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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yTsGBgGXV4RYGkTjLZm7YRL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000400371</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190069</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Toward a Patient-Centered, Data-Driven Cardiology</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira,</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - R. Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 - 8&#176;. Andar - Sala 6, UFRJ. Postal Code 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email>, <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>371</fpage>
      <lpage>373</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Clinical Decision - Making</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Centered Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Evidence-Based Medicine/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Access Health Technologies</kwd>
        <kwd>Artificial Intelligence</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Equipment Digital</kwd>
        <kwd>Machine Learning/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Manager</kwd>
        <kwd>Physician Patient Relations</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Beginning in the 1970s and 1980s, the emergence of randomized clinical trials and studies with large cohorts, associated with the development of the methodology for systematic reviews and meta-analyses, triggered a revolution in the way of thinking and performing healthcare practice. Evidence-based medicine (EBM), defined as the integration of the best research evidence with clinical experience and patient values,<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref> has become a new paradigm, orienting medical education and specialized publications. One of the principles of EBM was precisely the primacy of information obtained from randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses, which were placed at the top of an evidence hierarchy, valuing quantitative results more than clinical experience and expert opinion. Indeed, it has always been challenging for EBM to integrate empirical evidence with other types of medical knowledge, such as clinical expertise and pathophysiological rationale, or even with the preferences of individual patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The use of EBM in clinical practice also runs into the difficulty of finding robust evidence for all subgroups of clinical situations found in the real world, "gray areas" in which no reliable evidence can be obtained from the scientific literature to guide the physician in caring for his patient. Randomized clinical trials are expensive and generally require large study samples and long-term follow-up. There are several situations without evidence, or situations in which the evidence is inconsistent or of poor quality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In the last two decades, the use of digital technology has invaded daily life worldwide and radically changed the way people live and relate, with a direct impact on healthcare practice. Public and private information systems and administrative record systems in healthcare practice have become ubiquitous and increasingly complex and complete, storing information ranging from diseases of compulsory notification to reasons for hospitalization and cause of death. </p>
    <p>Diagnostic equipment has become digital, and electronic medical records began to accumulate the patients&#8217; clinical information, prescribed medications, and laboratory tests. Smartphones and digital devices began tracking physical activity or recording an individual's diet, in a myriad of applications and software, including information sharing on social networks. Computational advances also allowed the emergence of bioinformatics, with the attainment of a large volume of genetic information, as well as information about proteins, hormones, and other substances present in the body. </p>
    <p>The availability of this huge amount of data and new analytical techniques - big data analytics<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - opens up new scientific possibilities promising to bring about a real revolution in healthcare practice. Artificial intelligence (AI) areas, such as machine learning and data mining<italic>,</italic> allow for interactive interpretation and apprehension of the unstructured information available in large databases, recognizing hidden patterns of combination of information that are not obtained with traditional statistical methods.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> AI-based methods are being increasingly applied to cardiology to diagnose combinations of multiple imaging modalities, biobanks, electronic cohorts remote and on-site clinical sensors for monitoring of chronic pathologies, electronic health records, and genomes and other molecular techniques, among others<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <label>Table 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Examples of recent studies with artificial intelligence (AI) applications implemented in cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
        <colgroup>
          <col width="33%"/>
          <col width="33%"/>
          <col width="33%"/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th align="left">Article</th>
            <th align="center">Publication</th>
            <th align="center">Application of AI in cardiology</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Machine learning of three-dimensional right ventricular motion enables outcome prediction in pulmonary hypertension: a cardiac MR imaging study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
						</td>
            <td align="center">Dawes TJW et al.<break/>MR imaging study Radiology<break/>2017;283(2):381-90</td>
            <td align="center">Evaluation of outcomes in pulmonary arterial hypertension based on a highly accurate algorithm derived from nuclear magnetic resonance</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Differences in repolarization heterogeneity among heart failure with preserved ejection fraction phenotypic subgroups<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
						</td>
            <td align="center">Oskouie SK et al<break/>Am J Cardiol<break/>2017;120(4):601-6</td>
            <td align="center">Identification of phenotypic patterns in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and unfavorable prognosis</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Screening for cardiac contractile dysfunction using an artificial intelligence-enabled electrocardiogram<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
						</td>
            <td align="center">Attia ZI<break/>Nat Med. 2019 Jan;25(1):70-74</td>
            <td align="center">AI applied to electrocardiography for identification of patients with left ventricular dysfunction</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Artificial intelligence to predict needs for urgent revascularization from 12-lead electrocardiography in emergency patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
						</td>
            <td align="center">Goto S et al<break/>PLoS ONE 201914(1):e0210103</td>
            <td align="center">Prediction of urgent revascularization in patients with chest pain in the emergency room</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Fast and accurate view classification of echocardiograms using deep learning<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
						</td>
            <td align="center">Madani, A..et al<break/>NPJ Digit. Med. 2018 1, 6,.24</td>
            <td align="center">Use of AI for interpretation with good accuracy of echocardiograms</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Fully automated echocardiogram interpretation in clinical practice feasibility and diagnostic accuracy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
						</td>
            <td align="center">Zhang, J. et al.<break/>Circulation<break/>2018 138, 1623-35</td>
            <td align="center">Automated assessment of echocardiographic measurements comparable to or greater than manual assessment</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
    <p>The complete sequencing of the genome and exome, already available in multiple centers, and the future sequencing of the proteome, transcriptome, and metabolome may lead to the knowledge of biological differences among individuals, contextualizing the observed phenotypes with their molecular characterization, leading to the modulation of treatment for specific targets, with greater safety and precision, in the so-called precision medicine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> This perspective of transformation of how knowledge is generated and applied, from the use of new data sources and analysis methodologies, has the potential to bring a new paradigm to medical and healthcare practice (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
		</p>
    <p>However, the use of this large volume of data by healthcare managers and professionals for planning of actions in healthcare and direct patient care is still a major challenge. Difficulties and risks cannot be underestimated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Studies on AI are usually based on observational data obtained from administrative databases or medical records, with the potential for different types of biases and confounding factors. The associations obtained rarely meet the criteria of causality, and well-designed and long-running studies will continue to be necessary for proving hypotheses and defining causality. On the other hand, most algorithms used work with the "black box" principle, without allowing the information user to know the reasons why a diagnosis or recommendation was generated, which can be a problem, especially if the algorithms were designed for a different environment than the one that the user's patient is inserted. Issues regarding information ethics, privacy, and security are still far from being resolved. Matters regarding the cost and cost-effectiveness of healthcare AI projects should be considered early, given the high expenditures in this sector. Topol,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> in a recent review, emphasized the premises that should guide the future application of AI in healthcare (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
		</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <label>Table 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Premises to guide the future of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <colgroup>
          <col width="100%"/>
        </colgroup>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">&#8226; The patient must be considered to be at the center upon implementation of any new technology.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">&#8226; The incorporation of these new technologies for diagnosis and treatment should occur after robust validation of their clinical efficacy.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">&#8226; The use of digital tools and decision algorithms by patients should be another option for those patients who feel empowered.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">&#8226; Cross-disciplinary training will need to be undertaken involving healthcare professionals, engineers, computer scientists, and bioinformaticians, who will minimize the difficulties of implementing the new technology.</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
      <table-wrap-foot>
        <fn id="TFN1">
          <p>Adapted from Topol EJ<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
        </fn>
      </table-wrap-foot>
    </table-wrap>
    <p>If greater availability of data and new AI techniques allow for more accurate diagnoses and prognoses, as well as personalized treatments, various aspects of healthcare practice will continue to depend on other dimensions, such as political, economic, and cultural ones, and the ability of healthcare professionals to interact with patients and the community. The issue of unequal access to healthcare is still critical in Brazil and in developing countries, and requires large investments to improve the organization of the healthcare system. Even when healthcare services and evidence-based guidelines are available, for common and relevant conditions such as hypertension and diabetes, the implementation <italic>gap</italic> is gigantic and best practices are not absorbed by healthcare professionals, or recommended measures are not implemented by patients and their families. The implementation science developed in recent decades, proves to be as important as the data science for the recognition of bottlenecks hindering the complete use of preventive and therapeutic measures ensuring benefit to the patients, who may live more and better, benefiting from all available knowledge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Thus, personalized medicine and AI promise to provide a powerful tool for complex and personalized healthcare data management, which will only be effective if used in the context of the art of caring and the doctor-patient relationship, allowing a new paradigm of medicine based on data but focused on the patient. Physicians and healthcare professionals will be responsible for evaluating and learning the new techniques, expanding the resources available to fully benefit the patients, in terms of not only their physical condition, but also their mental and spiritual conditions, minimizing the suffering that results from the process of illness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
		</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rumo a uma Cardiologia Centrada no Paciente e Guiada por Dados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil1</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil2</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira,</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - R. Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 - 8&#176;. Andar - Sala 6, UFRJ. CEP 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email>, <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomada de Decis&#227;o Cl&#237;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Assist&#234;ncia Centrada no Paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>Medicina Baseada em Evid&#234;ncias/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Acesso &#224; Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Equipamento Digital para Diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Aprendizado de M&#225;quinas/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Gestor de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Rela&#231;&#245;es M&#233;dico-Paciente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A partir dos anos 70 e 80 do s&#233;culo passado, o advento dos estudos cl&#237;nicos aleatorizados e de grandes coortes, associado ao desenvolvimento da metodologia para realiza&#231;&#227;o de revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises, provocou uma revolu&#231;&#227;o na forma de pensar e realizar a pr&#225;tica em sa&#250;de. A medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias (MBE), definida como a integra&#231;&#227;o das melhores evid&#234;ncias de pesquisa com experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica e valores do paciente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> imp&#244;s-se como um novo paradigma, passando a nortear o ensino m&#233;dico e as publica&#231;&#245;es especializadas. Um dos princ&#237;pios da MBE foi exatamente a primazia das informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas de estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados e de metan&#225;lises, que foram colocados no topo de uma hierarquia de evid&#234;ncias, valorizando resultados quantitativos mais do que a experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica e a opini&#227;o dos especialistas. Na verdade, sempre foi um desafio para a MBE a integra&#231;&#227;o das evid&#234;ncias emp&#237;ricas com outros tipos de conhecimento m&#233;dico, como a <italic>expertise</italic> cl&#237;nica e a fundamenta&#231;&#227;o patofisiol&#243;gica, ou mesmo as prefer&#234;ncias de pacientes individuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O uso da MBE na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica tamb&#233;m esbarra na dificuldade de encontrar evid&#234;ncias robustas para todos os subgrupos de situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas encontradas no mundo real, &#8220;zonas cinzentas&#8221; nas quais nenhuma evid&#234;ncia confi&#225;vel pode ser obtida da literatura cient&#237;fica para orientar o m&#233;dico no cuidado de seu paciente. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados s&#227;o caros e geralmente exigem grandes amostras de estudo e acompanhamento de longo prazo. Existem diversas situa&#231;&#245;es sem evid&#234;ncias, ou nas quais essas s&#227;o inconsistentes ou de baixa qualidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nas duas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, o uso da tecnologia digital invadiu a vida di&#225;ria em todo o mundo e mudou radicalmente a forma das pessoas viverem e se relacionarem, com impacto direto sobre a pr&#225;tica de sa&#250;de. Sistemas p&#250;blicos e privados de informa&#231;&#227;o e de registro administrativo da pr&#225;tica em sa&#250;de se tornaram ub&#237;quos e cada vez mais complexos e completos, guardando informa&#231;&#245;es que v&#227;o de doen&#231;as de notifica&#231;&#227;o compuls&#243;ria a motivos de interna&#231;&#227;o e causa de morte.</p>
      <p>Os equipamentos de diagn&#243;stico se tornaram digitais e o prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico eletr&#244;nico passou a acumular informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, medica&#231;&#245;es prescritas e exames laboratoriais dos pacientes. <italic>Smartphones</italic> e aparelhos digitais passaram a medir a atividade f&#237;sica ou registrar a dieta dos indiv&#237;duos, numa mir&#237;ade de aplicativos e <italic>software</italic>, incluindo o compartilhamento de informa&#231;&#245;es em redes sociais. Os avan&#231;os computacionais tamb&#233;m permitiram o aparecimento da bioinform&#225;tica, com obten&#231;&#227;o de grande volume de informa&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas e acerca de prote&#237;nas, horm&#244;nios e outras subst&#226;ncias presentes no organismo.</p>
      <p>A disponibilidade desta enorme quantidade de dados e de novas t&#233;cnicas anal&#237;ticas - o <italic>big data analytics</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - abre novas possibilidades cient&#237;ficas, prometendo provocar uma verdadeira revolu&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica em sa&#250;de. &#193;reas da intelig&#234;ncia artificial (IA), como o <italic>machine learning</italic> e a <italic>data mining,</italic> permitem interpretar e apreender de forma interativa com a informa&#231;&#227;o pouco estruturada dispon&#237;vel nos grandes bancos de dados, reconhecendo padr&#245;es ocultos de combina&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o s&#227;o obtidas com os m&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos tradicionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> M&#233;todos baseados em IA s&#227;o cada vez mais aplicados &#224; cardiologia para diagn&#243;stico de combina&#231;&#245;es de m&#250;ltiplas modalidades de imagens, biobancos, coortes eletr&#244;nicas, sensores cl&#237;nicos presenciais e &#224; dist&#226;ncia para monitora&#231;&#227;o de patologias cr&#244;nicas, registros eletr&#244;nicos de sa&#250;de, genomas e outras t&#233;cnicas moleculares, entre outros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Quadro 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Quadro 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Exemplos de estudos recentes com aplica&#231;&#245;es de intelig&#234;ncia artificial (IA) implementadas em cardiologia8-13</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Artigo</th>
              <th align="center">Publica&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center">Emprego da IA na cardiologia</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Machine learning of three-dimensional right ventricular motion enables outcome prediction in pulmonary hypertension: a cardiac MR imaging study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Dawes TJW et al.<break/>MR imaging study Radiology<break/>2017;283(2):381-90</td>
              <td align="center">Avalia&#231;&#227;o de desfechos na hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar baseada em algoritmo de acur&#225;cia elevada derivado da resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Differences in repolarization heterogeneity among heart failure with preserved ejection fraction phenotypic subgroups<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Oskouie SK et al<break/>Am J Cardiol<break/>2017;120(4):601-6</td>
              <td align="center">Identifica&#231;&#227;o de padr&#245;es fenot&#237;picos para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada e progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Screening for cardiac contractile dysfunction using an artificial intelligence-enabled electrocardiogram<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Attia ZI<break/>Nat Med. 2019 Jan;25(1):70-74</td>
              <td align="center">Aplica&#231;&#227;o da IA &#224; eletrocardiografia para identificar pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Artificial intelligence to predict needs for urgent revascularization from 12-leads electrocardiography in emergency patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Goto S et al<break/>PLoS ONE 201914(1):e0210103</td>
              <td align="center">Predi&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o urgente em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica na emerg&#234;ncia</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fast and accurate view classification of echocardiograms using deep learning<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Madani, A.. et al<break/>NPJ Digit. Med. 2018 1, 6,.24</td>
              <td align="center">Emprego da IA para interpreta&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma com boa acur&#225;cia</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fully automated echocardiogram interpretation in clinical practice feasibility and diagnostic accuracy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Zhang, J. et al.<break/>Circulation 2018 138, 1623-35</td>
              <td align="center">Medi&#231;&#245;es automatizadas de vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas compar&#225;veis ou superiores &#224;s realizadas com m&#233;todo manual</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p> O sequenciamento completo do genoma e do exoma, j&#225; dispon&#237;veis em m&#250;ltiplos centros, e o futuro sequenciamento do proteoma, do transcriptoma e do metaboloma poder&#227;o levar ao conhecimento das diferen&#231;as biol&#243;gicas dos indiv&#237;duos, contextualizando os fen&#243;tipos observados com sua caracteriza&#231;&#227;o molecular, levando &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o do tratamento para alvos espec&#237;ficos, com maior seguran&#231;a e precis&#227;o, na chamada medicina de precis&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Esta perspectiva de transforma&#231;&#227;o de como o conhecimento &#233; gerado e aplicado, a partir do uso de novas fontes de dados e metodologias de an&#225;lise, t&#234;m o potencial de trazer um novo paradigma para a pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica e em sa&#250;de.(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Quadro 1</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Entretanto, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o pelos gestores e profissionais de sa&#250;de desse grande volume de dados, para o planejamento das a&#231;&#245;es em sa&#250;de e no cuidado direto aos pacientes, ainda constitui um grande desafio. As dificuldades e riscos n&#227;o podem ser subestimados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Os estudos de IA geralmente se utilizam de dados observacionais, obtidos de bases de dados administrativas ou de prontu&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos, com potencial de ocorr&#234;ncia de diferentes tipos de vieses e fatores de confundimento. As associa&#231;&#245;es obtidas raramente preenchem os crit&#233;rios de causalidade, e estudos bem desenhados e de execu&#231;&#227;o longa continuar&#227;o a ser necess&#225;rios para comprova&#231;&#227;o de hip&#243;teses e defini&#231;&#227;o de causalidade. Por outro lado, boa parte dos algoritmos utilizados funciona no princ&#237;pio da &#8220;caixa preta&#8221;, sem permitir ao usu&#225;rio da informa&#231;&#227;o saber os motivos pelos quais um diagn&#243;stico ou recomenda&#231;&#227;o foi gerada, o que pode ser um problema, especialmente se os algoritmos foram desenhados para um ambiente diferente do que o seu paciente se insere. Quest&#245;es &#233;ticas, de privacidade e de seguran&#231;a da informa&#231;&#227;o ainda est&#227;o longe de serem resolvidas. As quest&#245;es referentes ao custo e ao custo-efetividade dos projetos de AI em sa&#250;de devem ser consideradas precocemente, dados os elevados gastos nesse setor. Topol,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> em revis&#227;o recente, salientou as premissas que devem nortear a futura aplica&#231;&#227;o da IA em sa&#250;de (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Quadro 2</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Quadro 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Premissas para nortear a futuro da intelig&#234;ncia artificial (IA) na medicina</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="100%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226; O paciente deve ser considerado o centro para a implementa&#231;&#227;o de qualquer nova tecnologia.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226; A incorpora&#231;&#227;o dessas novas tecnologias para diagn&#243;stico e tratamento deve ocorrer quando houver uma robusta valida&#231;&#227;o de sua efic&#225;cia cl&#237;nica.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226; O emprego de ferramentas digitais e algoritmos de decis&#227;o pelos pacientes deve ser mais uma op&#231;&#227;o para os pacientes que se sentirem habilitados.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8226; O treinamento interdisciplinar precisar&#225; ser realizado envolvendo profissionais de sa&#250;de, engenheiros, cientistas da computa&#231;&#227;o e bioinform&#225;ticos, que ir&#227;o minimizar as dificuldades de implementa&#231;&#227;o da nova tecnologia.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Adaptado de Topol EJ<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
						</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Se a maior disponibilidade de dados e de novas t&#233;cnicas de IA permitir obter diagn&#243;sticos e progn&#243;sticos mais precisos e tratamentos personalizados, v&#225;rios aspectos da pr&#225;tica em sa&#250;de ainda continuar&#227;o a depender de outras dimens&#245;es, como a pol&#237;tica, a econ&#244;mica e a cultural, e da habilidade dos profissionais de sa&#250;de de interagirem com os pacientes e com a comunidade. A quest&#227;o da desigualdade do acesso &#224; sa&#250;de ainda &#233; cr&#237;tica no Brasil e nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, e exige desde grandes investimentos at&#233; a melhoria da organiza&#231;&#227;o do sistema de sa&#250;de. Mesmo quando os servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e diretrizes baseadas em evid&#234;ncia est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis, para condi&#231;&#245;es comuns e relevantes, como hipertens&#227;o e diabetes, o <italic>gap</italic> de implementa&#231;&#227;o &#233; gigantesco e as melhores pr&#225;ticas n&#227;o s&#227;o absorvidas pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de, ou as medidas recomendadas n&#227;o s&#227;o realizadas pelos pacientes e seus familiares. A <italic>implementation science</italic>, desenvolvida nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, mostra-se t&#227;o importante como a <italic>data science</italic> para o reconhecimento dos gargalos (<italic>bottlenecks</italic>) que impedem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o plena de medidas preventivas e terap&#234;uticas que garantam o benef&#237;cio para os pacientes, que poder&#227;o viver mais e melhor, utilizando todo o conhecimento dispon&#237;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Assim, a medicina personalizada e a IA prometem fornecer uma ferramenta poderosa de gest&#227;o de dados complexos e personalizados em sa&#250;de, que s&#243; ser&#225; eficaz se utilizada no contexto da arte de cuidar e da rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente, permitindo que se atinja um novo paradigma da medicina baseada em dados mas centrada no paciente. Caber&#225; aos m&#233;dicos e profissionais de sa&#250;de a responsabilidade de avaliar e aprender as novas t&#233;cnicas, ampliando os recursos dispon&#237;veis de modo a beneficiar os pacientes de forma plena, n&#227;o apenas em sua condi&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, mas tamb&#233;m em sua condi&#231;&#227;o mental e espiritual, minimizando o sofrimento decorrente do processo de adoecimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
