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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">V7XLCD3pGZtsLGGrjxQFRPz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000400381</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190025</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Alterations Resulting From Exposure to Mercury in Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1865-0207</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pagan</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Urbano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4829-9606</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cezar</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Diarcadia Mariano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damatto</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Botucatu</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e Agr&#225;rias de Itapeva</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Itapeva</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e Agr&#225;rias de Itapeva (FAIT), Itapeva, SP - Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luana Urbano Pagan,</bold> Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu - Av. Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, s/n. Postal Code 18618-687, Botucatu, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>luanapagan@alunos.fmb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>381</fpage>
      <lpage>382</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Mercury Poisoning</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Mercury is a chemical element still widely used in industrial processes and present in many appliances used daily by the population. However, mercury can be extremely toxic to our body and lead to the development of several diseases such as blindness, deafness, intellectual disability, paralysis, cancer, renal dysfunction, and it can also induce cardiac alterations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Studies have shown that exposure to mercury can cause changes in the cardiovascular system, such as systemic arterial hypertension, coronary dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmia, and increase the risk of myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In humans, high blood mercury levels were correlated with increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Mercury interference can also be observed in several enzymatic, amino acid and antioxidant reactions (N-acetyl-L-cysteine, alpha-lipoic acid, L-glutathione), reducing oxidative defense and increasing free radicals with consequent increase of oxidative stress. It is also possible that mercury may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, causing glutathione depletion and rise on lipid peroxidation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The study by Vassallo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> investigated if the chronic exposure to inorganic mercury increases the activity of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and its relation with oxidative stress in various organs and tissues from hypertensive and normotensive rats. Few studies have evaluated the chronic effects of low doses of inorganic mercury on the ACE activity in organs and tissues of normotensive and hypertensive animals. </p>
    <p>The experimental model used by the author was the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), which exhibits hypertension similar to human hypertension and has been widely used in several studies for analysis of cardiovascular and biochemical alterations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The hemodynamic evaluation performed in the study by Vassallo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> showed that chronic exposure to mercury increased blood pressure in hypertensive animals and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in normotensive animals. The biometry of the animals demonstrates that hypertensive rats have lower body weight than normotensive animals, data similar to those are found in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The ratio of the brain and lungs normalized by body weight have significantly higher values in hypertensive animals. The weight ratio of the lungs normalized by body weight has been used as a marker of heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> However, exposure to mercury did not cause biometric changes, except for those resulting from the hypertension factor.</p>
    <p>Another interesting result shown by Vassallo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> was that the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in normotensive animals treated with mercury had higher values in the plasma and the heart, and reduction was reduced in the kidneys. In hypertensive animals treated with mercury, the MDA concentration values are increased in the heart and aorta, and they are reduced in the lungs, brain and kidneys.</p>
    <p>The ACE activity in Wistar animals treated with mercury presented higher values only in plasma and heart. Hypertensive animals treated with mercury presented higher values only in plasma and reduced values in the heart, aorta, lungs, brain and kidneys.</p>
    <p>Therefore, exposure to mercury caused more significant changes in ACE activity and oxidative stress in SHR rats, determining specific alterations in each organ evaluated and representing a cardiovascular risk factor. The treatment of the animals with mercury exhibited at the end of the experimental period levels similar to those observed in humans exposed to the metal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
		</p>
    <p>However, some questions related to the changes in ACE activity and oxidative stress caused by exposure to mercury are still unclear. More studies are needed to clarify, for example, whether mercury exposure could inhibit ACE activity in situations where it is already elevated, or whether preexisting cardiovascular disease would be aggravated by exposure to mercury.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Effects of Chronic Exposure to Mercury on Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Activity and Oxidative Stress in Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serum levels of lead, mercury and cadmium in relation to coronary artery disease in the elderly: a cross-sectional study</article-title>
          <source>Chemosphere</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <month>08</month>
          <volume>180</volume>
          <fpage>540</fpage>
          <lpage>544</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Altera&#231;&#245;es Decorrentes da Exposi&#231;&#227;o ao Merc&#250;rio em Ratos Normotensos e Hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1865-0207</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pagan</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Urbano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4829-9606</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cezar</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Diarcadia Mariano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damatto</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e Agr&#225;rias de Itapeva (FAIT), Itapeva, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luana Urbano Pagan,</bold> Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu - Av. Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, s/n. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>luanapagan@alunos.fmb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Intoxica&#231;&#227;o por Merc&#250;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Pepidil Dipeptidase A</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O merc&#250;rio &#233; um elemento qu&#237;mico ainda muito utilizado nos processos industriais e presente em diversos equipamentos utilizados diariamente pela popula&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, o merc&#250;rio pode ser extremamente t&#243;xico para o nosso organismo e ser respons&#225;vel pelo desenvolvimento de diversas doen&#231;as, tais como: cegueira, surdez, retardo mental, paralisia, c&#226;ncer, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, al&#233;m de induzir altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Estudos mostram que a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao merc&#250;rio pode causar altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema cardiovascular, como a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, disfun&#231;&#227;o coronariana, arritmia card&#237;aca e aumentar o risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Em humanos, os n&#237;veis elevados de merc&#250;rio no sangue, foram correlacionados com o aumento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A interfer&#234;ncia do merc&#250;rio tamb&#233;m pode ser observada em diversas rea&#231;&#245;es enzim&#225;ticas, de amino&#225;cidos e de antioxidantes (N-acetil-L-ciste&#237;na, &#225;cido alfa-lip&#243;ico, L-glutationa), gerando diminui&#231;&#227;o da defesa oxidante e aumento de radicais livres com consequente aumento do estresse oxidativo. &#201; poss&#237;vel ainda que o merc&#250;rio leve a disfun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial, causando deple&#231;&#227;o da glutationa e aumento da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O estudo de Vassallo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> investigou se a exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ao merc&#250;rio inorg&#226;nico aumenta a atividade da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o estresse oxidativo em v&#225;rios &#243;rg&#227;os e tecidos em ratos hipertensos e normotensos. Poucos estudos avaliaram efeitos cr&#244;nicos de baixas doses de merc&#250;rio inorg&#226;nico sobre a atividade da ECA em &#243;rg&#227;os e tecidos de animais normotensos e hipertensos.</p>
      <p>O modelo experimental utilizado pelo autor foi o rato espontaneamente hipertenso (SHR), que apresenta hipertens&#227;o semelhante a humana e vem sendo usado em diversos estudos para an&#225;lises de altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e bioqu&#237;micas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, realizada no estudo de Vassallo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> apontou que a exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ao merc&#250;rio elevou a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea nos animais hipertensos e press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo nos animais normotensos. A biometria dos animais evidencia que os ratos hipertensos apresentam menor peso corporal que os animais normotensos, dados semelhantes aos encontrados na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> As rela&#231;&#245;es do c&#233;rebro e pulm&#245;es normalizados pelo peso corporal apresentam valores significativamente maiores nos animais hipertensos. A rela&#231;&#227;o peso dos pulm&#245;es normalizado pelo peso corporal tem sido utilizada como marcador de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> No entanto, a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao merc&#250;rio n&#227;o causou altera&#231;&#245;es biom&#233;tricas, exceto, as decorrentes do fator hipertens&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Outro resultado interessante mostrado por Vassallo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> foi que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de malondialde&#237;do (MDA) nos animais normotensos, tratados com merc&#250;rio, apresentou maiores valores no plasma e cora&#231;&#227;o, e redu&#231;&#227;o nos rins. Nos hipertensos, tratados com merc&#250;rio, os valores de concentra&#231;&#227;o de MDA est&#227;o aumentados no cora&#231;&#227;o e aorta, e reduzidos nos pulm&#245;es, c&#233;rebro e rins.</p>
      <p>A atividade da ECA nos animais Wistar, tratados com merc&#250;rio, apresentou maiores valores no plasma e cora&#231;&#227;o. Os animais hipertensos, tratados com merc&#250;rio, apresentaram maiores valores somente no plasma, e reduzidos no cora&#231;&#227;o, aorta, pulm&#245;es, c&#233;rebro e rins.</p>
      <p>Portanto, a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao merc&#250;rio causou mudan&#231;as mais expressivas da atividade da ECA e de estresse oxidativo nos ratos SHR, apresentando altera&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas em cada &#243;rg&#227;o avaliado e representa um fator de risco cardiovascular. O tratamento dos animais com merc&#250;rio apresentou ao final do per&#237;odo experimental n&#237;veis semelhantes aos observados em humanos expostos ao metal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Todavia, algumas quest&#245;es sobre as altera&#231;&#245;es na atividade da ECA e do estresse oxidativo causadas pela exposi&#231;&#227;o ao merc&#250;rio ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o claras. &#201; necess&#225;rio que sejam feitos mais estudos para esclarecer, por exemplo, se a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao merc&#250;rio poderia inibir a atividade da ECA em situa&#231;&#245;es em que j&#225; se encontra aumentada, ou se uma doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;-existente seria agravada pela exposi&#231;&#227;o ao merc&#250;rio.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Efeitos da Exposi&#231;&#227;o Cr&#244;nica ao Merc&#250;rio sobre a Atividade da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina e Estresse Oxidativo em Ratos Normotensos e Hipertensos</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
