A pesquisa publicada neste n&#250;mero colabora qualitativamente para esta compreens&#227;o.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Proposta de um Escore Inflamat&#243;rio de Citocinas e Adipocinas Plasm&#225;ticas Associado &#224; Hipertens&#227;o Resistente, mas Dependente dos Par&#226;metros de Obesidade</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
