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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">gwr7VtF3FrK4FyJhP8yqhgw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000400374</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005022103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180271</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of Chronic Exposure to Mercury on Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Activity and Oxidative Stress in Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vassallo</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Valentim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1395-3938</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Maylla Ronacher</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giuberti</surname>
            <given-names>Karina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio Faustino</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salaices</surname>
            <given-names>Mercedes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stefanon</surname>
            <given-names>Ivanita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Vit&#243;ria</city>
          <state>ES</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas - Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo,Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Vit&#243;ria</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Vit&#243;ria</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Vit&#243;ria</city>
          <state>ES</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Vit&#243;ria - Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Vit&#243;ria (EMESCAM), Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Aut&#244;noma de Madri</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Espanha Instituto de Investigaci&#243;n Sanit&#225;ria Hospital La Paz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Farmacologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Madri</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Farmacologia - Universidade Aut&#244;noma de Madri - Espanha Instituto de Investigaci&#243;n Sanit&#225;ria Hospital La Paz, Madri - Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">CIBER de Enfermidades Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Madri</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">CIBER de Enfermidades Cardiovasculares, Madri - Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Maylla Ronacher Sim&#245;es &#8226;</bold> Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas - Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo - Av. Marechal Campos, 1468. Postal Code 29043-900, Maru&#237;pe, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil E-mail: <email>yllars@hotmail.com</email>, <email>mayllaronacher@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Vassallo DV, Sim&#245;es MR, Giuberti K, Stefanon I; acquisition of data: Giuberti K, Azevedo BF, Ribeiro Junior RF; analysis and interpretation of the data and statistical analysis: Vassallo DV, Sim&#245;es MR, Giuberti K, Azevedo BF, Ribeiro Junior RF, Salaices M, Stefanon I; obtaining funding: Vassallo DV, Salaices M; writing of the manuscript: Vassallo DV, Sim&#245;es MR; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Vassallo DV, Sim&#245;es MR, Salaices M, Stefanon I.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>374</fpage>
      <lpage>380</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Mercury&#8217;s deleterious effects are associated with increased cardiovascular risk.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To determine whether chronic exposure to inorganic mercury increases the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme and its relationship with oxidative stress in several organs and tissues.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We studied male Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) (3-month-old) exposed or not to HgCl<sub>2</sub> for 30 days. At the end of treatment, we investigated the following: changes in body weight, hemodynamic parameters, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and oxidative stress in the heart, aorta, lung, brain and kidney in hypertensive compared to normotensive animals. A value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Chronic exposure to HgCl<sub>2</sub> did not affect weight gain in either group. Systolic blood pressure, measured weekly, did not increase in Wistar rats but showed a small increase in SHR rats. We also observed increases in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and ACE activity in the plasma and hearts of normotensive rats. In the SHR+Hg group, ACE activity increased in plasma but decreased in kidney, lung, heart, brain and aorta. Oxidative stress was assessed indirectly by malondialdehyde (MDA) production, which increased in Hg-treated rats in both plasma and heart. In the SHR+Hg group, MDA increased in heart and aorta and decreased in lungs and brain.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>These results suggest that chronic exposure to inorganic mercury aggravates hypertension and produces more expressive changes in ACE activity and oxidative stress in SHRs. Such exposure affects the cardiovascular system, representing a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disorders in normotensive rats and worsening of pre-existing risks for hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Mercury Poisoning</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress/radiation effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPES</funding-source>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Economia e Competitividade</funding-source>
          <award-id>2016-80305-P</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by FAPES, CAPES, CNPq, Minist&#233;rio da Economia e Competitividade (SAF 2016-80305-P).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Mercury is a toxic metal that causes harmful effects on the cardiovascular system. Blood concentrations levels of 8 ng/mL are found in exposed individuals,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> which might have a relationship with hypertension development.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several reports showed that mercury induces oxidative stress and might damage several organs and systems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In addition, increased mercury exposure has been associated with cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, carotid atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Moreover, oxidative stress is reported to be an efficient mechanism for generation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and subsequently atherosclerosis;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> then, generation of advanced glycation end-products and participation of inflammatory cells take place, sustaining vascular injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>One of the main harmful actions of mercury is the generation of oxygen free radicals. NADPH oxidase activation and cyclooxygenase (COX) stimulation induced by mercury may trigger the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Moreover, in animal models chronic mercury exposure for 30 days promoted contractility dysfunction in isolated hearts as a result of decreased Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase (NKA) activity, reduction in sodium/calcium exchanger (NCX) and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) activity and increased phospholamban (PLB) expression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Although no effects on blood pressure, heart rate or left ventricular systolic pressure have been reported, mercury causes a small increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Additionally, at the vascular level, the vasoconstrictor response to phenylephrine was increased in caudal, mesenteric, coronary arteries and in the rat aorta, effects commonly related to reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and increased oxidative stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Interacting with NO, superoxide anion (O<sub>2</sub>.-) forms peroxynitrite, decreasing NO availability for smooth muscle relaxation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We reported that mercury administration increases local angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> releasing more angiotensin II that enhances the production of free radicals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> These results show that mercury pressor effects might depend on angiotensin II generation and are involved in oxidative stress generation. Previous studies showed that mercury could increase local ACE activity and oxidative stress with subsequent oxidative damage in several organs and systems,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> but the <italic>in vivo</italic> effects of mercury chronic exposure on cardiovascular activity are not yet completely understood.</p>
      <p>Moreover, investigations on mercury effects have been mainly focused on the cardiovascular systems of normotensive animals. However, little information exists about the chronic effects of low doses of inorganic mercury regarding ACE activity in organs and tissues of normotensive and hypertensive animals. To investigate such effects, increased mercury levels were induced to produce blood level concentrations similar to those of exposed individuals. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether chronic exposure to inorganic mercury increases the activity of ACE and the relationship of such exposure with oxidative stress on heart, aorta, lung, brain and kidney in hypertensive compared to normotensive animals.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>Three-month-old male normotensive Wistar rats and SHRs (spontaneously hypertensive rats) were obtained from the Federal University of Espirito Santo breeding laboratories. During treatment, rats were housed at a constant room temperature, humidity, and 12:12-h light-dark cycle. Rats had free access to tap water and were fed with standard <italic>chow ad libitum</italic>. All experiments were conducted in compliance with the guidelines for biomedical research as stated by Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal-CONCEA, and in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institute of Health. The protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee of Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Vit&#243;ria, Brazil (CEUA-EMESCAM 003/2007). Wistar rats and SHRs were divided into four groups: control Wistar rats (n = 6) and SHRs (n = 9) treated with vehicle (saline solution, <italic>im</italic>), and Wistar rats (n = 8) and SHRs (n = 9) treated with mercury chloride (HgCl<sub>2</sub>) for 30 days (1<sup>st</sup> dose 4.6 &#181;g/kg, subsequent dose 0.07 &#181;g/kg/day, <italic>im</italic> to cover daily loss). We used the model described by Wiggers et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> to reach blood level concentrations (7,97 ng/ml) similar to those of exposed individuals.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood pressure measurements</title>
        <p>Indirect systolic blood pressure was measured at both the beginning and the end of the treatment using tail-cuff plethysmography (IITC Life Science Inc.). For this measurement, conscious rats were restrained for 5-10 min in a warm and quiet room and were conditioned to numerous cuff inflation-deflation cycles by a trained operator. Subsequently, systolic blood pressure was measured, and the mean of three measurements was recorded.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hemodynamic parameter measurements</title>
        <p>At the end of treatment, control and HgCl<sub>2</sub>-treated rats (n = 26) were anaesthetized with urethane (1.2 g/kg, Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA), and the carotid artery and jugular vein were cannulated. A polyethylene catheter (PE50/<italic>Clay-Adams</italic>) filled with heparinized saline (50 U/mL) was introduced into the carotid artery to measure systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The carotid artery catheter was introduced into the left ventricle, and the jugular vein cannula was advanced into the right ventricular chamber to measure the left and right ventricular systolic pressures (LVSP and RVSP) and their positive and negative time derivatives (+dP/dt and - dP/dt, respectively) along with the left and right ventricular end-diastolic pressures (LVEDP and RVEDP). Recordings were performed over 30 min with a pressure transducer (TSD 104A-Biopac) and with an interface and software for computer data collection (MP100A, Biopac System, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, USA). Heart rate (HR) was determined in the interbeat intervals.</p>
        <p>Measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) production. Levels of MDA in plasma, heart, aorta, brain, kidney and lung were measured using a modified thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Plasma and tissue samples were mixed with 20% trichloroacetic acid in 0.6 M HCl (1:1, v/v), and tubes were kept on ice for 20 min to precipitate plasma components to avoid possible interferences. Samples were centrifuged at 1500 x g for 15 minutes before adding TBA (120 mM in Tris 260 mM, pH 7) to the supernatant in a proportion of 1:5 (v/v); then, the mixture was boiled at 97&#186;C for 30 min. Spectrophotometric measurements at 535 nm were taken at 20&#186; C.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>ACE activity assay</title>
        <p>ACE activity was measured in plasma, heart, aorta, brain, kidney and lung using a fluorometric method adapted from Friedland and Silverstein.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Briefly, triplicate tissue and plasma samples (3 &#181;L) were incubated for 15-90 minutes at 37&#186;C with 40 &#181;L of assay buffer containing the ACE substrate 5 mM Hip-His-Leu (Sigma). The reaction was stopped by the addition of 190 &#181;L of 0.35 M HCl. The generated product, His-Leu, was measured fluorometrically following 10 min of incubation with 100 &#181;L of 2% o-Phthalaldehyde in methanol. Fluorescence measurements were taken at 37&#186;C in a FLUOstar Optima plate reader (BMG Labtech, Offenburg, Germany) with 350 nm excitation and 520 nm emission filters. The fluorescence plate reader was controlled using the FLUOstar Optima Software. Black 96-Well polystyrene microplates (Biogen Cientifica, Madrid, Spain) were used. A calibration curve with ACE from the rabbit lung (Sigma) was included in each plate.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis and statistics</title>
        <p>The results are expressed as the mean &#177; SD. All parameters were tested for normality using the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Differences were analysed using one-way ANOVA, followed by a <italic>post hoc</italic> Tukey <italic>test</italic> (GraphPad Prism Software, San Diego, CA). A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>At 30 days of mercury treatment, Wistar controls, Wistar treated rats, and treated and untreated SHRs had similar body weights, although the SHRs had lower body weights when compared with Wistar rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Body Weight (BW), Brain/BW, Heart/BW, Kidney/BW, Lung/BW, Adrenals/BW, Spleen/PC and Liver/PC from HgCl<sub>2</sub>-treated and non-treated Wistar rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Wistar Control<break/>n = 6</th>
              <th align="center">Wistar HgCl<sub>2</sub>-treated<break/>n = 8</th>
              <th align="center">SHR Control<break/>n = 9</th>
              <th align="center">SHR HgCl<sub>2</sub>-treated<break/>n = 9</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body weight (BW) (g)</td>
              <td align="center">399 &#177; 58.3</td>
              <td align="center">384 &#177; 18.1</td>
              <td align="center">216 &#177; 20.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">222 &#177; 14.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brain/BW (mg/g)</td>
              <td align="center">4.58 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">4.69 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">7.48 &#177; 0.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">7.41 &#177; 0.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart/BW (mg/g)</td>
              <td align="center">3.06 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">3.43 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">3.77 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">3.81&#177; 0.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Kidney/BW (mg/g)</td>
              <td align="center">6.44 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">6.53 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">6.78 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">6.80 &#177; 0.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lung/BW (mg/g)</td>
              <td align="center">3.97 &#177; 1.5</td>
              <td align="center">4.53 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">6.48 &#177; 1.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">7.91 &#177; 1.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>
              <italic>Results represent mean &#177; SD; n: number of animals used. One-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey&#8217;s.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.05 compared with the Wistar control and</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>
              <sup>&#8224;</sup>
            </label>
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.05 compared with HgCl<sub>2</sub>: treated Wistar rats.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> also shows that several organs, including the brain, heart, kidney and lungs, presented similar weights, normalized by body weight, which did not change after mercury treatment.</p>
      <p>Indirect SBP measured at day zero in awake rats showed that SHRs had a higher mean arterial pressure compared with Wistar rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). However, at the end of the treatment, mercury produced a significant increment of blood pressure only in HgCl<sub>2</sub>-treated SHR rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Values of systolic blood pressure (SBP in mmHg) measured by tail plethysmography in Wistar rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) before and after treatment for 30 days with HgCl<sub>2</sub>.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Wistar CT<break/>n = 5</th>
              <th align="center">Wistar Hg<break/>n = 5</th>
              <th align="center">SHR CT<break/>n = 5</th>
              <th align="center">SHR Hg<break/>n = 5</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP &#8211; Day 0 (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">123 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">131 &#177; 15</td>
              <td align="center">205 &#177; 15</td>
              <td align="center">198 &#177; 22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP &#8211; Day 7 (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">119 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center">132 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">221 &#177; 18</td>
              <td align="center">197 &#177; 18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP &#8211; Day 14 (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">115 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">135 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">219 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">199 &#177; 29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP &#8211; Day 21 (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">132 &#177; 17</td>
              <td align="center">142 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">200 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">199 &#177; 9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP &#8211; Day 30 (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">117 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center">143 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">220 &#177; 21</td>
              <td align="center">232 &#177; 19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05"><sup>#</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <p>
              <italic>Results represent the mean &#177; SD; n: number of animals used. One-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey&#8217;s for all groups.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <label>
              <sup>#</sup>
            </label>
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.05 vs. SHR treated with mercury at day 0</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Arterial blood pressures, ventricular pressures and their respective derivatives, and HR measurements in anaesthetized rats were not different between groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>), but the LVEDP increased after Hg treatment in the Wistar group, as previously reported.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hemodynamic parameters from untreated and mercury (HgCl<sub>2</sub>)-treated Wistar rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Wistar Control<break/>n = 6</th>
              <th align="center">Wistar HgCl<sub>2</sub>-treated<break/>n = 7</th>
              <th align="center">SHR Control<break/>n = 6</th>
              <th align="center">SHR HgCl<sub>2</sub>-treated<break/>n = 7</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">105 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">97 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">105 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center">113 &#177; 8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">71 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">67 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">58 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">68 &#177; 11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">324 &#177; 88</td>
              <td align="center">325 &#177; 58</td>
              <td align="center">343 &#177; 32</td>
              <td align="center">341 &#177; 34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVSP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">114 &#177; 20</td>
              <td align="center">107 &#177; 16</td>
              <td align="center">117 &#177; 22</td>
              <td align="center">112 &#177; 8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEDP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">0.256 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">3.31 &#177; 1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.11 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.493 &#177; 0.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">+dP/dt LV (mmHg/s)</td>
              <td align="center">8627 &#177; 3378</td>
              <td align="center">8500 &#177; 2419</td>
              <td align="center">7360 &#177; 1854</td>
              <td align="center">7001 &#177; 1921</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">-dP/dt LV</td>
              <td align="center">-6270 &#177; 1232</td>
              <td align="center">-6249 &#177; 1234</td>
              <td align="center">-7169 &#177; 1173</td>
              <td align="center">-6524 &#177; 1131</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RVSP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">32 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">29 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">29 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">33 &#177; 5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RVEDP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">-1.080 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">1.10 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">-0.472 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">0.459 &#177; 0.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">+dP/dt RV (mmHg/s)</td>
              <td align="center">3339 &#177; 2202</td>
              <td align="center">1758 &#177; 435</td>
              <td align="center">2776 &#177; 1056</td>
              <td align="center">2171 &#177; 405</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8211; dP/dt RV (mmHg/s)</td>
              <td align="center">-2560 &#177; 1553</td>
              <td align="center">-1387 &#177; 469</td>
              <td align="center">-1833 &#177; 478</td>
              <td align="center">-1695 &#177; 368</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <p>
              <italic>Changes in systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressure, heart rate (HR), left and right ventricle systolic pressure (LVSP, RVSP), left and right ventricle end diastolic pressure (LVEDP, RVEDP) and positive (+dP/dt) and negative first-time derivatives (-dP/dt) from the left and right ventricles of Control and HgCl<sub>2</sub>-treated rats. The results represent the mean &#177; SD. n-Number of animals used. One-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey&#8217;s.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN07">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.05 vs Wistar Control.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>It has been reported in animal and human studies that mercury increases free radical production leading to an oxidative stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> We then evaluated the oxidant state in the blood and in several other tissues by measuring MDA levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). MDA plasma levels were greater in mercury-treated than in untreated Wistar rats but did not change in SHRs. Mercury treatment increased MDA levels in the heart in both Wistar and SHRs. In the aorta, different from plasma, MDA levels were increased in mercury-treated SHRs but not in Wistar rats. For brain and lungs, no changes were observed for MDA levels in mercury-treated Wistar rats, but a reduction occurred in SHRs. For kidneys, mercury treatment reduced MDA levels in both Wistar and SHR mercury-treated groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Malondialdehyde (MDA) (mM/mg of protein) concentrations in plasma, heart, aorta, lung, brain and kidney of untreated and Mercury (HgCl<sub>2</sub>)-treated Wistar rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Wistar Control<break/>n = 6</th>
              <th align="center">Wistar HgCl<sub>2</sub>-treated<break/>n = 6</th>
              <th align="center">SHR Control<break/>n = 6</th>
              <th align="center">SHR HgCl<sub>2</sub>-treated<break/>n = 7</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Plasma</td>
              <td align="center">0.93 &#177; 0.15</td>
              <td align="center">1.28 &#177; 0.44<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.89 &#177; 0.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.92 &#177; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart</td>
              <td align="center">0.22 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.28 &#177; 0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.45 &#177; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.55 &#177; 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aorta</td>
              <td align="center">0.13 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.12 &#177; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.96 &#177; 0.27</td>
              <td align="center">1.51 &#177; 0.37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lung</td>
              <td align="center">0.18 &#177; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.14 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.21 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.12 &#177; 0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brain</td>
              <td align="center">0.13 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.09 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.54 &#177; 0.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.34 &#177; 0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Kidney</td>
              <td align="center">0.38 &#177; 0.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.14 &#177; 0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.96 &#177; 0.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.51 &#177; 0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN08">
            <p>
              <italic>Values are expressed in mM/mg of protein (MDA). The results represent the mean &#177; SD. N-Number of animals used. One-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey&#8217;s.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN09">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.05 vs Wistar Control and</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>
              <sup>&amp;</sup>
            </label>
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.05 vs SHR Control.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Since angiotensin II is reported to increase ROS and mercury increases ACE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> we investigated whether ACE activity was altered after 30 days of mercury treatment in Wistar and SHR groups. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref> shows that plasma ACE levels increased in both groups after mercury treatment. In the hearts of Wistar rats, mercury induced a slight ACE activity increment, but no changes were observed in the aorta, lungs, brain or kidneys. However, in mercury-treated SHRs, ACE activity was reduced in the heart, aorta, lungs, brain and kidneys. Interestingly, ACE activity was higher in the heart, aorta and kidneys and lower in plasma of SHR controls compared with Wistar controls.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity levels in plasma, heart, aorta, lung, brain and kidney of untreated and Mercury (HgCl<sub>2</sub>)-treated Wistar rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Wistar Control<break/>n = 6</th>
              <th align="center">Wistar HgCl<sub>2</sub>-treated<break/>n = 6</th>
              <th align="center">SHR Control<break/>n = 6</th>
              <th align="center">SHR HgCl<sub>2</sub>-treated<break/>n = 6</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Plasma</td>
              <td align="center">187 &#177; 39.2</td>
              <td align="center">235 &#177; 34.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">114 &#177; 27.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">163 &#177; 38.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart</td>
              <td align="center">3.4 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">4.1 &#177; 0.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">17.9 &#177; 2.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">14.8 &#177; 1.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aorta</td>
              <td align="center">213 &#177; 53.9</td>
              <td align="center">221 &#177; 61.3</td>
              <td align="center">670 &#177; 39.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">535 &#177; 47.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lung</td>
              <td align="center">95 &#177; 6.1</td>
              <td align="center">99.4 &#177; 11.3</td>
              <td align="center">87.6 &#177; 5.4</td>
              <td align="center">75.1 &#177; 9.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brain</td>
              <td align="center">46.4 &#177; 7.9</td>
              <td align="center">42.6 &#177; 9.9</td>
              <td align="center">40.3 &#177; 5.6</td>
              <td align="center">27.8 &#177; 4.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Kidney</td>
              <td align="center">47.8 &#177; 16.2</td>
              <td align="center">45.4 &#177; 14.2</td>
              <td align="center">80.0 &#177; 15.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">61.4 &#177; 6.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <p>
              <italic>Values are expressed in nmol/mL/min/mg of protein in tissues and in nmol/mL of plasma/min in plasma (ACE). Results represent the mean &#177; SD. N-Number of animals used. One-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey&#8217;s.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.05 vs Wistar Control and</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN13">
            <label>
              <sup>&amp;</sup>
            </label>
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.05 vs SHR Control.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The results presented here suggest that Wistar rats and SHRs, submitted to chronic exposure to inorganic mercury for 30 days, have blood concentrations similar to exposed individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In addition, HgCl<sub>2</sub>-treated SHR, but not Wistar rats have increased blood pressure at the end of treatment. The intervention also influenced ACE activity and oxidative stress, by increasing or decreasing them, mainly in SHRs.</p>
      <p>Previous reports showed that changes resulting from chronic exposure to mercury have been focused on its toxic effects on the cardiovascular system and the associations with hypertension, carotid atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Mercury exposure, both acute and chronic, affects the heart and endothelial function, reducing NO bioavailability and increasing ACE and NADPH activities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Moreover, studies in rats showed that body weight gain and arterial pressure were not affected when chronic exposure was performed,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> suggesting that this treatment was not sufficient, in either amount or time, to produce changes. Our results reproduced those findings, showing no changes in body weight gain; additionally, similar behaviour was observed for the heart, brain, kidneys and lung, reinforcing the suggestion that this treatment is not sufficient to produce these changes, although cardiovascular function began to be affected.</p>
      <p>Regarding the hemodynamic evaluation, no changes were observed in the left or right ventricle in Wistar rats or SHRs. Only an increment of LVEDP was observed in normotensive rats treated with mercury, indicating some deleterious effects of mercury on ventricular function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Right ventricular pressures were investigated because of our previous report showing that under acute mercury exposure (0.5 mg/kg), there was an increase in right ventricular systolic pressure because of pulmonary hypertension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> which was not observed with chronic treatment in the present study. The fact that lung ACE activity was unaffected in both Wistar groups, although slightly reduced in HgCl<sub>2</sub>-treated SHRs might explain why the right ventricular pressures remained unchanged.</p>
      <p>The reduction of NO bioavailability is a hallmark resulting from the increase in ROS generation contributing to the development of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> The interaction of superoxide anion with NO generates peroxynitrite that decreases NO bioavailability increasing vascular reactivity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In fact, our previous studies have associated mercury exposure with increased oxidative stress and the reduction of NO bioavailability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In addition, it has been shown that an increase of the local ACE activity could increase NADPH oxidase activity<sup>(16 40)</sup> and ROS in the aortas of normotensive and SHRs. Therefore, we investigated whether mercury effects alter the renin-angiotensin system and oxidative stress in the organs and tissues of hypertensive and normotensive rats. The increase in ACE activity induced by mercury could lead to increased activity of NADPH oxidase, which could, in turn, increase the release of ROS, generating an oxidative stress, as observed in this study.</p>
      <p>Considering that both Hg and increased ACE activity can induce oxidative stress, we should observe a correlation between the amount of oxidative stress and ACE activity measured by MDA. An interesting aspect is that ACE activity levels and MDA concentrations showed similar behavior in plasma and organs investigated. Also, it is of note that both ACE activity and MDA concentrations showed more expressive changes in HgCl<sub>2</sub>-treated SHRs. Similarly, inorganic mercury treatment aggravated hypertension in SHRs, suggesting that a pre-existing hypertensive condition enhances inorganic mercury action.</p>
      <p>ROS are damped in the plasma of all locations where they are produced, and consequently, it is expected an increase in MDA. We have shown that plasma ACE activity increases after acute exposure to low mercury concentrations and reduces after exposure to high concentrations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> However, we might speculate that in the SHR group, when exposed to mercury, tissues that produce more ROS, such as the aorta, lung and kidney, ACE activity is reduced. Similarly, in the brain tissue, which concentrates mercury, ACE activity also decreased. LVEDP increments in Wistar rats could be explained by the local increase in ACE activity and oxidative stress in the heart. These two factors might explain the small, but significant increase in LVEDP, probably induced by a calcium overload.</p>
      <p>Although we cannot give a proper explanation for all the events, it can be suggested that mercury, even at concentrations that do not affect arterial pressure and weight gain in normotensive rats, affects ACE activity and oxidative stress. However, in hypertensive animals, inorganic mercury actions were more expressive. These findings give rise to questions that are not addressed by our results: can exposure to mercury inhibit ACE activity in situations where it is already increased? Does ACE activity in different organs depend on mercury concentration in each of them? Would a pre-existing cardiovascular disorder be aggravated by exposure to inorganic mercury? These questions can be considered limitations of our study, and issues for further studies.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Results described here allow us to affirm that chronic exposure to inorganic mercury, similarly to that we previously reported, produces blood concentrations compatible with those found in exposed humans, and do represent a cardiovascular risk factor. Such exposure influenced ACE activity, increased oxidative stress and promoted hypertension in SHRs (which had a higher blood pressure increment compared with untreated SHRs), as well as increased the LVEDP in Wistar rats. This controlled exposure affected the cardiovascular system, produced more expressive changes of ACE activity and oxidative stress in SHRs representing a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disorders in normotensive rats and a contributing factor to pre-existing risks in high blood pressure condition.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPES, CAPES, CNPq, Minist&#233;rio da Economia e Competitividade (SAF 2016-80305-P).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Maylla Ronacher Sim&#245;es, from Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of the Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Vit&#243;ria under the protocol number CEUA-EMESCAM 003/2007.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Amaral</surname>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos da Exposi&#231;&#227;o Cr&#244;nica ao Merc&#250;rio sobre a Atividade da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina e Estresse Oxidativo em Ratos Normotensos e Hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vassallo</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Valentim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1395-3938</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Maylla Ronacher</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giuberti</surname>
            <given-names>Karina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio Faustino</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salaices</surname>
            <given-names>Mercedes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stefanon</surname>
            <given-names>Ivanita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas - Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Vit&#243;ria - Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Vit&#243;ria (EMESCAM), Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Farmacologia - Universidade Aut&#244;noma de Madri - Espanha Instituto de Investigaci&#243;n Sanit&#225;ria Hospital La Paz, Madri - Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">CIBER de Enfermidades Cardiovasculares, Madri - Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maylla Ronacher Sim&#245;es &#8226;</bold> Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas - Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo - Av. Marechal Campos, 1468. CEP 29043-900, Maru&#237;pe, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil E-mail: <email>yllars@hotmail.com</email>, <email>mayllaronacher@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Vassallo DV, Sim&#245;es MR, Giuberti K, Stefanon I; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Giuberti K, Azevedo BF, Ribeiro Junior RF; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Vassallo DV, Sim&#245;es MR, Giuberti K, Azevedo BF, Ribeiro Junior RF, Salaices M, Stefanon I; obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Vassallo DV, Salaices M; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Vassallo DV, Sim&#245;es MR; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Vassallo DV, Sim&#245;es MR, Salaices M, Stefanon I.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os efeitos delet&#233;rios do merc&#250;rio est&#227;o associados ao risco cardiovascular aumentado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar se a exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ao merc&#250;rio inorg&#226;nico aumenta a atividade da enzima conversora de angiotensina e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o estresse oxidativo em v&#225;rios &#243;rg&#227;os e tecidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudamos ratos Wistar e ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) (3 meses de idade) expostos ou n&#227;o a HgCl<sub>2</sub> por 30 dias. Ao final do tratamento, investigamos: altera&#231;&#245;es de peso, par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, atividade da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) e estresse oxidativo no cora&#231;&#227;o, aorta, pulm&#227;o, c&#233;rebro e rim de animais hipertensos comparados a animais normotensos. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ao HgCl<sub>2</sub> n&#227;o afetou o ganho de peso em nenhum dos grupos. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, medida semanalmente, n&#227;o aumentou em ratos Wistar, mas mostrou um pequeno aumento nos ratos SHR. Tamb&#233;m observamos aumentos na press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e na atividade da ECA no plasma e no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos normotensos. No grupo SHR + Hg, a atividade da ECA aumentou no plasma, mas diminuiu no rim, pulm&#227;o, cora&#231;&#227;o, c&#233;rebro e aorta. O estresse oxidativo foi avaliado indiretamente pela produ&#231;&#227;o de MDA, que aumentou nos ratos tratados com Hg tanto no plasma quanto no cora&#231;&#227;o. No grupo SHR + Hg, o MDA aumentou no cora&#231;&#227;o e na aorta e diminuiu nos pulm&#245;es e no c&#233;rebro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Estes resultados sugerem que a exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ao merc&#250;rio inorg&#226;nico agrava a hipertens&#227;o e produz mudan&#231;as mais expressivas na atividade da ECA e no estresse oxidativo em SHRs. Essa exposi&#231;&#227;o afeta o sistema cardiovascular, representando um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares em ratos normotensos e para piorar riscos pr&#233;-existentes para hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Intoxica&#231;&#227;o por Merc&#250;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Peptidil Dipeptidase A</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPES</funding-source>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Economia e Competitividade</funding-source>
          <award-id>2016-80305-P</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPES, CAPES, CNPq, Minist&#233;rio da Economia e Competitividade (SAF 2016-80305-P).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O merc&#250;rio &#233; um metal t&#243;xico que causa v&#225;rios efeitos delet&#233;rios ao sistema cardiovascular. N&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos em torno de 8 ng/mL s&#227;o encontrados em indiv&#237;duos expostos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> o que pode ter uma rela&#231;&#227;o com o desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram que o merc&#250;rio induz estresse oxidativo e pode causar danos a &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Al&#233;m disso, estudos mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre exposi&#231;&#227;o aumentada ao merc&#250;rio e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, tais como hipertens&#227;o, aterosclerose carot&#237;dea, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Ainda, o estresse oxidativo parece ser um mecanismo eficiente para a gera&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade oxidada, e subsequentemente aterosclerose;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> a produ&#231;&#227;o subsequente de produtos finais da glica&#231;&#227;o avan&#231;ada e a participa&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias promovem a manuten&#231;&#227;o da inj&#250;ria vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um dos principais efeitos delet&#233;rios do merc&#250;rio &#233; a gera&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres de oxig&#234;nio. O est&#237;mulo da NADPH oxidase e da ciclooxigenase (COX) induzido pelo merc&#250;rio pode estimular a s&#237;ntese de esp&#233;cies reativas do oxig&#234;nio (EROs).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Ainda, em modelos animais, a exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ao merc&#250;rio por 30 dias promoveu disfun&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade em cora&#231;&#245;es isolados, resultante de atividade reduzida Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA), redu&#231;&#227;o na atividade do trocador de s&#243;dio e c&#225;lcio NCX e de ATPases transportadoras de c&#225;lcio do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (SERCA), e aumento na express&#227;o da prote&#237;na fosfolambano (PLB).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Apesar de nenhum efeito ter sido relatado do merc&#250;rio sobre a press&#227;o arterial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o merc&#250;rio causa um pequeno aumento na press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em ratos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a n&#237;vel vascular, a resposta vasoconstritora &#224; fenilefrina aumentou nas art&#233;rias caudal, mesent&#233;rica, coron&#225;ria e aorta de ratos, efeitos comumente relacionados a menor biodisponibilidade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) e estresse oxidativo aumentado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Ao interagir com NO, o &#226;nion super&#243;xido (O<sub>2</sub>-) forma peroxinitrito, diminuindo a disponibilidade de NO para o relaxamento de m&#250;sculo liso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em estudo pr&#233;vio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> relatamos que a administra&#231;&#227;o de merc&#250;rio aumenta a atividade local da enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> liberando-se mais angiotensina II, a qual aumenta a produ&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Esses resultados mostram que os efeitos do merc&#250;rio sobre a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea podem ser dependentes da produ&#231;&#227;o de angiotensina II, e estar envolvidos na gera&#231;&#227;o de estresse oxidativo. Estudos anteriores mostraram que o merc&#250;rio pode aumentar a atividade local da ECA e estresse oxidativo com subsequente dano oxidativo em v&#225;rios &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> mas os efeitos <italic>in vivo</italic> da exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ao merc&#250;rio sobre a atividade cardiovascular ainda n&#227;o foram completamente esclarecidos.</p>
        <p>Ainda, estudos sobre os efeitos do merc&#250;rio t&#234;m focado principalmente o sistema cardiovascular de animais normotensos. Contudo, h&#225; pouca informa&#231;&#227;o sobre os efeitos cr&#244;nicos de baixas doses de merc&#250;rio inorg&#226;nico sobre a atividade da ECA em &#243;rg&#227;os e tecidos de animais normotensos e hipertensos. Para investigar esses efeitos, n&#237;veis aumentados de merc&#250;rio foram induzidos a concentra&#231;&#245;es similares &#224;s observadas em indiv&#237;duos expostos ao metal. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi determinar se a exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ao merc&#250;rio inorg&#226;nico aumenta a atividade da ECA, e a rela&#231;&#227;o dessa exposi&#231;&#227;o com estresse oxidativo no cora&#231;&#227;o, art&#233;ria aorta, pulm&#227;o, c&#233;rebro e rim em ratos hipertensos em compara&#231;&#227;o a animais normotensos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar machos, de tr&#234;s meses de idade e ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (do ingl&#234;s, <italic>spontaneously hypertensive rats</italic>, SHRs) foram obtidos de col&#244;nias conservadas no biot&#233;rio da Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo. Durante o tratamento, os ratos foram mantidos sob temperatura ambiente e umidade constantes, e ciclo claro/escuro de 12/12 horas. Os animais tinham acesso livre &#224; &#225;gua e &#224; ra&#231;&#227;o padronizada. Todos os experimentos foram conduzidos seguindo-se as diretrizes para pesquisa biom&#233;dica (Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal-CONCEA) e as diretrizes para o cuidado e uso de animais em laborat&#243;rio dos Institutos Nacionais da Sa&#250;de (NIH - <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic>). Os protocolos foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Vit&#243;ria, Brasil (CEUA-EMESCAM 003/2007). Ratos Wistar e SHRs foram divididos em quatro grupos: ratos Wistar controles (n = 6) e SHRs (n = 9) tratados com ve&#237;culo (solu&#231;&#227;o salina, intramuscular) e ratos Wistar (n = 8) e SHR (n = 9) tratados com cloreto de merc&#250;rio (HgCl<sub>2</sub>) por 30 dias (primeira dose 4,6 &#181;g/kg, dose subsequente 0,07 &#181;g/kg/dia, intramuscular, para cobrir perdas di&#225;rias). Utilizamos o modelo descrito por Wiggers et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> para atingir concentra&#231;&#245;es sangu&#237;neas (7,97 ng/mL) similares &#224;quelas observadas em indiv&#237;duos expostos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas de press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea</title>
          <p>Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica indireta foi medida no in&#237;cio e no final do tratamento utilizando o pletism&#243;grafo de cauda (IITC Life Science Inc.). Para essa medida, ratos conscientes foram mantidos por 5-10 minutos em uma sala quente e quieta, e submetidos a ciclos de infla&#231;&#227;o e defla&#231;&#227;o do manguito por um operador treinado. Em seguida, foi medida press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, e a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s medidas foi registrada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos</title>
          <p>No final do tratamento, ratos controle e tratados com HgCl<sub>2</sub> (n = 26) foram anestesiados com uretana (1,2 g/kg, Sigma, St Louis, MO, EUA). Implantou-se um cateter de polietileno (PE50/Clay-Adams) com salina heparinizada (50 U/mL) na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida para medir a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD). O cateter na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida foi introduzido no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Foi introduzido um cateter na veia jugular at&#233; o ventr&#237;culo direito, para medidas da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda e direita (PSVE e PSVD) e as derivadas temporais positivas e negativas (+dP/dt e -dP/dt, respectivamente), bem como a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDFVE) e direito (PDFVD). Os registros foram realizados durante 30 minutos com um transdutor de press&#227;o (TSD 104A-Biopac) e com um programa computacional e interface para coleta de dados (MP100A, Biopac System, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, EUA). A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) foi determinada nos intervalos entre batimentos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medida da produ&#231;&#227;o de malondialde&#237;do (MDA)</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis de MDA no plasma, cora&#231;&#227;o, aorta, rim e pulm&#245;es foram medidos utilizando-se o teste de &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico (TBA) modificado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Amostras do plasma de tecidos foram misturadas com &#225;cido tricloroac&#233;tico 20% em HCl 0.6 M (1:1, v/v); os tubos foram mantidos em gelo por 20 minutos para precipitar componentes do plasma e evitar poss&#237;veis interfer&#234;ncias. As amostras foram centrifugadas a 1500 x g por 15 minutos antes de se adicionar TBA (120 mM em Tris 260 mM, pH 7) ao sobrenadante em uma propor&#231;&#227;o de 1:5 (v/v); em seguida, a mistura foi aquecida a 97&#186;C por 30 minutos. Foram obtidas medidas por espectrofotometria a 535 nm a 20&#186;C.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste da atividade da ECA</title>
          <p>A atividade da ECA foi medida no plasma, cora&#231;&#227;o, art&#233;ria aorta, c&#233;rebrp, rim, e pulm&#245;es pelo m&#233;todo fluorom&#233;trico adaptado de Friedland e Silverstein.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Em resumo, amostras de tecido e de plasma em triplicata foram incubadas por 15-90 minutos a 37&#186;C com 40 &#181;L de tamp&#227;o do ensaio contendo o substrato da ECA 5 mM Hip-His-Leu (Sigma). A rea&#231;&#227;o foi interrompida pela adi&#231;&#227;o de 190 &#181;L de 0,35 M HCl. O produto gerado, His-Leu, foi medido por fluorometria ap&#243;s 10 minutos de incuba&#231;&#227;o com 100 &#181;L de o-ftalalde&#237;do 2% em metanol. As medidas de fluoresc&#234;ncia foram obtidas a 37% em um leitor de placa FLUOstar Optima (BMG Labtech, Ofembugo, Alemanha), com excita&#231;&#227;o de 350 nm e filtros de emiss&#227;o 520 nm. O leitor de placa de fluoresc&#234;ncia foi controlado utilizando-se o programa FLUOstar Optima. Microplacas de poliestireno de 96 po&#231;os (Biogen Cientifica, Madri, Espanha) foram usadas. Uma curva de calibra&#231;&#227;o com ECA de pulm&#227;o de coelho (Sigma) foi inclu&#237;da em cada placa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os resultados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Todos os par&#226;metros foram testados quanto &#224; normalidade usando o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para uma amostra. As diferen&#231;as foram analisadas pelo teste ANOVA de um fator (one-way ANOVA), seguido do teste post-hoc de Tukey (GraphPad Prism Software, San Diego, CA). Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No trig&#233;simo dia de tratamento com merc&#250;rio, os ratos Wistar controle, ratos Wistar tratados, SHRs tratados e n&#227;o tratados apresentavam peso corporal similares, apesar de os SHRs apresentarem menor peso em compara&#231;&#227;o aos ratos Wistar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Peso corporal (PC), C&#233;rebro/PC, Cora&#231;&#227;o/PC, Rim/PC, Pulm&#227;o/PC, Adrenais/PC, Ba&#231;o/PC e F&#237;gado/PC de ratos Wistar tratados com HgCl<sub>2</sub> e ratos n&#227;o tratados e ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHRs: <italic>spontaneously hypertensive rats</italic>)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Wistar controles<break/>n = 6</th>
                <th align="center">Wistar tratados com HgCl<sub>2</sub><break/>n = 8</th>
                <th align="center">SHRs controles<break/>n = 9</th>
                <th align="center">SHR tratados com HgCl<sub>2</sub><break/>n = 9</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso corporal (PC) (g)</td>
                <td align="center">399 &#177; 58,3</td>
                <td align="center">384 &#177; 18,1</td>
                <td align="center">216 &#177; 20,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">222 &#177; 14,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">C&#233;rebro/PC (mg/g)</td>
                <td align="center">4,58 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">4,69 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">7,48 &#177; 0,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">7,41 &#177; 0,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cora&#231;&#227;o/PC (mg/g)</td>
                <td align="center">3,06 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,43 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,77 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,81&#177; 0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rim/PC (mg/g)</td>
                <td align="center">6,44 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">6,53 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">6,78 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,80 &#177; 0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulm&#227;o/PC (mg/g)</td>
                <td align="center">3,97 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,53 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">6,48 &#177; 1,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">7,91 &#177; 1,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>
                <italic>Resultados representam m&#233;dia &#177; DP; n: n&#250;mero de animais usados. One-way ANOVA, teste post hoc de Tukey.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o a Wistar controles e</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>
                <sup>&#8224;</sup>
              </label>
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o a ratos Wistar tratados com HgCl<sub>2</sub>.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref> tamb&#233;m mostra que o peso de v&#225;rios &#243;rg&#227;os, normalizado pelo peso corporal, foi similar, incluindo c&#233;rebro, cora&#231;&#227;o, rim e pulm&#245;es, fato que n&#227;o mudou ap&#243;s o tratamento com merc&#250;rio.</p>
        <p>PAS indireta no dia zero em ratos acordados mostrou que SHRs apresentaram maior press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia em compara&#231;&#227;o a ratos Wistar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>). No entanto, ao final do tratamento, o merc&#250;rio produziu aumento significativo da press&#227;o arterial nos SHRs tratados com HgCl<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS em mmHg) medidos por pletism&#243;grafo de cauda em ratos Wistar e ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHRs: <italic>spontaneously hypertensive rats</italic>) antes e ap&#243;s tratamento om HgCl<sub>2</sub> por 30 dias</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Wistar CT n = 5</th>
                <th align="center">Wistar Hg n = 5</th>
                <th align="center">SHR CT n = 5</th>
                <th align="center">SHR Hg n = 5</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS &#8211; Dia 0 (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">123 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">131 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">205 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">198 &#177; 22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS &#8211; Dia 7 (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">119 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">132 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">221 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">197 &#177; 18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS &#8211; Dia 14 (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">115 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">135 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">219 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">199 &#177; 29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS &#8211; Dia 21 (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">132 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">142 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">200 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">199 &#177; 9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS &#8211; Dia 30 (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">117 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">143 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">220 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">232 &#177; 19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18"><sup>#</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <p>
                <italic>Resultados representam m&#233;dia &#177; DP; n: n&#250;mero de animais usados. One-way ANOVA, teste post hoc de Tukey para todos os grupos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>
                <sup>#</sup>
              </label>
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,05 vs. SHR tratado com merc&#250;rio no dia 0</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Valores de press&#227;o arterial, press&#227;o ventricular e seus respectivos derivados, bem como as medidas de FC nos ratos anestesiados n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>). Por&#233;m, a PDFVE aumentou ap&#243;s o tratamento com merc&#250;rio no grupo Wistar, em concord&#226;ncia com o descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos de ratos Wistar e ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHRs, <italic>spontaneously hypertensive rats</italic>) tratados com merc&#250;rio (HgCl<sub>2</sub>)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Wistar Controles<break/>n = 6</th>
                <th align="center">Wistar tratados com HgCl<sub>2</sub>-<break/>n = 7</th>
                <th align="center">SHR Controles<break/>n = 6</th>
                <th align="center">SHRs tratados com HgCl<sub>2</sub><break/>n = 7</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">105 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">97 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">105 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">113 &#177; 8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">324 &#177; 88</td>
                <td align="center">325 &#177; 58</td>
                <td align="center">343 &#177; 32</td>
                <td align="center">341 &#177; 34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PSVE (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">114 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">107 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">117 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">112 &#177; 8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PDFVE (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">0,256 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">3,31 &#177; 1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,11 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,493 &#177; 0,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">+dP/dt VE (mmHg/s)</td>
                <td align="center">8627 &#177; 3378</td>
                <td align="center">8500 &#177; 2419</td>
                <td align="center">7360 &#177; 1854</td>
                <td align="center">7001 &#177; 1921</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">-dP/dt VE</td>
                <td align="center">-6270 &#177; 1232</td>
                <td align="center">-6249 &#177; 1234</td>
                <td align="center">-7169 &#177; 1173</td>
                <td align="center">-6524 &#177; 1131</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PSVD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">32 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">33 &#177; 5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PDFVD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">-1,080 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">-0,472 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">0,459 &#177; 0,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">+dP/dt VD (mmHg/s)</td>
                <td align="center">3339 &#177; 2202</td>
                <td align="center">1758 &#177; 435</td>
                <td align="center">2776 &#177; 1056</td>
                <td align="center">2171 &#177; 405</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8211; dP/dt VD (mmHg/s)</td>
                <td align="center">-2560 &#177; 1553</td>
                <td align="center">-1387 &#177; 469</td>
                <td align="center">-1833 &#177; 478</td>
                <td align="center">-1695 &#177; 368</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <p>
                <italic>Mudan&#231;as na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito e esquerdo (PSVD e PSVE, respectivamente), press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo direito e esquerdo (PDFVD e PDFVE, respectivamente) , e primeiras derivadas temporais positiva e negativa (-dP/dt, respectivamente), do ventr&#237;culo direito e esquerdo de ratos controles e ratos tratados com merc&#250;rio. Resultados representam m&#233;dia &#177; DP. N: n&#250;mero de ratos. One-way ANOVA, teste post hoc de Tukey.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,05 vs. Wistar controles.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios com animais e humanos relataram que o merc&#250;rio aumenta a s&#237;ntese de radicais livres, levando ao estresse oxidativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Em seguida, avaliamos o estado oxidante no sangue e em v&#225;rios outros tecidos pela medida dos n&#237;veis de MDA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>). N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de MDA foram maiores nos ratos Wistar tratados com merc&#250;rio em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles n&#227;o tratados, mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre SHRs tratados e n&#227;o tratados com merc&#250;rio. Merc&#250;rio aumentou os n&#237;veis de MDA no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos Wistar e SHRs. Na aorta, diferentemente do plasma, os n&#237;veis de MDA foram maiores nos SHRs tratados com merc&#250;rio, mas n&#227;o nos ratos Wistar. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a c&#233;rebro e pulm&#245;es, nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi observada nos n&#237;veis de MDA nos ratos Wistar tratados e n&#227;o tratados com merc&#250;rio; nos SHRs, contudo, a interven&#231;&#227;o com merc&#250;rio reduziu os n&#237;veis de MDA nesses &#243;rg&#227;os. Nos rins, o tratamento com merc&#250;rio reduziu os n&#237;veis de MDA nos ratos tratados com merc&#250;rio, Wistar e SHRs.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Concentra&#231;&#245;es de malondialde&#237;do (MDA) no plasma, cora&#231;&#227;o, aorta, pulm&#245;es, c&#233;rebro e rins de ratos Wistar e ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHRs, <italic>spontaneously hypertensive rats</italic>) tratados com merc&#250;rio (HgCl<sub>2</sub>) e n&#227;o tratados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Wistar Controles<break/>n = 6</th>
                <th align="center">Wistar tratados com HgCl<sub>2</sub>-<break/>n = 6</th>
                <th align="center">SHR Controles<break/>n = 6</th>
                <th align="center">SHRs tratados com HgCl<sub>2</sub><break/>n = 7</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Plasma</td>
                <td align="center">0,93 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td align="center">1,28 &#177; 0,44<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 &#177; 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,92 &#177; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cora&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,22 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,28 &#177; 0,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,45 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,55 &#177; 0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aorta</td>
                <td align="center">0,13 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,12 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 &#177; 0,27</td>
                <td align="center">1,51 &#177; 0,37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulm&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">0,18 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,14 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,21 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,12 &#177; 0,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">C&#233;rebro</td>
                <td align="center">0,13 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,09 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,54 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,34 &#177; 0,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rins</td>
                <td align="center">0,38 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,14 &#177; 0,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,51 &#177; 0,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <p>
                <italic>Valores expressos em mM//mg de prote&#237;na (MDA). Resultados representam m&#233;dia &#177; DP. N: n&#250;mero de animais. One-way ANOVA, teste post hoc de Tukey.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,05 vs Wistar controles e</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <label>
                <sup>&amp;</sup>
              </label>
              <p>
                <italic>&lt; 0,05 vs SHRs controles.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Uma vez que a angiotensina II parece aumentar os n&#237;veis de EROs, e que o merc&#250;rio aumenta a atividade da ECA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> investigamos se a atividade da ECA foi alterada ap&#243;s 30 dias de tratamento com merc&#250;rio nos animais Wistar e SHRs. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref> mostra que a atividade da ECA aumentou em ambos os grupos ap&#243;s o tratamento com merc&#250;rio. Nos cora&#231;&#245;es dos ratos Wistar, o merc&#250;rio causou um pequeno aumento na atividade da ECA, mas n&#227;o foram observadas mudan&#231;as na aorta, nos pulm&#245;es, no c&#233;rebro ou nos rins. No entanto, em SHRs tratados com merc&#250;rio, a atividade da ECA foi reduzida no cora&#231;&#227;o, aorta, pulm&#245;es, c&#233;rebro e rins. Um resultado interessante foi o fato de atividade da ECA ser maior no cora&#231;&#227;o, aorta e rins, e mais baixa no plasma de SHRs controle em compara&#231;&#227;o a ratos Wistar controles.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>N&#237;veis de atividade da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) no plasma, cora&#231;&#227;o, aorta, pulm&#245;es, e rins de ratos Wistar e ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHRs, <italic>spontaneously hypertensive rats</italic>) tratados com merc&#250;rio (HgCl<sub>2</sub>) e n&#227;o tratados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Wistar Controles<break/>n = 6</th>
                <th align="center">Wistar tratados com HgCl<sub>2</sub>-<break/>n = 6</th>
                <th align="center">SHR Controles<break/>n = 6</th>
                <th align="center">SHRs tratados com HgCl<sub>2</sub><break/>n = 6</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Plasma</td>
                <td align="center">187 &#177; 39,2</td>
                <td align="center">235 &#177; 34,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">114 &#177; 27,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">163 &#177; 38,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cora&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 0,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">17,9 &#177; 2,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">14,8 &#177; 1,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aorta</td>
                <td align="center">213 &#177; 53,9</td>
                <td align="center">221 &#177; 61,3</td>
                <td align="center">670 &#177; 39,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">535 &#177; 47,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulm&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">95 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">99,4 &#177; 11,3</td>
                <td align="center">87,6 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">75,1 &#177; 9,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">C&#233;rebro</td>
                <td align="center">46,4 &#177; 7,9</td>
                <td align="center">42,6 &#177; 9,9</td>
                <td align="center">40,3 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">27,8 &#177; 4,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rins</td>
                <td align="center">47,8 &#177; 16,2</td>
                <td align="center">45,4 &#177; 14,2</td>
                <td align="center">80,0 &#177; 15,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">61,4 &#177; 6,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <p>
                <italic>Valores expressos em nmol/mL/min/mg de prote&#237;na em tecidos e nmol/mL de plasma/min no plasma (ACE). Resultados representam m&#233;dia &#177; DP. N: n&#250;mero de animais. One-way ANOVA, teste post hoc de Tukey.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,05 vs Wistar controles e</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <label>
                <sup>&amp;</sup>
              </label>
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,05 vs SHRs controles.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados aqui apresentados sugerem que os ratos Wistar e os SHRs, submetidos &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ao merc&#250;rio inorg&#226;nico por 30 dias apresentam concentra&#231;&#245;es sangu&#237;neas similares a de seres humanos expostos ao metal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Al&#233;m disso, SHR, mas n&#227;o ratos Wistar tratados com HgCl<sub>2</sub>, apresentaram press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea aumentada no final do tratamento. A interven&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m teve influ&#234;ncia sobre a atividade da ECA e o stress oxidativo, aumentando-os ou diminuindo-os, principalmente em SHRs.</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios relataram que mudan&#231;as resultantes da exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ao merc&#250;rio abordaram seus efeitos t&#243;xicos sobre o sistema cardiovascular e associa&#231;&#245;es com hipertens&#227;o, aterosclerose carot&#237;dea, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> A exposi&#231;&#227;o ao merc&#250;rio, tanto agudo como cr&#244;mico, afeta o cora&#231;&#227;o e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, reduzindo a biodisponibilidade de NO e aumentando as atividades de ECA e NADPH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Al&#233;m disso, experimentos com ratos demonstraram que o ganho de peso corporal e a press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o foram afetados com a exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> sugerindo que tal interven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi suficiente, quanto &#224; quantidade ou ao tempo, para produzir mudan&#231;as. Nossos resultados reproduziram esses achados, mostrando aus&#234;ncia de mudan&#231;as no peso corporal; ainda, comportamento similar foi observado para cora&#231;&#227;o, c&#233;rebro, rins, e pulm&#227;o, refor&#231;ando a hip&#243;tese de que esse tratamento n&#227;o seja suficiente para produzir tais mudan&#231;as, apesar de um in&#237;cio de altera&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, n&#227;o foram observadas mudan&#231;as no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou direito em ambos os grupos. Observou-se somente um aumento na PDFVE nos ratos normotensos tratados com merc&#250;rio, indicando que efeitos delet&#233;rios do merc&#250;rio sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Investigamos tamb&#233;m a press&#227;o ventricular direita devido a nossos achados pr&#233;vios mostrando que, sob exposi&#231;&#227;o aguda do merc&#250;rio (0,5 mg/kg), houve um aumento na press&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular direita devido &#224; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Esses achados n&#227;o foram observados com o tratamento cr&#244;nico utilizado no presente estudo. O fato de que a atividade da ECA nos pulm&#245;es n&#227;o ter sido afetada em ambos os grupos de ratos Wistar, apesar de ligeiramente reduzida nos SHRs tratados com HgCl<sub>2</sub> pode explicar por que a press&#227;o ventricular direita manteve-se inalterada.</p>
        <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da biodisponibilidade do NO &#233; um marco, resultante do aumento da gera&#231;&#227;o de EROs, contribuindo ao desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, tais como aterosclerose e hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> A intera&#231;&#227;o do &#226;nion super&#243;xido com NO gera peroxinitrito que diminui a biodisponibilidade de NO, aumentando a reatividade vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> De fato, nossos estudos anteriores mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o do merc&#250;rio com aumento do estresse oxidativo e a redu&#231;&#227;o da biodisponibilidade de NO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Ainda, foi demonstrado que um aumento da atividade local da ECA poderia aumentar a atividade de NADPH oxidase<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> e EROs nas art&#233;rias aortas de ratos normotensos e de SHRs. Assim, n&#243;s investigamos se os efeitos do merc&#250;rio alteram o sistema renina-angiotensina e o estresse oxidativo em &#243;rg&#227;os e tecidos de ratos hipertensos e normotensos. O aumento na atividade da ECA induzida pelo merc&#250;rio poderia levar &#224; atividade aumentada da NADPH oxidase, que, por sua vez, aumenta a libera&#231;&#227;o de EROs, gerando um estresse oxidativo, conforme observado no presente estudo.</p>
        <p>Considerando que tanto o merc&#250;rio como a atividade aumentada da ECA podem induzir o estresse oxidativo, devemos observar uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o grau de estresse oxidativo e a atividade da ECA medida pelo MDA. Um fator interessante &#233; que os n&#237;veis de atividade da ECA e as concentra&#231;&#245;es de MDA apresentaram comportamento similar no plasma e nos &#243;rg&#227;os analisados. Ainda, deve-se destacar que tanto a atividade da ECA como concentra&#231;&#245;es de MDA apresentaram mudan&#231;as mais expressivas nos SHRs tratados com HgCl<sub>2</sub>. De maneira similar, o tratamento com merc&#250;rio inorg&#226;nico agravou hipertens&#227;o em SHRs, sugerindo que uma condi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-existente de hipertens&#227;o melhora a a&#231;&#227;o do merc&#250;rio inorg&#226;nico.</p>
        <p>EROs est&#227;o reduzidas no plasma de todos os locais em que s&#227;o produzidas e, consequentemente, espera-se um aumento nos n&#237;veis de MDA. Mostramos que a atividade da ECA aumenta ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o aguda a baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es de merc&#250;rio, e reduz ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o a altas concentra&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> No entanto, podemos especular que no grupo de SHRs, quando expostos ao merc&#250;rio, nos tecidos que produzem mais EROs, tais como aorta, pulm&#245;es e rins, a atividade da ECA est&#225; reduzida. Similarmente, no tecido cerebral, que concentra merc&#250;rio, a atividade da ECA tamb&#233;m est&#225; diminu&#237;da. Aumentos da PDFVE em ratos Wistar poderiam ser explicados pelo aumento local na atividade da ECA e no estresse oxidativo no cora&#231;&#227;o. Esses dois fatores poderiam explicar o pequeno, mas significativo aumento na PDFVE, provavelmente induzido por uma sobrecarga de c&#225;lcio.</p>
        <p>Embora n&#227;o possamos dar uma explica&#231;&#227;o adequada para todos os eventos, pode-se sugerir que o merc&#250;rio, mesmo em concentra&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o afetam a press&#227;o arterial e o peso corporal em ratos normotensos, tem efeitos na atividade da ECA e no estresse oxidativo. Contudo, em animais hipertensos, as a&#231;&#245;es do merc&#250;rio inorg&#226;nico foram mais expressivas. Esses achados levantam algumas quest&#245;es que n&#227;o foram abordadas no presente estudo: a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao merc&#250;rio inibiria a atividade da ECA em situa&#231;&#245;es em que ela j&#225; se encontra aumentada? A atividade da ECA em diferentes &#243;rg&#227;os depende da concentra&#231;&#227;o de merc&#250;rio em cada um deles? Uma doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;-existente seria agravada pela exposi&#231;&#227;o a merc&#250;rio inorg&#226;nico? Essas quest&#245;es podem ser consideradas limita&#231;&#245;es de nosso estudo, e quest&#245;es para estudos futuros.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os resultados aqui descritos nos permitem afirmar que a exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ao merc&#250;rio inorg&#226;nico, similar ao descrito anteriormente, produz concentra&#231;&#245;es sangu&#237;neas compat&#237;veis &#224;quelas encontradas em indiv&#237;duos expostos, e representa um fator de risco cardiovascular. Tal exposi&#231;&#227;o influenciou a atividade da ECA, aumentou o estresse oxidativo e promoveu hipertens&#227;o em SHRs (os quais apresentaram maior aumento na press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea em compara&#231;&#227;o a SHRs n&#227;o tratados), bem como aumentou a PDFVE em ratos Wistar. Essa exposi&#231;&#227;o controlada ao merc&#250;rio afetou o sistema cardiovascular, causou mudan&#231;as mais expressivas da atividade da ECA e de estresse oxidativo em SHRs, representando um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em ratos normotensos e um fator contribuinte para aumentar riscos pr&#233;-existentes em condi&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPES, CAPES, CNPq, Minist&#233;rio da Economia e Competitividade (SAF 2016-80305-P).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Maylla Ronacher Sim&#245;es pela Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Vit&#243;ria sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CEUA-EMESCAM 003/2007.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
