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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZZFKCxfv3cSDqZYmFLgJhVB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000300326</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190048</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Updated</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Brazilian Society of Cardiology and Brazilian Society of Exercise and Sports Medicine Updated Guidelines for Sports and Exercise Cardiology - 2019</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghorayeb</surname>
            <given-names>Nabil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Daher</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Jogaib</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">8</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Fernando Pellegrino dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sierra</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Renn&#243;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">10</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Herdy</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Haddad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">11</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">12</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Cla&#250;dio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">13</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#233;a Simone Sabino de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">14</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kopiler</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Arkader</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">15</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">16</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe Ferrari Ribeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lazzoli</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Kawazoe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">15</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">17</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">18</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leit&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Bichels</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">15</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Contesini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Al&#244;</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Ot&#225;vio Bougleux</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">19</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Timerman</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">20</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">21</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Tales de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">12</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">22</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">23</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Ghorayeb</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina do Esporte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina do Esporte da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Assist&#234;ncia M&#233;dica ao Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Assist&#234;ncia M&#233;dica ao Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual (IAMSPE), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (HCPA/UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Vitta Centro de Bem Estar F&#237;sico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Vitta Centro de Bem Estar F&#237;sico, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Florian&#243;polis</city>
          <state>SC</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Cardiosport de Preven&#231;&#227;o e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Florian&#243;polis</city>
          <state>SC</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Cardiosport de Preven&#231;&#227;o e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>13</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, Clinimex, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>14</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">St George's University of London</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Clinical Academic Group</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>London</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sports Cardiology, Cardiology Clinical Academic Group - St George's University of London,14 London &#8211; UK</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>15</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte e do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte e do Exerc&#237;cio (SBMEE), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>16</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label>17</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Medicina do Esporte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Lausanne</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CH">Switzerland</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Medicina do Esporte (FIMS), Lausanne - Switzerland</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label>18</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19">
        <label>19</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Geral de S&#227;o Mateus</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Geral de S&#227;o Mateus, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20">
        <label>20</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21">
        <label>21</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Laureate International Universities</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universidade Anhembi Morumbi</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, Laureate International Universities, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22">
        <label>22</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Ergometria e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ergometria e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DERC/SBC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff23">
        <label>23</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Florian&#243;polis</city>
          <state>SC</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspondence:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 - Centro - Rio de Janeiro - Postal Code: 20020-907. E-mail: <email>sbc@cardiol.br</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p><bold>Editors:</bold> Nabil Ghorayeb and Ricardo Stein</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p><bold>Associate Editors:</bold> Daniel Jogaib Daher and Anderson Donelli da Silveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Authors:</bold> Nabil Ghorayeb,* Ricardo Stein,* Daniel Jogaib Daher, Anderson Donelli da Silveira, Luiz Eduardo Fonteles Ritt, Daniel Fernando Pellegrino dos Santos, Ana Paula Renn&#243; Sierra, Artur Haddad Herdy, Cla&#250;dio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo, Cl&#233;a Simone Sabino de Souza Colombo, Daniel Arkader Kopiler, Filipe Ferrari Ribeiro de Lacerda, Jos&#233; Kawazoe Lazzoli, Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de Matos, Marcelo Bichels Leit&#227;o, Ricardo Contesini Francisco, Rodrigo Ot&#225;vio Bougleux Al&#244;, S&#233;rgio Timerman, Tales de Carvalho, Thiago Ghorayeb Garcia</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>326</fpage>
      <lpage>368</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <table-wrap id="t14">
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <colgroup>
          <col width="12%"/>
          <col width="12%"/>
          <col width="12%"/>
          <col width="12%"/>
          <col width="12%"/>
          <col width="12%"/>
          <col width="12%"/>
          <col width="12%"/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead>
          <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
            <th align="center" colspan="8">Declaration of potential conflict of interest of authors/collaborators of The Brazilian Society of Cardiology and Brazilian Society of Exercise and Sports Medicine Updated Guidelines for Sports and Exercise Cardiology - 2019</th>
          </tr>
          <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
            <th align="center" colspan="8">If the last three years the author/developer of the Guidelines:</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th align="left">Names Members<break/> of the Policy</th>
            <th align="center">Participated in clinical studies and/or experimental trials supported by pharmaceutical or equipment related to the guideline in question</th>
            <th align="center">Has spoken at events or activities sponsored by industry related to the guideline in question</th>
            <th align="center">It was (is) advisory board member or director of a pharmaceutical or equipment</th>
            <th align="center">Committees participated in completion of research sponsored by industry</th>
            <th align="center">Personal or institutional aid received from industry</th>
            <th align="center">Produced scientific papers in journals sponsored by industry</th>
            <th align="center">It shares the industry</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Ana Paula Renn&#243; Sierra</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Anderson Donelli da Silveira</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Artur Haddad Herdy</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Cla&#250;dio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">Inbramed</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Cl&#233;a Simone Sabino de Souza Colombo</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">Inbramed</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Daniel Fernando Pellegrino dos Santos</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Daniel Jogaib Daher</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Daniel Arkader Kopiler</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Filipe Ferrari Ribeiro de Lacerda</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Jos&#233; Kawazoe Lazzoli</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de Matos</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Luiz Eduardo Fonteles Ritt</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Marcelo Bichels Leit&#227;o</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Nabil Ghorayeb</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Ricardo Contesini Francisco</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Ricardo Stein</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">TEB, Inbramed, Health in Code</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">TEB, Inbramed, Health in Code</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Rodrigo Ot&#225;vio Bougleux Al&#244;</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">S&#233;rgio Timerman</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Tales de Carvalho</td>
            <td align="center">UDESC</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Thiago Ghorayeb Garcia</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
    <sec>
      <title>Content</title>
      <p>1. Presentation and Introduction.......................................................330</p>
      <p>2. Pre-Participation Screening...........................................................330</p>
      <p>2.1. Introduction.......................................................................................330</p>
      <p>2.2. Anamnesis and Physical Examination...............................................331</p>
      <p>2.3. Complementary Exams.....................................................................331</p>
      <p>2.3.1. Twelve-Lead Electrocardiogram....................................................332</p>
      <p>2.3.1.1. Introduction...............................................................................332</p>
      <p>2.3.1.2. Method.......................................................................................332</p>
      <p>2.3.1.3. Analysis......................................................................................332</p>
      <p>2.3.1.4. Changes......................................................................................332</p>
      <p>2.3.2. Electrocardiogram: Physiological Changes vs. Changes Suggestive of Heart Disease......................................................................................332</p>
      <p>2.3.3. Exercise Stress Testing...................................................................334</p>
      <p>2.3.3.1. Variables to be Evaluated in an Exercise Stress Testing.............334</p>
      <p>2.3.3.1.1. Functional Capacity.................................................................334</p>
      <p>2.3.3.1.2. Chest Pain...............................................................................334</p>
      <p>2.3.3.1.3. ST-T Segment...........................................................................334</p>
      <p>2.3.3.2. Blood Pressure...........................................................................334</p>
      <p>2.3.3.3. Heart Rate..................................................................................335</p>
      <p>2.3.3.4. Cardiac Arrhythmias..................................................................335</p>
      <p>2.3.4. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing................................................335</p>
      <p>2.3.5. Echocardiogram................................................................................ 336</p>
      <p>2.3.6. Recommendations.........................................................................336</p>
      <p>2.3.7. Other Complementary Tests.........................................................336</p>
      <p>2.3.8. Final Recommendations................................................................337</p>
      <p>3. Genetic Evaluation and Exercise...................................................337</p>
      <p>3.1. Positive Genotype and Negative Phenotype.......................................337</p>
      <p>4. Individuals with Cardiomyopathies and Myocarditis..................338</p>
      <p>4.1. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy...........................................................338</p>
      <p>4.1.1. Genetics and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy...............................339</p>
      <p>4.1.2. Complementary Exams in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy...........339</p>
      <p>4.1.2.1. Electrocardiogram......................................................................339</p>
      <p>4.1.2.2. Echocardiogram.........................................................................339</p>
      <p>4.1.2.2.1. Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiogram..................................339</p>
      <p>4.1.2.2.2. Transesophageal Doppler Echocardiogram............................340</p>
      <p>4.1.2.3. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging.......................................340</p>
      <p>4.1.2.4. Exercise Tests and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy....................340</p>
      <p>4.1.2.4.1. Exercise Testing Recommendations for Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy...............................................................340</p>
      <p>4.1.2.4.2. The Role of Maximal Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy...............................................................341</p>
      <p>4.1.3. Sports and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy...................................341</p>
      <p>4.2. Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia......................................341</p>
      <p>4.2.1. Diagnosis and Management of Athletes with Suspected Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia..........................................342</p>
      <p>4.2.1.1. Echocardiogram.........................................................................342</p>
      <p>4.2.1.2. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging.......................................342</p>
      <p>4.3. Myocarditis........................................................................................342</p>
      <p>4.3.1. Recommendations for Athletes with Myocarditis.........................342</p>
      <p>4.4. Dilated Cardiomyopathy....................................................................343</p>
      <p>4.4.1. Complementary Exams for Dilated Cardiomyopathy...................343</p>
      <p>4.4.1.1. Exercise Stress Testing and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing....343</p>
      <p>4.4.1.2. Echocardiogram.........................................................................343</p>
      <p>4.4.1.3. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging.......................................343</p>
      <p>4.4.2. Sports and Dilated Cardiomyopathy.............................................343</p>
      <p>4.4.2.1. Recommendations for Athletes Diagnosed with Dilated Cardiomyopathy......................................................................................343</p>
      <p>4.5. Non-Compacted Cardiomyopathy......................................................344</p>
      <p>4.5.1. Sports and Non-Compacted Cardiomyopathy..............................344</p>
      <p>4.5.1.1. Recommendations for Athletes Diagnosed with Non-Compacted Cardiomyopathy......................................................................................344</p>
      <p>4.6. Chagas Disease.................................................................................344</p>
      <p>5. Channelopathies..............................................................................345</p>
      <p>5.1. Introduction.......................................................................................345</p>
      <p>5.2. Long QT Syndrome............................................................................345</p>
      <p>5.2.1. Genetic Alterations in Long QT Syndrome....................................345</p>
      <p>5.2.2. Risk Stratification in Long QT Syndrome......................................345</p>
      <p>5.2.3. Recommendations for Athletes with Long QT Syndrome.............345</p>
      <p>5.3. Short QT Syndrome ..........................................................................346</p>
      <p>5.4. Brugada Syndrome............................................................................347</p>
      <p>5.5. Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia...................347</p>
      <p>6. Athletes with Valvular Heart Disease...........................................348</p>
      <p>6.1. Introduction.......................................................................................348</p>
      <p>6.2. Aortic Valve Disease..........................................................................348</p>
      <p>6.2.1. Aortic Stenosis...............................................................................348</p>
      <p>6.2.1.1. Recommendations and Evidence Level......................................349</p>
      <p>6.2.2. Aortic Regurgitation......................................................................349</p>
      <p>6.2.2.1. Recommendations and Evidence Level......................................349</p>
      <p>6.2.3. Bicuspid Aortic Valve.....................................................................350</p>
      <p>6.2.3.1. Recommendations......................................................................350</p>
      <p>6.3. Mitral Valve Disease..........................................................................350</p>
      <p>6.3.1. Mitral Stenosis...............................................................................350</p>
      <p>6.3.1.1. Recommendations and Evidence Level......................................350</p>
      <p>6.3.2. Mitral Regurgitation......................................................................351</p>
      <p>6.3.2.1. Recommendations and Evidence Level......................................351</p>
      <p>6.3.3. Mitral-Valve Prolapse....................................................................351</p>
      <p>6.3.3.1. Recommendations......................................................................352</p>
      <p>6.3.4. Tricuspid Stenosis..........................................................................352</p>
      <p>6.3.4.1. Recommendations......................................................................352</p>
      <p>6.3.5. Tricuspid Regurgitation.................................................................352</p>
      <p>6.3.5.1. Recommendations......................................................................353</p>
      <p>6.3.6. Multivalvular Heart Disease..........................................................353</p>
      <p>6.3.6.1. Recommendations......................................................................353</p>
      <p>6.4. Sports After Valve Surgery.................................................................353</p>
      <p>6.4.1. Recommendations and Evidence Level.........................................353</p>
      <p>6.4.2. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation.......................................353</p>
      <p>7. Athlete's Heart Syndrome in Women...........................................353</p>
      <p>7.1. Introduction.......................................................................................353</p>
      <p>7.2. Complementary Exams.....................................................................354</p>
      <p>7.2.1. Twelve-Lead Electrocardiogram....................................................354</p>
      <p>7.2.1.1. Electrocardiogram: Physiological Changes vs. Changes Suggestive of Heart Disease......................................................................................354</p>
      <p>7.3. Echocardiogram................................................................................354</p>
      <p>7.4. Exercise Testing.................................................................................354</p>
      <p>7.5. Sudden Death....................................................................................355</p>
      <p>8. Basic Life Support for Athletes......................................................355</p>
      <p>8.1. Sudden Death among Athletes..........................................................355</p>
      <p>8.2. Initial Care for Athletes......................................................................355</p>
      <p>8.3. Special Aspects in Preventing Exercise/Sports-Related Sudden Death.......................................................................................................356</p>
      <p>8.3.1. Doping: Illicit Substances in Sports..............................................356</p>
      <p>8.3.1.1. Anabolic Steroids.......................................................................356</p>
      <p>8.3.1.2. Ephedrine...................................................................................356</p>
      <p>8.3.1.3. Amphetamines...........................................................................356</p>
      <p>8.3.1.4. Cocaine.......................................................................................357</p>
      <p>8.3.1.5. Ecstasy........................................................................................357</p>
      <p>8.4. Evaluating Athletes and the Organization and Planning of Emergency Care......................................................................................357</p>
      <p>8.4.1. Aspects Related to the Athlete.......................................................357</p>
      <p>8.4.1.1. Pre-Participation Screening........................................................357</p>
      <p>8.4.1.2. Regarding the Athlete's Preparation..........................................357</p>
      <p>8.4.2. Aspects Related to Training Venues and Competition..................357</p>
      <p>8.4.2.1. Emergency Care and Medical Contingency Planning.................357</p>
      <p>8.4.2.2. Automatic External Defibrillators...............................................357</p>
      <p>References............................................................................................358</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>1. Presentation and Introduction</title>
      <p>Movement is a part of daily life for humans, who must get from one place to another, pick up and carry things, relate to others or simply move for the pleasure of moving. Caspersen et al.'s,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> classic definition (1985) will be used in this Update, in which all body movement produced by the skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure is considered physical activity. Physical exercise can be conceptualized as a special type of physical activity that is planned, structured and repetitive, whose ultimate or intermediate goal is to maintain or improve health, physical conditioning, body aesthetics or performance in competition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although sports are often associated with leisure, they can also be a person's main activity: individuals can characterize themselves as professional athletes when it becomes their means of livelihood or an important source of income. Recently, the concept of athlete was formally defined as someone who simultaneously meets the following four criteria: (a) trains to improve sports performance or results; (b) actively participates in sports competitions; (c) is formally recognized at a local, regional or national level; (d) regards competition as a main activity (way of life) or as a focus of personal interest, devoting several hours to training every day or most days, exceeding the time allocated to other professional or leisure activities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Those who exercise regularly and but only compete occasionally, such as in marathons or other mass sports events, should be called amateur athletes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Thus, although primarily directed to professional athletes, many aspects covered in this Update also apply to amateurs and some apply to non-athletes who exercise regularly.</p>
      <p>These updated guidelines for sports and exercise cardiology will address the following topics: pre-participation screening, structural and non-structural heart diseases, genetic aspects of these pathologies, valvular disease, the hearts of female athletes, as well as basic life support for athletes. Some topics in the 2013 Guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> will be covered in future publications or can be consulted in other specific Guidelines.</p>
      <p>In summary, this document serves as a de facto update for this field of knowledge and can be applied in clinical practice.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2. Pre-Participation Screening</title>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1. Introduction</title>
        <p>Clinical pre-participation screening (PPS) for sports activities should be understood as a standardized systematic medical evaluation that can cover a broad population of professional and amateur athletes before participating in regular moderate-to-intense exercise. Its purpose is to identify cardiovascular diseases that are incompatible with certain types of exercise. The main objective of this screening, which is conducted prior to initiating training and periodically afterwards, is the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and the early detection of diseases that cause sudden cardiac death (SD). This can be achieved by temporarily or permanently suspending the exercise or by treating the potentially fatal conditions that it could trigger. The American Heart Association,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> the European Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> and the Brazilian Society of Exercise and Sports Medicine<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> recommend PPS for all professional athletes. PPS can also be recommended for correctly prescribing moderate-to-high intensity exercise for non-professionals.</p>
        <p>Corrado et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> demonstrated the importance of PPS for preventing SD. Over a 26-year period during which PPS was introduced as a federal law in Italy (1979-2004), the incidence of SD in screened athletes was reduced by 89%: from 3.6 per 100,000 person-years in 1979-1980 to 0.4 per 100,000 person-years in 2003-2004. At present, one of the main issues in PPS is cost-effectiveness. Some societies, such as the American Heart Association, advocate screening with only a questionnaire and a physical examination, believing that the financial and psychological costs associated with false positive results in complementary examinations, such as electrocardiograms (ECG), do not justify the potential benefits.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> However, the European Society of Cardiology and numerous sporting associations (e.g., FIFA, the NBA), support the use of resting ECG, since it has been shown to affect the incidence of SD among athletes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Although we do not have randomized studies comparing the two models of evaluation, we suggest that PPS for professional athletes should include 12-lead resting ECG, since, first, it helps guarantee their safety and, second, the investments involved in their training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> These issues will be addressed in this document, which aims to establish norms for PPS in our country.</p>
        <p>For didactic purposes, as well as due to clinical, physiological, and epidemiological differences, we have chosen to divide PPS candidates into two groups: amateur athletes and professional athletes. When considering various aspects of exercise, such as intensity, training frequency and volume, a zone of intersection will always exist between these groups. Nevertheless, the medical evaluator's good judgment and individual experience will be fundamental in choosing a way forward in these cases. In light of such divisions, it is of fundamental importance to understand the distinction this Guideline determines between amateur and professional athletes:</p>
        <p>Amateurs: adults who participate in regular, moderate-to-high intensity sports activities who occasionally compete, although without professional ties to the sport.</p>
        <p>Professionals:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Individuals who train to improve their sports performance</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Individuals who actively participate in competitions</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Individuals who train and compete as their main activity or as a focus of personal interest. They devote a number of hours on most days to training, exceeding the time spent in other professional or leisure activities.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>However, professional athletes can also be classified according to age:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Young athletes - 12 to 17 years.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Adult athletes - 18 to 35 years.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Master athletes - 35 years or older.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.2. Anamnesis and Physical Examination</title>
        <p>Ideally, all candidates for moderate-to-high intensity exercise should undergo PPS, which can identify risk factors and signs and symptoms suggestive of cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic or locomotor disorders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In anamnesis, issues related to exercise, including family history of disease or sports-related cardiovascular events, should be prioritized. However, a detailed investigation of family history with respect to heart disease or other SD-related diseases must be performed. To do this, adequate knowledge of these medical conditions and a cardiological approach are important.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In PPS it should be considered that cardiac adaptations to physical exercise are frequency, intensity, and duration dependent and vary among different sports and training systems, as well as among individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Due to the latter aspect, different adaptations can be found in individuals involved in similar physical activities. It should be pointed out that the modifications involved in what is referred to as "athlete's heart syndrome" should initially be considered as normal physiological adaptations to exercise, of a transient nature and without negative repercussions on an individual's health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire can be applied systematically during anamnesis. This questionnaire, developed in Canada, should be combined with basic questions asked by a physician (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) about cases of SD or inherited heart diseases, family history of sickle cell disease or other hemoglobinopathies, as well as the patient's origin. Determining the patient's origin is important, since certain regions have endemic diseases, such Chagas' disease, or have a higher prevalence of congenital diseases, such as the Veneto region of Italy, where there is a higher prevalence of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Particular care should be taken when obtaining information about licit or illicit drug use that could be considered as doping or that could be harmful to health (i.e., which could cause SD or other undesirable events).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Important symptoms include: palpitations, syncope, chest pain or discomfort, exertional dyspnea, dizziness/asthenia, or any other symptom triggered by exercise. Accurate sensitivity is needed to determine whether mentioned symptoms indicate a disease state or are merely the consequence of more intense training or competition. For both amateur and professional athletes, if syncope occurs during exercise rather than post-effort, a detailed investigation should be conducted to discard a primary arrhythmic event.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Details to be included in a personal and family history assessment for athletes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Has any doctor ever told you that you have a heart problem?</td>
                <td align="center">Have there been cases of sudden death or heart disease in your family?</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Precordial pain or discomfort on exertion or at rest</td>
                <td align="center">Do you feel chest pain when exercise?</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pre-syncope or syncope, especially if related to exertion</td>
                <td align="center">Do you lose your balance due to dizziness and/or loss of consciousness?<break/> Are there cases of heart disease, sudden death before age 50 or cardiac arrhythmias In your family?</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arrhythmias</td>
                <td align="center">Observe palpitations (skipped beats or heart racing)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previously diagnosed pathologies</td>
                <td align="center">Previous history of heart murmur<break/> Previous history of hypertension<break/> Previous history of metabolic disease<break/> Use of performance enhancing substances/ use of any medication<break/> Live/lived in an area with endemic Chagas disease</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Do you have any bone or joint problems that could be made worse by physical activity?</td>
                <td align="center">Do you currently take some type of medication?<break/> Question directly about anti-hypertensive, NSAID, anabolics, illicit drugs, and alcohol consumption</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Is there any other reason why you should not perform physical activity?</td>
                <td align="center">Family members with genetic diseases; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, channelopathies, arrhythmias, Marfan syndrome</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>NSAID: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The physical examination should include inspection for certain clinical conditions, such as anemia, posture changes, infectious foci (e.g., dental), severe systemic or infectious diseases, bronchial asthma, obesity, diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, and changes in pulmonary or cardiovascular auscultation. A search for signs related to possible cardiovascular disease should be prioritized, such as: heart murmur, third and fourth heart sounds, valve clicks, pulse changes in the upper and lower limbs, signs of Marfan syndrome or other aortic diseases (e.g., Loeys-Dietz syndrome), as well as adequate blood pressure (BP) in both arms at the first evaluation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t15">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="60%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Recommendation for anamnesis and physical examination</th>
                <th align="center">Recommendation grade</th>
                <th align="center">Evidence level</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Amateur athletes</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Professional athletes</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.3. Complementary Exams</title>
        <p>Laboratory tests, in principle, are unnecessary: requests for them should be based on clinical data, especially cardiocirculatory issues. Routine laboratory tests include: complete blood count, fasting glucose, urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium, complete lipid profile, uric acid, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, bilirubin, prothrombin time/international normalized ratio, and common urine testing.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
        </p>
        <p>For individuals who exercise or compete at altitudes over 2,000 meters, it is important to perform hemoglobin electrophoresis to rule out the possibility of hemoglobinopathies (e.g., sickle cell anemia). In our country, especially in regions of higher incidence, serology for Chagas' disease may also be recommended.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Chest radiography may also be requested in many cases.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3.1. Resting 12-Lead Electrocardiogram</title>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.1.1. Introduction</title>
            <p>Use of this examination in groups of younger athletes is controversial. Although the American Heart Association (American College of Cardiology/American College of Sports Medicine) does not include ECG in PPS, the European Society of Cardiology, in addition to numerous sports organizations, recommend it.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> For master athletes, resting ECG is mandatory, since older adults have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary artery disease (CAD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.1.2. Method</title>
            <p>Conventional 12-lead ECG should be performed with the individual in the supine position, recorded at a velocity of 25 mm/s and ideally obtained 24 hours after the last sporting activity. At least 5 minutes of rest is recommended before the examination.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.1.3. Analysis</title>
            <p>Since there are peculiarities among the resting ECG results of athletes, examinations should be interpreted by physicians with experience in the area. This recommendation is important, because it will prevent common alterations of the athlete's heart from being confused with heart disease. However, in most countries medical knowledge regarding the interpretation of athletes' ECG is still limited, which prohibits broader application of this method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.1.4. Changes</title>
            <p>Regular intense exercise can cause physiological changes to the heart at structural, functional and electrical levels. The ECG findings of more than 80% of high-performance athletes reflect exercise-induced cardiac adaptations as a result of intrinsic changes in automaticity and atrioventricular conduction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> as well as of increased vagal tone and cardiac remodeling.</p>
            <p>Due to the establishment of criteria that allow a distinction between heart diseases and athlete's heart syndrome, interpretations of athletes' ECG are becoming more uniform.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> It is understood that the false positives associated with athletes' ECG depend on the criteria used in their interpretation, as well as our current understanding of variations of normality. Thus, new criteria represent a major effort to refine the analysis and interpretation of ECG, making it more specific without losing sensitivity. Variations in the prevalence of these criteria are related to gender (higher in males), age (genetic/congenital diseases in young athletes and CAD in master athletes), ethnicity (black athletes have more left ventricular overload and repolarization changes than athletes of other races), training level (variation is more frequent in professional athletes than amateurs) and type of sport (predominantly regarding the dynamic component).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> It can be especially difficult to differentiate between physiological and pathological adaptations in black athletes, since they have a tendency to develop more hypertrophy in response to exercise than whites. We should also point out that more than 10% of black athletes may have a wall thickness &gt; 12 mm in the echocardiogram.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Failure to distinguish between the physiological and the pathological can have harmful consequences. Athletes can be unnecessarily disqualified from competition due to ECG changes that could be considered normal. Likewise, they may undergo unnecessary examinations, which greatly increase their costs. On the other hand, signs of life-threatening cardiovascular disease may be erroneously interpreted as normal variants of an athlete's ECG, which could put the individual at risk of SD.</p>
            <p>Changes in the athlete's ECG can be divided into two groups: common and/or related to training; or uncommon and/or suggestive of heart disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). ECG is most useful when performed as part of PPS, when it can identify unexpected changes, such as previous myocardial infarction (in older age groups), arrhythmias, conduction disorders, etc. An ECG may also help diagnose less prevalent diseases, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), long QT syndrome, short QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (or other pre-excitation syndrome), in addition to arrythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD). A 12-lead ECG may also facilitate assessment of significant atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction and rhythm disturbances. It can also detect ST-segment changes, such as early repolarization, T-wave inversion in precordial and/or peripheral leads, and voltage criteria suggestive of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
						</p>
            <table-wrap id="t2">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Electrocardiogram: changes due to exercise vs. changes suggestive of heart disease</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="50%"/>
                  <col width="50%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Physiological ECG findings in athletes</th>
                    <th align="center">Abnormal ECG findings in athletes</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Sinus Bradycardia (HR &gt; 30bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">T-wave inversion &gt; 1 mm in 2 or more leads (except DIII, aVR and V1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Sinus arrhythmia</td>
                    <td align="center">ST-segment depression&gt; 0.5 mm in 2 or more leads</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Ectopic atrial rhythm</td>
                    <td align="center">Pathological Q waves &gt; 3 mm or &gt; 40 ms in 2 or more leads (except DIII and aVR)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Junctional escape rhythm</td>
                    <td align="center">Complete left bundle branch block</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">1<sup>st</sup> degree BAV (PR interval &gt; 200 ms)</td>
                    <td align="center">Nonspecific conduction delay with QRS &gt; 140 ms</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">2<sup>nd</sup> degree AVB Mobitz I (Wenckebach)</td>
                    <td align="center">Deviation of the electrical axis from - 30&#176; to 90&#176;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Incomplete right bundle branch block</td>
                    <td align="center">Left atrial overload</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" rowspan="2">Isolated QRS voltage criterion for LVH </td>
                    <td align="center">Right ventricular hypertrophy pattern with RV1 + SV5 &gt; 10.5 mm and axis deviation &gt; 120&#176;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Ventricular pre-excitation</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Early repolarization</td>
                    <td align="center">QT interval &gt; 470 ms in men and &gt; 480 ms in women</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" rowspan="3">ST-segment elevation accompanied by T-wave inversion in leads V1 to V4 in Black athletes</td>
                    <td align="center">QT interval &lt; 320 ms</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Brugada pattern</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Sinus bradycardia &lt; 30 bpm or sinus pauses &gt; 3 s</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">Atrial tachyarrhythmia</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">Ventricular extrasystoles with 2 or more 10-second ECG episodes</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">Paired ventricular extrasystoles and NSVT</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2">
                  <p>AVB: atrioventricular block; BPM: beats per minute; ECG: electrocardiogram; HR: heart rate; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; NSVT: nonsustained ventricular tachycardia.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>There may be variations in the prevalence of EGC changes, which are more frequent in men than women. In relation to age, we found a higher frequency of inverted T-waves in precordial and/or peripheral leads in master athletes and older adults, as well as criteria for LVH, in addition to conduction disturbances (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). There are also significant variations in 12-lead ECG results in different types of sports.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t3">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Different types of electrocardiographic abnormalities in relation to age found in an unselected European population of 32,652 subjects who underwent sports pre-participation screening</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">
										</th>
                    <th align="center">&lt; 20 years<break/>
											<break/> (n = 2.430) %</th>
                    <th align="center">20-29 years<break/> (n = 2.430) %</th>
                    <th align="center">&gt; 30 years<break/> (n = 2.430) %</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Incomplete RBBB, increased PR interval, early repolarization pattern</td>
                    <td align="center">73.1</td>
                    <td align="center">37.9</td>
                    <td align="center">30.1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Inverted T-waves</td>
                    <td align="center">9.5</td>
                    <td align="center">38.6</td>
                    <td align="center">37.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">R/S wave voltage increase</td>
                    <td align="center">3.1</td>
                    <td align="center">4.6</td>
                    <td align="center">7.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">RBBB</td>
                    <td align="center">10.9</td>
                    <td align="center">12.1</td>
                    <td align="center">10.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">LAHB, LBBB</td>
                    <td align="center">2.1</td>
                    <td align="center">5.7</td>
                    <td align="center">13.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Pre-excitation pattern</td>
                    <td align="center">1.3</td>
                    <td align="center">1.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3">
                  <p>LAHB: left anterior hemiblock; RBBD: right bundle branch block; LBBB: left bundle branch block. Adapted from Pelliccia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>
									</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: A.</bold>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3.2. Electrocardiogram: Physiological Changes vs. Changes Suggestive of Heart Disease</title>
          <p>Athletes frequently show ECG changes (up to 80% in some series), including: bradycardia/sinus arrhythmia (13% to 69%), first degree atrioventricular block (35%), and early repolarization (50% to 80%). Such findings are usually due to physiological adaptations related to athlete's heart syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Athletes may also present voltage criteria for LVH, which reflects remodeling of this cavity, although without pathological Q-waves, electrical axis deviation, atrial overload or repolarization changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> These physiological changes in ECG should be clearly separated from patterns suggestive of heart disease, which can be recognized by repolarization changes, pathological Q waves, marked intraventricular conduction defects, pre-excitation, short or long QT intervals, and Brugada syndrome. These findings are rare (less than 5%) but may express some cardiomyopathy or channelopathy that could predispose the athlete to SD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Another important point concerns atrial dilation (resulting from regular training) to meet increased cardiac demand during exercise, although this is not fully understood. Nevertheless, despite this dilation, atrial function seems to be preserved in athletes, but not in patients with structural heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Other less common findings that can be identified in athletes are sinus pauses &lt; 3 s (mainly during sleep) and second-degree bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) type I (Wenckebach). Such findings generally disappear during effort and with the administration of substances. Changes that can be considered cardiac adaptations to physical exertion should not cause alarm, and participation in competitive sports should not be prohibited without further evaluation. On the other hand, findings suggestive of heart disease, even if asymptomatic, should be investigated, especially in the absence of a positive family history or the presence of abnormal findings during physical examination.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Evidence level: A.</bold>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3.3. Exercise Stress Testing</title>
          <p>As part of a strategy for early cardiovascular disease identification, an exercise stress testing can be recommended for the initial evaluation of amateur or professional athletes of any age group. This test can contribute to the prognosis of asymptomatic patients or when there are symptoms potentially indicative of some pathological condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Its may also be used to evaluate cardiorespiratory fitness during training for certain sports, especially those with a predominantly aerobic component.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Asymptomatic individuals with no cardiovascular risk factors can be cleared without this examination. However, an exercise stress testing may be recommended in other conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> After 35 years of age, CAD is the main cause of mortality. An exercise stress testing is recommended for individuals in this age range, mainly to identify myocardial ischemia, since the results can indicate the probable presence of the disease. In asymptomatic individuals, and even in those with known CAD, exercise stress testing is used for prescribing an adequate level of physical activity.</p>
          <p>Changes in resting ECG, often due to physiological LVH, reduce the method's accuracy for diagnosing myocardial ischemia. Simultaneous analysis of other examination variables contributes to a more global assessment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> When a patient mentions having palpitations during physical activity, this should be investigated with an exercise stress testing to reproduce the conditions of the complaint in a controlled environment.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.3.1. Variables to be Evaluated in an Exercise Stress Testing</title>
            <sec>
              <title>2.3.3.1.1. Functional Capacity</title>
              <p>Low functional capacity indicates a poor prognosis. A number of observational studies have demonstrated an inverse association between the metabolic equivalents reached in the exercise stress testing and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> When an individual's functional capacity is low compared to predicted values for his or her gender and age group, additional investigation may be necessary.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>
							</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>2.3.3.1.2. Chest Pain</title>
              <p>An exercise stress testing can reproduce the conditions of chest pain or discomfort during exercise and allows a probable diagnosis of myocardial ischemia due to CAD, which should lead to further investigation and suspension of training. When an exercise stress testing leads to non-ischemic pain similar to that which motivated the test, but there are no changes in any of the test variables, the probability of CAD is low and the athlete can return to competition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> On the other hand, chest pain characteristic of angina, even if unaccompanied by ST-segment changes, is usually associated with a poor prognosis. Proper interpretation of an exercise stress testing requires prior knowledge of normal findings for young athletes. Determining whether ST-segment depression in master athletes is related to CAD can be challenging. The possibility of a false positive result related to LVH cannot be ruled out, but ischemia of atherosclerotic origin should always be discarded. Additional investigation may be required before returning to practice and competition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>
							</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>2.3.3.1.3. ST-T Segment</title>
              <p>ST-segment depression &gt; 1 mm is suggestive of CAD, especially when in a horizontal or descending pattern. Such alterations have higher values when occurring concomitantly with chest pain or other manifestations that contribute to a diagnosis of myocardial ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> ST-segment elevation &#8805; 1 mm at 60 ms after J-point, when not observed in a Q-wave area (inactive zone), is very suggestive of subepicardial (or transmural) injury,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> indicates ischemia and must be managed as such.</p>
              <p>In asymptomatic athletes, when ST alterations occur during an exercise stress testing, even if unaccompanied by chest pain, or when they occur with high double product values and high exercise capacity, especially if associated with frequent cardiac arrhythmias, training should be suspended (temporarily or not). In such cases, it is of fundamental importance to continue investigation into cardiovascular disease. Such an approach is based on the increased cardiovascular demand and increased risk of events during exercise, especially in individuals over 35 years of age or when one or more CAD risk factors are present.</p>
              <p>ST-segment analysis should consider:</p>
              <p>
                <list list-type="bullet">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>&#8226; Morphological characteristics, i.e., descending is more serious than horizontal, which is more serious than slow ascending.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>
										</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>&#8226; Early onset during exercise and persistent changes late in the recovery phase indicate greater risk and severity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>
										</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>&#8226; ST-segment depression greater than 10% in relation to the immediately preceding R-wave amplitude. This adjustment in ST-segment evaluation should be considered due to recurring high-amplitude R-waves, which can express physiological LVH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>
										</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </p>
              <p>Furthermore, regarding the ventricular repolarization phase, it is important to point out that when starting from an altered ECG, normalization during exercise can indicate a good prognosis (if not accompanied by symptoms).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>
							</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.3.2. Blood Pressure</title>
            <p>Excessively high BP during an exercise stress testing in patients who have not been diagnosed with hypertension and who have normal resting levels could be a warning sign, because there is a significantly greater risk of developing hypertension in subsequent years. In patients with newly diagnosed hypertension, laboratory investigation and treatment should begin immediately. However, if there is a progressive decrease in systolic BP during an exercise stress testing, especially when it falls below the pre-effort value, subsequent investigation for heart disease should be carried out, especially in cases of stress-induced systolic dysfunction.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.3.3. Heart Rate</title>
            <p>Chronotropic incompetence indicates a poor prognosis and has been associated with endothelial dysfunction, altered autonomic modulation, elevated inflammatory markers and CAD. An inadequate HR response can be considered as the inability to achieve 85% of the estimated maximum HR. The following equation can be used to predict maximum HR: 208 - (age &#215; 0.70). A chronotropic index &lt; 80% is another way to identify chronotropic incompetence, which has prognostic value. It is obtained by the following ratio: (HR reserve obtained/estimated HR reserve) &#215; 100.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Vagal modulation of HR can be inferred from HR reduction in the first minute of recovery in relation to HR at peak exertion. This observation was initially identified when comparing athletes with heart failure (HF) patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref> Reductions &#8804; 12 beats per minute have been associated with higher mortality rates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.3.4. Cardiac Arrhythmias</title>
            <p>Less complex cardiac arrhythmias, such as occasional ventricular extrasystoles during an exercise stress testing, often express an increase in sympathetic autonomic modulation due to graduated exercise. Such conditions alone, without other alterations, do not justify limiting the activity of asymptomatic individuals, nor do they require further investigation. Symptomatic or asymptomatic patients who develop complex ventricular arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia (whether sustained or not), must be investigated before they return to training.</p>
            <p>For mild-to-moderate intensity leisure activities in asymptomatic individuals with a cardiovascular risk factor: perform an exercise stress testing at the beginning of participation.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: III.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>For amateur athletes participating in high-intensity sports and competition: perform exercise stress testing at the beginning of training.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: A.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>For professional athletes participating in high-intensity athletic activity and competition: perform an exercise stress testing at the beginning of the season.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Any time:</p>
            <p>When a patient refers to chest pain or discomfort, fatigue or dyspnea of unknown cause, palpitations, or when previously non-existent arrhythmias, exercise-related pre-syncope or syncope or elevated resting BP (with or without compromise a target organ) are identified: perform an exercise stress testing.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: A.</bold>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3.4. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing</title>
          <p>For a long time (including in Brazil), athletes and individuals participating in high-performance activities have undergone cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) to evaluate performance and prescribe aerobic training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref> As described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>, CPET differs from an exercise stress testing by adding measures and analyses of expired gases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref> Unlike in exercise tests for clinical diagnosis, when CPET is performed in apparently healthy athletes BP is often not measured and even ECG is often not performed, and HR is obtained by frequency meter. With so much equipment available (e.g., in laboratories, clinics, hospitals, clubs and sports centers) to perform these measures, there is little sense in evaluating an athlete's aerobic condition through a exercise stress testing, which has an error rate of approximately 20% when estimates based on formulas developed for clinical protocols involving treadmills or cycle ergometers are used.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Main differences between exercise stress testing and cardiopulmonary exercise testing</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3">Exercise testing</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th align="center">Exercise stress testing</th>
                  <th align="center">Cardiopulmonary exercise testing</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Functional capacity</td>
                  <td align="center">Measured</td>
                  <td align="center">Measured</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Maximum aerobic power</td>
                  <td align="center">Estimated</td>
                  <td align="center">Measured</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anaerobic threshold</td>
                  <td align="center">Undetermined</td>
                  <td align="center">Determined</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">V/Q Ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">Not evaluated</td>
                  <td align="center">Evaluated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inotropic response</td>
                  <td align="center">Limited evaluation</td>
                  <td align="center">Excellent evaluation</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mechanical Efficiency</td>
                  <td align="center">Presumed</td>
                  <td align="center">Measured</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Protocol</td>
                  <td align="center">More dependent</td>
                  <td align="center">Less dependent</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">True maximum cardiorespiratory capacity</td>
                  <td align="center">Presumed</td>
                  <td align="center">Probable/identified</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Etiology of dyspnea</td>
                  <td align="center">Unidentified</td>
                  <td align="center">Probable/identified</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>V/Q ratio: ventilation/perfusion ratio</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>In certain clinical settings and for certain groups of athletes, including a CPET in PPS may be recommended (or even critical for) individual risk stratification, especially due to the data collected from expired gas measurement and analysis. This could be relevant in master athletes, in individuals with cardiovascular and/or pulmonary diseases who are involved in recreational competition (e.g. half-marathons, marathons, mountain climbing, cycling, water sports, etc.), as well as in professional athletes. In these circumstances and whenever possible, it is best to use an exercise stress testing that closely approximates the patient's sport.</p>
          <p>Among the additional clinical information that CPET can reveal about athletes or active, healthy individuals, two types stand out: (a) more precise and objective identification of limiting factor(s) for maximum effort (cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular or metabolic) and (b) evaluation of systolic volume behavior, which is obtained by analysis of the curves and maximal values of oxygen pulse (VO<sub>2</sub>/HR) and ventilatory equivalents (VE/VO<sub>2</sub> and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref> CPET is already included in cardiological evaluation of HF patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref> in identifying the etiology of effort dyspnea<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>, and has more recently been considered capable of identifying myocardial ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref> or abnormal responses after cardiac surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref> In patients with chest pain, changes in the oxygen pulse during CPET make its diagnostic and predictive accuracy greater than an exercise stress testing for detecting or excluding myocardial ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref> It is the procedure of choice when a valid and precise measurement of an athlete's aerobic condition is required and HR thresholds must be determined for exercise prescription.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t16">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="60%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                  <th align="center">Recommendation grade</th>
                  <th align="center">Evidence level</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Amateur athletes</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Professional athletes</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">For more precise stratification of exercise-limiting factors</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>CPET should be used when there is a change in resting ECG that may interfere in its interpretation or when there are suspicious hemodynamic responses.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The routine use of CPET to stratify risk of sudden death in apparently healthy children and adolescents does not seem especially useful.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Recommendation grade: III.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3.5. Echocardiogram</title>
          <p>An echocardiogram may play a relevant role in PPS since it can diagnose the main diseases involved in SD in athletes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). It can also help distinguish between physiological alterations in the athlete's heart and HCM painlessly, quickly and at a relatively low cost. However, it should be reserved for cases where there is a clinical/family history of heart disease or when a physical examination gives suspicious results, as well as when changes in resting ECG indicate cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref> Furthermore, in known cases of congenital heart disease, especially those of low complexity, when physical activity and even high-performance sports are not contraindicated, a periodic ECG helps evaluate the evolution of the condition in question and its correct management. Doppler echocardiogram associated with physical effort is important when verifying cardiac function during exercise, and it can aid in diagnosis and determining the course of treatment, especially for HCM patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Main causes of sudden death in athletes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Age &lt; 35</th>
                  <th align="center">Age &gt; 35</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">Coronary artery disease</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anomalous origin of coronary arteries</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Myocarditis</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Valve disease</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pre-excitation syndrome</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Conduction system disease</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3.6. Recommendations</title>
          <p>The European Society of Cardiology, in light of the findings of Corrado et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> (the previously mentioned 25-year Italian follow up of athletes), has established a screening program for individuals between 12 and 35 years of age that includes an initial examination consisting of family history, a physical examination, and 12-lead ECG. Additional tests will only be performed after positive findings in initial evaluation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref> Using ECG in programs for young asymptomatic athletes (12 to 35 years of age) has proven to be a high-cost strategy, and no population studies with adequate follow-up have proven its efficacy. Although this test is considered the most practical method for detecting cardiac structural changes, its use as a screening tool is generally reserved for elite athletes, especially in clubs or teams with the necessary financial resources. ECG may indicate the presence of congenital abnormalities in athletes, even when the results are normal. However, since most of these changes are not implicated in the genesis of SD, its use has not been routinely recommended, especially given that its diagnostic power in asymptomatic athletes with normal physical examination results is very low.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref>
					</p>
          <p>When CAD is suspected in the initial evaluation, further investigation should be carried out with more accurate examinations: ECG with physical or pharmacological stress, myocardial scintigraphy with physical or pharmacological stress or dynamic cardiac MRI. Studies have suggested introducing a limited echocardiogram that is restricted to the two-dimensional mode, which can be performed in 5 minutes. The results showed good sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing various SD-related conditions in athletes, especially HCM,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref> which is implicated in more than 30% of SD cases in young athletes. At the present time, ECG is considered a confirmatory diagnostic modality to be performed after suspicious results are found in PPS.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Evidence level: A.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There is no evidence to support the use of routine ECG in population screening programs for asymptomatic individuals.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Recommendation grade: III.</bold>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3.7. Other Complementary Tests</title>
          <p>The use of other diagnostic tools, whether laboratory, graphic, imaging, invasive or non-invasive, should comply with clinical criteria and scientific evidence already established in the literature, depending on the PPS findings.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3.8. Final Recommendations</title>
          <p>The recommendations in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref> can be used as a population screening research strategy. Associations and governing councils of professional athletes currently have their own protocols, given the legal and economic issues involved. PPS based on initial clinical consultation and 12-lead ECG can help identify athletes at greater risk of SD.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recommendations by age group and competitive level</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Leisure</th>
                  <th align="center">Amateurs</th>
                  <th align="center">Professionals</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Children/adolescents</td>
                  <td align="center">Initial evaluation + 12-lead ECG</td>
                  <td align="center">Initial evaluation + 12-lead ECG</td>
                  <td align="center">Initial evaluation + 12-lead ECG</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">18-35 years</td>
                  <td align="center">Initial evaluation + 12-lead ECG</td>
                  <td align="center">Initial evaluation + 12-lead ECG</td>
                  <td align="center">Initial evaluation + 12-lead ECG</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">35-59 years</td>
                  <td align="center">Initial evaluation + CAD risk evaluation + 12-lead ECG + (consider functional test)</td>
                  <td align="center">Initial evaluation + CAD risk evaluation + 12-lead ECG + (consider functional test)</td>
                  <td align="center">Initial evaluation + CAD risk evaluation + 12-lead ECG + (consider functional test)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&gt; 60 years</td>
                  <td align="center">Initial evaluation + 12-lead ECG + functional test</td>
                  <td align="center">Initial evaluation + 12-lead ECG + functional test</td>
                  <td align="center">Initial evaluation + 12-lead ECG + functional test</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>12-lead ECG: resting 12-lead electrocardiogram; CAD: coronary artery disease.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3. Genetic Evaluation and Exercise</title>
      <p>According to consensus and expert opinion, genetic assessment is not routinely recommended for athletes. If the question of whether a 12-lead resting ECG should be included in routine PPS is still being discussed, it follows that there must be a pressing reason for genetic investigation of an athlete.</p>
      <p>There are two occasions when genetic evaluation is especially well indicated when:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref>
			</p>
      <list list-type="alpha-lower">
        <list-item>
          <p>there is a family history of hereditary heart disease (cardiomyopathy, channelopathies, aortic diseases) or suspicion thereof (episodes of syncope, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest/SD). In such cases, it is important to point out that genetic study must first be performed on the individual or an effected family member. When a causal mutation has been detected, then the other family members should be studied (including the athlete if not initially tested);</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>the athlete has a phenotype that strongly indicates an inherited disease (signs, symptoms and/or test results suggestive or compatible with a specific disease).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>
					</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Clinical genetic assessment should always be the first step before genetic testing is conducted. This assessment should include a thorough anamnesis of family history as well as a complete physical examination. Family history should include aspects such as the age of symptom onset, the activities that triggered the symptoms, diagnosed diseases, and the number of affected relatives and degree of kinship. Thus, a thorough understanding the family tree or "family pedigree" will guide the investigation toward the affected side of the family. When there are no suspect first-degree relatives, the study should be extended to another generation if there is a great suspicion of inherited heart disease.</p>
      <p>More recent studies have highlighted the role of genetic study in the "molecular autopsy" of individuals without anatomical changes who died suddenly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref> A comprehensive analysis of genes related to SD in subjects who died suddenly during exercise has identified potential causative variants. However, the effects of many genetic variants are still undetermined and further study is needed to understand their clinical significance. However, comprehensive genetic analysis of individuals who died during exercise could determine potential causative variants and help identify relatives at risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref> Specific recommendations about genetic analysis are addressed in the sections on inherited diseases in this Guideline.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>3.1. Positive Genotype and Negative Phenotype</title>
        <p>Individuals can be considered to have positive genotype/negative phenotype when:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>They have a potentially pathogenic mutation.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Complementary exams indicate no clinical manifestations or structural/electrical changes in the heart.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>The question is whether these subjects are at increased risk of SD, even without the signs of structural heart disease. This is of paramount importance because in certain cases the adrenergic stress of intense or competitive exercise can trigger complications and SD. Reviewing the family history of inherited heart disease can be a great challenge, which is mainly due to variable expressivity (i.e., severity frequently varies, even within the same family), as well as to reduced penetrance (i.e., some patients may never develop the disease).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref> Many investigated diseases are autosomal dominant, although some are due to <italic>de novo</italic> mutations. The age of onset may also vary, with patients remaining asymptomatic over a long period of the disease, which makes initial clinical diagnosis difficult.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>
				</p>
        <p>When faced with this diagnostic challenge, we must determine that the phenotype is truly negative. A thorough cardiologic investigation with ECG, echocardiogram, cardiac magnetic resonance, Holter monitoring, and provocative tests (exercise or drugs) should be performed when genetic disease is suspected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref> The current European PPS recommendations state that after a detailed questionnaire (including symptoms and family history) and clinical examination, priority should be given to 12-lead ECG. Athletes with two or more "borderline ECG findings" or any "abnormal ECG findings" require further investigation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The European Society of Cardiology reported that SD occurs three times more in athletes (2.3 per 100,000 individuals) than non-athletes (0.9 per 100,000 individuals).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref> There have been a limited number of SD cases in asymptomatic HCM patients. Five cases of premature SD have been reported in which the autopsy revealed no macroscopic HCM or mutation of the TNNT2 gene.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref> Two patients were found with ventricular fibrillation and normal hearts who subsequently developed HCM and MYH7 gene mutation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref> In one ARVD case, a 13-year-old mutation carrier in the non-clinically affected DSP (desmo- toquine) gene suffered SD two years after the genetic study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref> In an Italian study of 12,500 athletes, only one case of SD due to ARVD was not clinically detected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref> In the context of dilated cardiomyopathies, a case of SD was also described in a 35-year-old female with LMNA gene (c908-909delCT) mutation in whom no structural disease or conduction disorder was detected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In assessing positive genotype/negative phenotype in the early development of cardiomyopathy, it is important to remember that intense sports activity can worsen the prognosis for mutation carriers, as in ARVD and HCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The current recommendations are controversial, being based on expert consensus and the available few longitudinal studies. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref> shows general differences between U.S. and European recommendations. For example, the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology state that patients with HCM-positive genotypes may participate in competitive sports, as long as two-dimensional echocardiogram indicates they are asymptomatic and without evidence of LVH and they have no family history of HCM-related SD (Class IIa; Evidence level C). However, athletes with clinically expressed and diagnosed HCM should not participate in most competitive sports.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref> It is our opinion that future studies should evaluate the pathogenic potential and negative effects of intense exercise on individuals with positive genotypes. Finally, we believe that disqualification should only be used as a final intervention and that adequate information and decision-making (by the family, athlete, coach, sponsor, etc.) should be sought.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>U.S. vs. European recommendations for athletes with positive genotypes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Heart Disease</th>
                <th align="center">American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology</th>
                <th align="center">European Society of Cardiology</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiomyopathies (HCM, DCM, ARVD)</td>
                <td align="center">No restrictions (e.g., asymptomatic and without left ventricular hypertrophy)</td>
                <td align="center">Competitive sports prohibited: only non-competitive sports and leisure activities permitted</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Long QT </td>
                <td align="center">No restrictions (except QTL1 and swimming)</td>
                <td align="center">Competitive sports prohibited: only non-competitive sports and leisure activities permitted</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Catecholaminergic tachycardia</td>
                <td align="center">Competitive sports prohibited</td>
                <td align="center">Competitive sports prohibited</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Brugada syndrome</td>
                <td align="center">No restrictions</td>
                <td align="center">No restrictions</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marfan Syndrome</td>
                <td align="center">Mild-to-moderate activity only (no family history of aortic dissection or SD)</td>
                <td align="center">Competitive sports prohibited</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy; ARVD: arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4. Individuals with Cardiomyopathies and Myocarditis</title>
      <sec>
        <title>4.1. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</title>
        <p>HCM is one of the major causes of sports-related SD in individuals under 35 years of age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref> The U.S. National Registry of Sudden Death in Athletes evaluated the causes of SD in competitive athletes between 1980 and 2011. Of 2,406 total deaths identified in young athletes (mean age: 19 years), 842 had some cardiovascular diagnosis. HCM was the most common cause of SD, occurring in 36% of the cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref> However, its contribution to SD in athletes has been systematically overestimated. Recent evidence from a meta-analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref> indicates that HCM caused 10.3% of athlete deaths, while 27.5% had structurally normal hearts.</p>
        <p>HCM is an autosomal dominant genetic disease characterized by myofibrillar disarray in myocytes, accompanied by hypercontractility and asymmetrical hypertrophy (with or without obstruction of the outflow tract), which are unexplained by pressure, volume overload, or another underlying systemic condition. Ventricular hypertrophy (determined by an imaging method) &gt; 15 mm in any segment with no other apparent cause is highly suggestive of HCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref> For hypertrophy between 13 and 14 mm, other factors, such as family history, specific ECG changes, symptoms, another imaging method and even genetic evaluation should be considered in the differential diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref> In first-degree relatives of a HCM patient, hypertrophy greater than 13 mm is also highly indicative of this disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref> Hypertrophy related to pressure overload, physical training and basal septal hypertrophy in the elderly should be considered in the differential diagnosis.</p>
        <p>HCM patients may be totally asymptomatic or present symptoms such as lipothymia, syncope, dyspnea, palpitations or angina, especially when related to increased myocardial demand or obstruction of the outflow tract, as occurs during exercise. SD in these patients occurs primarily due to ventricular arrhythmias, although other complications such as supraventricular arrhythmias (with or without pre-excitation), advanced atrioventricular block, asystole, and myocardial infarction may also be the cause of this undesired event.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1.1. Genetics and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</title>
          <p>At present, at least 20 genes have been implicated in the genesis of this disease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref> and more than 1,700 mutations related to contractile myocardial protein have been discovered. Mutations in at least 11 different genes that code for sarcomeric proteins have been identified in up to 70% of family cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref> Mutations of genes in the beta-myosin heavy chain (MYH7) and myosin-binding protein C (MYBPC3) are the most frequent. Together, MYBPC3 and MYH7 account for up to half of all clinically recognized cases of HCM, and make up at least 75% of the index cases in which a mutation is identified.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref> Other less frequent mutations are related to the troponin I and troponin T genes (TNNI3, TNNT2) and alpha-tropomyosin-1 (TPM1), whose frequency is often less than 5%. Still less common (less than 1%) are mutations of muscle LIM protein (CSRP3), troponin C (TNNC1) and titin (TTN). Genetic phenotypes such as Fabry disease, amyloidosis, Danon disease and Friedreich ataxia should also be considered.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref> Mutations in troponin genes, although less common (15% to 30%), have been most closely associated with SD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref> including, in some reports, individuals with no phenotypic manifestations of the disease.</p>
          <p>Genetic counseling by a multidisciplinary team experienced in genetically determined heart disease is recommended for individuals with HCM.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Genetic sequencing study for patients with clinically diagnosed HCM (index cases).</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Assessment for specific mutations in direct relatives of patients diagnosed with genetically determined HCM.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1.2. Complementary Exams in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</title>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.2.1. Electrocardiogram</title>
            <p>ECG should be performed in all patients with suspected HCM.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>About 90% of patients with HCM have ECG changes, with ST-segment and T-wave being the most common. Athletes with HCM have a higher prevalence of T-wave changes (especially deep T-wave inversion in the lateral leads) and ST-segment changes than non-athletes with the disease. In addition to these changes, there is left atrial enlargement, which is identified by a prolonged P-wave duration (&gt; 120 ms) in leads I or II with a negative P-wave portion &#8805; 1 mm in depth and &#8805; 40 ms in duration in the V1 lead. Complete left bundle branch block may also be suggestive of HCM. In the past, some ECG changes in athletes were considered potentially pathological, such as: left atrial enlargement and left axis deviation, T-wave inversion confined to V1-V4 preceded by J-point elevation (especially in blacks), Q-waves &#8805; 3 to 4 mm (with an amplitude less than one-quarter of the R-wave and a duration &lt; 0.04 s). However, such changes are now considered physiological responses in the athlete's heart, and do not require additional clinical evaluation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.2.2. Echocardiogram</title>
            <p>This exam play a fundamental role in HCM assessment. In addition to the degree of hypertrophy, they can determine the gradient between the left ventricle (LV) and the aorta, as well as the presence of mitral valve abnormalities: systolic anterior motion and altered patterns of diastolic function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref> Echocardiograms also have an important role in differentiating between hypertrophy due to HCM and that due to physical training (ventricular hypertrophy in the athlete's heart). A variety information, such as the pattern and distribution of hypertrophy, parietal thickening, cavity size, assessment of diastolic function by tissue Doppler imaging, and family history are required.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref> When not clinically differentiated, ECG, echocardiograph, functional or other imaging methods, such as serial ECG, may be useful when evaluating athletes with suspected HCM before and after a detraining period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 8</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">104</xref> Regarding prognosis, LV wall thickness &gt; 30 mm is a major risk factor for SD, especially in adolescents and young adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref> A gradient above 50 mmHg between the LV and the aorta is also associated with worse prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref>
						</p>
            <table-wrap id="t8">
              <label>Table 8</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Factors indicative of athlete's heart syndrome (vs. HCM) in athletes with left ventricular hypertrophy in the "gray zone" (i.e., wall thickness: 13-15 mm)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="100%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>Clinical</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">No family history</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Absence of diffuse T-wave inversion in ECG</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>Nuclear magnetic resonance</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Homogeneous distribution of left ventricular hypertrophy</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">No late gadolinium enhancement (fibrosis)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>Echocardiogram</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Increased left ventricular diameter (LVDD &gt; 55 mm)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Symmetrical hypertrophy (septum, posterior wall, apex and base)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Normal diastolic function (E/A ratio &gt; 1, peak velocity to E' &gt; 11.5 cm/s)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Hypertrophy regression after detraining</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">No HCM-causing mutations found in genetic analysis</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN7">
                  <p>LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; ECG: electrocardiogram; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>When comparing athletes and non-athletes with HCM from an echocardiographic point of view, athletes present the following characteristics: lower LV wall thickness, higher left ventricular end-final diastolic diameter and higher ejection fraction.</p>
            <sec>
              <title>4.1.2.2.1. Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiogram</title>
              <p>Confirm clinical suspicions of HCM by determining parietal thickening and whether there is a dynamic gradient.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Investigate the presence of HCM in first-degree relatives.</p>
              <p>Reassessment of clinical evolution, as well as therapeutic interventions.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Annual reassessment of family members of HCM patients aged 12 to 18 years.</p>
              <p>In individuals over 21 years of age, reevaluation should be done every 5 years.</p>
              <p>Tissue Doppler imaging should be performed to differentiate HCM from physiological or pathological cardiac hypertrophy (e.g. hypertension).</p>
              <p>An exercise echo stress test should be used in asymptomatic patients who do not show significant gradients at rest or with the Valsalva maneuver.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
              </p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>4.1.2.2.2. Transesophageal Doppler Echocardiogram</title>
              <p>Patients with an inadequate transthoracic window.</p>
              <p>Transesophageal Doppler echocardiogram is used to assess valve damage and the mechanism and magnitude of mitral regurgitation when this is unclear after transthoracic ECG.</p>
              <p>Intraoperative evaluation for myomectomy and alcohol septal ablation.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>To clarify the mechanism of atypical mitral regurgitation.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
              </p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.2.3. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging</title>
            <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) is used to evaluate patients with suspected HCM when an ECG is inconclusive. Although ECG is the first imaging choice for patients with suspected HCM, this method may be limited by poor acoustic windows, particularly for areas such as the cardiac apex.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref> CMRI can also be used in highly suspicious cases that are not confirmed by ECG. Its excellent spatial resolution provides exclusive information about cardiac muscle and tissue, helping in the differential diagnosis of secondary causes of hypertrophy, such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis. This examination allows the visualization of subtle changes in the thickness and contractility of the LV over time, as well as the detection of fibrotic areas, and recent studies have reported the presence and amount of fibrosis with prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref>
						</p>
            <p>CMRI is used to evaluate athletes with ECG abnormalities that are suspicious of HCM and inconclusive ECG findings.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>CMRI should be used for myocardial fibrosis screening in every athlete with suspected HCM.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.2.4. Exercise Tests and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</title>
            <p>The exercise stress testing is an independent means of identifying patients at increased risk of SD. Since the presence of marked ST-segment changes in HCM patients may indicate ischemia but not necessarily heart disease, the exercise stress testing has little diagnostic value. However, it could be a prognostic marker to be taken into consideration, especially when associated with expired gas measurements (CPET).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref>
						</p>
            <p>For these patients, a ramp protocol should be used first. This test avoids sudden changes in the recruitment of neuromuscular motor units and the metabolic changes associated with incremental protocols due to the constant and continuous increase of external work. The slope of the ramp should be individualized to last, preferably, from 8 to 12 minutes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref>
						</p>
            <sec>
              <title>4.1.2.4.1. Exercise Testing Recommendations for Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</title>
              <p>The exercise stress testing is recommended for asymptomatic HCM patients who do not present high risk criteria as an associated element in prognostic stratification.</p>
              <p>Exercise stress testing is recommended for asymptomatic patients without high risk criteria, but who wish to participate in recreational physical activity.</p>
              <p>It is an additional element in differential diagnosis between athlete's heart syndrome and HCM.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>The exercise stress testing can be used for patients with doubtful symptoms that are not associated with other high-risk criteria (preferably CPET).</p>
              <p>It can be used to assess functional capacity and heart rate response to exercise in patients with an implanted defibrillator who wish to participate in low-intensity physical activity.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>In athletes with high risk criteria (symptomatic), it can facilitate differential diagnosis between HCM and physiological hypertrophy.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Recommendation grade: III.</bold>
              </p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>4.1.2.4.2. The Role of Maximal Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</title>
              <p>A maximal CPET can stratify HCM patients regarding cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, helping guide treatment. In athletes who are in the "gray zone" between physiological hypertrophy and the pathological hypertrophy of HCM, measuring oxygen consumption and peak oxygen pulse with a CPET can be of great assistance. In general, highly trained athletes have values &#8203;&#8203;between 55 and 70 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>. Sharma et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref> demonstrated that healthy athletes can actually achieve significantly higher peak oxygen consumption than athletes with HCM (66.2 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> vs. 34.3 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>). Since there was no overlap between groups, the researchers postulated a cutoff of 50 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> to discriminate between the pathological hypertrophy of HCM from the dynamic component of the athlete's heart.</p>
              <p>Finally, since there are conflicting data regarding CPET and specific predictions of SD in patients with HCM based on VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, neither VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope nor peak VO<sub>2</sub> are currently used in risk stratification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref>
							</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
              </p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1.3. Sports and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</title>
          <p>Why is there a low prevalence of HCM among high-level athletes? The response seems to be related to a natural selection process that excludes individuals with HCM-related functional and structural alterations from the high-intensity training required to become a professional. So, is being a competitive athlete with HCM synonymous with SD? The answer is no. We all know cases of athletes who were diagnosed with this disease well into their professional careers or after they had already retired. The problem is that intense exercise can trigger severe arrhythmias, increased left ventricular outflow obstruction and/or ischemic compression in small blood vessels (possible fibrosis due to repetitive ischemia) during training and competition.</p>
          <p>Based on the premise that strenuous exercise can be an important trigger for SD, athletes with a probable or unequivocal diagnosis of HCM should be excluded from most competitive sports. However, it should be pointed out that only a minority of HCM patients have SD or cardiac arrest during exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref> This recommendation is independent of age, sex, phenotype, symptoms, LV outflow tract obstruction, drug treatment, septal ablation, or pacemaker or implanted defibrillator.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref> Although criteria have been suggested<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">114</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref> for establishing SD risk factors in HCM patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 9</xref>), it should be pointed out that such criteria should be used with caution, since they do not take important HCM-related aspects into account, such as genetics and CMRI results.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Table 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Risk factors for sudden death in HCM patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Greater risk factors</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cardiorespiratory arrest survivor</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Spontaneous sustained ventricular tachycardia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Family history of SD in patients &lt; 40 years</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Unexplained syncope or pre-syncope</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Interventricular septum &gt; 30 mm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Minor risk factors</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Abnormal blood pressure response to exercise</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Patients under 30 years of age</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; SD: sudden death</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Individuals classified as low risk (especially those without a gradient at rest or during effort)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">116</xref> may participate in sports such as golf, billiards, bowling and shooting (group IA). Recreational sports that require high intensity or abrupt changes of intensity are not recommended. Individuals with positive genotype/negative phenotype (without clinical evidence of disease) may participate in sports, provided they are assessed periodically, since the chance of SD is directly related to the presence of hypertrophy and fibrosis. A recent study evaluated vigorous exercise in HCM patients and individuals with positive genotype/negative phenotype. Exercise was associated with higher cardiac volumes and better diastolic function, but not with a higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Participation in competitive sports for clinically diagnosed HCM patients.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Recommendation grade: III.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.2. Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia</title>
        <p>ARVD is a cardiac muscle disease of genetic origin characterized by changes during the formation of desmosomes. It is clinically manifested by the replacement of myocardial tissue with fatty and/or fibrous tissue, generally affecting the right ventricle and with more pronounced clinical manifestations when the apical septum of the LV is affected. Mutations in non-desmosomal genes have also been identified, such as filamin C, TMEM43 and phospholambam, especially in cases involving the LV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref> Among athletes from the Veneto region of Italy, ARVD is a major cause of SD: one study found a five-fold increase in SD risk for young athletes who participated in competitive sports.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120">120</xref> Based on recent data, ARVD is ranked as the third most frequent cause of SD the United Kingdom.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref> ARVD is a rare condition in the general population, with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 5,000, although in some European countries, such as Italy and Germany, the prevalence is 1 in 2,000.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">121</xref> Diagnosis can be challenging given the need to exclude other disorders that may present with similar signs and symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref> The main clinical manifestations are palpitations, syncope, chest pain, complex ventricular arrhythmias and SD. Since highly trained athletes may have right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, in addition to a variety of changes in depolarization, repolarization, and nerve conduction, a differential diagnosis between "athlete's heart syndrome" and ARVD should always be performed. Since an echocardiogram may have technical limitations with respect to RV images, its structural and functional analysis may be impaired. However, akinesia, dyskinesia or RV aneurysms associated with the dilation of this chamber are among the most important criteria in the revised classification. CMRI is a noninvasive imaging technique that has become the main tool for diagnosing ARVD. Segmental or global dysfunction of the RV or a substantial increase in this cardiac chamber, associated with myocardial thinning and presence of late enhancement (fibrosis and/or edema), supports a diagnosis of ARVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">121</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123">123</xref> A 12-lead resting ECG and Holter monitoring can help with diagnosis, principally by detecting arrhythmias such as branch block pattern ventricular tachycardia, inverted T-waves in the right precordial leads (V1 to V3) and epsilon waves (present in 30% of ARVD patients). Family history should always be investigated, and a confirmed case in a first degree relative is a major criterion. Thus, suspected first-degree cases or confirmed second-degree cases are minor criteria. In especially difficult cases, a biopsy of the RV can be performed. The final clinical diagnosis may not be simple. The presence of two major criteria, one major and two minor criteria (different categories) or four minor criteria (different categories) confirm the diagnosis.</p>
        <p>New evidence suggests that ECG adaptations, such as isolated right ventricular overload or T-wave inversion from V2 to V4 (associated with right axis right deviation in black athletes) are related to benign structural adaptations of the heart in competitive athletes. In these individuals careful investigation for the other criteria is necessary, and research on family history is of fundamental importance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124">124</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>4.2.1. Diagnosis and Management of Athletes with Suspected Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia</title>
          <sec>
            <title>4.2.1.1. Echocardiography</title>
            <p>In athletes with a family history of ARVD or with ECG changes suggestive of ARVD.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.2.1.2. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging</title>
            <p>CRMI should be used when there is a strong suspicion, despite a non-diagnostic ECG or in cases where an echocardiogram could not adequately assess the RV.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Competitive physical activity in patients with a definite or probable diagnosis of ARVD.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: III.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>There is sufficient evidence that exercise can trigger SD in individuals with ARVD. Probable causes include: increased sympathetic tone and even greater dilation of the ventricular chambers during exercise, which, associated with myocardial fibrosis, leads to the appearance of complex arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125">125</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref> Adhesion between the cells could be compromised by genetic factors, and in the meantime, mechanical stress from exercise can lead to cardiomyocyte apoptosis and worsening of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127">127</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128">128</xref> Group 1A sports can be allowed on an individual basis. More recent studies have confirmed the deleterious role of sustained vigorous physical activity (&gt; 6 metabolic equivalents) in the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias in ARVD patients, and reducing exercise after diagnosis is associated with a lower occurrence of severe arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130">130</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.3. Myocarditis</title>
        <p>Myocarditis has a heterogeneous clinical profile and, although not very prevalent, it is the probable cause of 5 to 22% of SD cases in athletes, depending on age and region.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref> This disease is characterized by an inflammatory process with consequent non-ischemic degeneration and necrosis of the myocardium. Generally, myocarditis is the result of an infection (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa), but it may be associated with substance use or autoimmune diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref> SD may occur in the acute phase (when a myocarditis patient does not abstain from sports for 6 months), or even in the chronic phase, when there is already scar tissue in the myocardium, which is a consequence of complex arrhythmias triggered by an unstable electrical substrate. In this phase, exercise may be the arrhythmogenic trigger due to increased venous return and muscle fiber stretching from physical activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133">133</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134">134</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In athletes, the main symptoms are palpitations, precordialgia, dyspnea, fatigue and syncope. ECG changes include ventricular arrhythmias, ST-T segment changes, and rhythm and conduction disorders. It may evolve with left ventricular enlargement due to the disease, hypertrophy due to physical training or a combination of both.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135">135</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136">136</xref> CMRI and myocardial biopsy (although less common in our country) may facilitate diagnosis. Due to their prevalence in Brazil, we point out that myocarditis may also be caused by the dengue and HIV viruses, as well as by Chagas' disease.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>4.3.1. Recommendations for Athletes with Myocarditis</title>
          <p>Competitive physical activity for patients with active myocarditis.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Recommendation grade: III.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Athletes diagnosed with myocarditis should be advised against practicing any competitive sports and should undergo a period of convalescence. Although there is no consensus, many experts recommend that this period be at least six months after the onset of clinical manifestations. However, some experts have been more "liberal", recommending shorter periods of convalescence.</p>
          <p>These athletes may resume training and competition after:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Left ventricular function, ventricular wall motion, and cardiac dimensions return to normal values (based on stress and resting echocardiography and radionuclide imaging).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Complex or frequent forms of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias and clinically relevant arrhythmias are absent.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Inflammatory and heart failure markers are normalized.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Resting ECG is normalized, although the persistence of ST-segment changes alone should not impede the athlete's return to training and competition.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.4. Dilated Cardiomyopathy</title>
        <p>Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) has an estimated prevalence of 40 cases per 100,000 individuals. It is defined as a myocardial disease, characterized by LV dilation and global systolic dysfunction, and there may be overlapping segmental abnormalities with increased myocardial mass. DCM includes disorders of genetic origin, disorders due to infection, inflammation, exposure to toxic substances or metabolic diseases, and disorders of idiopathic origin (although at least 40% of disorders classified as idiopathic are, in fact, of genetic origin). Up to 40 genes have been identified, with proteins from several cellular structures being affected (sarcomere, sarcolemma and intercellular junction).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref> DCM patients vary widely in clinical presentation and hemodynamics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Long-term aerobic training may lead to changes in cardiac morphology, including increased LV cavity size and mass. Increased cavity size may produce a greater systolic volume and thus, the resting ejection fraction may be at the lower limit of normal or slightly reduced. In this context, it is important to differentiate between LV increase due to systematic training and that due to DCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>4.4.1. Complementary Examinations for Dilated Cardiomyopathy</title>
          <sec>
            <title>4.4.1.1. Exercise Stress Testing and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing</title>
            <p>Although exercise performance may only be slightly reduced in young DCM patients, arrhythmias are usually present at a very early stage of the disease (including supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmia, as well as conduction delays).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t17">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="60%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Recommendations for exercise stress testing and CPET<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
										</th>
                    <th align="center">Recommendation grade</th>
                    <th align="center">Evidence level</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Exercise stress testing or CPET to assess individuals with known or suspected ventricular arrhythmias during exercise, regardless of age</td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Exercise stress testing to assess DCM severity </td>
                    <td align="center">IIb</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">CPET to assess DCM severity</td>
                    <td align="center">Ia</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Exercise stress testing to identify pathophysiological mechanisms and clarify symptoms</td>
                    <td align="center">IIb</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">CPET to identify pathophysiological mechanisms and clarify symptoms</td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN9">
                  <p>CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise testing.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.4.1.2. Echocardiogram</title>
            <p>An echocardiogram is more sensitive than ECG for diagnosing LVH and accurately quantifies LV mass. Thus, cardiac abnormalities detected by an echocardiogram have additional predictive value.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref>
							<table-wrap id="t18"><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup><col width="60%"/><col width="20%"/><col width="20%"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Recommendations for performing ECHO</th><th align="center">Recommendation grade</th><th align="center">Evidence level</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Assessment of patients with suspected DCM or heart failure</td><td align="center">I</td><td align="center">B</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Assessment for differential diagnosis between DCM and "athlete's heart syndrome"</td><td align="center">I</td><td align="center">B</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN10"><p>Echo: echocardiogram.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.4.1.3. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging</title>
            <p>CMRI can clearly and effectively demonstrate and quantify anatomical and functional changes in DCM. This examination has been found useful for evaluating HF patients by accurately calculating the function of both ventricles. It also helps distinguish idiopathic DCM from other forms of ventricular dysfunction, such as ventricular dysfunction caused by coronary artery disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref> In addition, the method makes an important contribution to prognostic evaluation. Determining the presence and extent of fibrosis by myocardial late enhancement has good prognostic value, since it represents a substrate for arrhythmia and SD. Further research is needed to confirm the role of CMRI in the prognostic stratification of DCM, especially when defining the arrhythmic risk of these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.4.2. Sports and Dilated Cardiomyopathy</title>
          <p>DCM is an uncommon myocardial disease that deserves consideration because it is a potential cause of SD in athletes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref> In reality, there is little information on the risk of SD during physical activity or the relative risk of physical training for athletes with DCM. Thus, it is not clear whether asymptomatic DCM patients are at risk of SD during physical activity or competitive sports, since tachyarrhythmias are much more common in patients with more advanced disease, i.e., with explicit cardiac symptoms and reduced ejection fraction.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>4.4.2.1. Recommendations for Athletes Diagnosed with Dilated Cardiomyopathy</title>
            <p>Until further information is available, symptomatic DCM athletes should not participate in competitive sports except for those in class IA and selected cases.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: III.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Athletes with a definite DCM diagnosis but a low risk profile (asymptomatic, no family history of SD, slightly reduced ejection fraction, normal pressure response to exercise and no complex ventricular arrhythmias) could participate in low-to-moderate intensity dynamic exercise and low-intensity static exercise (recommendations IA and IB).</p>
            <p>These recommendations apply to competitive exercise. Physical activity of a therapeutic nature (cardiac rehabilitation) is indicated for all DCM and heart failure patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B145">145</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.5. Non-Compacted Cardiomyopathy</title>
        <p>Non-compacted cardiomyopathy is a rare cardiac disease that has been recently recognized. It is due to embryonic interruption of myocardial compaction and is characterized by segmental thickening of the LV walls that consists of two layers: a compacted epicardial layer and an endocardial layer with marked trabeculations and deep intratrabecular recesses that are filled by blood flow. In non-compacted cardiomyopathy, left ventricular capacity is usually increased and the ejection fraction is reduced.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147">147</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Although considered a rare condition by some researchers, the incidence and prevalence of non-compacted cardiomyopathy are uncertain. Using echocardiography, a study at a large institution found a prevalence of 0.05%. Among HF patients, the prevalence of non-compacted cardiomyopathy is 4%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B148">148</xref> Diagnosis is quite difficult due to the lack of clear criteria, as well as the condition's heterogeneous clinical spectrum and the usual need for MRI for a reliable diagnosis.</p>
        <p>This disease may be asymptomatic or present with HF, ventricular and/or atrial arrhythmias, pre-excitation, thromboembolic events or SD. However, the risk of adverse consequences, including SD, seems to be associated with the degree of LV systolic dysfunction and/or ventricular tachycardia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149">149</xref> There are no universally accepted criteria or precise guidelines for morphological diagnosis. However, a non-compacted/compacted myocardium ratio of &gt; 2.1:1 at the end of systole in an echocardiogram or of 2.3:1 at the end of systole in CMRI is currently the most widely accepted criterion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B150">150</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Non-compacted cardiomyopathy can be found alone or combined with congenital heart defects, neuromuscular disorders or as part of genetic syndromes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149">149</xref> It is a genetically heterogeneous disease, with familial or sporadic cases, and with pathogenic mutations involving the cytoskeleton, mitochondria, sarcomeres and z-line proteins. Therefore, different forms have been described: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, and with mitochondrial patterns of inheritance, although the most common form has an autosomal dominant trait.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>4.5.1. Sports and Non-Compacted Cardiomyopathy</title>
          <p>Neither the extent to which physical training can alter non-compacted cardiomyopathy nor the prevalence of non-compacted LV morphology among healthy athletes have been determined.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B151">151</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref> Since forensic reports of SD in young athletes do not include non-compacted cardiomyopathy as a possible cause, it is not possible to apply risk stratification strategies for new patients with this disease.</p>
          <p>Recent studies have found a higher prevalence of increased LV trabeculation among athletes than controls (18.3% vs. 7%). It is believed that these abnormalities represent a non-specific epiphenomenon that increases with higher image resolution in echocardiography. In addition, increased LV trabeculation or isolated echocardiographic criteria for cardiomyopathies are likely to be of little significance and may be a part of the athlete's heart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153">153</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B154">154</xref> Thus, not all athletes with isolated ventricular non-compaction should be diagnosed with non-compacted cardiomyopathy. Therefore, functional parameters such as ejection fraction must be considered in patient management.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B154">154</xref>
					</p>
          <sec>
            <title>4.5.1.1. Recommendations for Athletes Diagnosed with Non-Compacted Cardiomyopathy</title>
            <p>Athletes with an unequivocal diagnosis of non-compacted cardiomyopathy and compromised systolic function, major ventricular tachyarrhythmias in Holter monitoring or at an exercise testing or a history of syncope should not participate in competitive sports, with the possible exception of low-intensity sports (class IA), at least until more clinical information becomes available.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: III.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.6. Chagas Disease</title>
        <p>Chagas disease continues to be one of the most important causes of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy in Latin America. Approximately 8-10 million people are estimated to be infected with <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155">155</xref> and this protozoa is responsible for approximately 12,000 deaths per year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B156">156</xref> The disease usually manifests itself in 30% to 40% of those infected, and clinical findings usually appear 10 to 30 years after initial infection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B157">157</xref> Cardiac arrhythmias and SD are common and may occur at any stage of progression, even in individuals without significant structural disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B158">158</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B159">159</xref> Sustained ventricular tachycardia is the main cause of SD, and is associated with LV dysfunction, syncope and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in Holter monitoring or the exercise testing.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160">160</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B161">161</xref> In addition, sinus node dysfunction, atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction disorders are common findings in patients with Chagas disease and may progress to complete atrioventricular block. Few studies have evaluated the risk of SD in Chagas patients during intense exercise, and a lack of symptoms does not exclude the presence of cardiomyopathy, even in high-level athletes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref> Diagnosis involves epidemiological and serological evaluation (immunofluorescence). ECG and echocardiogram facilitate diagnosis of cardiomyopathy and conduction disorders. An exercise stress testing or a CPET, MRI, Holter monitoring and even electrophysiological study can more accurately assess the risk of SD. The exercise recommendations are similar to those for individuals with DCM.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>5. Channelopathies</title>
      <sec>
        <title>5.1. Introduction</title>
        <p>Channelopathies are inherited arrhythmogenic heart diseases that do not involve structural impairment and are caused by genetic changes that result in dysfunction of the cardiac ion channels, which leads to risk of SD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref> The most commonly known channelopathies are long QT syndrome, short QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPTV)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref> Sinus node disease and Lenegre disease or conduction system disease are also examples of channelopathies.</p>
        <p>Ion channels, the ion currents moving through these channels, proteins that attach to the membrane structure of myocardial cells, and the junctions between these structures are involved in electrical impulse formation and the synchronous transmission of these impulses throughout the heart, which generates cardiac action potential.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref> The performance of each of these functions is determined by different genes. Mutations in related genes cause specific dysfunctions and cause channelopathies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167">167</xref> The ion channels in the cell membrane allow ions to enter and exit following a voltage gradient. Genetic mutation in these channels can lead to gain or loss of function. With the recent increases in knowledge about these entities, defibrillator use and easier access to genetic evaluation, decisions shared between the medical team and the family have allowed a more permissive stance toward exercise in individuals with channelopathies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B168">168</xref> Detailed recommendations on the most prevalent syndromes are described below.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.2. Long QT Syndrome</title>
        <p>Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is the prototype channelopathy. First described more than 50 years ago as an autosomal recessive disease, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref> includes congenital deafness, increased QTc intervals, and syncope or SD. Subsequently, an autosomal dominant form called Roman-Ward syndrome (prolonged QTc without deafness) was discovered. Several types of LQTS are currently known, which are determined by gene mutations that cause distinct changes in ventricular depolarization and repolarization.</p>
        <p>The typical clinical features of LQTS include syncope or SD associated with increased QTc intervals and ventricular tachyarrhythmias such as torsade de pointes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref> Typically, certain factors trigger syncope in LQTS, which are related by subtype and genotype. The most common triggers are: adrenergic activity in SQTL1, sudden awakening and an acute auditory stimulus in SQTL2 and sleeping/resting in SQTL3. However, phenotypic presentations vary widely. Carriers can be asymptomatic, have no increase in QTc interval or have syncope or SD in the first days of life. Thus, diagnostic criteria were developed to score alterations, which are divided into three main groups: clinical history, family history and ECG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>5.2.1. Genetic Alterations in Long QT Syndrome</title>
          <p>Genetic alterations are known in approximately 60% of the clinical cases of LQTS, and at least 17 genes have been associated with this clinical entity. Generally, patients have mutations in three specific genes: KCNQ1, KCNH2 or SCN5A.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref> Hundreds of mutations have already been described, with the most prevalent type being cardiac.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref> The most common mutation occurs in the KCNQ1 gene, which is responsible for more than 30% of the genetic variants and pathological mutations identified in LQTS and causes SQTL1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref> This type of mutation causes a loss of function in the IKs potassium current,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref> which plays an important role in cell repolarization and QT interval adaptation to heart rate. SQTL5, a mutation caused by the KCNE1 gene, is much less frequent (considered rare) and is responsible for IKs loss-of-function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref> The KCNH2 (HERG) gene, which encodes the alpha subunit of the fast potassium channels, and KCNE2, which encodes the beta subunit, are responsible for the rapid entry of potassium during phase 3 of the action potential.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B174">174</xref> Loss of alpha subunit function accounts for 40% of genotyped LQTS and is responsible for SQTL2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B175">175</xref> SQTL3 accounts for approximately 10% of all mutations diagnosed in LQTS, due to changes in the SCN5A gene, whose functional gain produces a continuous sodium input during the plateau phase, which facilitates early depolarization in cardiac cells. Although hundreds of other mutations have been described, treatment and follow-up of LQTS patients and families are restricted to the most known forms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B176">176</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.2.2. Risk Stratification in Long QT Syndrome</title>
          <p>Genetic analysis has been widely used for risk stratification and determining specific therapeutic interventions in LQTS patients and their relatives. Since LQTS is an uncommon clinical condition and data have only been obtained through cohort studies, the evidence level for recommendations about risk stratification and treatment strategies has been limited to B. The most robust risk marker of LQTS is a previous episode of aborted SD, and its most common cause is polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, degenerating or not into ventricular fibrillation. Patients who have experienced such a condition have a 13-fold increased risk of new SD episodes. Previous syncope is also an extremely unfavorable risk marker, which could double the risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177">177</xref>
					</p>
          <p>However, the risk of having an arrhythmic event is not the same for all patients. Evidence shows that individuals with SQTL2 and SQTL3 have a higher risk of events than those with the mutations that cause SQTL1. In addition, individuals with a QTc duration &gt; 500 ms are at higher risk than those with shorter QTc durations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref> Mutations involving the gene segment that encodes the channel pore are also related to poorer prognosis. Therefore, once again, the value of genotyping in patients with this syndrome is clear. A family history of SD did not prove to be a higher risk marker for events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178">178</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.2.3. Recommendations for Athletes with Long QT Syndrome</title>
          <p>A few years ago, LQTS patients were advised not to participate in competitive sports based on the understanding that they were exposed to an increased risk of SD. In 2015, Aziz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref> studied more than 100 patients with a positive LQTS genotype, all engaged in some type of sports program. Of these, 25% practiced competitive sports. Interestingly, the authors found no disease-related symptoms during sports, confirming that no event or SD had been described in those undergoing proper treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref> This and other evidence led to a revision of the recommendation to universally restrict LQTS patients from competitive sports. Thus, the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology published new eligibility recommendations for athletes with channelopathies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180">180</xref> Participation in competitive sports was reconsidered for athletes with LQTS due to a lack of evidence that asymptomatic athletes with positive genotype/negative phenotype may be at increased risk of malignant arrhythmias during sports. However, athletes must be under treatment and asymptomatic for 3 months before returning to training. Furthermore, precautionary measures, such as an automatic external defibrillator (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 10</xref>), are advisable. However, it is important to stress that water sports are contraindicated for athletes with SQTL1.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Table 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Precautionary measures for patients with channelopathies</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Avoid substances that prolong the QT interval (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.crediblemeds.org">www.crediblemeds.org</ext-link>) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Avoid substances that exacerbate Brugada syndrome (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.brugadadrugs.org">www.brugadadrugs.org</ext-link>) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hydration and replacement of electrolytes: avoid dehydration (trigger)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Avoid hyperthermia, whether due to fever or excessive heat in athletes with long QT and Brugada syndrome</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">An external automatic defibrillator should be part of the athlete's equipment</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Establish an emergency action plan</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <bold>Recommendation grade: IIb.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Regarding water sports, Ackerman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180">180</xref> described the follow up of swimmers diagnosed with SQTL1 and treated with beta-blockers, many with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), who chose to continue competing. The incidence of events was low, with only two events (both in the same individual) among 74 patients diagnosed with LQTS. It should be noted that this individual had a history of aborted SD and was not using beta-blockers.</p>
          <p>Beta-blockers are the basis for managing LQTS, and are indicated for all symptomatic or asymptomatic individuals with a QTc interval &#8805; 470 ms. Therefore, all patients with a prolonged QT interval should receive beta-blockers, although protection is incomplete for patients with LQTS2 and 3 (class I intervention). For patients with a mutation (positive genotype) but a normal QT interval, prophylactic use of beta-blockers is also recommended, given their good tolerability and the fact that at least 10% of asymptomatic individuals will develop symptoms over time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181">181</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>An ICD is recommended for all cardiac arrest survivors with good functional status and life expectancy &gt; 1 year.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Patients who develop syncope despite the use of beta-blockers may also benefit from ICD.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>An ICD can be considered in patients at high risk of SD, such as those with SQTL3, even if asymptomatic. Individuals with a QTc interval &gt; 500 ms present a very high risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Recommendation grade: IIb.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Sympathetic denervation may be considered for patients with syncope or CPTV who are already using beta-blockers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181">181</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184">184</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Recommendation grade: IIb.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.3. Short QT Syndrome</title>
        <p>Short QT syndrome is a very rare condition that has been known for less than 20 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B185">185</xref> In this disease, shortening of repolarization occurs, which favors the development of ventricular arrhythmias by reentry. It is characterized by a short QT interval (QTc &lt; 320 ms) with peaked T-waves (that could have increased amplitude) with a normal ascending phase and a rapid descending phase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B186">186</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref> A QTc interval &#8804; 340 ms is a risk marker. Short QT syndrome should also be considered when the patient has a QTc interval &#8804; 360 ms in association with a confirmed genetic mutation, a family history of short QT syndrome, a family history of SD in individuals under 40 years of age and/or in survivors of cardiorespiratory arrest.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188">188</xref> Since the clinical parameters are still unclear, genetic analysis is useful to confirm the diagnosis in suspected cases. Mutations in three genes that encode potassium channels have been described: KCNH2, KCNQ1 and KCNJ2, all resulting in function gains in the IKr, IKs and IK1 channels, respectively, and determining short QT syndrome types 1, 2 and 3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref> Three other genes that encode calcium channels, CACNA1C (short QT syndrome type 4), CACNB2 (short QT syndrome type 5) and CACNA2D1 (short QT syndrome type 6) were also identified.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188">188</xref> Given that the number of patients with a confirmed diagnosis is very small, it has not yet been determined whether any specific type of mutation determines a worse prognosis. Moreover, new generation sequencing does not identify any genetic cause in up to 40% of individuals with a clear phenotype.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188">188</xref> Risk factors for arrhythmias are also not known. Treatment for this condition is still controversial: in patients with a KCNH2 gene mutation, quinidine has been shown to prolong refractoriness and suppress the induction of arrhythmias during an electrophysiological study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref> although for other mutations its usefulness has not been established. The disease appears to be highly lethal, but there may be a diagnostic bias toward severe cases. Although the use of ICD may be considered, inappropriate shocks may occur due to the double-counting phenomenon (QRS complexes and T-waves).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Regarding exercise recommendations, participation in competitive sports may be considered for short QT patients as long as they are asymptomatic, have been under treatment for 3 months and precautionary measures are taken (automatic external defibrillator).</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.4. Brugada Syndrome</title>
        <p>This syndrome is characterized by the occurrence of syncope or SD caused by polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in structurally normal hearts. Its diagnosis may be based on a specific EGC pattern, defined as an ST-segment elevation &#8805; 2mm (0.2 mV) in the right precordial leads. However, this diagnosis may be unstable.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref> Its most peculiar aspect is J-spot elevation in the right precordial leads (V1 to V3), although this phenomenon has also been described in lower leads.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193">193</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref> However, the ECG results may be unimpressive, requiring the use of sodium channel blockers to unmask the condition. The tracking and proper identification of these patients are essential, since SD is rarely the first symptom.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref>
				</p>
        <p>This syndrome is highly influenced by gender, since 90% of cases occur in men. To date, only functional loss mutations in SCN5A, present in about 20% of those affected, have been identified. Currently, a total of 23 genes have been implicated in Brugada syndrome (BrS1-BrS23), and the vast majority of them are very rare.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref> Clinically, the disease manifests with syncope or SD, predominantly in the third or fourth decade of life, with fever as a trigger for arrhythmias.</p>
        <p>In risk stratification, individuals with spontaneous J-point elevation have a worse prognosis than those in whom the typical pattern was observed only after infusion of flecainide, procainamide or ajmaline. The occurrence of syncope, associated with spontaneous J-point elevation, increases the risk of SD by up to 6 times. Neither a family history of SD nor detecting a mutation in the SCN5A gene proved useful for risk stratification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197">197</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B198">198</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sports have not been described as a SD risk factor in Brugada syndrome. However, since there is a greater risk of events related to parasympathetic activity in this syndrome, arrhythmias can occur after exercise/training, a point in which there is vagal recovery and sympathetic withdrawal. In addition, significant elevations in body temperature due to intense physical activity in unfavorable environments may also trigger SD.</p>
        <p>Defibrillators are recommended for:</p>
        <p>Aborted SD patients.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Patients with spontaneous J-point elevation and syncope, or with previously documented ventricular tachycardia.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Exercise and competitive sports may be considered for Brugada patients, provided they are asymptomatic and have been undergoing treatment for 3 months.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.5. Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia</title>
        <p>Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is triggered by physical exertion or emotional stress in children and young adults with structurally normal hearts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B199">199</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B200">200</xref> The patient's resting ECG will appear normal, except for relative bradycardia for age and frequent U-waves. The disease manifests clinically as syncope.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B199">199</xref>
				</p>
        <p>At least four mutations have been described in several genes (RyR2, CASQ2, TRDN, CALM1) that potentially cause CPVT. The most common cause is functional gain mutation in RyR2 (about 60% to 75% of cases), the gene that encodes type 2 ryanodine receptor, which is the protein responsible for releasing calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Anomalies in the CASQ2, the gene that encodes cardiac calsequestrin, which is a calcium-binding protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, account for up to 5% of CPVT cases. The CALM1 gene encodes calmodulin, a protein that binds to calcium and stabilizes the RyR2 channel, and accounts for less than 1% of the cases. Finally, there is also the TRDN gene (identified in two families with CPVT), which encodes triadin, a protein that binds RyR2 and calsequestrin to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203">203</xref> Genetic analysis does not contribute to risk stratification, but it is important for identifying mutation carriers that have not yet manifested symptoms. The initial presentation of about 30% of patients is SD, and up to half of the patients suffer cardiac arrest between the ages of 20 and 30 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B204">204</xref> CPVT is a penetrating disease, and the prevalence of "silent" cases could be up to 20%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref> However, cardiac events may occur even in this subgroup of individuals, who should be treated according to current guidelines. In these cases, genetic analysis plays a central role.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B206">206</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B207">207</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Arrhythmias during exercise are the typical manifestation, frequently 120 to 130 beats per minute, beginning with isolated ventricular extrasystoles and progressing to episodes of unsustained and sustained ventricular tachycardia if effort is continued, usually with 180&#176; rotation in the front plane (bidirectional). Atrial arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation and supraventricular tachycardia are also common in the syndrome. Beta-blockers, the main therapeutic pillar for CPVT,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B208">208</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref> are very effective and are recommended for:</p>
        <p>Patients with clinical manifestations.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Asymptomatic mutation carriers.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
        </p>
        <p>An ICD is recommended for individuals with aborted SD.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Individuals with sustained syncope or ventricular tachycardia despite the use of beta-blockers.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Evidence level: B.</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Recommendations about competitive sports in this disease are quite restrictive: athletes with symptomatic or asymptomatic CPVT should not participate in competitive sports (except class IA).</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Recommendation grade: III.</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6. Athletes with Valvular Heart Disease</title>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1. Introduction</title>
        <p>The assessment and follow-up of physically active individuals with valve disease are important pillars of sports cardiology. For athletes with valvular heart disease, eligibility criteria are based on cohort studies and expert consensus. However, randomized clinical trials with prospective data are scarce.</p>
        <p>Athletes with intermediate degrees of valve disease are the most challenging group. Serial evaluation and stratification of disease severity are fundamental. As new symptoms develop, they should be treated promptly.</p>
        <p>To qualify for competition, athletes must initially be classified according to symptoms, degree of valvular damage and left ventricular dysfunction.</p>
        <p>Stage A: Asymptomatic athletes at risk of developing stenosis or significant valve regurgitation, e.g., mitral valve prolapse or BAV, as well as individuals whose physical examination is consistent with the underlying pathology (mitral, aortic ejection), but not classic valve dysfunction.</p>
        <p>Stage B: Asymptomatic athletes with mild-to-moderate valve disease with preserved LV function.</p>
        <p>Stage C: Asymptomatic athletes with severe valve disease with preserved LV systolic function (C1) or LV systolic dysfunction (C2).</p>
        <p>Stage D: Symptomatic athletes with severe valve disease (with or without LV dysfunction).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.2. Aortic Valve Disease</title>
        <p>Aortic impairment is usually degenerative and is a result of aortic stenosis in middle-aged/elderly athletes and BAV in younger athletes. In Brazil, rheumatic etiology should be considered. Primary aortic diseases are common causes of aortic regurgitation, although there are also rheumatic and congenital causes (e.g., BAV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B211">211</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2.1. Aortic Stenosis</title>
          <p>Aortic stenosis is considered a progressive disease and survival during the asymptomatic phase has been found similar to that of age-matched controls.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref> In 2010, approximately 40 million people worldwide aged 65 or older had aortic stenosis, and this number is expected to reach 72 million by 2030.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B213">213</xref> Lower exercise tolerance, effort dyspnea, and angina in athletes with systolic murmur are suggestive of clinically important aortic stenosis. Dyspnea is due to increased LV filling pressure or an inability to increase cardiac output with exercise.</p>
          <p>Aortic stenosis is also recognized as responsible for SD in young athletes, although the prevalence of less than 4%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref> It is important to point out that almost 70% of SD episodes in subjects with severe aortic stenosis were not preceded by any of the classic symptoms of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Echocardiography with Doppler color flow mapping is the method of choice for diagnosis, classification and evaluation of aortic stenosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B215">215</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table 11</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Table 11</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Aortic stenosis severity rating</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Impairment (degree)</th>
                  <th align="center">Jet velocity (m/s)</th>
                  <th align="center">Medium gradient (mmHg)</th>
                  <th align="center">Aortic valve area (cm<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mild</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 25</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 1.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Moderate</td>
                  <td align="center">3-4</td>
                  <td align="center">25-40</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0-1.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Severe</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 40</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 1.0 (&lt; 0.6 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Transthoracic echocardiography provides evidence of aortic valve anatomy (e.g., the number of cusps and the extent of calcification), as well as valve hemodynamics (to confirm severity) and their consequences on LV function. Pulmonary hypertension, concomitant valvular disease and aortic root dilation can also be evaluated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B216">216</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Cardiac MRI is useful for patients with an unfavorable transthoracic window and/or when there is disagreement between two-dimensional echocardiographic parameters.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B217">217</xref> Computed tomography of the heart can be used to quantify valve calcification. A calcium score of less than 700 Agatston units excludes severe aortic stenosis and has a high negative predictive value. On the other hand, scores over 2,000 Agatston units suggest severe aortic stenosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B213">213</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Due to potential progressive aortic valve narrowing, athletes with mild or moderate (stage B) aortic stenosis should be assessed annually.</p>
          <p>In asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic patients, exercise testing (exercise stress testing or CPET) could reveal those with low functional capacity, intraoperative hypotension and/or electrocardiographic changes during exercise. Such findings will conflict with the recommendations about sports participation. Recently, Saeed et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B218">218</xref> analyzed almost 800 exercise tests and found that patients with moderate-to-severe asymptomatic aortic stenosis can perform the test safely and with good tolerability. In addition, event-free survival at 1 year was almost 90% in asymptomatic patients, but less than 70% in those who reported symptoms during exercise.</p>
          <p>BAV patients without stenosis (stage A) should have an annual physical examination to detect new heart murmurs. Athletes with mild-to-moderate aortic stenosis (stage B) should undergo anamnesis, a physical examination, echocardiography (to evaluate disease progression), and exercise testing to ensure that their exercise tolerance is compatible with their physical activity, that no episodes of hypotension occur during exercise, and that there is no electrocardiographic evidence of complex ischemia/arrhythmia.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>6.2.1.1. Recommendations and Evidence Level</title>
            <p>Athletes with aortic stenosis should be evaluated annually to continue participating in sports.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Athletes with discrete aortic stenosis (stage B) and an appropriate physiological response to a maximal exercise testing may participate in any sport.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Athletes with moderate aortic stenosis (stage B) can participate in competitive sports with low-to-moderate static and dynamic components (classes IA, IB and IIA) if the exercise testing results are sufficient for the activity level required in competition, with clinical, hemodynamic and ECG responses to exercise and without ventricular tachyarrhythmias.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Asymptomatic athletes with severe aortic stenosis (stage C) should not participate in competitive sports, except for those with low static and dynamic components (class IA).</p>
            <p>Symptomatic athletes with aortic stenosis (stage D) should not participate in competitive sports.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: III.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2.2. Aortic Regurgitation</title>
          <p>The prevalence of aortic regurgitation increases with age, although it is very low (1%) in individuals less than 70 years of age. After that age, its prevalence increases to over 2%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref> In the native valve, aortic regurgitation may be the result of abnormalities of the valve leaflets, the aortic root or both. The main causes of aortic regurgitation are diseases that affect the aortic ring or root without directly involving the aortic valve: BAV, connective tissue genetic disorders (Marfan, Ehlers-Danlos and Loeys-Dietz syndromes), inflammatory diseases (in particular syphilitic aortitis, Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis), rheumatic heart disease and hypertensive dilation. In fact, so-called "idiopathic" aneurysms of the ascending aorta have a genetic diagnosis in at least 30% of the cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref> Aortic regurgitation is invariably well tolerated and asymptomatic for years; however, eccentric hypertrophy progressively develops and LV systolic and diastolic volumes increase, which could lead to LV systolic dysfunction.</p>
          <p>Aortic regurgitation is diagnosed in asymptomatic athletes when physical examination reveals wide arterial pulse pressure, a diastolic murmur in the aortic area or Erb's point, or a systolic murmur related to increased systolic volume. An echocardiogram is definitive for diagnostic confirmation and classifying aortic regurgitation. With color Doppler echocardiography, the size of the regurgitant jet and the flow convergence can be determined, allowing the regurgitant orifice area to be calculated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B220">220</xref>
					</p>
          <p>CMRI may be used as a complement to echocardiography when quantifying aortic regurgitation. In fact, it has been reported that quantitative volume and regurgitant fraction can be calculated with better reproducibility through CRMI than echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B221">221</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B222">222</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Because the pathophysiology of aortic regurgitation leads to LV dilation in elite athletes, it must be differentiated from the physiological alterations in athlete's heart syndrome. Therefore, when evaluating increased LV volume in elite athletes with suspected or diagnosed aortic regurgitation, only LV volumes that exceed normal physiological response to sports training should be considered.</p>
          <p>Although up to 45% of male athletes have a LV end-diastolic diameter (LVDD) &gt; 55 mm, only 14% of elite male athletes have a LVDD &gt; 60 mm, and LVDD rarely exceeds 70 mm. A LVDD &gt; 55 mm occurs in &lt; 10% of elite female athletes, while only 1% have a LVDD &gt; 60 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B223">223</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B225">225</xref> The same is true for LV end-systolic diameter (LVSD): in elite athletes, the upper limit for LVSD is 49 mm for males and 38 mm for females. Only index data on body surface area and height are available regarding LVDD, which indicate upper limits of 35.3 mm/m<sup>2</sup> and 40.8 mm/m<sup>2</sup> for male female athletes, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B223">223</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A normal LV ejection fraction response to exercise is observed in aortic regurgitation patients until there is significant LV dilation. When evaluating the progressive effects of severe aortic impairment in athletes with normal LV ejection fraction, serial analysis of LVSD is of great value. The American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology define preserved systolic function (stage C1) in patients with significant aortic impairment as a LV ejection fraction &#8805; 50% and LVSD &#8804; 50 mm or index LVSD &#8804; 25 mL/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227">227</xref> Thus, in athletes with significant aortic impairment and a LVDD that exceeds the above-mentioned reference values. There is a higher probability that severe aortic impairment contributes to LV dilation. Such athletes require a more careful evaluation to verify that no ventricular increase has occurred and whether signs and/or symptoms occur during exercise, such as dyspnea on exertion or reduced functional capacity.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>6.2.2.1. Recommendations and Evidence Level</title>
            <p>Athletes with aortic regurgitation should be evaluated annually to continue participating in sports.</p>
            <p>To confirm that athletes with aortic regurgitation are truly asymptomatic, they should undergo an exercise testing involving at least the activity level achieved during training and competition and have a physiological hemodynamic response.</p>
            <p>Athletes with mild-to-moderate aortic impairment (stage B), a physiological response to a maximal exercise testing, normal or discretely dilated LV and a normal ejection fraction may participate in any sport (with frequent reassessment).</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Athletes with mild to moderate aortic regurgitation (stage B), a physiological response to a maximal exercise testing, a moderately dilated LV (LVSD &lt; 50 mm [men], &lt; 40 mm [women] or &lt; 25 mm/m<sup>2</sup> [both sexes]) and a normal ejection fraction may participate in any sport (with frequent reassessment).</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Athletes with severe aortic regurgitation (stage C1), a physiological response to a maximal exercise testing, a moderately dilated LV (LVSD &lt; 50 mm [men], &lt; 40 mm [women] or &lt; 25 mm/m<sup>2</sup> [both sexes]), a normal ejection fraction and no progression of aortic impairment or LV regurgitation according to echocardiography may participate in any sport (with frequent reassessment).</p>
            <p>Athletes with aortic regurgitation whose aortic diameters are 41 to 45 mm may participate in sports in which there is no risk of collision (with frequent reassessment).</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: IIb.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Symptomatic athletes with significant aortic regurgitation (stage D), LV systolic dysfunction with an ejection fraction &lt; 50% (stage C2), LVSD &gt; 50 mm or &gt; 25 mm/m<sup>2</sup> (stage C2) or a significant increase in LVDD (&gt; 70 mm or &#8805; 35.3 mm/m<sup>2</sup> [men], &gt; 65 mm or &#8805; 40.8 mm/m<sup>2</sup> [women]) should not participate in competitive sports.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: III.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2.3. Bicuspid Aortic Valve</title>
          <p>BAV is the most common congenital heart disease, affecting 1.3% of the population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B228">228</xref> There is already consensus that an association exists between BAV and changes in vascular connective tissue, and that dilation of the aortic root can occur, including a risk of dissection, even in the absence of hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis or aortic regurgitation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B229">229</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B230">230</xref>
					</p>
          <sec>
            <title>6.2.3.1. Recommendations</title>
            <p>Athletes with BAV but not aortic root dilation (less than 40 mm, or equivalent in children and adolescents according to body surface area), significant aortic stenosis, or aortic regurgitation may participate in any competitive sport.</p>
            <p>Athletes with BAV and aortic root measurements between 40 and 45 mm may participate in competitive sports with a low-to-moderate static component or a low-to-moderate dynamic component (classes IA, IB, IIA and IIB) but should avoid sports that involve a risk of collision or trauma.</p>
            <p>Athletes with BAV and aortic root dilation greater than 45 mm may participate only in competitive sports with low static and dynamic components (class IA).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.3. Mitral Valve Disease</title>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3.1. Mitral Stenosis</title>
          <p>A mitral valve area of 4 to 6 cm<sup>2</sup> is considered normal. Mitral stenosis affects women twice as frequently as men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B231">231</xref> As mitral stenosis progresses, particularly when the area becomes smaller than 2 cm<sup>2</sup>, a diastolic pressure gradient develops between the left atrium (LA) and the LV, causing elevation in LA pressures and decreased flow towards the LV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B232">232</xref> Frequently of rheumatic origin, mitral stenosis rarely causes SD. However, exercise may lead to a marked increase in pulmonary and pulmonary capillary pressure, sometimes culminating in acute pulmonary edema.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B233">233</xref> Athletes with mitral stenosis are more likely to develop atrial fibrillation as a result of strenuous exercise in an already enlarged atrium. Systemic embolization is the main complication, but there is no evidence that strenuous exercise increases risk. When atrial fibrillation occurs in an athlete with mitral stenosis, anticoagulant therapy should be applied.</p>
          <p>As in other valvular heart diseases, the evaluation of athletes with mitral stenosis requires a well-documented anamnesis, as well as an echocardiogram (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Table 12</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B215">215</xref> This disease is considered severe when there is a resting mean transmitral gradient of 5 to 10 mmHg, which is dependent on transvalvular flow and the diastolic filling phase, factors that vary widely with increased heart rate during exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Table 12</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic features of severe mitral stenosis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mitral valve area &lt; 1.5 cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mean left atrial/left ventricular diastolic gradient &#8805; 10 mmHg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pulmonary artery systolic pressure &#8805; 50 mmHg at rest</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pulmonary artery systolic pressure &#8805; 60 mmHg on effort</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Athletes with mitral stenosis, whether asymptomatic or with minimal symptoms, should perform an exercise testing involving at least the activity level achieved during training/competition, especially if the disease severity is uncertain. The intensity of physical activity should depend on the size of the left atrium and the severity of the defect. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure during exercise can be estimated noninvasively with an echocardiogram, which can be of great value in quantitative analysis of the safe training range for mitral stenosis patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref>
					</p>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.1.1. Recommendations and Evidence Level</title>
            <p>Athletes with mitral stenosis should undergo an annual evaluation to continue participating in sports.</p>
            <p>An exercise testing should be performed involving at least the activity level achieved during training/competition with a hemodynamic response to confirm the symptom status.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Athletes with mild mitral stenosis (mitral valve area &gt; 2.0 cm<sup>2</sup>, mean gradient &lt; 10 mmHg at rest) in normal sinus rhythm may participate in any competitive sport.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Athletes with significant mitral stenosis should not participate in competitive sports, with the possible exception of sports with low static and dynamic components (class IA).</p>
            <p>Athletes with any degree of mitral stenosis and atrial fibrillation or who have a history of atrial fibrillation on anticoagulant therapy should not participate in competitive sports involving collision/trauma risk.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: III.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3.2. Mitral Regurgitation</title>
          <p>The prevalence of mitral regurgitation is age dependent, with a frequency &gt; 6% in adults over 65 years of age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B234">234</xref> The pathogenesis varies from mitral-valve prolapse (sometimes with myxomatous degeneration) to rheumatic causes, connective tissue diseases (e.g., Marfan syndrome) and infective endocarditis, to secondary causes such as coronary artery disease and dilated cardiomyopathy. Diagnostic suspicion arises from auscultating a systolic murmur at the apex, which is confirmed and quantified by echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B220">220</xref> Generally, athletes with mild or moderate mitral regurgitation are asymptomatic (Stage B).</p>
          <p>The severity of mitral regurgitation is related to LV regurgitant volume into the left atrium, with increased atrial pressure, increased ventricular diastolic volume and posterior LV dilation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref> Due to overestimation of the LV ejection fraction, LV systolic dysfunction in athletes with mitral insufficiency is defined as a LV ejection fraction &lt; 60% or LVSD &gt; 40 mm. As in aortic regurgitation, it is difficult to distinguish LV dilation due to exercise from that caused by major mitral regurgitation when LVDD is &lt; 60 mm (or &lt; 40 mm/m<sup>2</sup>). However, LVDD &gt; 60 mm strongly suggests significant mitral regurgitation, thus justifying subsequent investigation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Dynamic exercise generally decreases the regurgitant fraction due to reduced systemic vascular resistance. On the other hand, static exercise with increased systemic BP, HR and systemic vascular resistance increase regurgitant volume, which increases the pressure in pulmonary capillaries. The assessment of athletes with mitral regurgitation, which should occur at least annually, should include complete anamnesis and an echocardiogram. This test can noninvasively estimate pulmonary artery systolic pressure during exercise and is useful for decision making about the intensity of safe physical activity, especially in those with more severe mitral regurgitation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref>
					</p>
          <p>The recommendations listed below should be considered in patients with secondary causes of mitral regurgitation (e.g., infective endocarditis, rupture of the mitral valve chordae) due to a marked increase in LV systolic pressure, which could further damage valve tissue.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.2.1. Recommendations and Evidence Level</title>
            <p>Athletes with mitral regurgitation should be evaluated annually to continue participation in sports.</p>
            <p>Athletes with mitral regurgitation should undergo an exercise stress testing or CPET involving at least the activity level achieved in during training and competition, with a hemodynamic response to confirm symptom status.</p>
            <p>Athletes with mild-to-moderate mitral regurgitation, normal sinus rhythm, normal LV diameter and function, and normal pulmonary arterial pressures (stage B) may participate in any competitive sport.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: I.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Athletes with moderate mitral regurgitation (stage B), normal sinus rhythm, normal LV ejection fraction, and moderate LV dilation (compatible with that resulting exclusively from exercise [LVDD &lt; 60 mm or &lt; 35 mm/m<sup>2</sup> in men or &lt; 40 mm/m<sup>2</sup> in women) may participate in any sport.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Athletes with significant mitral regurgitation, normal sinus rhythm, a normal LV ejection fraction at rest, and mild LV dilation (compatible with that which can only result from exercise [LVDD &lt; 60 mm or &lt; 35.3 mm/m<sup>2</sup> in men or &lt; 40 mm/m<sup>2</sup> in women]) (stage C1) may participate in sports with a low-to-moderate static component and a low dynamic component, as well as in sports with a low static component and a moderate dynamic component (classes IA, IIA and IB ).</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: IIb.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Athletes with mitral regurgitation and significant LV dilation (LVDD &#8805; 65 mm or &#8805; 35.3 mm/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> [men] or &#8805; 40 mm/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> [women]), pulmonary hypertension and LV ejection fraction &lt; 60% or LVSD &gt; 40 mm should not participate in any competitive sport, with the possible exception of low static and dynamic component sports (class IA).</p>
            <p>Athletes with mitral regurgitation and a history of atrial fibrillation and long-term anticoagulation therapy should not participate in sports that involve a risk of collision/trauma.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Recommendation grade: III.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3.3. Mitral-Valve Prolapse</title>
          <p>This pathology, which has an estimated prevalence of 2% to 4% in the general population, appears to be more common in women. Diagnosed with echocardiography, it is defined as systolic displacement of one or both mitral leaflets &#8805; 2 mm into the left atrium, as well as by the mitral annular plane in the parasternal cross-section of the long axis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B236">236</xref> It occurs in two forms: the classical form, with diffusely thickened leaflets (&#8805; 5 mm) with bileaflet prolapse; or the non-classical form, in which there is limited (&lt; 5 mm) or absent thickening and segmental prolapse. Classical prolapse can be further subdivided into symmetrical (when the leaflets meet at a common ring point) and asymmetrical (when one leaflet is moved further towards the atrium).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B237">237</xref> A mitral valve leaflet thickness &gt; 5 mm in the echocardiogram has been associated with an increased risk of SD, stroke and endocarditis in patients with classic prolapse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B236">236</xref>
					</p>
          <p>The etiology can be primary (degenerative disease) or secondary (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, pseudoxanthoma elasticum). These patients can be identified through auscultation by the presence of a meso-telesystolic click and/or a mitral regurgitation murmur, as well as by chest pain, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, syncope and/or dizziness.</p>
          <p>The major risks related to mitral-valve prolapse include severe progressive mitral regurgitation requiring valve surgery, infective endocarditis, embolic events, atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias and SD (which appears to be associated with structural abnormalities of the mitral valve, as in the classical form), with diffuse thickening, stretching and redundancy, and, in some cases, rupture of chordae tendineae.</p>
          <p>The prognosis for mitral-valve prolapse is controversial. For example, the Framingham Heart Study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref> described mitral-valve prolapse as a benign entity, but other studies indicate that a subgroup of patients may be at a greater risk of cardiac arrest, which is the most devastating consequence. Thus, the risk for serious adverse events secondary to mitral-valve prolapse remains uncertain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B239">239</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B240">240</xref>
					</p>
          <p>SD associated with isolated mitral-valve prolapse is rare among young people, particularly with respect to exercise, and is also rare among professional athletes: its frequency in these groups is no greater than that of the general population. It predominantly occurs in patients over 50 years of age with severe mitral regurgitation and/or systolic dysfunction. However, Basso et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B241">241</xref> have shown a growing interest in mitral-valve prolapse, highlighting this entity as a neglected cardiac abnormality that could be associated with severe cardiac events, including SD in youth and adults. Caselli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B242">242</xref> evaluated a large cohort of competitive athletes from 2000 to 2010, finding that mitral-valve prolapse was a relatively common finding, although predominantly benign. In addition, they recommend that detecting moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation, as well as ventricular arrhythmias, may be useful for identifying athletes with mitral-valve prolapse who are at greater risk.</p>
          <p>Some individuals with mitral-valve prolapse present a phenotype described as MASS (mitral valve, aorta, skeleton, and skin), which involves connective tissue changes, long limbs, deformity of the thoracic cage, and joint hypermobility). In such patients the risk of progression to aortic dilation/dissection or SD is greater. The MASS phenotype only applies if the aortic diameter z-score is &lt; 2, the systemic score is &#8805; 5 and the patient is at least 20 years old.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B243">243</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B246">246</xref>
					</p>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.3.1. Recommendations</title>
            <p>Athletes with mitral-valve prolapse but no prior syncope (especially if of arrhythmogenic origin), sustained supraventricular or unsustained tachycardia or complex ventricular tachycardia according to 24 h Holter monitoring, severe mitral regurgitation according to an echocardiogram, LV systolic dysfunction (LV ejection fraction &lt; 50%), previous embolic event or family history of SD related to mitral-valve prolapse may participate in any competitive sport.</p>
            <p>Athletes with mitral-valve prolapse who exhibit any of the above characteristics may participate in competitive sports with low static and dynamic components (class IA).</p>
            <p>Recommendations for athletes with mitral-valve prolapse and hemodynamic overload secondary to moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation should be guided by the mitral regurgitation.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3.4. Tricuspid Stenosis</title>
          <p>In isolation, tricuspid stenosis is rare. It is mainly caused by rheumatic disease and is usually associated with mitral stenosis. Although less common, tricuspid stenosis may result from congenital/genetic abnormalities, such as Ebstein's anomaly, Fabry disease, Whipple disease, or active infective endocarditis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B247">247</xref> In summary, tricuspid stenosis patients should be considered according to degree of severity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Table 13</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B215">215</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t13">
            <label>Table 13</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic features of severe tricuspid stenosis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tricuspid valve area &#8804; 1.0 cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mean diastolic gradient right atrium/right ventricle &#8805; 5 mmHg </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Isolated right atrial enlargement</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tricuspid pressure half-time &#8805; 190 ms </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.4.1. Recommendations</title>
            <p>Asymptomatic athletes may participate in any competitive sport. An exercise testing involving at least the activity level achieved during training and competition should be performed.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3.5. Tricuspid Regurgitation</title>
          <p>Tricuspid regurgitation is reported as the most common heart valve disease, affecting up to 85% of the population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B248">248</xref> It is divided into two categories: primary (or organic) and secondary tricuspid regurgitation, which is the most common form. Namely, only 8% to 10% of tricuspid regurgitation cases are primary,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B246">246</xref> being associated with rheumatic heart disease, pacemaker electrode and defibrillator leads (iatrogenic complications) myxomatous degeneration, myocardial degeneration, tricuspid valve prolapse, infectious diseases (e.g., endocarditis) and congenital heart diseases (e.g., Ebstein's anomaly). It may also be related to postoperative complications. Physical examination and chest X-ray may help estimate tricuspid regurgitation, but echocardiogram is the gold standard for assessing the mechanism and severity of the condition. Three-dimensional echocardiography is even more sensitive, allowing a simultaneous view of all the leaflets.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B249">249</xref> If RV function cannot be adequately evaluated with this method, CMRI, due to its capacity to quantify RV volumes and ejection fraction, is an important introductory step.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B248">248</xref> If these measures cannot be estimated/determined non-invasively, right cardiac catheterization is used for such evaluation.</p>
          <p>"Physiological" tricuspid regurgitation can be detected by echocardiography in approximately 80% of healthy athletes and does not imply any structural valve abnormality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B231">231</xref>
					</p>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.5.1. Recommendations</title>
            <p>Athletes with primary tricuspid regurgitation, regardless of severity, and normal RV function, in the absence of right atrial pressure &gt; 20 mmHg or elevated RV systolic pressure, may participate in any competitive sport.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3.6. Multivalvular Heart Disease</title>
          <p>Multivalvular heart disease, a combination of stenotic and/or regurgitant lesions of two or more heart valves, is a highly prevalent clinical condition among patients with valvular heart disease. It occurrence is mainly due to rheumatic heart disease, although the incidence of this etiological factor has decreased dramatically in the last five decades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B250">250</xref> Myxomatous valvulopathy and infective endocarditis are also associated with multivalvular disease. Diagnosis is through physical examination, echocardiogram (the main imaging mode for diagnosis and follow-up), and sometimes cardiac/coronary angiography.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.6.1. Recommendations</title>
            <p>The cumulative effects of multiple significant valve lesions on an individual's physiological response to exercise may be difficult to predict, and multiple moderate lesions may also have physiological effects on the somatosensory system. Generally speaking, athletes with moderate-to-severe multivalvular disease should not participate in competitive sports.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.4. Sports after Valve Surgery</title>
        <p>Although much progress has been made in cardiac surgery, mortality after valve replacement is still higher than that of the general population of the same age group.</p>
        <p>Mechanical heart valve prosthesis requires anticoagulant therapy and transvalvular gradients of varying degrees, which could be exacerbated by exercise. Thus, for athletes who have had a valve replacement, such factors determine their adequacy for competitive sports.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B251">251</xref>
				</p>
        <p>An exercise stress testing or CPET involving at least at the activity level achieved during training and competition is of great value for analyzing the functional capacity of the athletes who have undergone valve replacement/repair.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>6.4.1. Recommendations and Evidence Level</title>
          <p>Athletes with an aortic or mitral bioprosthesis who are not on anticoagulant therapy and have normal LV ejection fraction and valvular function may participate in competitive sports (class IA, IB, IC and IIA).</p>
          <p>Athletes with an aortic or mitral mechanical heart valve prosthesis who are undergoing anticoagulant therapy and have normal LV ejection fraction and valvar function may participate in competitive sports (class IA, IB and IIA) if there is no risk of collision/trauma.</p>
          <p>Athletes who have undergone successful mitral balloon valvuloplasty or surgical commissurotomy may participate in competitive sports based on the severity of their residual mitral regurgitation or aortic stenosis and their pulmonary arterial pressure during rest and exercise.</p>
          <p>Athletes who have undergone mitral valve surgery to correct mitral regurgitation or aortic valve repair, having no residual or moderate mitral regurgitation and having normal LV ejection fraction, may participate in sports (class IA, IB and IIA), but only at the discretion of the attending physician and if there is no risk of collision/trauma.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Recommendation grade: IIa.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Evidence level: C.</bold>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.4.2. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation</title>
          <p>Transcatheter aortic valve implantation is a minimally invasive percutaneous procedure that was performed for the first time in 2002. It is considered the gold standard for patients with aortic stenosis who are at high surgical risk, especially older adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B252">252</xref> Since these patients often have low functional capacity, therapeutic exercise intervention can improve their physical integrity and performance in activities of daily living.</p>
          <p>Several recent studies have confirmed the benefits of exercise in patients who have undergone transcatheter aortic valve implantation. They are unanimous in reporting improved functional capacity (as measured by CPET or the 6-minute walk test).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B253">253</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B256">256</xref> Altisent et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B257">257</xref> in a 4-year follow-up, found that an increase &lt; 20% in the 6-minute walk test 6 months after the procedure correlates with an all-cause mortality of 65%. Therefore, exercise increases the functional capacity of these individuals, improving prognosis and quality of life. It should be pointed out that we are not aware of any studies on athletes who have undergone transcatheter aortic valve implantation.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>7. Athlete's Heart Syndrome in Women</title>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1. Introduction</title>
        <p>Since the passage of Title IX in 1972, women's participation in sports has increased dramatically. During the 2014-2015 school year, approximately 8 million United State. high school students participated in sports, over 40% of whom were girls.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B258">258</xref> Female athletes have been historically underrepresented in research that has guided exercise and sports cardiology. However, in the last three decades there has been an exponential increase in the number of women participating in competitive sports. Thus, female gender should be considered an important biological variable in this context.</p>
        <p>As in men, the body of female athletes also undergoes physiological adaptations to physical training and may present structural and electrical changes compatible with athlete's heart syndrome. Such adaptations can occur in all athletes, but their magnitude depends on several factors, including gender. There are anthropometric, physiological and biochemical differences between men and women, including smaller stature, lower body mass, smaller LV diameter, less testosterone and a different physical work capacity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B259">259</xref> In hemodynamic terms, higher resting HR have been observed, although maximum levels during exercise are reached in a manner similar to men. Systolic BP and systolic volume increase less on effort, and maximal O<sub>2</sub> consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max) is lower. Nevertheless, female cardiac output is 5% to 10% higher than that of males at any level of submaximal oxygen consumption.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B260">260</xref> In absolute values, female work capacity is lower, but when assessed at the same intensity percentage, the cardiovascular performance of men and women are similar.</p>
        <p>Since physical training can result in a series of cardiovascular system modifications and adaptations, knowing how to differentiate physiological responses due to regular exercise from pathological ones can be a challenge when performing detailed clinical evaluations of athletes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.2. Complementary Exams</title>
        <sec>
          <title>7.2.1. Twelve-Lead Electrocardiogram</title>
          <sec>
            <title>7.2.1.1. Electrocardiogram: Physiological Changes vs. Changes Suggestive of Heart Disease</title>
            <p>Both physiological and pathological adaptations may differ between female and male athletes in ECG. However, data on specific ECG differences between genders are limited. Using the criteria of Pelliccia et al. (2000),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B261">261</xref> women had a higher prevalence of normal ECG than men (78% vs. 55%) in a cohort of European Olympic athletes. On the other hand, according to the latest Seattle criteria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B262">262</xref> no significant differences were observed between genders (96% of males and 97% of females had normal ECG). This contrast could be justified by the fact that the Seattle Criteria are much more rigorous, which increases specificity without sensitivity loss.</p>
            <p>Female athletes appear to have a lower prevalence of physiological changes in ECG, especially regarding isolated increases in QRS complex amplitude (in about 10% of women), incomplete RBBB and early repolarization (four times less than men).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B263">263</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B264">264</xref> However, female athletes had a higher frequency of QT interval increase, as well as inverted T-wave in the V1-V2 leads (1% vs. 0.2% in male athletes),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B265">265</xref> such findings are considered non-pathological adaptations. Inverted T-waves in the inferior and/or lateral walls are more prevalent in male athletes, being more commonly associated with underlying structural heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B266">266</xref> On the other hand, anterior precordial T wave inversion is more common in women and, when limited to V1-V3 leads, does not appear to be related to structural heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B267">267</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B268">268</xref> However, ventricular repolarization changes in lateral leads are less common and should always serve as a warning for a possible pathology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B269">269</xref>
						</p>
            <p>One important point to consider is that the international guidelines for interpreting ECG in athletes do not differ according to gender, but are unanimous in stipulating a higher QTc interval cut-off point for women than men, since women, regardless of cardiac remodeling, have longer QTc intervals than men (&#8805; 480 ms vs. &#8805; 470 ms, respectively).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B270">270</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.3. Echocardiogram</title>
        <p>The echocardiogram is one tool available for PPS and determining sports eligibility. In a study of 600 female athletes who participated in different sports, it was found that the LV cavity is rarely greater than 54 mm (a threshold value for normality in women) and never above 66 mm. The thickness of the LV wall rarely measures over 11 mm, reaching a maximum of 13 mm, usually in blacks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B225">225</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B271">271</xref> Finocchiaro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B264">264</xref> confirmed these findings: none of the women in their sample had an LV wall thickness &gt; 12 mm, and only 7% had a LV end-diastolic diameter &gt; 54 mm. In fact, these results are clinically relevant, since a LV cavity &lt; 54 mm can distinguish, for example, an "athlete's heart" from HCM with excellent sensitivity and specificity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B272">272</xref>
				</p>
        <p>It has long been known that one adaptation to regular physical training is increased LV mass, observed mainly in endurance athletes. However, when LV wall thickness is accompanied by a reduction in cavity size, a pathological process such as HCM should be suspected. LV wall thickness &gt; 12 mm in men or &gt; 10 mm in women is considered abnormal in white athletes, and further investigation is necessary.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B273">273</xref> In black athletes, an LV wall thickness of 11 mm can be observed, which can reach up to 12 or even 13 mm in exceptional situations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B271">271</xref> Since none of the athletes Finocchiaro et al.'s sample had a LV wall &#8805; 13 mm, it would be reasonable to infer that an LV wall thickness of 13 mm probably represents the upper physiological limit of LV hypertrophy in black and asymptomatic athletes where there is no family history of HCM.</p>
        <p>Recent experiments have demonstrated that women with "athlete's heart" have eccentric LV hypertrophy. Initially, there is an increase in the cavity which, although smaller (5%) than that of a man, is larger when indexed to body surface. LV wall thickness and LV mass do not increase proportionally, being smaller than those of male athletes (23% and 31%, respectively). It is suggested that a relative LV wall thickness &gt; 0.48 is a marker of pathology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B269">269</xref>
				</p>
        <p>D'Ascenzi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B274">274</xref> investigated the morphology and function of the left and right atria in competitive volleyball athletes, observing a biatrial increase with normal filling pressures and low complacency. In women, these characteristics are typical of athlete's heart and should be thus interpreted as a physiological adaptation to intense physical training.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.4. Exercise Testing</title>
        <p>Prior to this decade, the exercise stress testing was considered less accurate when diagnosing CAD in women. However, more recent studies have vindicated its effectiveness, especially for variables besides ST-segment. Women are more likely to have baseline ST-segment and T-wave changes, as well as ST-segment depression, during exercise. This is believed to be a consequence of a "digoxin-like" estrogen effect, since the changes seem to vary according to menstrual cycle and postmenopausal hormone replacement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B275">275</xref> Unlike men, ST-segment change in asymptomatic women does not correlate with mortality. In many circumstances, due to the relatively higher prevalence of false-positive traits in women, those with ST-segment depression generally receive non-cardiac diagnoses, with no additional exams or subsequent cardiac treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B276">276</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In men and women, a chronotropic index &lt; 0.8 and HR recovery &lt; 12 bpm after the first minute correlate with increased mortality and are valuable measures for prognostic evaluation.</p>
        <p>Functional capacity, obtained though the exercise stress testing, is especially useful for athletes, besides being an independent predictor of CAD and mortality. For accurate evaluation of exercise capacity, as well as for training adjustments, an association of exercise ECG and expired gas measurements (CPET) is recommended.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B259">259</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t19">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="60%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                <th align="center">Recommendation grade</th>
                <th align="center">Evidence level</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Exercise stress testing in initial assessment for competition or a series of tests for training load adjustment</td>
                <td align="center">IIb</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CPET (previous item)</td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise testing.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.5. Sudden Death</title>
        <p>Curiously, the occurrence of SD differs between male and female athletes. Several types of evidence indicate that SD is overwhelmingly more prevalent in male athletes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B277">277</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B280">280</xref> This disproportional occurrence would seem to suggest that women have some "protective factor" against heart disease, in whom SD is less likely than men under similar conditions. However, little is known about other factors that could be decisive in this outcome. Moreover, it has been shown that 92% of young athletes with SD were men, and that only 53% of women had some structural change.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B281">281</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The proportion of women among master athletes (&gt; 40 years of age) has grown. There has been much discussion about whether intense exercise over a period of many years has deleterious effects. Myocardial fibrosis, atherosclerotic plaques, and a higher incidence of atrial fibrillation have been found in some groups of athletes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B282">282</xref> However, whether the additional risk from very intense exercise applies equally to men and women has also been questioned. A recent meta-analysis involving more than 149,000 women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B283">283</xref> found that moderate exercise reduces the chance of developing atrial fibrillation, especially in comparison to sedentary women, and that women who exercised intensely on a regular basis had a 28% lower risk of atrial fibrillation. In contrast, a prospective study suggested that the risk of atrial fibrillation in women followed the same pattern as in men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B284">284</xref> According to this study, the risk in more active women was higher than in moderately active women and similar to that of sedentary women. Thus, further investigation is necessary to better understand the relationship between exercise and atrial fibrillation in women.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>8. Basic Life Support for Athletes</title>
      <sec>
        <title>8.1. Sudden Death among Athletes</title>
        <p>Although rare, SD at a sporting event causes a public commotion, especially when involving elite athletes. Statistics show that in the general population the incidence of SD during exercise is approximately 0.46 cases per 100,000 person-years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B285">285</xref> In young athletes this incidence is also low: (a) 0.5 for every 100,000 person-years among athletes in Minnesota; (b) 2.3 per 100,000 person-years among competitive athletes in northern Italy;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> (c) 1 to 3 for every 100,000 person-years in professional American football players.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B286">286</xref> However, the true incidence of cardiac SD in athletes still requires further investigation. More recently, Emery and Kovacs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref> pointed out that the studies estimating these events vary methodologically, diverging between the number of athletes who suffered SD (numerator) and the number of athletes at risk (denominator). In addition, some included only events that resulted in death, while others also included those who survived cardiorespiratory arrest.</p>
        <p>Several structural and non-structural changes (channelopathies) are responsible for most cases of cardiac arrest among athletes. Studies conducted in the 1990s pointed to HCM as the main cause of SD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B287">287</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B288">288</xref> and data from another experiment conclusively showed that HCM is the main cause of SD in young athletes, accounting for 26% of cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B289">289</xref> Nevertheless, a meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies, registries, and autopsy series by Ullal et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B290">290</xref> challenged these conclusions: in more than 4,000 young SD victims, structurally normal hearts were the most common findings (26.7%). Interestingly, the proportion of HCM was much lower among their sample (10.3%). Irrespective of these controversies, however, vigorous exercise, when associated with heart disease, appears to trigger malignant events.</p>
        <p>PPS generally consists of a detailed history, a physical examination and resting 12-lead ECG, although whether ECG should be mandatory has been debated in the international scientific community.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> An important Italian study showed that mandatory ECG use reduced the annual incidence of cardiac SD by 90%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B291">291</xref> The American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology question the cost-effectiveness of this strategy, the high rate of false-positive results, and the availability of qualified personnel to interpret the results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B292">292</xref> On the other hand, the European Society of Cardiology recommends ECG for PPS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Regardless of this controversy, PPS cannot eliminate SD among athletes. Thus, a second pillar must be further developed: basic life support.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.2. Initial Care for Athletes</title>
        <p>The basic emergency care strategy can be summarized as a set of actions taken in the first few minutes following a sudden cardiac event: (1) the organization and planning of an emergency response team at the activity site; (2) training first responders in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and AED use. Places where sports activities occur (e.g., training centers, schools, colleges, gymnasiums, etc.) must have a well-organized emergency care plan, including personnel trained in basic life support and fast and effective communication with emergency services who can perform advanced cardiac life support.</p>
        <p>Effective treatment for an athlete who has suffered sudden cardiorespiratory arrest depends on a sequence of interdependent actions that, when linked together, form a chain reaction that increases the victim's chance of survival. The American Heart Association calls this a "chain of survival" that consists of the following links: rapid access, early cardiopulmonary resuscitation, early defibrillation and early advanced cardiac life support .</p>
        <p>Most sudden cardiorespiratory arrest in athletes is due to tachyarrhythmia (ventricular fibrillation),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B293">293</xref> and can be treated with immediate defibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Reducing mortality among athletes who have suffered sudden cardiorespiratory arrest requires CPR training programs and AED use, as well as personnel who can recognize emergencies, activate the emergency system, provide quality CPR, and use an AED. Current guidelines for sports facilities require the installation of strategically placed defibrillators in those with more than 2,500 patrons or those that host activities for individuals in certain at-risk groups (e.g., heart disease patients or older adults).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B294">294</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref>
				</p>
        <p>It is a well-established fact that for each minute without CPR, the cardiorespiratory arrest victim's chance of survival decreases from 7% to 10%. However, regarding structural diseases, ventricular arrhythmias appear to be more susceptible to minor delays in defibrillation than structurally sound hearts,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B296">296</xref> which might explain why the survival rate of athletes declines more significantly when AED use is delayed. This highlights the extreme importance of early defibrillation, the third link in the chain.</p>
        <p>Numerous studies have documented increased survival rates due to programs promoting public access to defibrillation, including locations such as casinos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B297">297</xref> airports<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> and airplanes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B299">299</xref> If resuscitation is delayed until the arrival of emergency services, survival rates are very low, around 1 to 2%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B300">300</xref> The use of AED in public places has led to survival rates of up to 74% for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref> However, due to the rarity of such events among athletes, little is known about this initiative's specific impact on them.</p>
        <p>An important risk marker, PPS should be mandatory, since it can detect cardiovascular changes that predispose an athlete to SD. Despite differing international recommendations, there is consensus that the assessment of every athlete should include clinical history, a physical examination and 12-lead ECG, being complemented with other exams according to the degree of suspicion.</p>
        <p>Athletes who experience SD require immediate high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation to provide vital blood flow to the brain and heart. Defibrillation should be performed, ideally, 3 to 5 minutes after collapse to increase the chance of success. If, as in most cases, the post-shock rhythm cannot achieve effective perfusion, CPR should be restarted immediately.</p>
        <p>Finally, periodic medical evaluation, an effective local emergency protocol, and personnel trained in basic life support can ensure high-quality CPR and early defibrillation. This, plus quick access to centers with advanced cardiac life support are fundamental for decreasing the number of SD cases in athletes and increasing their chance of survival.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.3. Special Aspects in Preventing Exercise/Sports-Related Sudden Death</title>
        <sec>
          <title>8.3.1. Doping: Illicit Substances in Sports</title>
          <p>Some substances used for doping can have deleterious repercussions especially on the cardiovascular system, including SD. Among the most commonly used substances, we highlight anabolic steroids, ephedrine and amphetamines. Among recreational drugs, we will address the use of cocaine and 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, also known as ecstasy.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>8.3.1.1. Anabolic Steroids</title>
            <p>Anabolic steroids cause a number of side effects, including undesirable cardiovascular effects. Anabolic steroids can induce secondary hypertension and nephrosclerosis. Testosterone may increase the vascular response to norepinephrine and, as a consequence, promote fluid retention and elevated peripheral vascular resistance, leading to increased blood pressure.</p>
            <p>Tagarakis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B302">302</xref> were the first to describe another important effect of steroids at the microscopic level: the adaptation of cardiac capillaries and myocytes to concomitant steroid use and physical training, which leads to a disproportionate increase of in myocardial mass in relation to the cardiac capillaries. The results of this study suggest that anabolic steroids could cause an imbalance between oxygen supply and consumption, especially during exercise. Recently, it has been shown that the long-term administration of nandrolone decanoate to rats affects the physiology of the cardiac autonomic system, resulting in a greater predisposition to cardiovascular risk and SD. In addition, discontinued usage did not result in an immediate return to normality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B303">303</xref> In humans, anabolic steroids may be associated with a shortened QT interval, thus negatively impacting cardiac electrical activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B304">304</xref> In addition, indiscriminate use of anabolic steroids seems to be an independent risk factor for morbidity and premature death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B305">305</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.3.1.2. Ephedrine</title>
            <p>In general, stimulants lead to tachycardia and increased myocardial oxygen consumption, which may lead to arrhythmias and acute myocardial infarction in susceptible individuals. Ephedrine may cause symptomatic ventricular tachycardia, frequent ventricular extrasystoles, atrial fibrillation, and SD. It is important to point out that many products called "natural" or "herbal" contain ephedrine-like substances that go unmentioned in the product description.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.3.1.3. Amphetamines</title>
            <p>Amphetamines are the prototype central nervous system stimulants. They come in a great variety of formulas and presentations, with the most commonly used being dextroamphetamine sulfate. This substance directly stimulates adrenergic receptors at the cortical level and the ascending reticular activating system, and its indirect action includes displacing endogenous catecholamines from their sites in nerve endings. Its most pronounced general side effects are insomnia, dizziness, profuse sweating, tremors and euphoria; the cardiovascular effects are palpitations, tachycardia and precordial discomfort; cerebral hemorrhage is the neurological effect.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.3.1.4. Cocaine</title>
            <p>Cocaine causes generalized vasoconstriction, with the main consequence being hypertension. Although cocaine use causes more intense vasoconstriction in the central nervous system, it can also affect other organs such as the kidneys, resulting in glomerular, tubular, vascular and interstitial changes that lead to renal damage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B306">306</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B307">307</xref> Cocaine may also cause acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, aortic rupture, rhabdomyolysis, arterial hypertension, spontaneous or exercise-induced myocardial ischemia, and cardiac SD.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.3.1.5. Ecstasy</title>
            <p>Ecstasy is a hallucinogen similar to amphetamine. Due to its low cost and availability in tablet form, its popularity and consumption have increased significantly. Ecstasy increases the release of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine by presynaptic neurons. It also prevents the metabolism of these neurotransmitters by inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Its main cardiovascular effects are hypertension, tachycardia and arrhythmias, which can lead to SD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B308">308</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B310">310</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.4. Evaluating Athletes and the Organization and Planning of Emergency Care</title>
        <p>Sports-related SD is a dramatic event, and some measures can (and should) be taken by doctors to try to prevent this rare but tragic complication of sports/exercise.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>8.4.1. Aspects Related to the Athlete</title>
          <sec>
            <title>8.4.1.1. Pre-participation Screening</title>
            <p>Considering that, in most cases, sports-related SD is caused by known or undiagnosed heart disease, everyone who intends to participate in sports should undergo PPS, regardless of age. This clinical examination should be preceded by a thorough anamnesis with particular attention paid to family history of cardiovascular disease and SD.</p>
            <p>PPS, in attempting to detect these pathologies, is the most efficient way to prevent a fatal cardiovascular event.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B311">311</xref> In 2009, the International Olympic Committee published a paper on the importance of periodic medical evaluation in elite athletes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B312">312</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Although isolated clinical examination may fail to detect all forms of heart disease with the potential to cause SD, this procedure, whose emphasis on examining the cardiovascular system is preceded by a thorough anamnesis and previous pathological history (including family history), is nevertheless the first step in proper evaluation of the athlete.</p>
            <p>The clinical examination should ideally include a resting 12-lead ECG. Although there is disagreement between U.S. (who recommend only anamnesis and physical examination) and European authorities (who recommend adding 12-lead ECG to anamnesis and clinical examination),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B314">314</xref> the Brazilian Society of Cardiology considers 12-lead ECG as mandatory at the first cardiological examination.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B315">315</xref> Resting ECG can diagnose numerous heart diseases that can lead to SD, including long QT syndrome,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B316">316</xref> Brugada syndrome,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193">193</xref> Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B317">317</xref> and HCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B318">318</xref> The European protocol, which includes anamnesis, physical examination and ECG, is currently used by the International Olympic Committee, the Italian Olympic Committee, FIFA and the Union of European Football Associations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B292">292</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B319">319</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B320">320</xref> The clinical examination should include family and personal history and specific screening for Marfan syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B312">312</xref> A more detailed approach to PPS is available in another section of this Guideline.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.4.1.2. Regarding the Athlete's Preparation</title>
            <p>Follow-up for athletes must be thorough. To prevent clinical and cardiovascular events, basic preventive measures, such as adequate nutrition and hydration are also important, respecting rest periods and avoiding training and competition during the hottest periods of the day. Athletes in training and competition must be monitored and observed by qualified medical staff, preferably who have experience in sports medicine and first aid in case of emergency.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.4.2. Aspects Related to Training Venues and Competition</title>
          <sec>
            <title>8.4.2.1. Emergency Care and Medical Contingency Planning</title>
            <p>In addition to procuring the necessary equipment for cases of cardiorespiratory arrest, training and competition venues should develop a medical contingency plan that includes personnel trained in cardiorespiratory resuscitation and optimized transport to a hospital with advanced cardiac life support when applicable.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B286">286</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B321">321</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.4.2.2. Automatic External Defibrillators</title>
            <p>The AED is a computerized device that can identify the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation and tachycardia, the cardiac abnormalities that respond to shock. These devices should be available for use in less than 5 minutes at training venues and competitions, clubs, arenas, stadiums, gyms and cardiovascular rehabilitation clinics, which should also have a team trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B145">145</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B322">322</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Among young athletes, CPR arrest usually occurs after intense training sessions or during a competition. Although the occurrence of these events is rare (corresponding to 1% of those occurring in middle-aged or older adults), prompt care and successful resuscitation increase long-term survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B324">324</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Note:</bold> These Guidelines are for information purposes and are not to replace the clinical judgment of a physician, who must ultimately determine the appropriate treatment for each patient.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Development:</bold> The Brazilian Society of Cardiology (Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; SBC) and the Brazilian Society of Exercise and Sports Medicine (Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio e do Esporte &#8211; SBMEE)</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Norms and Guidelines Council:</bold> Fernando Bacal, Leandro Ioschpe Zimerman, Paulo Ricardo Avancini Caramori and Pedro Alves Lemos Neto</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Norms and Guidelines Coordinator:</bold> Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o Hajjar</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>President of the Department of Ergometry, Exercise, Nuclear Cardiology and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation (Departamento de Ergometria, Exerc&#237;cio, Cardiologia Nuclear e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular &#8211; DERC):</bold> Tales de Carvalho</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>President of the Group of Studies of Sports Cardiology (Grupo de Estudos de Cardiologia do Esporte &#8211; GECESP):</bold> Antonio Carlos Avanza Jr.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>President of SBMEE:</bold> Marcelo Bichels Leit&#227;o</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Erratum</label>
        <p>In the &#8220;The Brazilian Society of Cardiology and Brazilian Society of Exercise and Sports Medicine Updated Guidelines for Sports and Exercise Cardiology - 2019&#8221;, the following names have been omitted from the publication: Japy Angelini Oliveira Filho, associate editor and fifth name in the authorship, from the Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP); Antonio Claudio Lucas da Nobrega, from the Universidade Federal Fluminense; Luiz Gustavo Marin Emed, from the Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini; and Roberto Vital, from the Comit&#234; Paral&#237;mpico Brasileiro (CPB) and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Norte (UFRN), inserted at the end of the authorship, in this order, and their respective institutions.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz em Cardiologia do Esporte e do Exerc&#237;cio da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio e Esporte - 2019</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghorayeb</surname>
            <given-names>Nabil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">5</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Daher</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Jogaib</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">5</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">8</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Fernando Pellegrino dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sierra</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Renn&#243;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">10</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Herdy</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Haddad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">11</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">12</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Cla&#250;dio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36">13</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#233;a Simone Sabino de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37">14</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kopiler</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Arkader</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff38">15</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff39">16</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe Ferrari Ribeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lazzoli</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Kawazoe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff38">15</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff40">17</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff41">18</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leit&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Bichels</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff38">15</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Contesini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Al&#244;</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Ot&#225;vio Bougleux</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff42">19</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Timerman</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff43">20</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff44">21</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Tales de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">12</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff45">22</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff46">23</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Ghorayeb</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff24">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff25">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff26">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina do Esporte da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff27">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Assist&#234;ncia M&#233;dica ao Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual (IAMSPE), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff28">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff29">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (HCPA/UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff30">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Vitta Centro de Bem Estar F&#237;sico, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff31">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital C&#225;rdio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff32">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff33">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff34">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff35">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Cardiosport de Preven&#231;&#227;o e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff36">
        <label>13</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, Clinimex, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff37">
        <label>14</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Sports Cardiology, Cardiology Clinical Academic Group - St George's University of London,14 Londres &#8211; Reino Unido</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff38">
        <label>15</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte e do Exerc&#237;cio (SBMEE), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff39">
        <label>16</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff40">
        <label>17</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Medicina do Esporte (FIMS), Lausanne - Switzerland</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff41">
        <label>18</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff42">
        <label>19</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Geral de S&#227;o Mateus, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff43">
        <label>20</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff44">
        <label>21</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, Laureate International Universities, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff45">
        <label>22</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ergometria e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DERC/SBC),(21) Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff46">
        <label>23</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 - Centro - Rio de Janeiro - CEP: 20020-907. E-mail: <email>sbc@cardiol.br</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p><bold>Editores:</bold> Nabil Ghorayeb e Ricardo Stein</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Daniel Jogaib Daher e Anderson Donelli da Silveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Autores:</bold> Nabil Ghorayeb,* Ricardo Stein,* Daniel Jogaib Daher, Anderson Donelli da Silveira, Luiz Eduardo Fonteles Ritt, Daniel Fernando Pellegrino dos Santos, Ana Paula Renn&#243; Sierra, Artur Haddad Herdy, Cla&#250;dio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo, Cl&#233;a Simone Sabino de Souza Colombo, Daniel Arkader Kopiler, Filipe Ferrari Ribeiro de Lacerda, Jos&#233; Kawazoe Lazzoli, Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de Matos, Marcelo Bichels Leit&#227;o, Ricardo Contesini Francisco, Rodrigo Ot&#225;vio Bougleux Al&#244;, S&#233;rgio Timerman, Tales de Carvalho, Thiago Ghorayeb Garcia</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <table-wrap id="t34">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="center" colspan="8">Declara&#231;&#227;o de potencial conflito de interesses dos autores/colaboradores da Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz em Cardiologia do Esporte e do Exerc&#237;cio da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio e Esporte - 2019</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="center" colspan="8">Se nos &#250;ltimos 3 anos o autor/colaborador das Diretrizes:</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Nomes Integrantes da Diretriz</th>
              <th align="center">Participou de estudos cl&#237;nicos e/ou experimentais subvencionados pela ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica ou de equipamentos relacionados &#224; diretriz em quest&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center">Foi palestrante em eventos ou atividades patrocinadas pela ind&#250;stria relacionados &#224; diretriz em quest&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center">Foi (&#233;) membro do conselho consultivo ou diretivo da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica ou de equipamentos</th>
              <th align="center">Participou de comit&#234;s normativos de estudos cient&#237;ficos patrocinados pela ind&#250;stria</th>
              <th align="center">Recebeu aux&#237;lio pessoal ou institucional da ind&#250;stria</th>
              <th align="center">Elaborou textos cient&#237;ficos em peri&#243;dicos patrocinados pela ind&#250;stria</th>
              <th align="center">Tem a&#231;&#245;es da ind&#250;stria</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ana Paula Renn&#243; Sierra</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anderson Donelli da Silveira</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Artur Haddad Herdy</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cla&#250;dio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">Inbramed</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cl&#233;a Simone Sabino de Souza Colombo</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">Inbramed</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Daniel Fernando Pellegrino dos Santos</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Daniel Jogaib Daher</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Daniel Arkader Kopiler</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Filipe Ferrari Ribeiro de Lacerda</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Jos&#233; Kawazoe Lazzoli</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de Matos</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Luiz Eduardo Fonteles Ritt</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Marcelo Bichels Leit&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nabil Ghorayeb</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ricardo Contesini Francisco</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ricardo Stein</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">TEB, Inbramed, Health in Code</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">TEB, Inbramed, Health in Code</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rodrigo Ot&#225;vio Bougleux Al&#244;</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">S&#233;rgio Timerman</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tales de Carvalho</td>
              <td align="center">UDESC</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Thiago Ghorayeb Garcia</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Sum&#225;rio</title>
        <p>1. Apresenta&#231;&#227;o e Introdu&#231;&#227;o............................................................330</p>
        <p>2. Avali&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-Participa&#231;&#227;o...............................................................330</p>
        <p>2.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o.........................................................................................330</p>
        <p>2.2. Anamnese e Exame F&#237;sico.................................................................331</p>
        <p>2.3. Exames Complementares.................................................................331</p>
        <p>2.3.1. Eletrocardiograma em Repouso de 12 Deriva&#231;&#245;es.......................332</p>
        <p>2.3.1.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o..................................................................................332</p>
        <p>2.3.1.2. M&#233;todo.......................................................................................332</p>
        <p>2.3.1.3. An&#225;lise........................................................................................332</p>
        <p>2.3.1.4. Altera&#231;&#245;es...................................................................................332</p>
        <p>2.3.2. Altera&#231;&#245;es no Eletrocardiograma: Fisiol&#243;gicas Versus Sugestivas de Cardiopatias............................................................................................333</p>
        <p>2.3.3. Teste Ergom&#233;trico..........................................................................334</p>
        <p>2.3.3.1. Vari&#225;veis a Serem Avaliadas no Teste Ergom&#233;trico....................334</p>
        <p>2.3.3.1.1. Capacidade Funcional.............................................................334</p>
        <p>2.3.3.1.2. Dor Tor&#225;cica............................................................................334</p>
        <p>2.3.3.1.3. Segmento ST-T.........................................................................335</p>
        <p>2.3.3.2. Press&#227;o Arterial..........................................................................335</p>
        <p>2.3.3.3. Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca...................................................................335</p>
        <p>2.3.3.4. Arritmias Card&#237;acas....................................................................335</p>
        <p>2.3.4. Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio...............................................336</p>
        <p>2.3.5. Ecocardiograma................................................................................ 336</p>
        <p>2.3.6. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es............................................................................337</p>
        <p>2.3.7. Outros Exames Complementares..................................................337</p>
        <p>2.3.8. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es Finais..................................................................337</p>
        <p>3. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Gen&#233;tica e Exerc&#237;cio......................................................337</p>
        <p>3.1. Gen&#243;tipo Positivo e Fen&#243;tipo Negativo..............................................338</p>
        <p>4. Portadores de Miocardiopatias e Miocardite..............................339</p>
        <p>4.1. Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica...............................................................339</p>
        <p>4.1.1. Gen&#233;tica e Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica.......................................339</p>
        <p>4.1.2. Exames Complementares na Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica...........340</p>
        <p>4.1.2.1. Eletrocardiograma......................................................................340</p>
        <p>4.1.2.2. Ecocardiograma..........................................................................340</p>
        <p>4.1.2.2.1. Ecocardiograma Doppler Transtor&#225;cico..................................340</p>
        <p>4.1.2.2.2. Ecocardiograma Doppler Transesof&#225;gico................................341</p>
        <p>4.1.2.3. Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca...............................................341</p>
        <p>4.1.2.4. Testes de Exerc&#237;cio e Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica.....................341</p>
        <p>4.1.2.4.1. Indica&#231;&#227;o do Teste de Exerc&#237;cio em Pacientes com Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica....................................................................341</p>
        <p>4.1.2.4.2. Papel do Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio M&#225;ximo na Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica....................................................................342</p>
        <p>4.1.3. Esporte e Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica..........................................342 </p>
        <p>4.2. Displasia Arritmog&#234;nica do Ventr&#237;culo Direito....................................343</p>
        <p>4.2.1. Considera&#231;&#245;es no Diagn&#243;stico e Conduta do atleta com Suspeita de Displasia Arritmog&#234;nica do Ventr&#237;culo Direito..................................343</p>
        <p>4.2.1.1. Ecocardiograma..........................................................................343</p>
        <p>4.2.1.2. Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca...............................................343</p>
        <p>4.3. Miocardite.........................................................................................343</p>
        <p>4.3.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para os Atletas Portadores de Miocardite..........344</p>
        <p>4.4. Miocardiopatia Dilatada....................................................................344</p>
        <p>4.4.1. Exames Complementares na Miocardiopatia Dilatada.................344</p>
        <p>4.4.1.1. Teste Ergom&#233;trico e Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio M&#225;ximo...................................................................................................344</p>
        <p>4.4.1.2. Ecocardiograma..........................................................................344</p>
        <p>4.4.1.3. Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca...............................................345</p>
        <p>4.4.2. Esporte e Miocardiopatia Dilatada................................................345 </p>
        <p>4.4.2.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para Atletas com Diagn&#243;stico de Miocardiopatia Dilatada...................................................................................................345</p>
        <p>4.5. Miocardiopatia N&#227;o Compactada......................................................345</p>
        <p>4.5.1. Esporte e Miocardiopatia N&#227;o Compactada.................................345</p>
        <p>4.5.1.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para Atletas com Diagn&#243;stico de Miocardiopatia N&#227;o Compactada.....................................................................................346</p>
        <p>4.6. Doen&#231;a de Chagas............................................................................346</p>
        <p>5. Canalopatias.....................................................................................346</p>
        <p>5.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o.........................................................................................346</p>
        <p>5.2. S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo......................................................................346</p>
        <p>5.2.1. Altera&#231;&#245;es Gen&#233;ticas da S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo..........................346</p>
        <p>5.2.2. Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco na S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo.......................347</p>
        <p>5.2.3. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es em Atletas com S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo............347</p>
        <p>5.3. S&#237;ndrome do QT Curto.......................................................................348</p>
        <p>5.4. S&#237;ndrome de Brugada........................................................................348</p>
        <p>5.5. Taquicardia Ventricular Polim&#243;rfica Catecolamin&#233;rgica.....................349</p>
        <p>6. Atletas com Valvopatias.................................................................349</p>
        <p>6.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o.........................................................................................349</p>
        <p>6.2. Doen&#231;a da Valva A&#243;rtica....................................................................350</p>
        <p>6.2.1. Estenose A&#243;rtica............................................................................350</p>
        <p>6.2.1.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es e N&#237;veis de Evid&#234;ncia......................................350</p>
        <p>6.2.2. Insufici&#234;ncia A&#243;rtica......................................................................351</p>
        <p>6.2.2.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es e N&#237;veis de Evid&#234;ncia......................................351</p>
        <p>6.2.3. Valva A&#243;rtica Bic&#250;spide.................................................................352</p>
        <p>6.2.3.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es.........................................................................352</p>
        <p>6.3. Doen&#231;a da Valva Mitral......................................................................352</p>
        <p>6.3.1. Estenose Mitral..............................................................................352</p>
        <p>6.3.1.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es e N&#237;veis de Evid&#234;ncia......................................352</p>
        <p>6.3.2. Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral.......................................................................353</p>
        <p>6.3.2.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es e N&#237;veis de Evid&#234;ncia......................................353</p>
        <p>6.3.3. Prolapso da Valva Mitral...............................................................353</p>
        <p>6.3.3.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es.........................................................................354</p>
        <p>6.3.4. Estenose Tric&#250;spide.......................................................................354</p>
        <p>6.3.4.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es.........................................................................354</p>
        <p>6.3.5. Insufici&#234;ncia Tric&#250;spide.................................................................354</p>
        <p>6.3.5.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es.........................................................................355</p>
        <p>6.3.6. Doen&#231;a Multivalvar.......................................................................355</p>
        <p>6.3.6.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es.........................................................................355</p>
        <p>6.4. Participa&#231;&#227;o Esportiva ap&#243;s Cirurgia Valvar.......................................355</p>
        <p>6.4.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es e N&#237;veis de Evid&#234;ncia.........................................355</p>
        <p>6.4.2. Implante de Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter.........................................355</p>
        <p>7. S&#237;ndrome do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Atleta na Mulher..................................355</p>
        <p>7.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o.........................................................................................355</p>
        <p>7.2. Exames Complementares..................................................................356</p>
        <p>7.2.1. Eletrocardiograma de 12 Deriva&#231;&#245;es............................................356</p>
        <p>7.2.1.1. Altera&#231;&#245;es no Eletrocardiograma: Fisiol&#243;gicas Versus Sugestivas de Cardiopatias.......................................................................................356</p>
        <p>7.3. Ecocardiograma................................................................................356</p>
        <p>7.4. Teste de Exerc&#237;cio..............................................................................357</p>
        <p>7.5. Morte S&#250;bita......................................................................................357</p>
        <p>8. Suporte B&#225;sico de Vida no Atleta..................................................357</p>
        <p>8.1. Morte S&#250;bita no Atleta......................................................................357</p>
        <p>8.2. Atendimento Inicial ao Atleta............................................................358</p>
        <p>8.3. Aspectos Especiais da Preven&#231;&#227;o de Morte S&#250;bita Relacionada com o Exerc&#237;cio e o Esporte................................................................................359</p>
        <p>8.3.1. Doping: Subst&#226;ncias Il&#237;citas no Esporte........................................359</p>
        <p>8.3.1.1. Esteroides Anabolizantes...........................................................359</p>
        <p>8.3.1.2. Efedrina......................................................................................359</p>
        <p>8.3.1.3. Anfetaminas...............................................................................359</p>
        <p>8.3.1.4. Coca&#237;na.......................................................................................359</p>
        <p>8.3.1.5. Ecstasy........................................................................................359</p>
        <p>8.4. Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Atleta, Organiza&#231;&#227;o e Planejamento do Atendimento.....359</p>
        <p>8.4.1. Aspectos Relacionados ao Atleta...................................................359</p>
        <p>8.4.1.1. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-Participa&#231;&#227;o.........................................................359</p>
        <p>8.4.1.2. Quanto &#224; Prepara&#231;&#227;o do Atleta..................................................360</p>
        <p>8.4.2. Aspectos Relacionados aos Locais de Treinos e Competi&#231;&#245;es......360</p>
        <p>8.4.2.1. Atendimento Emergencial e Plano de Conting&#234;ncia M&#233;dica.....360</p>
        <p>8.4.2.2. Desfibrilador Externo Autom&#225;tico..............................................360</p>
        <p>Refer&#234;ncias...........................................................................................360</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>1. Apresenta&#231;&#227;o e Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O movimento faz parte do cotidiano do ser humano, o qual se desloca para ir de um lugar para outro, para carregar ou pegar algo, para se relacionar com outros e at&#233; mesmo pelo simples prazer de se movimentar. Dentro do contexto da presente Atualiza&#231;&#227;o ser&#225; utilizada a defini&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica proposta por Caspersen et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> em 1985, na qual todo movimento corporal produzido pelos m&#250;sculos esquel&#233;ticos que resulta em gasto energ&#233;tico &#233; denominado atividade f&#237;sica. J&#225; o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pode ser conceituado como um tipo especial de atividade f&#237;sica que &#233; planejada, estruturada e repetitiva, tendo como objetivos finais ou intermedi&#225;rios a manuten&#231;&#227;o e a melhoria da sa&#250;de, do condicionamento f&#237;sico, da est&#233;tica corporal ou performance em competi&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A pr&#225;tica desportiva ou do esporte, frequentemente associada com lazer, pode tamb&#233;m ser a atividade principal da pessoa ou, at&#233; mesmo, caracterizar-se como profissional, quando significa a forma de sustento ou uma fonte importante de remunera&#231;&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo. Recentemente, foi proposta uma defini&#231;&#227;o formal de atleta como sendo aquele indiv&#237;duo que atendesse, simultaneamente, os seguintes quatro crit&#233;rios: (a) estar treinando esportes com o objetivo de melhorar seu desempenho ou resultados; (b) estar participando ativamente em competi&#231;&#245;es desportivas; (c) ser formalmente federado em n&#237;vel local, regional ou nacional; (d) ter o treinamento e a competi&#231;&#227;o desportiva como sua atividade principal (forma de vida) ou foco de interesse pessoal, devotando v&#225;rias horas em todos ou na maioria dos dias a essas atividades, excedendo o tempo alocado a outras atividades profissionais ou de lazer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Aqueles que se exercitam regularmente e que, at&#233; mesmo, competem eventualmente, tais como os participantes de maratonas e de outros eventos desportivos de massa, devem ser chamados de praticantes de exerc&#237;cio (esportistas, "exercitantes").<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Portanto, embora primariamente direcionada para o atleta, muitos dos aspectos abordados nessa Atualiza&#231;&#227;o aplicam-se &#224;s pessoas que fazem exerc&#237;cio e tamb&#233;m, eventualmente, &#224;quelas que fazem apenas atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
        <p>A presente Atualiza&#231;&#227;o das Diretrizes de Cardiologia do Esporte da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) e da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio e do Esporte (SBMEE) abordar&#225; os seguintes temas: Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-Participa&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;as estruturais e n&#227;o estruturais do cora&#231;&#227;o, aspectos gen&#233;ticos relacionados a estas patologias, valvopatias, particularidades relacionadas ao cora&#231;&#227;o da mulher, al&#233;m do suporte b&#225;sico que deve ser prestado ao atleta em caso de necessidade. Alguns t&#243;picos que fizeram parte da Diretriz publicada em 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> ser&#227;o contemplados em documentos futuros ou podem ser consultados em Diretrizes espec&#237;ficas.</p>
        <p>Por fim, que esse documento sirva como uma atualiza&#231;&#227;o de fato nesta &#225;rea do conhecimento e que este possa ser aplicado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2. Avali&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-Participa&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o (APP) para atividades f&#237;sico-esportivas deve ser entendida como uma avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica sistem&#225;tica, uniformizada, capaz de abranger a ampla popula&#231;&#227;o de esportistas e atletas antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio regular moderado a intenso. Tem como proposta identificar doen&#231;as cardiovasculares que sejam incompat&#237;veis com a realiza&#231;&#227;o de determinados tipos de exerc&#237;cio. O objetivo principal desta avalia&#231;&#227;o, realizada previamente ao in&#237;cio do exerc&#237;cio e periodicamente com a sua manuten&#231;&#227;o, &#233; a preven&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as do aparelho cardiovascular (DCV) e a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de doen&#231;as causadoras de morte s&#250;bita (MS) card&#237;aca. Isto pode ser feito por meio da suspens&#227;o tempor&#225;ria ou definitiva da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio ou do tratamento de condi&#231;&#245;es que possam ser potencialmente fatais e desencadeadas pelo mesmo. A American Heart Association (AHA),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> a European Society of Cardiology (ESC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> e a SBMEE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> concordam em recomendar a APP para todos os atletas profissionais. Tamb&#233;m pode ser recomendada para a correta prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios em esportistas n&#227;o profissionais, mas que realizam atividades em moderada a alta intensidade.</p>
          <p>Corrado et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> j&#225; evidenciavam a import&#226;ncia da APP na preven&#231;&#227;o de MS. Durante um per&#237;odo de 26 anos (1979-2004), quando a APP foi introduzida como lei federal na It&#225;lia, a incid&#234;ncia de MS card&#237;aca em atletas reduziu quase 90% - de 3,6 por 100.000 pessoas-ano no per&#237;odo de pr&#233;-avalia&#231;&#227;o, para 0,4 por 100.000 pessoas-ano no per&#237;odo de rastreio. Na atualidade, um dos principais aspectos na aplica&#231;&#227;o da APP &#233; a sua custo-efetividade. Algumas sociedades como a AHA defendem a simples aplica&#231;&#227;o de um question&#225;rio e exame f&#237;sico, acreditando que o custo financeiro e psicol&#243;gico atrelado a resultados falso-positivos na realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares, como o eletrocardiograma (ECG), n&#227;o justificariam os benef&#237;cios que poderiam ser encontrados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Outras entidades, como a ESC, al&#233;m de in&#250;meras associa&#231;&#245;es esportivas (p. ex., Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Futebol - FIFA, National Basketball Association - NBA), refor&#231;am a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ECG de repouso, pois sua realiza&#231;&#227;o tem capacidade de modificar a incid&#234;ncia de MS na popula&#231;&#227;o de atletas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Apesar de n&#227;o dispormos de trabalhos randomizados comparando os dois modelos de avalia&#231;&#227;o, sugerimos que a APP deva ser associada ao ECG de repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es para atletas profissionais, considerando ser plenamente justificada sua indica&#231;&#227;o na tentativa de garantir a integridade do atleta e todo o custo envolvido na sua forma&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Alguns desses aspectos ser&#227;o abordados neste documento, que visa estabelecer as normas para a APP em nosso pa&#237;s.</p>
          <p>Didaticamente, e tamb&#233;m pelas diferen&#231;as relacionadas a fisiologia, epidemiologia e aspectos cl&#237;nicos, optamos por dividir em dois grupos os indiv&#237;duos a serem avaliados: um formado por esportistas e outro por atletas profissionais. Uma zona de interse&#231;&#227;o entre eles sempre existir&#225;, quando considerados v&#225;rios aspectos do exerc&#237;cio, como intensidade, frequ&#234;ncia e volume de treinamento. O bom senso da pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica e a experi&#234;ncia individual do m&#233;dico avaliador ser&#227;o fundamentais na escolha do caminho a trilhar para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da APP nesses casos. Diante desta divis&#227;o, torna-se fundamental compreender o que esta Diretriz determina como grupo esportista e grupo atletas profissionais:</p>
          <p>Grupo esportista amador - caracterizado por indiv&#237;duos adultos que praticam atividades f&#237;sicas e esportivas de maneira regular, de moderada a alta intensidade, competindo eventualmente, por&#233;m, sem v&#237;nculo profissional com o esporte.</p>
          <p>Grupo atletas profissionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - Caracterizado por indiv&#237;duos que:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Praticam atividades esportivas com objetivo de melhorar seus resultados/desempenho.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Participam ativamente de competi&#231;&#245;es esportivas.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>T&#234;m o treinamento e a competi&#231;&#227;o esportiva como sua maior atividade ou como foco de interesse pessoal. Dedicam muitas horas da maioria dos dias para estas atividades, excedendo o tempo dispensado para outros tipos de atividades profissionais ou de lazer.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>Podem, ainda, ser classificados quanto &#224; idade em:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Jovens atletas - 12 a 17 anos.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Atletas adultos - 18 a 35 anos.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Atletas m&#225;ster - 35 anos ou mais.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.2. Anamnese e Exame F&#237;sico</title>
          <p>O ideal &#233; que todo indiv&#237;duo candidato &#224; pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios ou esportes em n&#237;vel moderado/elevado de intensidade seja submetido a uma APP que permita a detec&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco, sinais e sintomas sugestivos de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, pulmonares, metab&#243;licas ou do aparelho locomotor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Na anamnese, algumas diferen&#231;as devem ser consideradas, privilegiando aspectos relacionados ao exerc&#237;cio e &#224; hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;as familiares ou eventos cardiovasculares relacionados &#224; pr&#225;tica do exerc&#237;cio ou do esporte. Nesse &#237;nterim, uma hist&#243;ria familiar detalhada para investiga&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias ou outras doen&#231;as causadoras de MS deve ser realizada. Para isso, o conhecimento adequado dessas condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas &#233; importante e uma abordagem cardiol&#243;gica merece aten&#231;&#227;o especial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Na APP, deve ser considerado que as adapta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico s&#227;o dependentes de sua frequ&#234;ncia, intensidade e dura&#231;&#227;o, variando nas distintas modalidades desportivas, nos diferentes sistemas de treinamento e, tamb&#233;m, de acordo com respostas individuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Esse &#250;ltimo aspecto torna poss&#237;vel a exist&#234;ncia de diferentes altera&#231;&#245;es em indiv&#237;duos submetidos a atividades f&#237;sicas semelhantes. Vale ressaltar que as modifica&#231;&#245;es que comp&#245;em a s&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o de atleta devem, a princ&#237;pio, ser consideradas como adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e normais ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, sendo transit&#243;rias e sem repercuss&#245;es negativas para a sa&#250;de do indiv&#237;duo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Durante a anamnese pode-se aplicar sistematicamente o Question&#225;rio de Prontid&#227;o para Atividade F&#237;sica (PAR-Q). Este question&#225;rio, desenvolvido no Canad&#225;, deve ser aliado a questionamentos b&#225;sicos aplicados por um m&#233;dico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t21">Tabela 1</xref>): casos de MS ou cardiopatias herdadas na fam&#237;lia; hist&#243;ria familiar de anemia falciforme ou outras hemoglobinopatias; proced&#234;ncia de &#225;reas end&#234;micas para doen&#231;a de Chagas ou regi&#245;es nas quais haja maior preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cong&#234;nitas, como descendentes de imigrantes da regi&#227;o do V&#234;neto, na It&#225;lia, onde h&#225; maior preval&#234;ncia de casos de displasia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito (DAVD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Deve-se ter especial cuidado na obten&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o uso de drogas l&#237;citas ou il&#237;citas que possam ser consideradas como <italic>doping</italic>, ou que sejam prejudiciais &#224; sa&#250;de, podendo causar MS ou outros eventos indesej&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Entre os sintomas, devem chamar nossa aten&#231;&#227;o: palpita&#231;&#245;es, s&#237;ncope, dor precordial ou desconforto tor&#225;cico, dispneia aos esfor&#231;os, tontura/lipotimia; astenia, ou qualquer outro sintoma desencadeado pelo exerc&#237;cio. &#201; necess&#225;rio ter uma sensibilidade apurada para saber avaliar se os sintomas citados podem ser indicativos de algum estado patol&#243;gico ou se s&#227;o meramente a consequ&#234;ncia de um treino mais intenso ou uma competi&#231;&#227;o. Quanto &#224; s&#237;ncope nos esportistas e atletas, se ocorrida durante o exerc&#237;cio e n&#227;o no p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o, necessita uma investiga&#231;&#227;o detalhada para que se descarte um evento arr&#237;tmico prim&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t21">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Particularidades que devem fazer parte da hist&#243;ria pessoal e familiar de atletas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Algum m&#233;dico j&#225; disse que voc&#234; possui algum problema de cora&#231;&#227;o?</td>
                  <td align="center">Na sua fam&#237;lia existem casos de morte s&#250;bita ou cardiopatia?</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dor ou desconforto precordial ao esfor&#231;o ou em repouso</td>
                  <td align="center">Voc&#234; sente dor no peito quando pratica atividade f&#237;sica?<break/> No &#250;ltimo m&#234;s, voc&#234; sentiu dor no peito quando praticou atividade f&#237;sica?</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope ou s&#237;ncope, principalmente se relacionada ao esfor&#231;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Voc&#234; apresenta desequil&#237;brio devido a tontura e/ou perda da consci&#234;ncia?<break/> Na sua fam&#237;lia existem casos de cardiopatia, morte s&#250;bita prematura antes dos 50 anos ou arritmias card&#237;acas?</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Arritmias</td>
                  <td align="center">Observa palpita&#231;&#245;es (falhas ou disparadas do cora&#231;&#227;o)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Patologias j&#225; diagnosticadas</td>
                  <td align="center">Hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de sopro card&#237;aco<break/> Hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de hipertens&#227;o arterial<break/> Hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de doen&#231;a metab&#243;lica<break/> Uso de subst&#226;ncias para aumento de rendimento/uso de qualquer medica&#231;&#227;o<break/> Proveniente de zona end&#234;mica para doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Voc&#234; possui algum problema &#243;sseo ou articular que poderia ser piorado pela atividade f&#237;sica?</td>
                  <td align="center">Voc&#234; toma atualmente algum tipo de medicamento<break/> Questionar diretamente: anti-hipertensivos, AINE, anabolizantes, drogas il&#237;citas, consumo de &#225;lcool?</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Existe alguma outra raz&#227;o pela qual voc&#234; n&#227;o deve realizar atividade f&#237;sica?</td>
                  <td align="center">Presen&#231;a de familiares com doen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas; miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, miocardiopatia dilatada, canalopatias, arritmias, s&#237;ndrome de Marfan</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>AINE: anti-inflamat&#243;rio n&#227;o esteroide.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>No exame f&#237;sico, merecem destaque algumas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, como: anemia; altera&#231;&#245;es posturais, focos infecciosos (p. ex., dent&#225;rios), doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas ou infecciosas graves, asma br&#244;nquica, obesidade, diabetes melito, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), altera&#231;&#245;es na ausculta pulmonar e cardiovascular. Deve-se privilegiar a procura de sinais caracter&#237;sticos e relacionados com a possibilidade de uma doen&#231;a cardiovascular, como: presen&#231;a de sopro card&#237;aco, terceira ou quarta bulhas, estalidos valvares, altera&#231;&#245;es na palpa&#231;&#227;o dos pulsos de membros superiores e inferiores, caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas de s&#237;ndrome de Marfan ou de outras doen&#231;as da aorta (p. ex., s&#237;ndrome de Loeys-Dietz), al&#233;m da aferi&#231;&#227;o adequada da press&#227;o arterial (PA; nos dois bra&#231;os na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t35">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="60%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o para anamnese e exame f&#237;sico</th>
                  <th align="center">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Para esportistas</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Para atletas profissionais</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3. Exames complementares</title>
          <p>Exames laboratoriais, a princ&#237;pio, n&#227;o s&#227;o necess&#225;rios, devendo a sua solicita&#231;&#227;o decorrer dos dados cl&#237;nicos obtidos, com &#234;nfase nos aspectos cardiocirculat&#243;rios. Entre os exames laboratoriais de rotina visando &#224; sa&#250;de, destacamos: hemograma completo, glicemia de jejum, ureia, creatinina, s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio, perfil lip&#237;dico completo, &#225;cido &#250;rico, transaminase glut&#226;mico-oxalac&#233;tica (TGO), transaminase glutamicopir&#250;vica (TGP), gamaglutamil transpeptidase (gama-GT), bilirrubinas, tempo de protrombina/rela&#231;&#227;o internacional normatizada (TP/INR), exame comum de urina.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Em indiv&#237;duos sujeitos a praticar exerc&#237;cios ou competir em altitudes superiores a 2.000 metros, &#233; importante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de eletroforese da hemoglobina para descartar a possibilidade de hemoglobinopatias (p. ex., anemia falciforme). Em nosso meio, principalmente em regi&#245;es de maior incid&#234;ncia, a sorologia para doen&#231;a de Chagas tamb&#233;m pode ser recomendada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A radiografia de t&#243;rax tamb&#233;m pode ser solicitada em muitos casos.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.1. Eletrocardiograma em Repouso de 12 Deriva&#231;&#245;es</title>
            <sec>
              <title>2.3.1.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
              <p>Existem controv&#233;rsias na abordagem em grupos de atletas mais jovens quanto &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame. A diretriz americana - AHA/American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) - n&#227;o contempla a inclus&#227;o do ECG, mas a ESC, al&#233;m de in&#250;meras entidades esportivas, justifica e recomenda a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos classificados como m&#225;ster, o ECG de repouso &#233; mandat&#243;rio. Nessa idade j&#225; existe maior preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, sendo a principal delas a doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
							</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>2.3.1.2. M&#233;todo</title>
              <p>O ECG convencional de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es deve ser realizado com o indiv&#237;duo em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, registrado em velocidade de 25 mm/s e obtido idealmente 24 horas ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima atividade esportiva. Repouso previamente ao exame de no m&#237;nimo 5 minutos &#233; recomendado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
							</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>2.3.1.3. An&#225;lise</title>
              <p>As peculiaridades do ECG de repouso de atletas implicam que a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do exame deva ser realizada por m&#233;dicos com experi&#234;ncia na &#225;rea. Tal recomenda&#231;&#227;o &#233; importante para que altera&#231;&#245;es comuns do cora&#231;&#227;o de atleta n&#227;o sejam confundidas com eventuais cardiopatias. No entanto, na maioria dos pa&#237;ses o conhecimento m&#233;dico na interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECG do atleta ainda &#233; reduzido, o que limita a aplica&#231;&#227;o mais ampla deste m&#233;todo proped&#234;utico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
							</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>2.3.1.4. Altera&#231;&#245;es</title>
              <p>A pr&#225;tica regular e intensa do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pode provocar altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas fisiol&#243;gicas em n&#237;veis estrutural, funcional e el&#233;trico. Mais de 80% dos atletas de alto rendimento apresentam achados no ECG que refletem adapta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio, resultado de altera&#231;&#245;es intr&#237;nsecas do automatismo, da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> assim como do aumento do t&#244;nus vagal e do remodelamento intracavit&#225;rio.</p>
              <p>Na atualidade, j&#225; &#233; evidente uma uniformiza&#231;&#227;o na interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECG no atleta, por meio da defini&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios que permitam a distin&#231;&#227;o entre cardiopatias e achados decorrentes da s&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o de atleta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Neste particular, &#233; consensual que a taxa de falso-positivos associados ao ECG do atleta depende dos crit&#233;rios utilizados na sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o e do conhecimento que temos das variantes da normalidade. Assim, novos crit&#233;rios representam um esfor&#231;o importante de refinar a an&#225;lise e a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECG, tornando-o mais espec&#237;fico, sem perda de sensibilidade. Varia&#231;&#245;es na preval&#234;ncia desses crit&#233;rios incidem com rela&#231;&#227;o ao g&#234;nero (maiores no masculino), idade (doen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas/cong&#234;nitas nos jovens e DAC nos m&#225;sters), etnia (atletas negros apresentam mais sobrecarga ventricular esquerda e altera&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o), diferentes n&#237;veis de forma&#231;&#227;o (mais frequentes nos atletas que nos amadores) e modalidade esportiva (predom&#237;nio do componente din&#226;mico).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Nos atletas negros, especificamente, pode se tornar dif&#237;cil a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre as adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e patol&#243;gicas, j&#225; que estes indiv&#237;duos t&#234;m uma tend&#234;ncia a desenvolver mais hipertrofia em resposta ao exerc&#237;cio quando comparados com atletas brancos. Por sinal, mais de 10% deles podem apresentar uma espessura de parede &gt; 12 mm no ecocardiograma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
							</p>
              <p>Erros na diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre o fisiol&#243;gico e o patol&#243;gico podem ter consequ&#234;ncias danosas. Atletas podem ser desnecessariamente desqualificados de competi&#231;&#245;es por mudan&#231;as no ECG que poderiam ser consideradas normais. Da mesma forma, podem ser submetidos a exames desnecess&#225;rios, elevando sobremaneira os custos da avalia&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, sinais de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares potencialmente fatais podem ser erroneamente interpretados como variantes normais no ECG de um atleta, o que pode colocar o sujeito em risco para MS.</p>
              <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG do atleta podem ser divididas em dois grupos: comuns e/ou relacionadas com o treinamento esportivo; ou pouco frequentes e/ou sugestivas de cardiopatias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t22">Tabela 2</xref>). Este m&#233;todo tem sua maior utilidade quando realizado como parte de uma APP, quando poder&#225; identificar altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o esperadas, como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio (em faixas et&#225;rias mais elevadas), arritmias, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, entre outras. O ECG pode tamb&#233;m auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;as menos prevalentes, como miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (MCH), s&#237;ndrome do QT longo (SQTL), s&#237;ndrome do QT curto, s&#237;ndrome de Brugada, s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) (ou outras s&#237;ndromes de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o), al&#233;m de DAVD. O ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es pode auxiliar ainda na avalia&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios do ritmo e da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular e intraventricular que sejam significativos. Pode ainda detectar altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST, como repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce, invers&#227;o de onda T em deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais e/ou perif&#233;ricas e crit&#233;rios de voltagem sugestivos de hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (HVE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
							</p>
              <table-wrap id="t22">
                <label>Tabela 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas fisiol&#243;gicas versus sugestivas de cardiopatias</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col width="50%"/>
                    <col width="50%"/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Achados fisiol&#243;gicos em ECG de atletas</th>
                      <th align="center">Achados patol&#243;gicos em ECG de atletas</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Bradicardia sinusal (FC &gt; 30bpm)</td>
                      <td align="center">Invers&#227;o da onda T &gt; 1 mm em 2 ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es (exceto em DIII, aVR e V1)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Arritmia sinusal</td>
                      <td align="center">Infradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST &gt; 0,5 mm em 2 ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Ritmo atrial ect&#243;pico</td>
                      <td align="center">Ondas Q patol&#243;gicas &gt; 3 mm ou &gt; 40 ms em 2 ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es (exceto DIII e aVR)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Ritmo de escape juncional</td>
                      <td align="center">Bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">BAV 1&#186; grau (PR &gt; 200 ms)</td>
                      <td align="center">Atraso inespec&#237;fico da condu&#231;&#227;o com QRS &gt; 140 ms</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">BAV 2&#186; grau Mobitz I (Wenckebach)</td>
                      <td align="center">Desvio do eixo el&#233;trico de -30&#176; a 90&#176;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Bloqueio do ramo direito incompleto</td>
                      <td align="center">Sobrecarga de &#225;trio esquerdo</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left" rowspan="2">Crit&#233;rio isolado de voltagem do QRS para HVE</td>
                      <td align="center">Padr&#227;o de hipertrofia ventricular direita com RV1 + SV5 &gt; 10,5 mm e desvio do eixo &gt; 120&#176;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="center">Pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce</td>
                      <td align="center">Intervalo QT &gt; 470 ms em homens em &gt; 480 ms em mulheres</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left" rowspan="3">Eleva&#231;&#227;o em domo do segmento ST acompanhada de invers&#227;o da onda T de V1 a V4 em atletas afrodescendentes</td>
                      <td align="center">Intervalo QT &lt; 320 ms</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="center">Padr&#227;o de Brugada</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="center">Bradicardia sinusal &lt; 30 bpm ou pausas sinusais &gt; 3 s</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">
											</td>
                      <td align="center">Taquiarritmias atriais</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">
											</td>
                      <td align="center">Extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares com 2 ou mais epis&#243;dios em ECG de 10 segundos</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">
											</td>
                      <td align="center">Extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares pareadas e TVNS </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN13">
                    <p>BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; bpm: batimentos por minuto; ECG: eletrocardiograma; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; HVE: hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada.</p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
              <p>Podem existir varia&#231;&#245;es na preval&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, sendo maior no sexo masculino que no feminino. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, na popula&#231;&#227;o de m&#225;sters ou idosos, encontramos maior frequ&#234;ncia de ondas T invertidas em deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais e/ou perif&#233;ricas, e crit&#233;rios para HVE, al&#233;m de dist&#250;rbios na condu&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t23">Tabela 3</xref>). Tamb&#233;m s&#227;o significativas as varia&#231;&#245;es encontradas no ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de esporte praticado.</p>
              <table-wrap id="t23">
                <label>Tabela 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Diferentes tipos de anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o selecionada de 32.652 indiv&#237;duos submetida a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o esportiva na Europa</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col width="25%"/>
                    <col width="25%"/>
                    <col width="25%"/>
                    <col width="25%"/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">
											</th>
                      <th align="center">&lt; 20 anos<break/> (n = 2.430) %</th>
                      <th align="center">20-29 anos<break/> (n = 579) %</th>
                      <th align="center">&gt; 30 anos<break/> (n = 844) %</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">BRD incompleto, PR aumentado, padr&#227;o de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce</td>
                      <td align="center">73,1</td>
                      <td align="center">37,9</td>
                      <td align="center">30,1</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Ondas T invertidas</td>
                      <td align="center">9,5</td>
                      <td align="center">38,6</td>
                      <td align="center">37,9</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Aumento de voltagem de ondas R/S</td>
                      <td align="center">3,1</td>
                      <td align="center">4,6</td>
                      <td align="center">7,2</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">BRD</td>
                      <td align="center">10,9</td>
                      <td align="center">12,1</td>
                      <td align="center">10,9</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">BDASE, BRE</td>
                      <td align="center">2,1</td>
                      <td align="center">5,7</td>
                      <td align="center">13,3</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Padr&#227;o de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o</td>
                      <td align="center">1,3</td>
                      <td align="center">1,1</td>
                      <td align="center">0,6</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN14">
                    <p>BDASE: bloqueio da divis&#227;o anterossuperior esquerda; BRD: bloqueio do ramo direito; BRE: bloqueio do ramo esquerdo. Adaptada de Pelliccia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>
										</p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: A.</bold>
              </p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.2. Altera&#231;&#245;es no Eletrocardiograma: Fisiol&#243;gicas <italic>versus</italic> Sugestivas de Cardiopatias</title>
            <p>Atletas frequentemente (at&#233; 80% em algumas s&#233;ries) evidenciam altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas tais como: bradicardia/arritmia sinusal (13% a 69%), bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV) de primeiro grau (35%), repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce (50% a 80%). Todos esses achados costumam ser decorrentes de adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas ligadas &#224; s&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o do atleta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Al&#233;m disso, atletas tamb&#233;m podem apresentar crit&#233;rios de voltagem para HVE que refletem o remodelamento dessa cavidade, por&#233;m, sem a presen&#231;a concomitante de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas, desvio de eixo el&#233;trico, sobrecarga atrial e altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Essas modifica&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas no ECG devem ser claramente separadas de padr&#245;es sugestivos de cardiopatias reconhecidos por altera&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o, ondas Q patol&#243;gicas, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular marcados, pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o, intervalo QT curto/longo e Brugada. Esses achados s&#227;o raros (menos de 5%), mas podem ser a express&#227;o de alguma miocardiopatia ou de canalopatia que possam predispor &#224; MS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Outro ponto importante diz respeito &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial - resultante do treinamento regular - visando atender &#224;s necessidades aumentadas de d&#233;bito card&#237;aco durante o exerc&#237;cio. No entanto, essas caracter&#237;sticas n&#227;o s&#227;o completamente conhecidas. Todavia, apesar desta dilata&#231;&#227;o, a fun&#231;&#227;o atrial parece estar preservada nos atletas, mas n&#227;o nos pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Outros achados menos comuns que podem ser identificados em atletas s&#227;o as pausas sinusais &lt; 3 s (principalmente durante o sono) e o BAV de segundo grau do tipo I (Wenckebach). Tais achados em geral desaparecem ao esfor&#231;o e &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias. Altera&#231;&#245;es consideradas adapta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico n&#227;o devem causar alarme e o atleta n&#227;o precisa ser impedido da participa&#231;&#227;o em esportes competitivos sem avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional. Por outro lado, devem prosseguir em investiga&#231;&#227;o os atletas com achados sugestivos de cardiopatias, mesmo que assintom&#225;ticos, na presen&#231;a de hist&#243;ria familiar positiva ou de achados anormais ao exame f&#237;sico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
						</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: A.</bold>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.3. Teste Ergom&#233;trico</title>
            <p>O teste ergom&#233;trico (TErg) pode ser indicado na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial de um atleta amador ou profissional, em qualquer faixa et&#225;ria, como parte da estrat&#233;gia de identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Da mesma forma, pode contribuir na an&#225;lise do progn&#243;stico em assintom&#225;ticos ou quando houver refer&#234;ncia a algum sintoma potencialmente indicativo de alguma condi&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Sua indica&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m pode ter o objetivo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria na evolu&#231;&#227;o do treinamento em determinadas modalidades esportivas, notadamente as com predomin&#226;ncia do componente aer&#243;bico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos e sem fatores de risco cardiovascular podem ser liberados sem a necessidade do exame. Nas demais condi&#231;&#245;es, o TErg pode ser recomendado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> Ap&#243;s os 35 anos de idade, a DAC &#233; a principal respons&#225;vel pela mortalidade e a indica&#231;&#227;o do TErg para esses indiv&#237;duos visa, predominantemente, &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, refletindo prov&#225;vel presen&#231;a da doen&#231;a. Tamb&#233;m naqueles assintom&#225;ticos e mesmo nos com DAC conhecida, a indica&#231;&#227;o do TErg se apoia na necessidade de uma prescri&#231;&#227;o adequada da atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
            <p>A presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG de repouso, muitas vezes decorrentes de HVE fisiol&#243;gica, reduz a acur&#225;cia do m&#233;todo para diagn&#243;stico de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. A an&#225;lise simult&#226;nea de outras vari&#225;veis do exame contribui na avalia&#231;&#227;o mais global.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> A refer&#234;ncia de palpita&#231;&#227;o durante a atividade f&#237;sica dever&#225; ser investigada por meio do TErg com o objetivo de reproduzir, sob monitora&#231;&#227;o, a queixa do paciente.</p>
            <sec>
              <title>2.3.3.1. Vari&#225;veis a Serem Avaliadas no Teste Ergom&#233;trico</title>
              <sec>
                <title>2.3.3.1.1. Capacidade Funcional</title>
                <p>Uma baixa capacidade funcional expressa mau progn&#243;stico. Diferentes estudos observacionais demonstram associa&#231;&#227;o inversa entre equivalentes metab&#243;licos (MET) atingidos no TErg e mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> Quando um indiv&#237;duo apresentar baixa capacidade funcional comparado ao previsto para sexo e faixa et&#225;ria, investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional pode ser indicada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>
								</p>
              </sec>
              <sec>
                <title>2.3.3.1.2. Dor Tor&#225;cica</title>
                <p>Reproduzir por meio do TErg a queixa de dor ou desconforto tor&#225;cico durante o exerc&#237;cio possibilitar&#225; o prov&#225;vel diagn&#243;stico de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica por DAC, com consequente prosseguimento da investiga&#231;&#227;o e afastamento da pr&#225;tica desportiva. Quando durante o TErg se identificarem caracter&#237;sticas absolutamente n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas da dor e esta for indicada pelo atleta como semelhante &#224;quela que motivou o TErg e inexistirem altera&#231;&#245;es em alguma vari&#225;vel do teste, a probabilidade de DAC torna-se muito baixa, podendo o atleta ser liberado para competi&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> Em contrapartida, a presen&#231;a de dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, caracter&#237;stica de angina, mesmo que n&#227;o acompanhada de altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST, em geral possui mau progn&#243;stico. A interpreta&#231;&#227;o adequada do TErg requer conhecimento pr&#233;vio a respeito dos achados que s&#227;o considerados normais na popula&#231;&#227;o atl&#233;tica jovem. A depress&#227;o do segmento ST em atletas m&#225;sters pode ser desafiadora, podendo ou n&#227;o estar relacionada &#224; DAC. A possibilidade de um resultado falso-positivo relacionado &#224; HVE n&#227;o pode ser afastada, mas isquemia de origem ateroscler&#243;tica sempre deve ser descartada. Nesse particular, testes adicionais podem auxiliar na investiga&#231;&#227;o subsequente antes do retorno aos treinos e &#224;s competi&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>
								</p>
              </sec>
              <sec>
                <title>2.3.3.1.3. Segmento ST-T</title>
                <p>Infradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST maior que 1 mm &#233; sugestivo de DAC, principalmente quando com padr&#227;o horizontal ou descendente. Tais altera&#231;&#245;es apresentam maior valor quando ocorrem concomitantemente com dor tor&#225;cica ou outra manifesta&#231;&#227;o que contribua para o diagn&#243;stico de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> Supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST &#8805; 1 mm a 60 ms ap&#243;s o ponto J, quando n&#227;o observado em &#225;rea com onda Q (zona inativa), &#233; um marcador muito sugestivo de les&#227;o subepic&#225;rdica (ou transmural),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> localiza a &#225;rea de isquemia e deve ser manejado como tal.</p>
                <p>Nos atletas assintom&#225;ticos, quando ocorrerem altera&#231;&#245;es de ST durante o TErg, mesmo que n&#227;o sejam acompanhadas de dor tor&#225;cica ou que ocorram em elevado duplo produto e em alta capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, principalmente se associadas a arritmias card&#237;acas frequentes, justifica-se o afastamento tempor&#225;rio ou n&#227;o in&#237;cio da pr&#225;tica desportiva. Neste caso, o prosseguimento na investiga&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; fundamental. Esse enfoque pode ser embasado pela maior demanda cardiovascular e o maior risco de eventos durante o exerc&#237;cio, notadamente em indiv&#237;duos acima dos 35 anos de idade e quando um ou mais fatores de risco para DAC estiverem presentes.</p>
                <p>A an&#225;lise do segmento ST dever&#225; considerar:</p>
                <p>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A caracter&#237;stica morfol&#243;gica, sendo descendente mais grave do que horizontal e esta mais grave que ascendente lenta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>
											</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A precocidade do seu aparecimento durante o esfor&#231;o e a persist&#234;ncia dessas altera&#231;&#245;es tardiamente na fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es indicativas de maior risco e gravidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>
											</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A depress&#227;o do segmento ST, quando maior que 10% em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; amplitude da onda R imediatamente anterior. Esse ajuste da avalia&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST merece ser considerado, principalmente por conta da presen&#231;a habitual de ondas R com grande amplitude, podendo expressar HVE fisiol&#243;gica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>
											</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </p>
                <p>Ainda em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fase de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular devemos atentar para o fato de que, quando partindo de um ECG em repouso alterado, a normaliza&#231;&#227;o dessas altera&#231;&#245;es durante o exerc&#237;cio pode representar benignidade e bom progn&#243;stico (se n&#227;o acompanhadas de sintomas).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>
								</p>
              </sec>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>2.3.3.2. Press&#227;o Arterial</title>
              <p>Valores excessivamente elevados de PA durante o TErg, em pacientes sem diagn&#243;stico de HAS e com n&#237;veis normais em repouso, podem representar um sinal de alerta por aumentarem significativamente o risco de desenvolvimento de HAS nos anos seguintes. Nos pacientes com novo diagn&#243;stico de HAS, a investiga&#231;&#227;o laboratorial e o tratamento da mesma dever&#227;o iniciar-se em seguida. Por outro lado, queda progressiva da PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) durante o TErg, principalmente quando se alcan&#231;am valores da PAS inferiores ao pr&#233;-esfor&#231;o, merece investiga&#231;&#227;o subsequente de cardiopatias, especialmente pelo fen&#244;meno denotar disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica induzida pelo esfor&#231;o.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>2.3.3.3. Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
              <p>A incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica indica mau progn&#243;stico e tem sido associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, altera&#231;&#227;o na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, valores elevados nos marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o e DAC. A inadequada resposta da FC pode ser considerada por meio da incapacidade de alcan&#231;ar 85% da m&#225;xima FC estimada. A equa&#231;&#227;o [208 - (idade &#215; 0,70)] pode ser utilizada na previs&#227;o da FC m&#225;xima. O &#237;ndice cronotr&#243;pico inferior a 80% &#233; outro m&#233;todo para identificar incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica, possuindo valor progn&#243;stico. Ele &#233; obtido por meio da raz&#227;o [(Reserva de FC obtida/Reserva de FC estimada) &#215; 100].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>
							</p>
              <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da FC no primeiro minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FC do pico do esfor&#231;o possibilita inferir a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o foi inicialmente identificada em atletas comparativamente a pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref> Redu&#231;&#245;es iguais ou inferiores a 12 batimentos por minuto t&#234;m sido associadas a maior incid&#234;ncia de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>
							</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>2.3.3.4. Arritmias Card&#237;acas</title>
              <p>Arritmias card&#237;acas com menor grau de complexidade, como extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares eventuais no TErg, frequentemente expressam aumento da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica simp&#225;tica imposta pelo exerc&#237;cio graduado. Isoladamente, tais condi&#231;&#245;es, sem a presen&#231;a de outras altera&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o justificam maior limita&#231;&#227;o &#224;s atividades f&#237;sicas nos indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos, nem indicam investiga&#231;&#227;o subsequente. Os sujeitos sintom&#225;ticos ou nos assintom&#225;ticos que desenvolvam arritmias ventriculares complexas, como taquicardia ventricular, sustentada ou n&#227;o, merecer&#227;o investiga&#231;&#227;o previamente ao retorno para a pr&#225;tica esportiva.</p>
              <p>Atividade f&#237;sica como lazer, de intensidade leve ou moderada, em indiv&#237;duo assintom&#225;tico e com fator de risco cardiovascular: realizar TErg ao iniciar o programa de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: III.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Atividade de alta intensidade, esporte e competi&#231;&#227;o em esportistas: realizar TErg ao iniciar o programa de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: A.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Atividade de alta intensidade, esportiva e competi&#231;&#227;o em atletas profissionais: realizar TErg ao iniciar a temporada esportiva.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>A qualquer momento:</p>
              <p>Refer&#234;ncia a dor ou desconforto tor&#225;cico, in&#237;cio de cansa&#231;o ou dispneia de causa indefinida, palpita&#231;&#227;o, identifica&#231;&#227;o de arritmias previamente inexistentes, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope ou s&#237;ncope relacionadas a exerc&#237;cio ou eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA em repouso, com ou sem comprometimento em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo: realizar o TErg.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: A.</bold>
              </p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.4. Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio</title>
            <p>De longa data, inclusive no Brasil, os atletas e indiv&#237;duos que participam de atividades f&#237;sicas de alto rendimento v&#234;m sendo submetidos ao teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo (TCPE), objetivando avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho e prescri&#231;&#227;o do treinamento aer&#243;bico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref> Conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t24">Tabela 4</xref>, o TCPE diferencia-se primariamente do TErg pela adi&#231;&#227;o de medidas e an&#225;lises dos gases expirados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref> Consoante com seus objetivos prim&#225;rios, quando realizado em atletas aparentemente saud&#225;veis, muitas vezes, ao contr&#225;rio dos testes de exerc&#237;cio com objetivo de diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico, n&#227;o s&#227;o feitas medidas de PA e at&#233; mesmo de ECG, sendo a medida da FC obtida, nesses casos, pelo uso de frequenc&#237;metros. Com a disponibilidade de algumas centenas de equipamentos em nosso meio (laborat&#243;rios, cl&#237;nicas, hospitais, clubes e centros desportivos) capazes de realizar essas medidas, na pr&#225;tica h&#225; pouco sentido em realizar a avalia&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica de atletas por meio de um TErg, no qual h&#225; um erro de aproximadamente 20% quando s&#227;o realizadas estimativas baseadas em f&#243;rmulas desenvolvidas para protocolos cl&#237;nicos para esteiras ou cicloerg&#244;metros.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t24">
              <label>Tabela 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Principais diferen&#231;as entre o teste ergom&#233;trico e teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                  <col width="33%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                    <th align="center" colspan="3">Teste de exerc&#237;cio</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                    <th align="center">TErg</th>
                    <th align="center">TCPE</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Capacidade funcional</td>
                    <td align="center">Medida</td>
                    <td align="center">Medida</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Pot&#234;ncia aer&#243;bica m&#225;xima</td>
                    <td align="center">Estimada</td>
                    <td align="center">Medida</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Limiar anaer&#243;bico</td>
                    <td align="center">Indeterminado</td>
                    <td align="center">Determinado</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o V/Q</td>
                    <td align="center">N&#227;o avaliada</td>
                    <td align="center">Avaliada</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Resposta inotr&#243;pica</td>
                    <td align="center">Avalia&#231;&#227;o limitada</td>
                    <td align="center">Avalia&#231;&#227;o excelente</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Efici&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica</td>
                    <td align="center">Presumida</td>
                    <td align="center">Medida</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Protocolo</td>
                    <td align="center">Mais dependente</td>
                    <td align="center">Menos dependente</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">M&#225;ximo real</td>
                    <td align="center">Presumido</td>
                    <td align="center">Prov&#225;vel/identificado</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Etiologia de dispneia</td>
                    <td align="center">N&#227;o identificada</td>
                    <td align="center">Prov&#225;vel/identificada</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN15">
                  <p>TErg: teste ergom&#233;trico; TCPE: teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo; V/Q: ventila&#231;&#227;o/perfus&#227;o.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Em determinadas circunst&#226;ncias cl&#237;nicas e para determinados grupos diferenciados de atletas, a inclus&#227;o do TCPE na APP pode ser recomendada e at&#233; mesmo ser fundamental para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco individual, especialmente em fun&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es agregadas pela medida e an&#225;lise de gases expirados. Isso pode ser relevante nos atletas m&#225;sters, naqueles indiv&#237;duos com enfermidades cardiovasculares e/ou pulmonares que estejam envolvidos com competi&#231;&#227;o desportiva recreativa (p. ex., meias-maratonas, maratonas, escaladas de alta montanha, provas de ciclismo de estrada, travessias aqu&#225;ticas, entre outras), assim como nos atletas profissionais. Nessas circunst&#226;ncias e sempre que poss&#237;vel, dever&#225; ser preferida a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do erg&#244;metro que mais se aproxime da atividade desportiva praticada pelo indiv&#237;duo.</p>
            <p>Dentre as v&#225;rias possibilidades de informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas adicionais derivadas exclusivamente a partir de um TCPE no atleta ou indiv&#237;duo saud&#225;vel fisicamente ativo, destacam-se duas: (a) identifica&#231;&#227;o mais precisa e objetiva do(s) fator(es) limitante(s) ao esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo (cardiovascular, respirat&#243;rio e muscular ou MET); e (b) avalia&#231;&#227;o do comportamento do volume sist&#243;lico, obtida pela an&#225;lise das curvas e dos valores m&#225;ximos do pulso de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>/FC) e dos equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios (VE/VO<sub>2</sub> e VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref> O TCPE j&#225; est&#225; incorporado na pr&#225;tica cardiol&#243;gica para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref> para a identifica&#231;&#227;o da etiologia da dispneia de esfor&#231;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref> e, mais recentemente, considerado como capaz de identificar isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref> ou respostas anormais ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref> Em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica, altera&#231;&#245;es observadas na curva do pulso de oxig&#234;nio durante o TCPE fazem com que sua acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica e preditiva seja maior do que a do TErg para detec&#231;&#227;o ou exclus&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref> Em se tratando de atletas, &#233; o procedimento de escolha quando se deseja obter medida v&#225;lida e precisa da condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica e da determina&#231;&#227;o da FC nos limiares para fins de prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t36">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="60%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th align="center">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th align="center">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Para esportistas</td>
                    <td align="center">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Para atletas profissionais</td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o mais precisa do fator limitante ao exerc&#237;cio</td>
                    <td align="center">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">A</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Quando houver altera&#231;&#227;o no ECG de repouso que possa interferir na sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio ou respostas hemodin&#226;micas suspeitas.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>O seu uso rotineiro em crian&#231;as e adolescentes aparentemente saud&#225;veis, apenas com o objetivo de estratificar risco de MS ao exerc&#237;cio, n&#227;o parece ser especialmente &#250;til.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: III.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.5. Ecocardiograma</title>
            <p>Na APP o ecocardiograma pode assumir papel relevante, pela possibilidade de diagnosticar as principais doen&#231;as implicadas em MS em atletas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t25">Tabela 5</xref>). Da mesma forma, pode auxiliar na diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas do cora&#231;&#227;o de atleta e hipertrofia patol&#243;gica da MCH, de forma in&#243;cua, r&#225;pida e com relativo baixo custo. Entretanto, deve ser reservado para os casos com hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica/familiar ou achado de exame f&#237;sico suspeito de cardiopatia, bem como para os casos nos quais o ECG de repouso apresente altera&#231;&#245;es suspeitas de miocardiopatia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref> Tamb&#233;m nos casos conhecidos de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, em especial as de baixa complexidade, em que a pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas e mesmo esportivas de alto rendimento n&#227;o est&#225; contraindicada, a realiza&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica do ecocardiograma auxilia na avalia&#231;&#227;o evolutiva e no correto manejo da condi&#231;&#227;o em quest&#227;o. Vale ressaltar a import&#226;ncia do ecocardiograma com Doppler associado a esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico em situa&#231;&#245;es em que a verifica&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca durante o exerc&#237;cio pode auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico e conduta, dentre elas no paciente com MCH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
						</p>
            <table-wrap id="t25">
              <label>Tabela 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Principais causas de morte s&#250;bita em atletas</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="50%"/>
                  <col width="50%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="center">Idade &lt; 35 anos</th>
                    <th align="center">Idade &gt; 35 anos</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</td>
                    <td align="center">Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Displasia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Origem an&#244;mala das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Miocardite</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Doen&#231;a valvar</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">S&#237;ndromes de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Doen&#231;a do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.6. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es</title>
            <p>A ESC, amparada pela consistente experi&#234;ncia italiana que acompanhou atletas por 25 anos, determina, em seu programa de triagem para indiv&#237;duos entre 12 e 35 anos de idade, um exame inicial composto por hist&#243;ria familiar, exame f&#237;sico, ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, sendo que exames adicionais somente ser&#227;o realizados com achados positivos durante avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia em programas populacionais em jovens atletas (12 a 35 anos de idade) assintom&#225;ticos mostrou-se uma estrat&#233;gia de alto custo e n&#227;o h&#225;, at&#233; o momento, nenhum estudo populacional com acompanhamento adequado que comprove sua efic&#225;cia. Apesar de este exame ser considerado o m&#233;todo mais pr&#225;tico para detectar altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas estruturais, seu uso como ferramenta de triagem &#233; geralmente direcionado para atletas de elite, especialmente em clubes que possuem recurso financeiro para a sua aplica&#231;&#227;o. A ecocardiografia em atletas pode evidenciar a presen&#231;a de anormalidades cong&#234;nitas, mesmo quando o resultado do ECG &#233; normal. Entretanto, a maioria dessas altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o se encontra implicada com a g&#234;nese de MS card&#237;aca. Portanto, a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o tem sido indicada como rotina, uma vez que seu poder diagn&#243;stico em atletas assintom&#225;ticos com exame f&#237;sico e ECG normais &#233; muito baixo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Em caso de suspeita na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial do diagn&#243;stico de DAC, deve-se aprofundar a investiga&#231;&#227;o com exames mais acurados: ecocardiografia com estresse f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico, cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com estresse f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico ou ainda o uso da resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca com estudo din&#226;mico. Diferentes estudos t&#234;m sugerido a introdu&#231;&#227;o de modalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas limitadas com exame restrito ao modo bidimensional, este sendo realizado em 5 minutos. Os resultados demonstram boas sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagn&#243;stico de diversas afec&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; MS em atletas, principalmente a MCH,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref> implicada em mais de 30% dos casos de MS em atletas jovens. No presente momento, a ecocardiografia representa modalidade diagn&#243;stica confirmat&#243;ria a ser realizada ap&#243;s suspeita durante avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o inicial.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: A.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>N&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncia para sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o rotineira em programas de triagem populacional em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: III.</bold>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.7. Outros Exames Complementares</title>
            <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de outras ferramentas diagn&#243;sticas, seja m&#233;todos laboratoriais, gr&#225;ficos, de imagem, invasivos ou n&#227;o, deve obedecer a crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas j&#225; estabelecidos na literatura, em fun&#231;&#227;o dos achados no decorrer da APP.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.8. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es Finais</title>
            <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t26">Tabela 6</xref> levam em considera&#231;&#227;o a formula&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gia investigativa de triagem populacional. Atualmente, associa&#231;&#245;es e conselhos dirigentes de atletas profissionais possuem protocolos pr&#243;prios, haja vista a aprecia&#231;&#227;o de quest&#245;es legais e econ&#244;micas envolvidas no aspecto profissional. A APP baseada em consulta cl&#237;nica inicial e ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos atletas sob maior risco de MS.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t26">
              <label>Tabela 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es segundo faixa et&#225;ria e n&#237;vel competitivo</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">
										</th>
                    <th align="center">Lazer</th>
                    <th align="center">Amadores</th>
                    <th align="center">Profissionais</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Crian&#231;a/adolescente</td>
                    <td align="center">Av. inicial + ECG 12D</td>
                    <td align="center">Av. inicial + ECG 12D</td>
                    <td align="center">Av. inicial + ECG 12D</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">18-35 anos</td>
                    <td align="center">Av. inicial + ECG 12D</td>
                    <td align="center">Av. inicial + ECG 12D</td>
                    <td align="center">Av. inicial + ECG 12D</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">35-59 anos</td>
                    <td align="center">Av. inicial + av. risco DAC + ECG 12D + (considerar teste funcional)</td>
                    <td align="center">Av. inicial + av. risco DAC + ECG 12D + (considerar teste funcional)</td>
                    <td align="center">Av. inicial + av. risco DAC + ECG 12D + (considerar teste funcional)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&gt; 60 anos</td>
                    <td align="center">Av. inicial + ECG 12D + teste funcional</td>
                    <td align="center">Av. inicial +ECG 12D + teste funcional</td>
                    <td align="center">Av. inicial + ECG 12D + teste funcional</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN16">
                  <p>Av.: avalia&#231;&#227;o; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; ECG 12D: eletrocardiograma em repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Gen&#233;tica e Exerc&#237;cio</title>
        <p>De acordo com diferentes consensos e opini&#245;es de especialistas, a avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica n&#227;o &#233; indicada como um processo de rotina para os atletas. Se ainda estamos discutindo se o ECG de repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es &#233; indicado ou n&#227;o como um teste de rotina na APP, &#233; l&#243;gico entender que a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um estudo gen&#233;tico deva ser sempre muito bem embasada no atleta.</p>
        <p>Existem duas ocasi&#245;es nas quais a avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica est&#225; especialmente bem indicada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref> S&#227;o elas:</p>
        <p>a) frente uma hist&#243;ria familiar positiva de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca heredit&#225;ria (miocardiopatia, canalopatias, doen&#231;as da aorta), ou suspeita da mesma (presen&#231;a de epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope, arritmias, parada card&#237;aca/MS). Nestes casos, &#233; importante destacar que o estudo gen&#233;tico deve ser feito primeiramente no indiv&#237;duo ou em um dos familiares afetados. Uma vez detectada a muta&#231;&#227;o causal da doen&#231;a, a&#237; sim os demais membros da fam&#237;lia, incluindo o esportista, dever&#227;o ser estudados;</p>
        <p>b) quando o atleta tem um fen&#243;tipo que indica fortemente a presen&#231;a de uma doen&#231;a heredit&#225;ria (sinais, sintomas e/ou testes sugestivos ou compat&#237;veis com uma doen&#231;a espec&#237;fica).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tico-cl&#237;nica sempre deve ser o primeiro passo antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o de um estudo gen&#233;tico <italic>per se</italic>. Esta investiga&#231;&#227;o deve incluir uma anamnese minuciosa dos antecedentes familiares, assim como um exame f&#237;sico completo. A hist&#243;ria familiar deve incluir aspectos como a idade de in&#237;cio dos sintomas, atividades desencadeantes dos mesmos, doen&#231;a diagnosticada, grau de parentesco e n&#250;mero de familiares afetados. Nesse sentido, realizar uma &#225;rvore geneal&#243;gica ou <italic>pedigree</italic> da fam&#237;lia permitir&#225; detalhar os antecedentes familiares, sempre devendo-se seguir a investiga&#231;&#227;o pelo lado da fam&#237;lia afetado. No caso da aus&#234;ncia de suspeitas nos familiares de primeiro grau, deve-se ampliar o estudo para mais uma gera&#231;&#227;o, isto se houver grande suspeita de cardiopatia herdada.</p>
        <p>Estudos mais recentes apontam para um papel do estudo gen&#233;tico na "aut&#243;psia molecular", ou seja, indiv&#237;duos sem altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas que tenham sofrido MS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref> Uma an&#225;lise abrangente de genes relacionados &#224; MS card&#237;aca em indiv&#237;duos que morreram subitamente durante o exerc&#237;cio permitiu a identifica&#231;&#227;o de variantes potencialmente causadoras do evento. No entanto, muitas variantes gen&#233;ticas permaneceram com significado indeterminado, sendo necess&#225;rios mais estudos para a compreens&#227;o do significado cl&#237;nico dessas vari&#225;veis. Todavia, a an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica abrangente de indiv&#237;duos que morreram durante o exerc&#237;cio permite a detec&#231;&#227;o de variantes potencialmente causadoras e ajuda a identificar parentes em risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref> Indica&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas de an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica no contexto de doen&#231;as herdadas est&#227;o contempladas nos respectivos textos desta Diretriz.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1. Gen&#243;tipo Positivo e Fen&#243;tipo Negativo</title>
          <p>No contexto do esporte podemos definir o indiv&#237;duo como gen&#243;tipo positivo/fen&#243;tipo negativo quando:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Carrega muta&#231;&#227;o com potencial patog&#234;nico.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>N&#227;o possui manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas ou altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais/el&#233;tricas do cora&#231;&#227;o manifestadas por exames complementares.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>A grande d&#250;vida que existe refere-se a aferir se esses sujeitos apresentam risco aumentado de MS, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de sinais de cardiopatia estrutural. Isto torna-se de import&#226;ncia primordial, pois em casos selecionados, o estresse adren&#233;rgico do exerc&#237;cio intenso e competitivo pode ser um gatilho para complica&#231;&#245;es e MS. Existe um grande desafio na revis&#227;o da hist&#243;ria familiar das cardiopatias herdadas. Isto ocorre principalmente por expressividade vari&#225;vel, ou seja, a gravidade varia frequentemente, mesmo dentro da mesma fam&#237;lia; e penetr&#226;ncia reduzida, isto &#233;, alguns pacientes podem nunca desenvolver a doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref> Muitas das doen&#231;as investigadas s&#227;o autoss&#244;micas dominantes, mas algumas acontecem por muta&#231;&#245;es de novo. A idade do aparecimento tamb&#233;m pode variar, com os pacientes podendo permanecer assintom&#225;ticos durante um longo per&#237;odo da doen&#231;a, tornando dif&#237;cil o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico inicial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Sempre que nos depararmos com esse desafio diagn&#243;stico, devemos estabelecer se o fen&#243;tipo realmente &#233; negativo. Uma investiga&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica minuciosa com ECG, ecocardiograma, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC), Holter e testes provocativos (exerc&#237;cio ou f&#225;rmacos) deve ser realizada na suspeita diagn&#243;stica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref> As atuais recomenda&#231;&#245;es europeias para a triagem card&#237;aca do atleta afirmam que, ap&#243;s um question&#225;rio detalhado (incluindo quaisquer sintomas ou hist&#243;rico familiar) e exame cl&#237;nico, deve-se dar prioridade ao ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. Aqueles com duas ou mais "descobertas de ECG lim&#237;trofes" ou qualquer "descoberta anormal de ECG" exigem uma investiga&#231;&#227;o mais aprofundada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Com base na experi&#234;ncia italiana, a incid&#234;ncia de MS card&#237;aca ocorre tr&#234;s vezes mais em atletas (2,3 por 100.000 indiv&#237;duos) do que em n&#227;o atletas (0,9 por 100.000 indiv&#237;duos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref> Na MCH, especificamente, h&#225; um n&#250;mero limitado de MS em indiv&#237;duos sem hipertrofia e assintom&#225;ticos. Cinco casos de MS prematuras s&#227;o relatados em sujeitos com cora&#231;&#245;es (aut&#243;psia) sem MCH macrosc&#243;pica e muta&#231;&#227;o do gene <italic>TNNT2</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref> Tamb&#233;m foram encontrados dois pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e cora&#231;&#227;o normal com posterior desenvolvimento de MCH e muta&#231;&#227;o no gene <italic>MYH7</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref> No caso da DAVD, &#233; relatado o caso de um jovem de 13 anos, carreador de muta&#231;&#227;o no gene DSP (desmoplaquina), n&#227;o afetado clinicamente, com quadro de MS 2 anos ap&#243;s o estudo gen&#233;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref> Na experi&#234;ncia do modelo italiano, quando avaliados 12.500 atletas, houve somente um caso de MS por DAVD n&#227;o detectado clinicamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref> No contexto da miocardiopatia dilatada, tamb&#233;m foi descrito o caso de uma mulher de 35 anos de idade com MS e muta&#231;&#227;o no gene <italic>LMNA</italic> (c908-909delCT) sem doen&#231;a estrutural ou dist&#250;rbio da condu&#231;&#227;o detectados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo gen&#243;tipo positivo/fen&#243;tipo negativo tamb&#233;m deve-se ter em mente o papel da atividade esportiva intensa no desenvolvimento precoce de miocardiopatias, at&#233; mesmo piorando o progn&#243;stico em indiv&#237;duos carreadores de muta&#231;&#227;o, como pode ocorrer na DAVD e na MCH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref>
					</p>
          <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais s&#227;o controversas, baseadas em consensos de especialistas, sendo que poucos estudos longitudinais est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t27">Tabela 7</xref> mostra, de maneira geral, as diferen&#231;as entre o que &#233; recomendado nos Estados Unidos versus o que os europeus recomendam. Por exemplo, a AHA em conjunto com o ACC colocam que pacientes com gen&#243;tipo positivo para MCH podem participar de esportes competitivos, desde que assintom&#225;ticos, sem evid&#234;ncia de HVE por ecocardiografia bidimensional e com aus&#234;ncia de um hist&#243;rico familiar de MS relacionada &#224; MCH (<italic>Classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa; n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia C)</italic>. J&#225; aqueles atletas que apresentam express&#227;o cl&#237;nica confirmada e diagn&#243;stico de MCH n&#227;o devem participar da maioria dos esportes competitivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref> &#201; nossa opini&#227;o que estudos futuros devam ser realizados para avaliar o potencial patog&#234;nico e os efeitos negativos do exerc&#237;cio intenso no indiv&#237;duo com gen&#243;tipo positivo. Por fim, acreditamos que a desqualifica&#231;&#227;o deva ser a &#250;ltima interven&#231;&#227;o desejada e que a informa&#231;&#227;o adequada e o compartilhamento de decis&#245;es (fam&#237;lia, atleta, treinador, empres&#225;rio, entre outros) devem ser almejados.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t27">
            <label>Tabela 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diferentes entidades</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Cardiopatia</th>
                  <th align="center">American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology</th>
                  <th align="center">European Society of Cardiology</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Miocardiopatias (MCH, MCD, DAVD)</td>
                  <td align="center">Sem restri&#231;&#227;o (p. ex., assintom&#225;ticos e sem hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo)</td>
                  <td align="center">Proibido esporte competitivo. Permitidos apenas esportes n&#227;o competitivos e de lazer</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">QT longo</td>
                  <td align="center">Sem restri&#231;&#227;o (exceto QTL1 e nata&#231;&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">Proibido esporte competitivo. Permitidos apenas esportes n&#227;o competitivos e de lazer </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Taquicardia catecolamin&#233;rgica</td>
                  <td align="center">Proibido esporte competitivo</td>
                  <td align="center">Proibido esporte competitivo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#237;ndrome de Brugada</td>
                  <td align="center">Sem restri&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Sem restri&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#237;ndrome de Marfan</td>
                  <td align="center">Somente exerc&#237;cio leve a moderado (sem hist&#243;ria familiar de dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica ou morte s&#250;bita)</td>
                  <td align="center">Proibido esporte competitivo</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <p>DAVD: displasia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito; MCD: miocardiopatia dilatada; MCH: miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4. Portadores de Miocardiopatias e Miocardite</title>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1. Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</title>
          <p>A MCH figura dentre as principais causas de MS relacionada com o exerc&#237;cio e o esporte em indiv&#237;duos com menos de 35 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref> O Registro Nacional de Morte S&#250;bita em Atletas, realizado nos Estados Unidos, avaliou as causas de MS em atletas competitivos, entre os anos de 1980 e 2011. Em um total de 2.406 mortes identificadas em jovens com idade m&#233;dia de 19 anos, 842 atletas tiveram algum diagn&#243;stico cardiovascular. A MCH foi a causa mais comum de MS, ocorrendo em 36% desses atletas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref> Contudo, de alguma maneira, sua contribui&#231;&#227;o para causas de MS em atletas vem sendo sistematicamente superestimada. Evid&#234;ncias recentes de metan&#225;lise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref> apontam a MCH como causa de 10,3% dos &#243;bitos em atletas, enquanto 27,5% possu&#237;am cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal.</p>
          <p>Trata-se de uma doen&#231;a de base gen&#233;tica, autoss&#244;mica dominante, que se caracteriza por um desarranjo miofibrilar dos mi&#243;citos, acompanhado de hipercontratilidade, hipertrofia assim&#233;trica com ou sem obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da, altera&#231;&#245;es estas n&#227;o explicadas por sobrecarga de press&#227;o ou de volume ou por outra condi&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica subjacente. Hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo maior que 15 mm em algum segmento verificado por m&#233;todo de imagem sem outra causa aparente &#233; muito sugestiva de MCH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref> Na zona entre 13 e 14 mm, outros fatores como hist&#243;ria familiar, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas espec&#237;ficas, sintomas, combina&#231;&#227;o de outro m&#233;todo de imagem e at&#233; mesmo avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica devem ser considerados no diagn&#243;stico diferencial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref> Em parentes de primeiro grau de um paciente com MCH, a presen&#231;a de hipertrofia maior que 13 mm tamb&#233;m &#233; altamente indicativa do diagn&#243;stico desta enfermidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref> A hipertrofia relacionada &#224; sobrecarga press&#243;rica, ao treinamento f&#237;sico e a hipertrofia basal do septo em idosos devem ser consideradas no diagn&#243;stico diferencial.</p>
          <p>Os portadores de MCH podem ser totalmente assintom&#225;ticos ou apresentar sintomas como lipotimia, s&#237;ncope, dispneia, palpita&#231;&#245;es e angina, especialmente relacionados com o aumento da demanda mioc&#225;rdica ou obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da, como ocorre no exerc&#237;cio. A MS nesses pacientes ocorre principalmente por arritmias ventriculares, mas outras complica&#231;&#245;es, como arritmias supraventriculares (com ou sem pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o), bloqueios atrioventriculares avan&#231;ados, assistolia e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio tamb&#233;m podem ser causa deste evento indesejado.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.1. Gen&#233;tica e Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</title>
            <p>At&#233; o momento s&#227;o conhecidos ao menos 20 genes implicados na g&#234;nese dessa doen&#231;a,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref> com mais de 1.700 muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas relacionadas com as prote&#237;nas contr&#225;teis do mioc&#225;rdio. Muta&#231;&#245;es em pelo menos 11 genes diferentes que codificam prote&#237;nas sarcom&#233;ricas foram identificadas em at&#233; 70% dos casos familiares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref> As muta&#231;&#245;es nos genes da cadeia pesada da betamiosina (<italic>MYH7</italic>) e da miosina carreadora da prote&#237;na C (<italic>MYBPC3</italic>) s&#227;o as mais frequentes. Juntos, <italic>MYBPC3</italic> e <italic>MYH7</italic> corrependem por at&#233; metade de todos os casos clinicamente reconhecidos de MCH, e constituem pelo menos 75% dos probandos em que uma muta&#231;&#227;o &#233; identificada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref> Outras muta&#231;&#245;es menos frequentes s&#227;o as relacionadas com o gene das troponinas I e T (<italic>TNNI3, TNNT2</italic>), alfatropomiosina-1 (<italic>TPM1</italic>), com frequ&#234;ncia menor do que 5%. Ainda menos frequentes, encontram-se, por exemplo, prote&#237;na LIM muscular (<italic>CSRP3</italic>), troponina C (<italic>TNNC1</italic>) e titina (<italic>TTN</italic>), com frequ&#234;ncia menor do que 1%. Fenoc&#243;pias gen&#233;ticas como doen&#231;a de Fabry, amiloidose, doen&#231;a de Danon e ataxia de Friedreich tamb&#233;m devem ser consideradas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref> As muta&#231;&#245;es nos genes da troponina, apesar de menos comuns (15% a 30%), t&#234;m sido as mais relacionadas &#224; MS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref> sendo que em alguns relatos at&#233; mesmo em indiv&#237;duos sem nenhuma manifesta&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica da doen&#231;a.</p>
            <p>Aconselhamento gen&#233;tico por equipe multidisciplinar com experi&#234;ncia no cuidado de pacientes com cardiopatias geneticamente determinadas &#233; indicado no indiv&#237;duo portador de MCH.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Estudo de sequenciamento gen&#233;tico em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de MCH (caso &#237;ndice ou probando).</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de muta&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica em familiares diretos de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de MCH por causa geneticamente determinada.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.2. Exames Complementares na Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</title>
            <sec>
              <title>4.1.2.1. Eletrocardiograma</title>
              <p>ECG deve ser realizado em todo paciente com suspeita de MCH.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Em torno de 90% dos pacientes com MCH apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, sendo o segmento ST e a onda T mais comumente alterados. Atletas com MCH comparados a n&#227;o atletas com a doen&#231;a apresentam maior preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es de onda T (notadamente invers&#227;o de onda T, sendo estas profundas em deriva&#231;&#245;es laterais) e altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST. Al&#233;m dessas altera&#231;&#245;es, aumento atrial esquerdo identificado pela dura&#231;&#227;o prolongada da onda p &gt; 120 ms nas deriva&#231;&#245;es I ou II, com por&#231;&#227;o negativa da onda p &#8805; 1 mm em profundidade e &#8805; 40 ms em dura&#231;&#227;o na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1, al&#233;m de bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo, tamb&#233;m podem ser sugestivos de MCH. No passado, algumas altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG de atletas eram consideradas potencialmente patol&#243;gicas, tais como: aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e desvio do eixo para esquerda isolado, invers&#227;o da onda T confinada a V1-V4 e precedida pela eleva&#231;&#227;o do ponto J (especialmente em afrodescendentes), ondas Q &#8805; 3 a 4 mm, mas com amplitude menor do que um quarto da onda R e dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 0,04 s). No entanto, tais altera&#231;&#245;es passaram a ser consideradas como respostas fisiol&#243;gicas relacionadas ao cora&#231;&#227;o do atleta, sem que demandem uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica adicional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref>
							</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>4.1.2.2. Ecocardiograma</title>
              <p>O ecocardiograma tem papel fundamental na avalia&#231;&#227;o da MCH. Al&#233;m do grau de hipertrofia, pode determinar o gradiente entre o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e a aorta, assim como a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es da valva mitral caracter&#237;sticas: movimento anterior sist&#243;lico da mitral (SAM; do ingl&#234;s, systolic anterior motion) e padr&#245;es de altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref> O ecocardiograma tem ainda papel preponderante na diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre a hipertrofia decorrente da MCH e aquela secund&#225;ria ao treinamento f&#237;sico (hipertrofia ventricular do cora&#231;&#227;o do atleta). Nesse cen&#225;rio se requer a integra&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es variadas como o padr&#227;o e a distribui&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia, o espessamento parietal, o tamanho das cavidades, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pelo Doppler tissular e ainda a hist&#243;ria familiar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref> Quando n&#227;o pass&#237;vel de diferencia&#231;&#227;o por crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, funcionais ou por outro m&#233;todo de imagem, o ecocardiograma seriado pode ser &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o de atletas sob suspeita antes e ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de destreinamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t28">Tabela 8</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">104</xref> Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao progn&#243;stico, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma espessura de parede do VE maior do que 30 mm &#233; um fator de risco maior para MS, principalmente em adolescentes e adultos jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref> A presen&#231;a de gradiente maior que 50 mmHg entre o VE e a aorta tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionada a pior progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref>
							</p>
              <table-wrap id="t28">
                <label>Tabela 8</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Fatores que apontam para o diagn&#243;stico de cora&#231;&#227;o do atleta (versus MCH) em atletas com hipertrofia de VE na "zona cinzenta" (ou seja, espessura de parede do VE: 13 a 15 mm)</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col width="100%"/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                      <td align="left">
                        <bold>Cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Aus&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria familiar</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                      <td align="left">Aus&#234;ncia de invers&#227;o difusa da onda T no ECG</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                      <td align="left">
                        <bold>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nuclear</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Distribui&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea da hipertrofia do VE</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                      <td align="left">Aus&#234;ncia de &#225;reas de realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio (fibrose)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                      <td align="left">
                        <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Di&#226;metro do VE aumentado (DDVE &gt; 55 mm)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Hipertrofia sim&#233;trica (septo, parede posterior, &#225;pice e base)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica normal (rela&#231;&#227;o E/A &gt; 1, velocidade de pico e' &gt; 11,5 cm/s)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Regress&#227;o da hipertrofia ap&#243;s destreinamento</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Aus&#234;ncia de muta&#231;&#245;es causadoras de MCH na an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN18">
                    <p>DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ECG: eletrocardiograma; MCH: miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica.</p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
              <p>Quando comparados indiv&#237;duos com MCH atletas e n&#227;o atletas, do ponto de vista ecocardiogr&#225;fico, os atletas apresentam as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: menor espessura de parede de VE, maior di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final e maior fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              <sec>
                <title>4.1.2.2.1. Ecocardiograma Doppler Transtor&#225;cico</title>
                <p>Confirmar a suspeita cl&#237;nica de MCH, determinando o espessamento parietal e a presen&#231;a de gradiente din&#226;mico.</p>
                <p>
                  <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
                </p>
                <p>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
                </p>
                <p>Investigar a presen&#231;a de MCH em familiares de primeiro grau.</p>
                <p>Reavalia&#231;&#227;o da evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, assim como de interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas.</p>
                <p>
                  <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
                </p>
                <p>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
                </p>
                <p>Reavalia&#231;&#227;o anual de familiares de pacientes com MCH com idade entre 12 e 18 anos.</p>
                <p>Nos indiv&#237;duos maiores de 21 anos de idade, a reavalia&#231;&#227;o dever&#225; ser feita a cada 5 anos.</p>
                <p>Doppler tissular para diferenciar MCH da hipertrofia ventricular fisiol&#243;gica do atleta ou da hipertrofia patol&#243;gica da hipertens&#227;o.</p>
                <p>Ecoestresse com exerc&#237;cio em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos aos esfor&#231;os na sua vida habitual que n&#227;o evidenciam gradientes significativos em repouso ou com manobra de Valsalva.</p>
                <p>
                  <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
                </p>
                <p>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
                </p>
              </sec>
              <sec>
                <title>4.1.2.2.2. Ecocardiograma Doppler Transesof&#225;gico</title>
                <p>Pacientes com janela transtor&#225;cica inadequada.</p>
                <p>Para fins de avalia&#231;&#227;o do comprometimento valvar, do mecanismo e da magnitude da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral quando isso n&#227;o estiver claro na ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica.</p>
                <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria na miomectomia e na abla&#231;&#227;o septal por alcooliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
                <p>
                  <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
                </p>
                <p>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
                </p>
                <p>Esclarecer o mecanismo de uma insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) at&#237;pica.</p>
                <p>
                  <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
                </p>
                <p>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
                </p>
              </sec>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>4.1.2.3. Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</title>
              <p>A RMC tem lugar na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com suspeita de MCH em que a imagem pelo ecocardiograma tenha sido prejudicada ou n&#227;o conclusiva. Apesar de a ecocardiografia ser a modalidade de imagem de primeira escolha para pacientes com suspeita de MCH, este m&#233;todo pode ser limitado por janelas ac&#250;sticas ruins, particularmente para &#225;reas como o &#225;pice card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref> A RMC tamb&#233;m tem espa&#231;o em casos de alto grau de suspei&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o confirmados pelo ecocardiograma. Sua excelente resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial traz a possibilidade de avaliar informa&#231;&#245;es exclusivas do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual, ajudando no diagn&#243;stico diferencial de causas secund&#225;rias de hipertrofia como amiloidose e sarcoidose, por exemplo. Com o exame &#233; poss&#237;vel ainda visualizar mudan&#231;as sutis na espessura e na contratilidade do VE ao longo do tempo, al&#233;m de detectar &#225;reas de fibrose, e estudos recentes relacionam a presen&#231;a e a quantidade de fibrose com progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref>
							</p>
              <p>RMC para fins de avaliar atletas com altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas suspeitas de MCH e ecocardiograma n&#227;o conclusivo.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>RMC em todo atleta com suspeita de MCH para pesquisa de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
              </p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>4.1.2.4. Testes de Exerc&#237;cio e Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</title>
              <p>O TErg apresenta valor independente para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes sob risco aumentado para MS. A presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es marcadas do segmento ST em pacientes com MCH pode indicar isquemia sem necessariamente apresentar enfermidade coron&#225;ria. Sendo assim, o TErg apresenta escasso valor diagn&#243;stico, mas pode ser um marcador progn&#243;stico que deve ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o, principalmente quando associado &#224;s medidas dos gases expirados (TCPE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref>
							</p>
              <p>Para esses pacientes, um protocolo de rampa &#233; considerado de primeira linha. Este teste evita a mudan&#231;a s&#250;bita no recrutamento de unidades motoras neuromusculares e altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas associadas a protocolos incrementais, devido ao aumento constante e cont&#237;nuo do trabalho externo. A inclina&#231;&#227;o da rampa deve ser individualizada para durar, preferencialmente, entre 8 e 12 minutos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref>
							</p>
              <sec>
                <title>4.1.2.4.1. Indica&#231;&#227;o do Teste de Exerc&#237;cio em Pacientes com Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</title>
                <p>Pacientes assintom&#225;ticos que n&#227;o apresentam crit&#233;rios de alto risco como elemento associado na estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica.</p>
                <p>Pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, que n&#227;o apresentam crit&#233;rios de alto risco, mas que desejam realizar atividade f&#237;sica recreativa.</p>
                <p>TErg como elemento associado no diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre s&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o do atleta e MCH.</p>
                <p>
                  <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
                </p>
                <p>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
                </p>
                <p>Pacientes com sintomas duvidosos n&#227;o associados com outros crit&#233;rios de alto risco (preferencialmente TCE).</p>
                <p>TErg em pacientes com desfibrilador implantado que desejam realizar atividade f&#237;sica de baixa intensidade com a finalidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional &#250;til.</p>
                <p>TErg em pacientes com desfibrilador implantado que desejam realizar atividade f&#237;sica de baixa intensidade com a finalidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta da FC ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
                <p>
                  <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
                </p>
                <p>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
                </p>
                <p>Pacientes com crit&#233;rios de alto risco (sintom&#225;ticos).</p>
                <p>TErg com objetivo de diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre MCH e hipertrofia fisiol&#243;gica do atleta.</p>
                <p>
                  <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: III.</bold>
                </p>
              </sec>
              <sec>
                <title>4.1.2.4.2. Papel do Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio M&#225;ximo na Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</title>
                <p>O TCPE pode estratificar pacientes com MCH em rela&#231;&#227;o a morbidade e mortalidade cardiovasculares, auxiliando na orienta&#231;&#227;o de condutas. Em atletas que se encontram na chamada zona cinzenta entre a hipertrofia fisiol&#243;gica do cora&#231;&#227;o do atleta e a patol&#243;gica da MCH, a mensura&#231;&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio e do pulso de oxig&#234;nio de pico por meio do TCPE pode ser de grande aux&#237;lio. Em geral, atletas altamente treinados apresentam valores entre 55 e 70 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>. Sharma et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref> demonstraram que aqueles atletas sem doen&#231;a de fato alcan&#231;aram um consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico significativamente mais elevado do que atletas com MCH (66,2 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> versus 34,3 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>). &#201; importante frisar que n&#227;o houve sobreposi&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos. Desta forma, os investigadores postularam como ponto de corte 50 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> para discriminar a hipertrofia patol&#243;gica da MCH daquela secund&#225;ria ao cora&#231;&#227;o do atleta de componente din&#226;mico.</p>
                <p>Por fim, existem dados conflitantes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao TCPE e &#224; predi&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de MS card&#237;aca nos pacientes com MCH baseada na rela&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>. Dessa forma, atualmente, nem a rela&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> nem o VO<sub>2</sub> s&#227;o usados &#8203;&#8203;na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref>
								</p>
                <p>
                  <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
                </p>
                <p>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
                </p>
              </sec>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.3. Esporte e Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</title>
            <p>Por que existe baixa preval&#234;ncia de MCH em atletas de alto n&#237;vel? A resposta parece estar relacionada a um processo de sele&#231;&#227;o natural que exclui indiv&#237;duos com altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais e estruturais secund&#225;rias &#224; MCH do treinamento regular de alta intensidade requerido para algu&#233;m se tornar atleta de fato. Ser atleta competitivo e ter MCH &#233; sin&#244;nimo de MS? A resposta &#233; n&#227;o. Todos conhecemos casos de atletas que receberam o diagn&#243;stico dessa enfermidade quando j&#225; haviam encerrado sua atividade competitiva profissional ou durante a mesma. O problema &#233; que o exerc&#237;cio intenso pode ser um gatilho para o desencadeamento de arritmias graves, aumento da obstru&#231;&#227;o da vida de sa&#237;da do VE e/ou isquemia por compress&#227;o dos pequenos vasos (poss&#237;vel fibrose por isquemias repetitivas), tanto durante o per&#237;odo de treinamento quanto nas competi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
            <p>Na atualidade, atletas com diagn&#243;stico prov&#225;vel ou inequ&#237;voco de MCH devem ser exclu&#237;dos da maior parte dos esportes competitivos. Parte-se da premissa que o exerc&#237;cio extenuante possa ser um importante gatilho para MS. No entanto, &#233; digno de nota que apenas uma minoria dos pacientes com MCH que apresentam MS ou parada card&#237;aca ressuscitada tenham tais eventos durante o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref> Essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o independe de idade, sexo, apar&#234;ncia fenot&#237;pica do atleta, presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de sintomas, obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VE, tratamento com f&#225;rmacos, abla&#231;&#227;o septal, uso de marca-passo ou de desfibrilador implantado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref> Inclusive, existem crit&#233;rios sugeridos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">114</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref> para estabelecer os fatores de risco para MS em portadores de MCH (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t29">Tabela 9</xref>). Agora, cabe salientar que tais crit&#233;rios devem ser utilizados com cautela, uma vez que aspectos importantes relacionados a MCH n&#227;o s&#227;o levados em conta (p. ex., gen&#233;tica e RMC).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t29">
              <label>Tabela 9</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fatores de risco para morte s&#250;bita em portadores de MCH</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="100%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>Fatores de risco maiores</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Sobrevivente de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Taquicardia ventricular sustentada espont&#226;nea</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de MS em indiv&#237;duos &lt; 40 anos</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">S&#237;ncope ou pr&#233;-sincope inexplicada</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">Septo interventricular &gt; 30 mm</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>Fatores de risco menores</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Resposta press&#243;rica anormal ao exerc&#237;cio</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Indiv&#237;duos com menos de 30 anos</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN19">
                  <p>MCH: miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; MS: morte s&#250;bita.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Aqueles classificados como de baixo risco (principalmente os sem gradiente em repouso e no esfor&#231;o)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">116</xref> podem participar de esportes como golfe, bilhar, boliche e tiro (grupo IA). Os esportes recreativos que requeiram alta intensidade ou mudan&#231;as bruscas de intensidade n&#227;o s&#227;o recomendados. Os sujeitos com gen&#243;tipo positivo e fen&#243;tipo negativo (sem evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas de doen&#231;a) podem participar de esportes desde que avaliados de forma peri&#243;dica, haja vista a chance de MS estar diretamente relacionada &#224; presen&#231;a de hipertrofia e fibrose. Um estudo mais recente avaliou o exerc&#237;cio vigoroso em portadores de MCH e em indiv&#237;duos gen&#243;tipo positivo e fen&#243;tipo negativo. O exerc&#237;cio esteve associado a maiores volumes card&#237;acos, contudo sem maior incid&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares e com fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica melhor nos praticantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Participa&#231;&#227;o em esporte competitivo no paciente com MCH clinicamente diagnosticada.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: III.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.2. Displasia Arritmog&#234;nica do Ventr&#237;culo Direito</title>
          <p>A DAVD &#233; uma doen&#231;a do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco de origem gen&#233;tica caracterizada pela altera&#231;&#227;o na forma&#231;&#227;o dos desmossomos. Ela &#233; clinicamente manifesta por substitui&#231;&#227;o de tecido mioc&#225;rdico por tecido gorduroso e/ou fibrogorduroso acometendo preferencialmente o ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e com manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais marcadas quando de acometimento do septo apical do VE. Al&#233;m disso, muta&#231;&#245;es em genes n&#227;o desmoss&#244;micos foram identificadas, tais como filamina C, <italic>TMEM43</italic> e fosfolambam, principalmente em casos com envolvimento do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref> Entre atletas italianos da regi&#227;o do V&#234;neto, a DAVD &#233; uma grande causa de MS, sendo descrito um risco cinco vezes maior de MS card&#237;aca em jovens que participaram de esportes competitivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120">120</xref> Dados recentes provenientes do Reino Unido mostram a DAVD como terceira causa mais frequente naqueles pa&#237;ses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref> &#201; uma condi&#231;&#227;o rara na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, com preval&#234;ncia estimada de 1 em 5.000. Em alguns pa&#237;ses da Europa, como It&#225;lia e Alemanha, a sua preval&#234;ncia &#233; de 1 para cada 2.000.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">121</xref> O diagn&#243;stico pode ser desafiador, dada a necessidade de exclus&#227;o de outros dist&#250;rbios que possam apresentar sintomas e sinais semelhantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref> As principais manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas s&#227;o palpita&#231;&#245;es, s&#237;ncope, dor tor&#225;cica, arritmias ventriculares complexas e MS. Uma vez que atletas altamente treinados podem ter hipertrofia do VD, al&#233;m de uma variedade de altera&#231;&#245;es na despolariza&#231;&#227;o, na repolariza&#231;&#227;o e na condu&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo nervoso, o diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre a s&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o do atleta e a DAVD deve ser sempre realizado. O ecocardiograma pode apresentar limita&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas para acessar as imagens do VD e, por isso, a an&#225;lise estrutural e funcional desta estrutura pode ser prejudicada. No entanto, a presen&#231;a de acinesia, discinesia ou aneurismas do VD associada &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o desta c&#226;mara figura entre os crit&#233;rios maiores na classifica&#231;&#227;o revisada. A RMC &#233; uma t&#233;cnica de imagem n&#227;o invasiva que tem se mostrado como a principal ferramenta para o diagn&#243;stico da DAVD. Disfun&#231;&#227;o segmentar ou global do VD ou um aumento substancial dessa c&#226;mara card&#237;aca associada a afilamento do mioc&#225;rdio e presen&#231;a de realce tardio (fibrose e/ou edema) d&#225; suporte ao diagn&#243;stico da DAVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">121</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123">123</xref> O ECG de repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e o Holter auxiliam no diagn&#243;stico, principalmente pela possibilidade da presen&#231;a de arritmias como a taquicardia ventricular com padr&#227;o de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, invers&#227;o de onda T em precordiais direitas (V1 a V3) e a presen&#231;a da onda &#233;psilon (presente em 30% dos portadores de DAVD). A hist&#243;ria familiar deve ser sempre acessada e um caso confirmado em parente de primeiro grau &#233; crit&#233;rio maior. Por sua vez, casos suspeitos em primeiro grau ou confirmados em segundo grau s&#227;o crit&#233;rios menores. Em alguns casos em que a d&#250;vida persista a bi&#243;psia do VD pode ser realizada. O diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico final pode n&#227;o ser simples. Sendo assim, a presen&#231;a de dois crit&#233;rios maiores, um maior e dois menores (categorias diferentes) ou quatro menores (categorias diferentes) confirma o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
          <p>Novas evid&#234;ncias apontam que adapta&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, como presen&#231;a de sobrecarga ventricular direita isolada ou invers&#227;o de onda T de V2 a V4 associada a desvio do eixo para direita em atletas afrodescendentes, est&#227;o relacionadas a adapta&#231;&#245;es estruturais benignas do cora&#231;&#227;o no atleta competitivo. Nesses indiv&#237;duos se faz necess&#225;ria uma avalia&#231;&#227;o criteriosa sobre a presen&#231;a dos demais crit&#233;rios, e a investiga&#231;&#227;o sobre a hist&#243;ria familiar &#233; fundamental.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124">124</xref>
					</p>
          <sec>
            <title>4.2.1. Considera&#231;&#245;es no Diagn&#243;stico e Conduta do Atleta com Suspeita de Displasia Arritmog&#234;nica do Ventr&#237;culo Direito</title>
            <sec>
              <title>4.2.1.1. Ecocardiograma</title>
              <p>No atleta que apresente hist&#243;ria familiar de DAVD ou naquele com altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas sugestivas de DAVD.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>4.2.1.2. Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</title>
              <p>Em casos com suspeita forte, apesar de um ecocardiograma n&#227;o diagn&#243;stico ou naqueles em que o ecocardiograma n&#227;o tenha sido capaz de avaliar adequadamente o VD.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Atividade f&#237;sica competitiva no paciente com diagn&#243;stico definitivo ou prov&#225;vel de DAVD.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: III.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>J&#225; existem evid&#234;ncias suficientes demonstrando que o exerc&#237;cio serve como gatilho para MS em indiv&#237;duos portadores de DAVD. As prov&#225;veis causas s&#227;o: aumento no t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico e dilata&#231;&#227;o ainda maior das c&#226;maras ventriculares durante o exerc&#237;cio associados &#224; presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, o que ocasiona o aparecimento de arritmias complexas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125">125</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref> A ades&#227;o entre as c&#233;lulas pode estar comprometida por fatores gen&#233;ticos, e nesse &#237;nterim, o estresse mec&#226;nico desencadeado pelo exerc&#237;cio pode ocasionar morte do cardiomi&#243;cito e consequente piora da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127">127</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128">128</xref> Esportes do grupo 1A podem ser liberados de forma individualizada. Estudos mais recentes fortalecem o papel delet&#233;rio da atividade f&#237;sica vigorosa (&gt; 6 MET) de maneira sustentada na incid&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares em portadores de DAVD, sendo que a redu&#231;&#227;o da quantidade de exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a tamb&#233;m cursa com menor ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias graves.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130">130</xref>
							</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.3. Miocardite</title>
          <p>A miocardite &#233; enfermidade associada a um perfil cl&#237;nico heterog&#234;neo. Apesar de n&#227;o muito prevalente, ela &#233; a prov&#225;vel causa de 5 a 22% dos casos de MS em atletas, dependendo da idade e da regi&#227;o do mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref> Esta doen&#231;a &#233; caracterizada por um processo inflamat&#243;rio com consequente degenera&#231;&#227;o e necrose de origem n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio. Geralmente, a miocardite &#233; resultado de uma infec&#231;&#227;o (v&#237;rus, bact&#233;rias, fungos, protozo&#225;rios), mas pode ser associada ao abuso de &#225;lcool, drogas ou &#224;s doen&#231;as autoimunes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref> A MS pode ocorrer em sua fase aguda (quando o indiv&#237;duo diagnosticado com miocardite n&#227;o se absteve de atividades esportivas por um per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o de 6 meses), ou at&#233; mesmo na fase cr&#244;nica, quando j&#225; existe uma cicatriz no mioc&#225;rdio, sendo consequ&#234;ncia de arritmias complexas deflagradas a partir de um substrato el&#233;trico de instabilidade. Nessa fase o exerc&#237;cio pode ser o gatilho arritmog&#234;nico devido ao aumento do retorno venoso e ao estiramento das fibras decorrente da atividade f&#237;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133">133</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134">134</xref>
					</p>
          <p>No atleta, os principais sintomas s&#227;o palpita&#231;&#245;es, precordialgia, dispneia, fadiga e s&#237;ncope. As altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas compreendem arritmias ventriculares, altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST-T e dist&#250;rbios de ritmo e condu&#231;&#227;o. Pode evoluir com aumento ventricular esquerdo pela doen&#231;a <italic>per se</italic>, pela hipertrofia secund&#225;ria ao treinamento f&#237;sico ou pela mescla de ambas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135">135</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136">136</xref> A RMC e, menos comumente em nosso meio, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psia mioc&#225;rdica podem auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico. Lembramos, tamb&#233;m, a possibilidade de miocardite pelos v&#237;rus da dengue e HIV e pela doen&#231;a de Chagas, em virtude da preval&#234;ncia dessas etiologias no Brasil.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>4.3.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para os Atletas Portadores de Miocardite</title>
            <p>Atividade f&#237;sica competitiva no paciente com miocardite ativa.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: III.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Atletas com o diagn&#243;stico de miocardite dever&#227;o ser desaconselhados &#224; pr&#225;tica de todos os esportes competitivos e submetidos a um per&#237;odo de convalescen&#231;a. N&#227;o existe um consenso, mas muitos especialistas recomendam que esse per&#237;odo seja de pelo menos seis meses ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. No entanto, alguns experts t&#234;m sido mais "liberais", recomendando per&#237;odos menores de convalescen&#231;a.</p>
            <p>Esses atletas poder&#227;o ser liberados para treinamentos e competi&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s:</p>
            <p>
              <list list-type="bullet">
                <list-item>
                  <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, a motilidade da parede ventricular e as dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas voltarem aos valores normais (com base nos estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e com radionucl&#237;deos em repouso e com esfor&#231;o).</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>Formas complexas ou frequentes de arritmias ventriculares e supraventriculares e arritmias clinicamente relevantes estarem ausentes.</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>Marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e aqueles para IC estarem normalizados.</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>O ECG de repouso estar normalizado, embora a persist&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es de ST isoladamente n&#227;o seja crit&#233;rio impeditivo para retorno aos treinos e competi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.4. Miocardiopatia Dilatada</title>
          <p>A miocardiopatia dilatada (MCD) tem uma preval&#234;ncia estimada de 40 casos por 100.000 indiv&#237;duos. &#201; definida como uma doen&#231;a do mioc&#225;rdio, caracterizada por dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global, podendo haver anormalidades segmentares sobrepostas, com massa mioc&#225;rdica aumentada. A MCD inclui dist&#250;rbios que s&#227;o de origem gen&#233;tica, secund&#225;ria a infec&#231;&#227;o ou inflama&#231;&#227;o, exposi&#231;&#227;o a subst&#226;ncias t&#243;xicas, doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas, ou de origem idiop&#225;tica (pelo menos 40% daquelas ditas idiop&#225;ticas s&#227;o de fato de origem gen&#233;tica). At&#233; 40 genes foram identificados, com prote&#237;nas de v&#225;rias estruturas celulares sendo afetadas (sarc&#244;mero, sarcolema e jun&#231;&#227;o intercelular).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref> Os pacientes com MCD apresentam ampla varia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e hemodin&#226;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O treinamento aer&#243;bico de longo prazo pode levar a mudan&#231;as morfol&#243;gicas card&#237;acas, incluindo o aumento da dimens&#227;o da cavidade do VE e da massa calculada. O aumento do tamanho da cavidade pode produzir um volume sist&#243;lico maior e, assim, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em repouso pode estar no limite inferior da normalidade ou ligeiramente reduzida. Neste contexto, &#233; importante diferenciar o aumento fisiol&#243;gico do VE causado pelo treinamento sistem&#225;tico daquele observado na MCD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref>
					</p>
          <sec>
            <title>4.4.1. Exames Complementares na Miocardiopatia Dilatada</title>
            <sec>
              <title>4.4.1.1. Teste Ergom&#233;trico e Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio M&#225;ximo</title>
              <p>Em pacientes jovens com MCD, o desempenho ao exerc&#237;cio pode ser apenas ligeiramente reduzido, por&#233;m, arritmias costumam estar presentes em uma fase muito precoce da doen&#231;a (incluindo taquiarritmias supraventriculares e ventriculares, bem como atraso de condu&#231;&#227;o).</p>
              <table-wrap id="t37">
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col width="60%"/>
                    <col width="20%"/>
                    <col width="20%"/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para realiza&#231;&#227;o de TErg e TCPE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
											</th>
                      <th align="center">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                      <th align="center">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">TErg ou TCPE na avalia&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com arritmias ventriculares conhecidas ou suspeitas durante o esfor&#231;o, independentemente da idade</td>
                      <td align="center">I</td>
                      <td align="center">C</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">TErg na avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da s&#237;ndrome</td>
                      <td align="center">IIb</td>
                      <td align="center">B</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">TCPE na avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da s&#237;ndrome</td>
                      <td align="center">Ia</td>
                      <td align="center">B</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">TErg para identifica&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos e esclarecimento de sintomas</td>
                      <td align="center">IIb</td>
                      <td align="center">B</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">TCPE para identifica&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos e esclarecimento de sintomas</td>
                      <td align="center">I</td>
                      <td align="center">B</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN20">
                    <p>TErg: teste ergom&#233;trico; TCPE: teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo.</p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>4.4.1.2. Ecocardiograma</title>
              <p>O ecocardiograma &#233; mais sens&#237;vel do que o ECG no diagn&#243;stico de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) e quantifica com precis&#227;o a massa do VE. Desta forma, anormalidades card&#237;acas detectadas pela ecocardiografia t&#234;m um valor preditivo adicional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref>
							</p>
              <table-wrap id="t38">
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col width="60%"/>
                    <col width="20%"/>
                    <col width="20%"/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma</th>
                      <th align="center">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                      <th align="center">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Avalia&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com suspeita de MCD ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                      <td align="center">I</td>
                      <td align="center">B</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Avalia&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre MCD e s&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o do atleta</td>
                      <td align="center">I</td>
                      <td align="center">B</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </table-wrap>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>4.4.1.3. Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</title>
              <p>A RMC &#233; capaz de demonstrar e quantificar, de forma clara e eficaz, as altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas e funcionais da MCD. O exame tem se mostrado &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC por calcular, de modo preciso, a fun&#231;&#227;o de ambos os ventr&#237;culos. Da mesma forma, auxilia na distin&#231;&#227;o entre a MCD idiop&#225;tica de outras formas de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, como a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular causada pela DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o m&#233;todo d&#225; uma importante contribui&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica. A presen&#231;a e a extens&#227;o da fibrose pela t&#233;cnica do realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico apresentam bom valor progn&#243;stico, uma vez que os mesmos representa substrato para arritmia e MS. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar o papel da RMC na estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica da MCD, especialmente quando se define o risco arr&#237;tmico desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref>
							</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.4.2. Esporte e Miocardiopatia Dilatada</title>
            <p>A MCD &#233; uma entre as doen&#231;as incomuns do mioc&#225;rdio que merecem considera&#231;&#227;o devido ao potencial como causa de MS em atletas, embora n&#227;o seja frequente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref> Na realidade, existem poucas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o risco de MS durante a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica ou qual &#233; o risco relativo do treinamento f&#237;sico no cen&#225;rio da MCD. Assim sendo, n&#227;o est&#225; claro se pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com MCD est&#227;o em risco para MS card&#237;aca durante atividade f&#237;sica/esportes competitivos, pois as taquiarritmias s&#227;o muito mais comuns em pacientes com doen&#231;a mais avan&#231;ada, isto &#233;, com sintomas card&#237;acos expl&#237;citos e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.</p>
            <sec>
              <title>4.4.2.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para Atletas com Diagn&#243;stico de Miocardiopatia Dilatada</title>
              <p>At&#233; mais informa&#231;&#245;es estarem dispon&#237;veis, atletas sintom&#225;ticos com MCD n&#227;o devem participar em esportes competitivos, exceto os da classe IA e em casos selecionados.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: III.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Atletas com diagn&#243;stico definitivo de MCD, mas com perfil de baixo risco (assintom&#225;ticos, sem hist&#243;ria de MS na fam&#237;lia, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o levemente reduzida, resposta press&#243;rica normal ao exerc&#237;cio e sem arritmias ventriculares complexas) poderiam praticar exerc&#237;cios din&#226;micos de baixa e moderada intensidade e est&#225;ticos de baixa intensidade (recomenda&#231;&#245;es IA e IB).</p>
              <p>Essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es se aplicam ao exerc&#237;cio de cunho competitivo. J&#225; a atividade f&#237;sica de cunho terap&#234;utico (reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca) est&#225; indicada em todo paciente com MCD e IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B145">145</xref>
							</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.5. Miocardiopatia N&#227;o Compactada</title>
          <p>A miocardiopatia n&#227;o compactada (MNC) &#233; uma doen&#231;a card&#237;aca rara que foi mais recentemente reconhecida. Ela ocorre devido &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o embrion&#225;ria da compacta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Caracteriza-se por espessamento segmentar das paredes do VE, consistindo em duas camadas: uma camada epic&#225;rdica compactada e uma camada endoc&#225;rdica com marcadas trabecula&#231;&#245;es e recessos intratrabeculares profundos, onde os espa&#231;os s&#227;o preenchidos pelo fluxo sangu&#237;neo. Na MNC a capacidade ventricular esquerda est&#225; usualmente aumentada e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, reduzida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147">147</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Embora considerada uma condi&#231;&#227;o rara por alguns pesquisadores, a incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia da MNC s&#227;o incertas. Em uma grande institui&#231;&#227;o, houve preval&#234;ncia de 0,05%, mediante exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. J&#225; entre os pacientes com IC, encontra-se preval&#234;ncia de MNC de 4%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B148">148</xref> H&#225; uma grande dificuldade no diagn&#243;stico devido &#224; falta de crit&#233;rios claros, bem como seu espectro cl&#237;nico heterog&#234;neo e exig&#234;ncia habitual de RMC para o diagn&#243;stico confi&#225;vel.</p>
          <p>Esta doen&#231;a pode ser assintom&#225;tica ou cursar com IC, arritmias ventriculares e/ou atriais, pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o, eventos tromboemb&#243;licos ou MS. Entretanto, o risco de consequ&#234;ncias adversas, incluindo MS, parece estar associado com o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE e/ou as taquicardias ventriculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149">149</xref> N&#227;o existem crit&#233;rios universalmente aceitos ou diretrizes precisas para o diagn&#243;stico morfol&#243;gico. Contudo, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o compactado/compactado &gt; 2,1:1 no final da s&#237;stole ao ecocardiograma ou 2,3:1 no final da s&#237;stole na RMC tem sido o crit&#233;rio proposto mais aceito atualmente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B150">150</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A MNC pode ser encontrada isoladamente ou em associa&#231;&#227;o com altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas, dist&#250;rbios neuromusculares ou como parte de s&#237;ndromes gen&#233;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149">149</xref> Trata-se de uma doen&#231;a geneticamente heterog&#234;nea, com apresenta&#231;&#227;o familiar ou espor&#225;dica, e com muta&#231;&#245;es patog&#234;nicas envolvendo o citoesqueleto, mitoc&#244;ndrias, sarc&#244;meros e prote&#237;nas de linha z. Portanto, foram descritas distintas formas: autoss&#244;mica dominante, autoss&#244;mica recessiva, ligadas ao X e com padr&#245;es inerentes mitocondriais, mas a forma mais comum &#233; a de apresenta&#231;&#227;o com tra&#231;o autoss&#244;mico dominante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref>
					</p>
          <sec>
            <title>4.5.1. Esporte e Miocardiopatia N&#227;o Compactada</title>
            <p>Ainda n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecido como o treinamento f&#237;sico pode alterar as defini&#231;&#245;es da MNC ou a frequ&#234;ncia de aparecimento da morfologia de n&#227;o compacta&#231;&#227;o do VE para a popula&#231;&#227;o atl&#233;tica normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B151">151</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref> Registros forenses de MS em jovens atletas n&#227;o incluem a MNC como causa. Desta forma, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel aplicar estrat&#233;gias de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para novos pacientes com esta doen&#231;a.</p>
            <p>Em estudos recentes, atletas revelaram alta preval&#234;ncia de aumento da trabecula&#231;&#227;o no VE quando comparados a um grupo-controle (18,3% versus 7%). Acredita-se que essas anormalidades representem um epifen&#244;meno n&#227;o espec&#237;fico que come&#231;a a aumentar devido ao incremento na resolu&#231;&#227;o da imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica. Al&#233;m disso, a presen&#231;a do aumento da trabecula&#231;&#227;o no VE ou a presen&#231;a de crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos isolados para miocardiopatias t&#234;m provavelmente pequena signific&#226;ncia e podem ser parte do espectro do cora&#231;&#227;o de atleta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153">153</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B154">154</xref> Desta forma, nem todos os atletas com n&#227;o compacta&#231;&#227;o ventricular isolada t&#234;m o diagn&#243;stico de n&#227;o compacta&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, h&#225; a necessidade de considerar par&#226;metros funcionais como a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o para decis&#227;o de conduta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B154">154</xref>
						</p>
            <sec>
              <title>4.5.1.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para Atletas com Diagn&#243;stico de Miocardiopatia N&#227;o Compactada</title>
              <p>Atletas com diagn&#243;stico inequ&#237;voco de MNC e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica comprometida, importantes taquiarritmias ventriculares no Holter ou teste de exerc&#237;cio ou hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope n&#227;o devem participar de esportes competitivos, com poss&#237;vel exce&#231;&#227;o para aqueles de baixa intensidade (classe IA), pelo menos at&#233; mais informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas estarem dispon&#237;veis.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: III.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.6. Doen&#231;a de Chagas</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas continua a ser uma das mais importantes causas de miocardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica na Am&#233;rica Latina. Estima-se que cerca de 8 a 10 milh&#245;es de pessoas estejam infectadas pelo <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155">155</xref> sendo este protozo&#225;rio respons&#225;vel por aproximadamente 12.000 mortes ao ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B156">156</xref> A doen&#231;a costuma manifestar-se em 30% a 40% dos infectados, e os achados cl&#237;nicos geralmente aparecem de 10 a 30 anos ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o inicial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B157">157</xref> Arritmias card&#237;acas e MS s&#227;o frequentes e podem ocorrer em qualquer per&#237;odo da evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, mesmo em indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;a estrutural importante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B158">158</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B159">159</xref> Taquicardia ventricular sustentada &#233; a principal causa de MS, estando associada &#224; presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o de VE, s&#237;ncope e taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS) no Holter ou no teste de exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160">160</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B161">161</xref> Al&#233;m disso, disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal, dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular e intraventricular s&#227;o achados comuns em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas, podendo progredir para BAV total. Poucas evid&#234;ncias avaliaram risco para MS em indiv&#237;duos com Chagas durante exerc&#237;cio intenso, e a aus&#234;ncia de sintomas n&#227;o exclui a presen&#231;a de miocardiopatia mesmo em atletas de alto n&#237;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref> O diagn&#243;stico envolve avalia&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica e sorol&#243;gicas (imunofluoresc&#234;ncia). ECG e ecocardiograma auxiliam no diagn&#243;stico de miocardiopatia e dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o. TErg ou TCPE, RMN, Holter e at&#233; mesmo estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico podem avaliar de maneira mais acurada o risco de MS. As recomenda&#231;&#245;es para exerc&#237;cio s&#227;o semelhantes &#224;s dos indiv&#237;duos com MCD.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5. Canalopatias</title>
        <sec>
          <title>5.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>As canalopatias s&#227;o doen&#231;as card&#237;acas heredit&#225;rias arritmog&#234;nicas, sem comprometimento estrutural, causadas por altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas que resultam em disfun&#231;&#227;o dos canais i&#244;nicos card&#237;acos, expondo os seus portadores a risco de MS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref> As canalopatias mais conhecidas s&#227;o a SQTL, a s&#237;ndrome do QT curto, a s&#237;ndrome de Brugada e a taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica catecolamin&#233;rgica (TVPC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref> A doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal e a doen&#231;a de Lenegre ou doen&#231;a do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m s&#227;o exemplos de canalopatias.</p>
          <p>Os canais i&#244;nicos, as correntes de &#237;ons que transitam atrav&#233;s desses canais, as prote&#237;nas que ligam a estrutura da membrana das c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas e as jun&#231;&#245;es entre essas estruturas fazem parte da forma&#231;&#227;o do impulso el&#233;trico e da transmiss&#227;o desses impulsos em todo o m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco de forma sincr&#244;nica, gerando o potencial de a&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref> O desempenho de cada uma dessas fun&#231;&#245;es &#233; determinado por diferentes genes. As muta&#231;&#245;es que ocorrem em tais genes causam disfun&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas e ocasionam as canalopatias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167">167</xref> Os canais i&#244;nicos presentes na membrana celular permitem a entrada e a sa&#237;da de &#237;ons, seguindo um gradiente de voltagem. A altera&#231;&#227;o causada pela muta&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica em cada um desses canais pode gerar um ganho ou uma perda da fun&#231;&#227;o. Recentemente, com o aumento do conhecimento sobre essas entidades, o uso de desfibriladores e a avali&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica dispon&#237;vel em larga escala, decis&#245;es compartilhadas entre equipes m&#233;dicas e familiares v&#234;m permitindo uma conduta mais permissiva no tocante &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o em exerc&#237;cio nos portadores de canalopatias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B168">168</xref> Recomenda&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre as s&#237;ndromes mais prevalentes est&#227;o descritas a seguir.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.2. S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo</title>
          <p>A SQTL &#233; o prot&#243;tipo das canalopatias. Descrita pela primeira vez h&#225; mais de 50 anos como uma doen&#231;a autoss&#244;mica recessiva, a s&#237;ndrome de Jervell e Lange-Nielsen<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref> compreende surdez cong&#234;nita, aumento do intervalo QTc e s&#237;ncope ou MS. Posteriormente, uma forma autoss&#244;mica dominante denominada s&#237;ndrome de Romano-Ward (QTc prolongado sem surdez) foi descoberta. Atualmente, existem v&#225;rios tipos de SQTL conhecidos, determinados por muta&#231;&#245;es em genes que causam altera&#231;&#245;es distintas na despolariza&#231;&#227;o e na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas t&#237;picas da SQTL incluem s&#237;ncope ou MS associada a aumento do intervalo QTc e presen&#231;a de taquiarritmias ventriculares como a <italic>torsade de pointes</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref> Classicamente, existem fatores desencadeantes da s&#237;ncope na SQTL, e estes guardam rela&#231;&#227;o com o seu subtipo e gen&#243;tipo. Os gatilhos mais comuns s&#227;o: atividade adren&#233;rgica na SQTL1, despertar s&#250;bito e est&#237;mulo auditivo na SQTL2 e sono/repouso na SQTL3. Entretanto, existe uma ampla variedade de apresenta&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas, podendo o portador de alguma muta&#231;&#227;o ser assintom&#225;tico, n&#227;o apresentar aumento do intervalo QTc ou cursar com s&#237;ncope ou MS j&#225; nos primeiros dias de vida. Por isso, foram desenvolvidos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos com pontua&#231;&#227;o para as altera&#231;&#245;es, divididos em tr&#234;s grupos principais: hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, hist&#243;ria familiar e altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref>
					</p>
          <sec>
            <title>5.2.1. Altera&#231;&#245;es Gen&#233;ticas da S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo</title>
            <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas s&#227;o conhecidas em aproximadamente 60% dos casos cl&#237;nicos de SQTL e ao menos 17 genes foram associados a esta entidade cl&#237;nica. Geralmente, os pacientes apresentam muta&#231;&#245;es em tr&#234;s genes espec&#237;ficos (<italic>KCNQ1, KCNH2</italic> ou <italic>SCN5A</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref> S&#227;o centenas de muta&#231;&#245;es j&#225; descritas, sendo essa a canalopatia card&#237;aca mais prevalente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref> A muta&#231;&#227;o mais comum ocorre no gene <italic>KCNQ1</italic>, respons&#225;vel por mais de 30% das variantes gen&#233;ticas e muta&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas identificadas na SQTL, causando a SQTL1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref> Esse tipo de muta&#231;&#227;o causa uma perda da fun&#231;&#227;o da corrente de pot&#225;ssio IKs,166 que tem papel importante na repolariza&#231;&#227;o celular e na adapta&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT &#224; FC. A SQTL5, muta&#231;&#227;o causada pelo gene KCNE1, &#233; muito menos frequente (considerada rara) e tamb&#233;m &#233; respons&#225;vel por perda de fun&#231;&#227;o de IKs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref> Os genes <italic>KCNH2</italic> (<italic>HERG</italic>), que codifica a subunidade alfa dos canais r&#225;pidos de pot&#225;ssio, e <italic>KCNE2</italic>, que codifica a subunidade beta, s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela entrada r&#225;pida de pot&#225;ssio durante a fase 3 do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B174">174</xref> A perda da fun&#231;&#227;o da subunidade alfa representa 40% das SQTL genotipadas e &#233; respons&#225;vel pela SQTL2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B175">175</xref> A SQTL3 representa aproximadamente 10% de todas as muta&#231;&#245;es diagnosticadas na SQTL, ocorre por altera&#231;&#245;es no gene SCN5A, cujo ganho de fun&#231;&#227;o produz uma entrada cont&#237;nua de s&#243;dio durante a fase de plat&#244;, facilitando despolariza&#231;&#245;es precoces da c&#233;lula card&#237;aca. Centenas de outras muta&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m sido descritas. Entretanto, as aplica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de se identificarem essas muta&#231;&#245;es para tratamento e acompanhamento dos pacientes e familiares de SQTL s&#227;o restritas &#224;s formas mais conhecidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B176">176</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.2.2. Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco na S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo</title>
            <p>A an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica tem sido muito utilizada na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco e em interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas espec&#237;ficas em pacientes com intervalo QT prolongado, assim como em seus familiares. A recomenda&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e tratamento, por serem condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas pouco frequentes e os dados sobre a doen&#231;a obtidos mediante estudos de coorte, limita o n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia para B. O marcador de risco mais robusto identificado &#233; um epis&#243;dio pr&#233;vio de MS abortada, sendo sua causa mais comum epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica, degenerando ou n&#227;o para fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Pacientes que experimentaram tal condi&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m risco 13 vezes maior de novos epis&#243;dios de MS. S&#237;ncope pr&#233;via tamb&#233;m &#233; um marcador de risco extremamente desfavor&#225;vel, podendo duplicar o risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177">177</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Ali&#225;s, &#233; sabido que o risco de se ter um evento arr&#237;tmico n&#227;o &#233; igual para todos os pacientes. Evid&#234;ncias mostram que aqueles com SQTL2 e SQTL3 t&#234;m risco aumentado de eventos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos portadores de muta&#231;&#245;es que causam a SQTL1. Al&#233;m disso, indiv&#237;duos que apresentam QTc com dura&#231;&#227;o &gt; 500 ms apresentam maior risco do que os com QTc de menor dura&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref> Muta&#231;&#245;es que envolvem um segmento do gene que codifica o poro do canal tamb&#233;m est&#227;o relacionadas com pior progn&#243;stico. Portanto, mais uma vez, fica claro o valor da genotipagem em pacientes com essa s&#237;ndrome. A presen&#231;a de MS na fam&#237;lia n&#227;o se mostrou marcador de maior risco de eventos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178">178</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.2.3. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es em Atletas com S&#237;ndrome do QT Longo</title>
            <p>H&#225; alguns anos, pacientes com SQTL eram aconselhados a n&#227;o participar de esportes competitivos, por se entender que eles estavam expostos a maior risco de MS card&#237;aca. Em 2015, Aziz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref> estudaram mais de 100 pacientes portadores da SQTL com gen&#243;tipo positivo, todos engajados em algum programa esportivo. Desses, 25% praticavam esportes competitivos. Curiosamente, os autores n&#227;o encontraram sintomas relacionados &#224; doen&#231;a durante a pr&#225;tica esportiva, confirmando que nenhum evento ou morte card&#237;aca havia sido descrito naqueles em tratamento adequado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref> Essas e outras evid&#234;ncias serviram como base para revis&#227;o das recomenda&#231;&#245;es que restringiam universalmente a pr&#225;tica de esporte competitivo entre pacientes com SQTL, sugerindo que poderia haver um car&#225;ter muito conservador das diretrizes at&#233; ent&#227;o. Dessa forma, foram publicadas as novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es de AHA/ACC para elegibilidade e desqualifica&#231;&#227;o de atletas com canalopatias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180">180</xref> Naqueles esportistas portadores de SQTL, a participa&#231;&#227;o em esportes competitivos passou a ser considerada, por n&#227;o haver evid&#234;ncias de que atletas assintom&#225;ticos com SQTL gen&#243;tipo positivo/fen&#243;tipo negativo possam ter risco aumentado de arritmias malignas durante a pr&#225;tica esportiva. No entanto, o atleta deve estar assintom&#225;tico e em tratamento por 3 meses. Mais ainda, que sejam adotadas medidas de precau&#231;&#227;o como a presen&#231;a de desfibrilador externo autom&#225;tico (DEA) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t30">Tabela 10</xref>). Por fim, &#233; importante frisar que esportes aqu&#225;ticos est&#227;o contraindicados para atletas portadores de SQTL1.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t30">
              <label>Tabela 10</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Medidas de precau&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes com canalopatias</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="100%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Evitar subst&#226;ncias que prolonguem o intervalo QT (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.crediblemeds.org">www.crediblemeds.org</ext-link>) </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Evitar subst&#226;ncias que exacerbem a s&#237;ndrome de Brugada <break/> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.brugadadrugs.org">www.brugadadrugs.org</ext-link>)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Hidrata&#231;&#227;o e reposi&#231;&#227;o de eletr&#243;litos, evitar desidrata&#231;&#227;o (trigger)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Evitar hipertermia, seja por febre ou calor excessivo em atletas com QT longo e s&#237;ndrome de Brugada</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Aquisi&#231;&#227;o de desfibrilador externo autom&#225;tico (DEA) pessoal como parte do equipamento do atleta</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Estabelecimento de plano de a&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>
              <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIb.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Nesse particular, Ackerman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180">180</xref> publicaram uma carta descrevendo que atletas de nata&#231;&#227;o com diagn&#243;stico de SQTL1 e em tratamento com betabloqueador, os quais optaram por continuar a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio competitivo, foram seguidos por um per&#237;odo de tempo, muitos deles com cardioversor-<italic>desfibrilador</italic>implant&#225;vel (CDI). A incid&#234;ncia de eventos foi baixa, tendo ocorrido somente dois eventos no mesmo indiv&#237;duo, dentre 74 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de SQTL1. Salienta-se que esse indiv&#237;duo j&#225; possu&#237;a hist&#243;ria de MS abortada e n&#227;o vinha em uso de betabloqueador.</p>
            <p>Os betabloqueadores s&#227;o a base no manejo da SQTL, sendo indicados para todos os indiv&#237;duos sintom&#225;ticos ou naqueles assintom&#225;ticos com intervalo QTc maior ou igual a 470 ms. Sendo assim, todos os pacientes com intervalo QT prolongado devem receber betabloqueadores, embora a prote&#231;&#227;o seja incompleta para portadores de SQTL2 e 3 (Classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o I). Para pacientes portadores de muta&#231;&#227;o (gen&#243;tipo positivo), mas com intervalo QT normal, tamb&#233;m se recomenda o uso profil&#225;tico de betabloqueadores, dada a sua boa tolerabilidade e o fato de que pelo menos 10% dos indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos desenvolver&#227;o sintomas ao longo do tempo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181">181</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref>
						</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>O implante de CDI &#233; recomendado para todos os sobreviventes de parada card&#237;aca ressuscitada com bom estado funcional e com expectativa de vida maior que 1 ano.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Pacientes que venham apresentando s&#237;ncope apesar do uso de betabloqueadores tamb&#233;m podem se beneficiar do CDI.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>O CDI pode ser considerado em pacientes com risco elevado para MS, como SQTL3, mesmo assintom&#225;ticos. Indiv&#237;duos com intervalo QTc &gt; 500 ms apresentam risco bem elevado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref>
						</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIb.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>A denerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica pode ser considerada para pacientes com s&#237;ncope ou TVPC que j&#225; estejam em uso de betabloqueadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181">181</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184">184</xref>
						</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIb.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3. S&#237;ndrome do QT Curto</title>
          <p>A s&#237;ndrome do QT curto &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o muito rara, conhecida h&#225; menos de 20 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B185">185</xref> Nesta doen&#231;a ocorre um encurtamento da repolariza&#231;&#227;o, favorecendo a g&#234;nese de arritmias ventriculares por reentrada. Caracteriza-se por intervalo QT curto (QTc &lt; 320 ms) com ondas T apiculadas, que podem ter amplitude aumentada, com sua fase ascendente normal e fase descendente r&#225;pida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B186">186</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref> A presen&#231;a de intervalo QTc &#8804; 340 ms &#233; um marcador de risco. A s&#237;ndrome do QT curto tamb&#233;m deve ser considerada quando o paciente apresentar intervalo QTc &#8804; 360 ms em associa&#231;&#227;o com muta&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica confirmada, hist&#243;ria familiar de s&#237;ndrome do QT curto, hist&#243;ria familiar de MS card&#237;aca com menos de 40 anos de idade e/ou naqueles sobreviventes de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188">188</xref> Como os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos para diagn&#243;stico ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o claros, a an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica &#233; &#250;til para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico em casos suspeitos. Muta&#231;&#245;es em tr&#234;s genes que codificam os canais de pot&#225;ssio foram descritas: <italic>KCNH2, KCNQ1</italic> e <italic>KCNJ2</italic>, todas resultando em ganhos de fun&#231;&#227;o dos canais IKr, IKs e IK1, respectivamente, e determinando as s&#237;ndromes do QT curto tipos 1, 2 e 3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref> Outros tr&#234;s genes que codificam os canais de c&#225;lcio, <italic>CACNA1C</italic> (s&#237;ndrome do QT curto tipo 4), <italic>CACNB2</italic> (s&#237;ndrome do QT curto tipo 5) e <italic>CACNA2D1</italic> (s&#237;ndrome do QT curto tipo 6), tamb&#233;m foram identificados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188">188</xref> Como o n&#250;mero de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado &#233; muito pequeno, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; determinado se algum tipo espec&#237;fico de muta&#231;&#227;o determina pior progn&#243;stico, j&#225; que o uso do sequenciamento de nova gera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o identifica nenhuma causa gen&#233;tica em at&#233; 40% dos casos em indiv&#237;duos com o fen&#243;tipo claro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188">188</xref> Fatores de risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias tamb&#233;m n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidos. O tratamento para essa condi&#231;&#227;o ainda &#233; motivo de controv&#233;rsia. Em pacientes com muta&#231;&#227;o no gene <italic>KCNH2</italic>, o uso de quinidina mostrou prolongar a refratariedade e suprimir a indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias durante estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref> J&#225; para as outras muta&#231;&#245;es, sua utilidade n&#227;o foi estabelecida. A doen&#231;a parece ter alta letalidade, por&#233;m, pode existir um vi&#233;s de diagn&#243;stico apenas nos casos graves. O uso do CDI pode ser considerado; por&#233;m, deve-se ter em mente o inconveniente da possibilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia de choques inapropriados pelo fen&#244;meno de dupla contagem (complexos QRS e ondas T).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Como recomenda&#231;&#245;es para pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio, participa&#231;&#227;o em esportes competitivos pode ser considerada para pacientes com QT curto, desde que assintom&#225;ticos, em tratamento por 3 meses e com medidas de precau&#231;&#227;o (presen&#231;a de DEA).</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.4. S&#237;ndrome de Brugada</title>
          <p>Esta s&#237;ndrome &#233; caracterizada pela ocorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope ou MS causada por taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica em cora&#231;&#245;es estruturalmente normais. O seu diagn&#243;stico pode ser baseado em um padr&#227;o espec&#237;fico eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, definido como eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST igual ou maior do que 2 mm (0,2 mV) nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas. No entanto, esse diagn&#243;stico pode ser l&#225;bil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref> Seu aspecto mais peculiar &#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia de supradesnivelamento do ponto J nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas V1 a V3, embora esse fen&#244;meno j&#225; tenha sido descrito nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193">193</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref> No entanto, o ECG pode ser inexpressivo, sendo necess&#225;rio o uso de bloqueadores de canais de s&#243;dio para desmascarar a patologia. O rastreamento e a identifica&#231;&#227;o adequada desses pacientes s&#227;o imprescind&#237;veis, j&#225; que a MS card&#237;aca n&#227;o raramente pode ser o primeiro sintoma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Esta s&#237;ndrome &#233; altamente influenciada pelo g&#234;nero, j&#225; que 90% dos casos ocorrem em homens. At&#233; o momento, foram identificadas apenas muta&#231;&#245;es de perda da fun&#231;&#227;o no gene <italic>SCN5A</italic>, que est&#227;o presentes em cerca de 20% dos afetados. Atualmente, h&#225; um total de 23 genes implicados na s&#237;ndrome de Brugada (BrS1-BrS23), sendo sua imensa maioria de entidades muito raras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref> Clinicamente, a doen&#231;a manifesta-se com s&#237;ncope ou MS, preponderantemente na terceira ou quarta d&#233;cada de vida, sendo a febre um fator desencadeante para as arritmias.</p>
          <p>Na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco, indiv&#237;duos com supradesnivelamento do ponto J que ocorre espontaneamente t&#234;m pior progn&#243;stico, quando comparados &#224;queles em que o padr&#227;o t&#237;pico foi observado apenas ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de flecainida, procainamida ou ajmalina. A ocorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope, associada ao aparecimento espont&#226;neo do supradesnivelamento, aumenta o risco de MS em at&#233; 6 vezes. A presen&#231;a de MS na fam&#237;lia n&#227;o mostrou ser &#250;til para estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco, assim como a detec&#231;&#227;o da muta&#231;&#227;o no gene <italic>SCN5A</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197">197</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B198">198</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O esporte n&#227;o tem sido descrito como um fator de risco para MS na s&#237;ndrome de Brugada. No entanto, como esta &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome na qual o maior risco de eventos est&#225; relacionado com a atividade parassimp&#225;tica, arritmias podem ocorrer predominantemente ap&#243;s a pr&#225;tica do exerc&#237;cio/esporte, momento esse no qual ocorrem retomada vagal e retirada do simp&#225;tico. Al&#233;m disso, eleva&#231;&#245;es importantes da temperatura corporal decorrentes de atividade f&#237;sica intensa em ambientes desfavor&#225;veis tamb&#233;m podem funcionar como um gatilho para MS.</p>
          <p>Como recomenda&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas o uso de desfibrilador &#233; indicado para:</p>
          <p>Pacientes com MS abortada.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Pacientes com supradesnivelamento espont&#226;neo do ponto J que manifestaram s&#237;ncope ou que tiveram taquicardia ventricular documentada previamente.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Como recomenda&#231;&#245;es para pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio, participa&#231;&#227;o em esportes competitivos pode ser considerada para pacientes com Brugada, desde que assintom&#225;ticos em tratamento por 3 meses.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.5. Taquicardia Ventricular Polim&#243;rfica Catecolamin&#233;rgica</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a &#233; caracterizada por epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica, desencadeada durante esfor&#231;os ou emo&#231;&#245;es, em crian&#231;as e adultos jovens que apresentam cora&#231;&#245;es estruturalmente normais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B199">199</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B200">200</xref> O ECG em repouso &#233; normal, exceto por bradicardia relativa para a idade e presen&#231;a frequente de onda U. Manifesta-se clinicamente como s&#237;ncope desencadeada por situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse f&#237;sico ou emocional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B199">199</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Foram descritas pelo menos quatro muta&#231;&#245;es em v&#225;rios genes (<italic>RyR2, CASQ2, TRDN, CALM1</italic>) que potencialmente causam TVPC. A causa mais comum s&#227;o muta&#231;&#245;es de ganho de fun&#231;&#227;o no <italic>RyR2</italic> (cerca de 60% a 75% dos casos), o gene que codifica o receptor de rianodina tipo 2, prote&#237;na respons&#225;vel pela libera&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico. Anomalias no gene <italic>CASQ2</italic>, gene que codifica a calsequestrina card&#237;aca - prote&#237;na que se liga ao c&#225;lcio no ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico - s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por at&#233; 5% dos casos de TVPC. O gene <italic>CALM1</italic> codifica a calmodulina, uma prote&#237;na que se liga ao c&#225;lcio e estabiliza o canal RyR2, sendo respons&#225;vel por menos de 1% dos casos. Por fim, h&#225; tamb&#233;m o gene <italic>TRDN</italic> - identificado em duas fam&#237;lias com TVPC - que codifica a prote&#237;na triadina, que liga o RyR2 e a calsequestrina ao ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203">203</xref> A an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica n&#227;o contribui para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco, mas &#233; importante na identifica&#231;&#227;o de portadores da muta&#231;&#227;o que ainda n&#227;o manifestaram sintomas. Cerca de 30% dos pacientes apresentam MS como apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial, sendo que at&#233; a metade dos pacientes sofrem parada card&#237;aca entre os 20 e 30 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B204">204</xref> A TVPC &#233; uma doen&#231;a altamente penetrante e a preval&#234;ncia de portadores de muta&#231;&#245;es "silenciosas" &#233; de at&#233; 20% dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref> Contudo, eventos card&#237;acos podem ocorrer mesmo nesse subgrupo de indiv&#237;duos, que devem ser tratados conforme as diretrizes vigentes. Nesses casos, a an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica exerce um papel central.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B206">206</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B207">207</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A manifesta&#231;&#227;o t&#237;pica &#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias durante exerc&#237;cio, mais frequentemente quando se atingem 120 a 130 batimentos por minuto, iniciando-se com extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares isoladas, progredindo para epis&#243;dios de TVNS e sustentada, se o esfor&#231;o for mantido, geralmente com rota&#231;&#227;o de 180&#176; no plano frontal (bidirecional). Arritmias atriais, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e taquicardia supraventricular tamb&#233;m s&#227;o comuns na s&#237;ndrome. O uso de betabloqueadores &#233; bastante efetivo e representa o pilar terap&#234;utico da TVPC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B208">208</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref> para redu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas, sendo indicado para:</p>
          <p>Pacientes com manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Para portadores da muta&#231;&#227;o, mas que n&#227;o manifestaram sintomas.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O uso do CDI &#233; indicado:</p>
          <p>Em indiv&#237;duos recuperados de MS.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos que permane&#231;am com s&#237;ncope ou taquicardia ventricular sustentada apesar do uso de betabloqueadores.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: B.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es para pr&#225;tica do esporte competitivo nessa doen&#231;a s&#227;o bastante restritivas, sendo que os atletas com TVPC sintom&#225;ticos ou assintom&#225;ticos n&#227;o devem participar de esportes competitivos (exceto aqueles da classe IA).</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: III.</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6. Atletas com Valvopatias</title>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o e o acompanhamento de indiv&#237;duos fisicamente ativos com doen&#231;a valvar s&#227;o pilares importantes da cardiologia do esporte. A base para elegibilidade dos atletas portadores de valvopatias para pr&#225;tica esportiva &#233; proveniente de estudos de coorte e de consenso de especialistas. Nesse cen&#225;rio, h&#225; uma verdadeira escassez de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados com dados prospectivos na literatura nessa &#225;rea do conhecimento.</p>
          <p>Os atletas que apresentam graus intermedi&#225;rios de doen&#231;a valvar s&#227;o aqueles que constituem o grupo mais desafiador. Avalia&#231;&#227;o seriada, assim como estratifica&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da doen&#231;a, &#233; fundamental. Neste contexto, &#224; medida que surgem novos sintomas, estes devem ser tratados prontamente.</p>
          <p>Com o objetivo de se qualificarem os atletas para pr&#225;tica de competi&#231;&#245;es, inicialmente &#233; necess&#225;rio classific&#225;-los quanto a presen&#231;a de sintomas, grau de comprometimento valvar e exist&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
          <p>Est&#225;gio A: Atletas assintom&#225;ticos com risco de desenvolvimento de estenose ou insufici&#234;ncia valvar significativa [prolapso da valva mitral (PVM), valva a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide (VAB)], como naqueles com achados ao exame f&#237;sico consistentes com a patologia subjacente (clique mitral, sopro de eje&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica), mas aus&#234;ncia de achados cl&#225;ssicos de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar.</p>
          <p>Est&#225;gio B: Atletas assintom&#225;ticos com doen&#231;a valvar leve a moderada com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada.</p>
          <p>Est&#225;gio C: Atletas assintom&#225;ticos com doen&#231;a valvar grave com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE preservada (C1) ou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE (C2).</p>
          <p>Est&#225;gio D: Atletas sintom&#225;ticos com doen&#231;a valvar grave (com ou sem disfun&#231;&#227;o VE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2. Doen&#231;a da Valva A&#243;rtica</title>
          <p>O comprometimento a&#243;rtico geralmente &#233; degenerativo, tendo como causa de estenose a&#243;rtica (EA) em atletas de meia-idade/idosos a calcifica&#231;&#227;o de seus folhetos e, nos mais jovens, a VAB. No Brasil, a etiologia reum&#225;tica sempre deve ser lembrada. J&#225; as doen&#231;as prim&#225;rias da aorta s&#227;o causas comuns de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica (IA), assim como as causas reum&#225;ticas e cong&#234;nitas (VAB).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B211">211</xref>
					</p>
          <sec>
            <title>6.2.1. Estenose A&#243;rtica</title>
            <p>A EA &#233; considerada uma doen&#231;a progressiva e a sobrevida durante a fase assintom&#225;tica tem se mostrado semelhante &#224; de indiv&#237;duos controles pareados por idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref> Em 2010, aproximadamente 40 milh&#245;es de pessoas com 65 anos de idade ou mais apresentavam EA e espera-se que este n&#250;mero alcance 72 milh&#245;es em 2030.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B213">213</xref> Redu&#231;&#227;o da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, dispneia aos esfor&#231;os e angina em atletas com presen&#231;a de sopro sist&#243;lico s&#227;o sugestivas de EA clinicamente importante. A dispneia deve-se ao aumento da press&#227;o de enchimento ventricular esquerdo ou &#224; incapacidade de aumentar o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco com o exerc&#237;cio.</p>
            <p>A EA tamb&#233;m &#233; reconhecida como uma entidade respons&#225;vel por MS card&#237;aca em atletas jovens, embora com preval&#234;ncia menor do que 4%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref> &#201; importante salientar que quase 70% dos epis&#243;dios de MS em indiv&#237;duos com EA grave n&#227;o foram precedidos por nenhum dos sintomas cl&#225;ssicos da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref>
						</p>
            <p>O ecocardiodoppler com mapeamento de fluxo em cores (ecoc&#225;rdio) &#233; o m&#233;todo de escolha, seja para diagn&#243;stico, classifica&#231;&#227;o e avalia&#231;&#227;o da EA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B215">215</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t31">Tabela 11</xref>).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t31">
              <label>Tabela 11</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de gravidade da estenose a&#243;rtica</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Les&#227;o (grau)</th>
                    <th align="center">Velocidade de jato (m/s)</th>
                    <th align="center">Gradiente m&#233;dio (mmHg)</th>
                    <th align="center">&#193;rea valvar a&#243;rtica (cm<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Discreta</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 3</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 25</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 1,5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Moderada</td>
                    <td align="center">3 - 4</td>
                    <td align="center">25 - 40</td>
                    <td align="center">1,0 - 1,5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Grave</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 4</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 40</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 1,0 (&lt; 0,6 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>O ecoc&#225;rdio transtor&#225;cico fornece evid&#234;ncias sobre a anatomia valvar a&#243;rtica (como n&#250;mero de c&#250;spides e extens&#227;o da calcifica&#231;&#227;o), hemodin&#226;mica da v&#225;lvula para confirmar a gravidade, al&#233;m de suas consequ&#234;ncias sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE. Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, valvopatia concomitante e dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz da aorta tamb&#233;m podem ser avaliadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B216">216</xref>
						</p>
            <p>A RMC &#233; uma t&#233;cnica &#250;til naqueles pacientes com janelas transtor&#225;cicas n&#227;o favor&#225;veis e/ou em caso de discord&#226;ncia entre os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos bidimensionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B217">217</xref> J&#225; a tomografia computadorizada do cora&#231;&#227;o pode ser utilizada para quantifica&#231;&#227;o da calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar. Um escore de c&#225;lcio inferior a 700 unidades Agatston exclui EA grave, apresentando alto valor preditivo negativo. Por sua vez, pontua&#231;&#227;o de mais de 2.000 unidades de Agatston sugere EA grave.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B213">213</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Devido a um potencial estreitamento valvar a&#243;rtico progressivo, atletas com EA leve ou moderada (est&#225;gio B) devem ser avaliados anualmente.</p>
            <p>Naqueles assintom&#225;ticos ou oligossintom&#225;ticos, o teste de exerc&#237;cio (TErg ou TCPE) pode revelar os que apresentam baixa capacidade funcional, hipotens&#227;o intraesfor&#231;o e/ou altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas no tra&#231;ado durante o exerc&#237;cio. Se presentes, tais achados ir&#227;o interferir nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; pr&#225;tica do esporte. Recentemente, Saeed et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B218">218</xref> analisaram quase 800 testes ergom&#233;tricos e verificaram que pacientes com EA assintom&#225;tica moderada ou grave podem realizar o teste com seguran&#231;a e boa tolerabilidade. Al&#233;m disso, a sobrevida livre de eventos em 1 ano foi de quase 90% em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, e de menos de 70% naqueles que relataram sintomas durante o esfor&#231;o.</p>
            <p>Portadores de VAB sem estenose (est&#225;gio A) devem realizar exame f&#237;sico anual para detec&#231;&#227;o de novo sopro card&#237;aco. Atletas com EA leve a moderada (est&#225;gio B) devem ser submetidos anualmente a anamnese, exame f&#237;sico, ecoc&#225;rdio (para avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a), al&#233;m de teste de exerc&#237;cio - para garantir que a toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o seja compat&#237;vel com a atividade f&#237;sica proposta, sem o aparecimento de epis&#243;dios de hipotens&#227;o durante o exerc&#237;cio ou evid&#234;ncia eletrocardiogr&#225;fica de isquemia/arritmia complexa.</p>
            <sec>
              <title>6.2.1.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es e N&#237;veis de Evid&#234;ncia</title>
              <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o anual de atletas com EA para manuten&#231;&#227;o de atividade esportiva.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Atletas com EA discreta (est&#225;gio B) e resposta fisiol&#243;gica ao teste de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo encontram-se aptos &#224; pr&#225;tica de todos os esportes.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Atletas com EA moderada (est&#225;gio B) encontram-se aptos &#224; pr&#225;tica de esportes competitivos de baixo e moderado componentes est&#225;tico e din&#226;mico (classes IA, IB e IIA) se o teste de exerc&#237;cio for pelo menos aquele do n&#237;vel de atividade alcan&#231;ado na competi&#231;&#227;o, com respostas cl&#237;nica, hemodin&#226;mica e eletrocardiogr&#225;fica fisiol&#243;gicas ao exerc&#237;cio e sem taquiarritmias ventriculares.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Atletas assintom&#225;ticos com EA grave (est&#225;gio C) n&#227;o devem participar de esportes competitivos, com exce&#231;&#227;o para os esportes de baixos componentes est&#225;tico e din&#226;mico (classe IA).</p>
              <p>Atletas sintom&#225;ticos com EA (est&#225;gio D) n&#227;o devem participar de esportes competitivos.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: III.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.2.2. Insufici&#234;ncia A&#243;rtica</title>
            <p>A preval&#234;ncia da IA aumenta com a idade, embora seja muito baixa (1%) em indiv&#237;duos com menos de 70 anos. Ap&#243;s essa idade, sua preval&#234;ncia aumenta mais de 2%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref> Na valva nativa, a IA pode ser o resultado de anormalidades dos folhetos valvares, da raiz da aorta ou de ambos. Doen&#231;as que afetam o anel ou a raiz da aorta sem envolvimento direto da valva a&#243;rtica s&#227;o as principais causas: VAB, dist&#250;rbios gen&#233;ticos dos tecidos conjuntivos (s&#237;ndromes de Marfan, Ehlers-Danlos e Loeys-Dietz), doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias (em particular aortite sifil&#237;tica, arterite de Takayasu e de c&#233;lulas gigantes), cardiopatia reum&#225;tica e dilata&#231;&#227;o hipertensiva. O aneurisma de aorta ascendente dito idiop&#225;tico, na verdade, tem um diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico em pelo menos 30% dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref> Invariavelmente &#233; bem tolerada e assintom&#225;tica por anos; por&#233;m, cursa com desenvolvimento progressivo de hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica, aumentos dos volumes sist&#243;licos e diast&#243;licos do VE, o que pode levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE.</p>
            <p>Seu diagn&#243;stico em atletas assintom&#225;ticos se d&#225; quando se observa no exame f&#237;sico uma press&#227;o de pulso arterial ampla, sopro diast&#243;lico em foco a&#243;rtico ou em ponto de Erb, ou, ainda, um sopro sist&#243;lico relacionado ao aumento do volume sist&#243;lico. O ecoc&#225;rdio &#233; definitivo para confima&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e para classifica&#231;&#227;o da IA. Com o uso do Doppler colorido, pode-se obter, por exemplo, o tamanho do jato regurgitante e a converg&#234;ncia do fluxo, permitindo o c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea do orif&#237;cio regurgitante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B220">220</xref>
						</p>
            <p>A RMC pode ser um m&#233;todo complementar ao ecoc&#225;rdio para quantifica&#231;&#227;o da IA. Tem sido publicado que o volume e a fra&#231;&#227;o regurgitante quantitativos podem ser calculados at&#233; com melhor reprodutibilidade do que aquela obtida com o ecoc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B221">221</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B222">222</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Devido &#224; fisiopatologia da IA levar &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE nos atletas que treinam intensamente &#233; importante diferenci&#225;-la das altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas do "cora&#231;&#227;o de atleta". Isto posto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do aumento do VE em atletas altamente treinados com IA suspeita ou diagnosticada deve considerar os volumes do VE que excedem as respostas fisiol&#243;gicas normais ao treinamento esportivo.</p>
            <p>At&#233; 45% dos atletas do g&#234;nero masculino t&#234;m di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE (DDVE) &gt; 55 mm, mas apenas 14% dos atletas de alta <italic>performance</italic> do g&#234;nero masculino t&#234;m DDVE &gt; 60 mm e, raramente o DDVE excede 70 mm. DDVE &gt; 55 mm ocorre em &lt; 10% das atletas de alta <italic>performance</italic> do g&#234;nero feminino, DDVE &gt; 60 mm &#233; encontrado em apenas 1%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B223">223</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B225">225</xref> O mesmo ocorre para o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do VE (DSVE). Em atletas de alto desempenho, o limite superior do DSVE &#233; de 49 mm para atletas do g&#234;nero masculino e 38 mm para o g&#234;nero feminimo. Est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis apenas dados indexados para a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal e altura para DDVE, sendo seu limite superior relatado de 35,3 mm/m<sup>2</sup> para atletas do g&#234;nero masculino e 40,8 mm/m<sup>2</sup> para o g&#234;nero feminino.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B223">223</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref>
						</p>
            <p>&#201; observada a manuten&#231;&#227;o de uma resposta normal da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com IA at&#233; que haja uma importante dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE. &#201; de grande valia a an&#225;lise seriada do DSVE na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos progressivos da IA grave nos atletas com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de VE normal. AHA/ACC definem fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada (est&#225;gio C1) em pacientes com IA importante como fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE &#8805; 50% e DSVE &#8804; 50 mm ou DSVE indexado &#8804; 25 mL/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227">227</xref> Portanto, atletas com IA importante e DDVE que excedam os valores de refer&#234;ncia supracitados teriam maior probabilidade de que a IA grave estivesse contribuindo para a dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE. Neste particular, eles necessitariam avalia&#231;&#227;o mais criteriosa quanto &#224; aus&#234;ncia de aumento ventricular com o exerc&#237;cio e &#224; presen&#231;a de sinais e/ou sintomas, como dispneia ao esfor&#231;o ou redu&#231;&#227;o na capacidade funcional.</p>
            <sec>
              <title>6.2.2.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es e N&#237;veis de Evid&#234;ncia</title>
              <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o anual de atletas com IA para manuten&#231;&#227;o da atividade esportiva.</p>
              <p>Teste de exerc&#237;cio pelo menos no n&#237;vel de atividade alcan&#231;ado nos treinamentos e competi&#231;&#245;es, com resposta hemodin&#226;mica fisiol&#243;gica, com intuito de confirmar esses atletas com IA como verdadeiramente assintom&#225;ticos.</p>
              <p>Atletas com IA leve a moderada (est&#225;gio B), resposta fisiol&#243;gica ao teste de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo, VE normal ou discretamente dilatado e com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal encontram-se aptos para pr&#225;tica de todos os esportes (reavalia&#231;&#227;o frequente).</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Atletas com IA leve a moderada (est&#225;gio B), resposta fisiol&#243;gica ao teste de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo, VE moderadamente dilatado (DSVE &lt; 50 mm [homens], &lt; 40 mm [mulheres] ou &lt; 25 mm/m<sup>2</sup> [ambos os sexos]) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal encontram-se aptos &#224; pr&#225;tica de todos os esportes (reavalia&#231;&#227;o frequente).</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Atletas com IA grave (est&#225;gio C1), resposta fisiol&#243;gica ao teste de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo, VE moderadamente dilatado (DSVE &lt; 50 mm [homens], &lt; 40 mm [mulheres] ou &lt; 25 mm/m<sup>2</sup> [ambos os sexos]), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal e aus&#234;ncia de progress&#227;o da IA ou de dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE pelo ecoc&#225;rdio encontram-se aptos &#224; pr&#225;tica de todos os esportes (reavalia&#231;&#227;o frequente).</p>
              <p>Atletas com IA com di&#226;metros a&#243;rticos de 41 a 45 mm encontram-se aptos &#224; pr&#225;tica de esportes sem risco de contato corporal (reavalia&#231;&#227;o frequente).</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIb.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Atletas sintom&#225;ticos com IA importante (est&#225;gio D), disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 50% (est&#225;gio C2), DSVE &gt; 50 mm ou &gt; 25 mm/m<sup>2</sup> (est&#225;gio C2) ou aumento importante do DDVE (&gt; 70 mm ou &#8805; 35,3 mm/m<sup>2</sup> [homens], &gt; 65 mm ou &#8805; 40,8 mm/m<sup>2</sup> [mulheres]) n&#227;o devem participar de esportes competitivos.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: III.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.2.3. Valva A&#243;rtica Bic&#250;spide</title>
            <p>A VAB &#233; a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita mais comum, afetando 1,3% da popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B228">228</xref> J&#225; existe um consenso de que h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o da VAB com altera&#231;&#245;es no tecido conjuntivo vascular, podendo ocorrer dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz a&#243;rtica, com risco de dissec&#231;&#227;o, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de EA ou IA hemodinamicamente signiticativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B229">229</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B230">230</xref>
						</p>
            <sec>
              <title>6.2.3.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es</title>
              <p>Atletas com VAB sem dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz da aorta (menos de 40mm ou equivalente de acordo com a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal em crian&#231;as e adolescentes) e aus&#234;ncia de EA ou IA signiticativa encontram-se aptos para pr&#225;tica de todos os esportes competitivos.</p>
              <p>Atletas com VAB e medida da raiz da aorta entre 40 e 45mm podem participar de esportes competitivos de baixo a moderado componente est&#225;tico ou baixo a moderado componente din&#226;mico (classes IA, IB, IIA e IIB); por&#233;m, devem evitar esportes que envolvam potencial risco de colis&#227;o corporal ou trauma.</p>
              <p>Atletas com VAB e dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz da aorta maior que 45 mm encontram-se aptos apenas &#224; pr&#225;tica de esportes competitivos com baixos componentes est&#225;tico e din&#226;mico (classe IA).</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3. Doen&#231;a da Valva Mitral</title>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.1. Estenose Mitral</title>
            <p>Uma &#225;rea valvar mitral de 4 a 6 cm<sup>2</sup> &#233; considerada normal. A estenose mitral (EM) afeta as mulheres duas vezes mais do que os homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B231">231</xref> &#192; medida que a EM progride, particularmente quando a &#225;rea se torna menor do que 2 cm<sup>2</sup>, um gradiente de press&#227;o diast&#243;lico se desenvolve entre o AE e o VE, provocando eleva&#231;&#227;o nas press&#245;es do AE e diminui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo em dire&#231;&#227;o ao VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B232">232</xref> Frequentemente de origem reum&#225;tica, a EM raramente causa MS. Entretanto, o exerc&#237;cio pode levar a aumento acentuado das press&#245;es pulmonares e de capilares pulmonares, por vezes culminando em edema agudo de pulm&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B233">233</xref> Atletas com EM apresentam maior probabilidade de desenvolverem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial como efeito do exerc&#237;cio extenuante em um &#225;trio j&#225; aumentado. A emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica &#233; a principal complica&#231;&#227;o, mas n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que exerc&#237;cio extenuante aumente o risco. Quando fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cursa em um atleta com EM a terapia anticoagulante deve ser instituida.</p>
            <p>Assim como nas outras valvopatias, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de atletas com EM requer uma anamnese bem realizada, assim como a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecoc&#225;rdio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t32">Tabela 12</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B215">215</xref> Esta doen&#231;a &#233; definida como grave quando apresenta um gradiente transmitral m&#233;dio de 5 a 10 mmHg em repouso, sendo este dependente do fluxo transvalvar e do per&#237;odo de enchimento diast&#243;lico, variando intensamente com o aumento da FC durante o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref>
						</p>
            <table-wrap id="t32">
              <label>Tabela 12</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de estenose mitral importante</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="100%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#193;rea valvar mitral &lt; 1,5 cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Gradiente diast&#243;lico m&#233;dio &#225;trio esquerdo/ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8805; 10 mmHg</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar &#8805; 50 mmHg em repouso</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar &#8805; 60 mmHg com esfor&#231;o</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Atletas assintom&#225;ticos com EM ou aqueles com sintomas m&#237;nimos devem realizar teste de exerc&#237;cio pelo menos no n&#237;vel de atividade alcan&#231;ado nos treinamentos/competi&#231;&#245;es, principalmente se houver d&#250;vida quanto &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a. A intensidade da atividade f&#237;sica a ser permitida depende do tamanho do AE e da gravidade do defeito da valva. Medida n&#227;o invasiva da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar durante o exerc&#237;cio pode ser estimada pelo ecoc&#225;rdio, o que pode ser de grande valia na an&#225;lise quantitativa da faixa de treinamento seguro para esses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref>
						</p>
            <sec>
              <title>6.3.1.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es e N&#237;veis de Evid&#234;ncia</title>
              <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o anual de atletas com EM para manuten&#231;&#227;o de atividade esportiva.</p>
              <p>Teste de exerc&#237;cio pelo menos no n&#237;vel da atividade realizada nos treinamentos e competi&#231;&#245;es, com resposta hemodin&#226;mica fisiol&#243;gica para confirma&#231;&#227;o do estado sintom&#225;tico do mesmo.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Atletas com EM leve (&#225;rea valvar mitral &gt; 2,0 cm<sup>2</sup>, gradiente m&#233;dio &lt; 10 mmHg em repouso) em ritmo sinusal encontram-se aptos para pr&#225;tica de todos os esportes competitivos.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Atletas com EM importante n&#227;o devem participar de esportes competitivos, com a poss&#237;vel exce&#231;&#227;o de esportes com baixos componentes est&#225;tico e din&#226;mico (classe IA).</p>
              <p>Atletas em qualquer grau de EM com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou que tenham hist&#243;ria de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, em terapia anticoagulante, n&#227;o devem participar de esporte competitivo que envolva risco de contato corporal/trauma.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: III.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.2. Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral</title>
            <p>A preval&#234;ncia de IM &#233; dependente da idade, com uma frequ&#234;ncia &gt; 6% naqueles com mais de 65 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B234">234</xref> A patog&#234;nese varia desde o prolapso valvar mitral (por vezes com degenera&#231;&#227;o mixomatosa), passando por causas reum&#225;ticas, doen&#231;as do tecido conjuntivo (s&#237;ndrome de Marfan) e endocardite infecciosa, at&#233; causas secund&#225;rias como na DAC e a MCD. A suspeita diagn&#243;stica surge a partir da ausculta de sopro sist&#243;lico em foco apical, com a confirma&#231;&#227;o e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o realizadas por meio do ecoc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B220">220</xref> Geralmente, atletas com IM leve ou moderada s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos (est&#225;gio B).</p>
            <p>A gravidade da IM se relaciona com o volume regurgitante do VE para o AE, com aumento da press&#227;o atrial e do volume diast&#243;lico ventricular, com posterior dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref> Devido &#224; superestimativa da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE em atletas com IM &#233; definida como fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE &lt; 60% ou DSVE &gt; 40 mm. Como na IA, torna-se dif&#237;cil distinguir a dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE causada pelo treinamento esportivo daquela causada por IM importante, quando o DDVE &#233; &lt; 60 mm (ou &lt; 40 mm/m<sup>2</sup>). No entanto, medidas de DDVE &gt; 60 mm sugerem fortemente a presen&#231;a de IM importante, justificando, assim, uma investiga&#231;&#227;o subsequente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Os exerc&#237;cios de car&#225;ter din&#226;mico geralmente diminuem a fra&#231;&#227;o regurgitante devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica (RVS). Em contrapartida, exerc&#237;cios est&#225;ticos com aumento da PA sist&#234;mica, FC e RVS acentuam o volume regurgitante, elevando, assim, as press&#245;es dos capilares pulmonares. A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos atletas com IM deve ser pelo menos anual e compreender anamnese completa e ecoc&#225;rdio. Este exame pode estimar de forma n&#227;o invasiva a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar durante o exerc&#237;cio, sendo &#250;til na tomada de decis&#227;o sobre a intensidade da atividade f&#237;sica mais segura, em especial naqueles com IM de maior gravidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref>
						</p>
            <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es referidas a seguir devem ser ponderadas em portadores de causas secund&#225;rias de IM (p. ex., endocardite infecciosa, ruptura de cordoalha) devido ao aumento acentuado na press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, os quais poderiam danificar ainda mais os tecidos valvares.</p>
            <sec>
              <title>6.3.2.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es e N&#237;veis de Evid&#234;ncia</title>
              <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o anual de atletas com IM para manuten&#231;&#227;o da atividade esportiva.</p>
              <p>TErg ou TCPE pelo menos no n&#237;vel de atividade alcan&#231;ado nos treinamentos e competi&#231;&#245;es, com resposta hemodin&#226;mica fisiol&#243;gica para confirma&#231;&#227;o do estado sintom&#225;tico dos atletas com IM.</p>
              <p>Atletas com IM leve a moderada em ritmo sinusal, com di&#226;metro e fun&#231;&#227;o do VE normais, assim como press&#245;es arteriais pulmonares normais (est&#225;gio B), encontram-se aptos para pr&#225;tica de todos os esportes competitivos.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: I.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Atletas com IM moderada (est&#225;gio B), em ritmo sinusal, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE normal e dilata&#231;&#227;o moderada do VE (compat&#237;vel com o que resulta exclusivamente de treinamento esportivo [DDVE &lt; 60 mm ou &lt; 35 mm/m<sup>2</sup> em homens ou &lt; 40 mm/m<sup>2</sup> em mulheres]) encontram-se ponderadamente aptos &#224; pr&#225;tica de todos os esportes.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Atletas com IM importante, em ritmo sinusal, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE normal em repouso e discreta dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE (compat&#237;vel com o que pode resultar unicamente de treinamento esportivo [DDVE &lt; 60 mm ou &lt; 35,3 mm/m<sup>2</sup> em homens ou &lt; 40 mm/m<sup>2</sup> em mulheres]) (est&#225;gio C1) encontram-se aptos para pr&#225;tica de esportes de baixo a moderado componente est&#225;tico, baixo componente din&#226;mico, assim como aqueles de baixo componente est&#225;tico com moderado componente din&#226;mico (classes IA, IIA e IB).</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIb.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>Atletas com IM e significativa dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE (DDVE &#8805; 65 mm ou &#8805; 35,3 mm/m<sup>2</sup> [homens] ou &#8805; 40 mm/m<sup>2</sup> [mulheres]), hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE &lt; 60% ou DSVE &gt; 40 mm n&#227;o devem praticar nenhum esporte competitivo, com a poss&#237;vel exce&#231;&#227;o aos esportes de baixos componentes est&#225;tico e din&#226;mico (classe IA).</p>
              <p>Atletas com IM e hist&#243;rico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em terapia anticoagulante a longo prazo n&#227;o devem praticar esportes que envolvam qualquer risco de contato corporal/trauma.</p>
              <p>
                <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: III.</bold>
              </p>
              <p>
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
              </p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.3. Prolapso da Valva Mitral</title>
            <p>Patologia com preval&#234;ncia estimada em 2% a 4% na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, que parece ser mais comum em mulheres e que &#233; definida pelo ecoc&#225;rdio como deslocamento sist&#243;lico de um ou ambos os folhetos mitrais &#8805; 2 mm para o AE, al&#233;m do plano do &#226;nulo mitral no corte paraesternal do eixo longo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B236">236</xref> A apresenta&#231;&#227;o se d&#225; de duas formas: a cl&#225;ssica, com folhetos espessados de forma acentuada e difusa (&#8805; 5 mm) com prolapso de folheto duplo; ou na forma n&#227;o cl&#225;ssica, em que h&#225; limitado (&lt; 5 mm) ou ausente espessamento e prolapso segmentar. O prolapso cl&#225;ssico pode ser ainda subdividido em sim&#233;trico (quando os folhetos se unem em um ponto comum do anel) e assim&#233;trico (quando um folheto &#233; deslocado mais em dire&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;trio).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B237">237</xref> A espessura do folheto da valva mitral &gt; 5 mm no ecoc&#225;rdio tem sido associada com aumento do risco de MS, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e endocardite em pacientes com prolapso cl&#225;ssico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B236">236</xref>
						</p>
            <p>A etiologia pode ser prim&#225;ria (doen&#231;a degenerativa) ou secund&#225;ria (s&#237;ndrome de Marfan, Ehlers-Danlos, pseudoxantoma el&#225;stico). Esses pacientes podem ser identificados pela ausculta mediante presen&#231;a de um clique meso-telessist&#243;lico e/ou sopro de IM, como tamb&#233;m podem apresentar dor tor&#225;cica, dispneia, intoler&#234;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, s&#237;ncope e/ou tontura.</p>
            <p>Os maiores riscos relacionados ao PVM incluem IM progressiva grave com necessidade de cirurgia valvar, endocardite infecciosa, eventos emb&#243;licos, taquiarritmias atriais e ventriculares e MS (parecem estar associados a anormalidades estruturais da valva mitral, como na forma cl&#225;ssica) com espessamento, alongamento e redund&#226;ncia difusas e, em alguns casos, ruptura de cordas tend&#237;neas.</p>
            <p>O progn&#243;stico do PVM &#233; controverso. Por exemplo, no Framingham Heart Study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref> o PVM foi descrito como uma entidade benigna, mas outros estudos indicam que um subgrupo de pacientes pode estar sob maior risco de parada card&#237;aca, sendo esta a consequ&#234;ncia mais devastadora. Dessa forma, o risco para eventos adversos graves secund&#225;rios ao PVM continua incerto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B239">239</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B240">240</xref>
						</p>
            <p>A MS card&#237;aca associada ao PVM isolado &#233; rara entre os jovens, particularmente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio e/ou em atletas treinados, n&#227;o sendo mais frequente que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Preponderantemente ocorre em pacientes com mais de 50 anos de idade, com IM grave e/ou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. No entanto, Basso et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B241">241</xref> demostraram um crescente interesse em torno do PVM, citando que esta entidade se caracteriza como uma anormalidade card&#237;aca negligenciada, a qual pode estar associada a eventos card&#237;acos graves, incluindo MS em indiv&#237;duos jovens e adultos. Por sua vez, Caselli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B242">242</xref> avaliaram uma grande coorte de atletas competitivos de 2000 a 2010. Os autores relataram que o PVM &#233; um achado relativamente comum nesses atletas, sendo preponderantemente uma entidade benigna. Al&#233;m disso, recomendam que a detec&#231;&#227;o de IM moderada/grave, bem como arritmias ventriculares, pode ser &#250;til para identificar atletas portadores de PVM que estejam sob maior risco.</p>
            <p>Alguns indiv&#237;duos com PVM apresentam um fenot&#237;pico descrito como MASS (altera&#231;&#245;es do tecido conjuntivo, estatura elevada, com deformidade da caixa tor&#225;cica e hipermobilidade articular. Nestes, o risco de progress&#227;o para dilata&#231;&#227;o/dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica ou MS &#233; maior. O fen&#243;tipo MASS s&#243; se aplica se o escore z do di&#226;metro da aorta for &lt; 2, o escore sist&#234;mico for &#8805; 5 e o paciente tiver pelo menos 20 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B243">243</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B246">246</xref>
						</p>
            <sec>
              <title>6.3.3.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es</title>
              <p>Atletas com PVM sem relato de s&#237;ncope pr&#233;via (especialmente se de origem arritmog&#234;nica), taquicardia supraventricular sustentada e n&#227;o sustentada ou taquicardia ventricular complexa ao Holter 24h, IM grave no ecoc&#225;rdio, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE &lt; 50%), evento emb&#243;lico pr&#233;vio e hist&#243;ria familiar de MS relacionada ao PVM, encontram-se aptos &#224; pr&#225;tica de todos os esportes competitivos.</p>
              <p>Atletas com PVM apresentando qualquer uma das caracter&#237;sticas anteriormente mencionadas encontram-se aptos &#224; pr&#225;tica de esportes competitivos de baixos componentes est&#225;tico e din&#226;mico (classe IA).</p>
              <p>Atletas com PVM com sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica secund&#225;ria s IM moderada/grave ter&#227;o suas recomenda&#231;&#245;es guiadas nos moldes da IM.</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.4. Estenose Tric&#250;spide</title>
            <p>Isoladamente, a estenose tric&#250;spide (ET) &#233; rara, sendo causada principalmente pela doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica e geralmente associada &#224; EM. Embora menos comum, a ET pode resultar de anormalidades cong&#234;nitas/gen&#233;ticas, como anomalia de Ebstein, doen&#231;a de Fabry, doen&#231;a de Whipple ou endocardite infecciosa ativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B247">247</xref> Em suma, esses pacientes devem ser considerados de acordo com o grau de gravidade da ET (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t33">Tabela 13</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B215">215</xref>
						</p>
            <table-wrap id="t33">
              <label>Tabela 13</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de estenose tric&#250;spide importante</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="100%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">&#193;rea valvar tric&#250;spide &#8804; 1,0 cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Gradiente diast&#243;lico m&#233;dio &#225;trio direito/ventr&#237;culo direito &#8805; 5 mmHg </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Aumento isolado de &#225;trio direito</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Tempo de decaimento de meia press&#227;o (PHT; do ingl&#234;s, pressure half-time) tric&#250;spide &#8805; 190 ms </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <sec>
              <title>6.3.4.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es</title>
              <p>Atletas assintom&#225;ticos encontram-se aptos &#224; pr&#225;tica de todas as atividades competitivas.</p>
              <p>Teste de exerc&#237;cio pelo menos no n&#237;vel de atividade realizado nos treinamentos e competi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.5. Insufici&#234;ncia Tric&#250;spide</title>
            <p>A insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide (IT) &#233; relatada como a cardiopatia valvar mais comum, acometendo at&#233; 85% da popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B248">248</xref> Divide-se em duas categorias: IT prim&#225;ria (ou org&#226;nica) e secund&#225;ria, que &#233; a forma mais comum. A saber, apenas 8% a 10% dos casos de IT s&#227;o prim&#225;rios,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B246">246</xref> estando associados a cardiopatia reum&#225;tica, presen&#231;a de eletrodos de marca-passo e desfibriladores (iatrog&#234;nica), degenera&#231;&#227;o mixomatosa, prolapso valvar tric&#250;spide, doen&#231;as infecciosas (p. ex., endocardite) e cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas (p. ex., Ebstein). Al&#233;m disso, pode estar relacionada a complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-corre&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas. O exame f&#237;sico e a radiografia do t&#243;rax podem auxiliar na estimativa da IT, mas o ecoc&#225;rdio &#233; o padr&#227;o-ouro para avaliar o mecanismo e a gravidade da mesma. Mais sens&#237;vel &#233; o uso da ecocardiografia tridimensional. Por meio dela pode-se visualizar de forma simult&#226;nea todos os folhetos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B249">249</xref> Caso a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD n&#227;o possa ser avaliada adequadamente com este m&#233;todo, a RMC, devido &#224; sua capacidade de quantificar os volumes e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD, &#233; uma grande op&#231;&#227;o proped&#234;utica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B248">248</xref> Caso essas medidas n&#227;o possam ser estimadas/determinadas de forma n&#227;o invasiva, o cateterismo card&#237;aco direito serve para tal avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            <p>A IT "fisiol&#243;gica" pode ser detectada pelo ecoc&#225;rdio em aproximadamente 80% dos atletas saud&#225;veis e n&#227;o implica qualquer anormalidade valvar estrutural.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B231">231</xref>
						</p>
            <sec>
              <title>6.3.5.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es</title>
              <p>Atletas com IT prim&#225;ria, independentemente do grau de gravidade, com fun&#231;&#227;o do VD normal, na aus&#234;ncia de press&#227;o atrial direita &gt; 20 mmHg ou eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD, encontram-se aptos &#224; pr&#225;tica de todos os esportes competitivos.</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.6. Doen&#231;a Multivalvar</title>
            <p>A doen&#231;a multivalvar (DMV) - combina&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es esten&#243;ticas e/ou regurgitantes de duas ou mais valvas card&#237;acas - &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica altamente prevalente entre pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar. Ocorre principalmente pela cardiopatia reum&#225;tica, embora a incid&#234;ncia dessa etiologia tenha diminu&#237;do drasticamente nas &#250;ltimas cinco d&#233;cadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B250">250</xref> Al&#233;m dessa condi&#231;&#227;o, a valvopatia mixomatosa e a endocardite infecciosa tamb&#233;m est&#227;o associadas &#224; DMV. S&#227;o diagnosticadas no exame f&#237;sico, no ecoc&#225;rdio (principal modalidade de imagem para estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico e acompanhar os pacientes) e algumas vezes por meio do cateterismo card&#237;aco/cineangiocoronariografia.</p>
            <sec>
              <title>6.3.6.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es</title>
              <p>Os efeitos aditivos de m&#250;ltiplas les&#245;es valvares significativas na resposta fisiol&#243;gica ao exerc&#237;cio podem ser dif&#237;ceis de prever. Portanto, m&#250;ltiplas les&#245;es moderadas podem ter efeitos fisiol&#243;gicos somat&#243;rios. Atletas com DMV moderadas/graves geralmente n&#227;o devem praticar nenhum esporte competitivo.</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.4. Participa&#231;&#227;o Esportiva ap&#243;s Cirurgia Valvar</title>
          <p>Muito se avan&#231;ou nas quest&#245;es relacionadas &#224;s cirurgias card&#237;acas; entretanto, a mortalidade p&#243;s-troca valvar ainda &#233; maior que na popula&#231;&#227;o de mesma faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
          <p>Implantes de valvas mec&#226;nicas, exigindo terapia anticoagulante e gradientes transvalvares de graus vari&#225;veis, os quais podem se agravar durante o exerc&#237;cio, s&#227;o situa&#231;&#245;es que determinam adequa&#231;&#245;es do atleta submetido a uma troca valvar para pr&#225;tica esportiva competitiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B251">251</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O TErg ou TCPE, pelo menos no n&#237;vel da atividade realizada nos treinamentos e competi&#231;&#245;es, &#233; de grande valia para a an&#225;lise da capacidade funcional dos atletas submetidos a troca/reparo valvar.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>6.4.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es e N&#237;veis de Evid&#234;ncia</title>
            <p>Atletas portadores de biopr&#243;teses na posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica ou mitral, sem terapia anticoagulante, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE e fun&#231;&#227;o valvar normais encontram-se ponderadamente aptos para pr&#225;tica de esportes competitivos das classes IA, IB, IC e IIA.</p>
            <p>Atletas com pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas na posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica ou mitral, em terapia anticoagulante, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE e fun&#231;&#227;o valvar normais, encontram-se aptos para a pr&#225;tica de esportes competitivos das classes IA, IB e IIA, se n&#227;o houver risco de maior contato corporal/trauma.</p>
            <p>Atletas submetidos a valvoplastia mitral com bal&#227;o ou comissurotomia cir&#250;rgica com sucesso encontram-se aptos para a pr&#225;tica de esportes competitivos com base no grau da gravidade residual da IM ou da EM e seus n&#237;veis de press&#245;es arteriais pulmonares, tanto em repouso quanto no exerc&#237;cio.</p>
            <p>Atletas submetidos a cirurgia da valva mitral para corre&#231;&#227;o de IM ou reparo valvar a&#243;rtico, sem IA ou IM moderada residual, bem como fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE normal, podem ser considerados aptos para pr&#225;tica de esportes classes IA, IB e IIA, sempre a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico-assistente e se n&#227;o houver risco de maior contato corporal/trauma.</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o: IIa.</bold>
            </p>
            <p>
              <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia: C.</bold>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.4.2. Implante de Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter</title>
            <p>O implante de valva a&#243;rtica transcateter (TAVI; do ingl&#234;s Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation) &#233; um procedimento cir&#250;rgico percut&#226;neo minimamente invasivo, que foi realizado pela primeira vez em 2002. &#201; considerado padr&#227;o-ouro para pacientes com EA que s&#227;o de alto risco cir&#250;rgico, especialmente quando idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B252">252</xref> Esses pacientes n&#227;o raramente apresentam baixa capacidade funcional e, portanto, podem se beneficiar de interven&#231;&#245;es nas quais o exerc&#237;cio seja terap&#234;utico, melhorando sua integridade f&#237;sica e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividades da vida di&#225;ria.</p>
            <p>Diversos estudos recentes confirmaram os benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio em pacientes submetidos ao TAVI. Eles s&#227;o un&#226;nimes em relatar melhora na capacidade funcional (mensurada por meio da TCPE ou do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B253">253</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B256">256</xref> Altisent et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B257">257</xref> em um acompanhamento de 4 anos, evidenciaram que um incremento &lt; 20% no TC6M seis meses ap&#243;s o procedimento correlaciona-se com mortalidade por qualquer causa de 65%. Sendo assim, o exerc&#237;cio pode aumentar a capacidade funcional desses indiv&#237;duos, melhorando o progn&#243;stico e a qualidade de vida. Cabe salientar que n&#227;o conhecemos a exist&#234;ncia de estudos realizados em atletas que tivessem sido submetidos a TAVI at&#233; o presente momento.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7. S&#237;ndrome do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Atleta na Mulher</title>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Desde a passagem do T&#237;tulo IX em 1972, a participa&#231;&#227;o das mulheres no esporte aumentou de forma muito marcante. No ano letivo de 2014-2015, havia aproximadamente 8 milh&#245;es de atletas do ensino m&#233;dio participando de esportes, sendo que as mulheres compreendiam mais de 40% dessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B258">258</xref> No decorrer da hist&#243;ria, atletas do sexo feminino foram sub-representadas no conjunto de pesquisas que norteavam a cardiologia do exerc&#237;cio e do esporte. No entanto, nas &#250;ltimas tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas foi observado um aumento exponencial no n&#250;mero de mulheres participantes de esportes competitivos. Dessa forma, o g&#234;nero feminino passou a ser visto como uma importante vari&#225;vel biol&#243;gica neste contexto.</p>
          <p>Assim como nos homens, o organismo das mulheres atletas tamb&#233;m sofre adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas ao treinamento f&#237;sico, podendo apresentar altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas estruturais e el&#233;tricas compat&#237;veis com o "cora&#231;&#227;o de atleta". Tais adapta&#231;&#245;es podem ocorrer em todos os atletas, mas sua magnitude depende de v&#225;rios fatores, dentre eles o g&#234;nero. As mulheres apresentam diferen&#231;as antropom&#233;tricas, fisiol&#243;gicas e bioqu&#237;micas, pois s&#227;o menores, com menor massa corporal e ventricular esquerda, t&#234;m menos testosterona e capacidade de trabalho f&#237;sico diferente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B259">259</xref> Do ponto de vista hemodin&#226;mico, encontramos FC de repouso maior, mas atingindo n&#237;veis m&#225;ximos durante o esfor&#231;o de maneira semelhante ao homem. A PAS e o volume sist&#243;lico aumentam menos no esfor&#231;o e o consumo m&#225;ximo de O<sub>2</sub> (VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x) &#233; menor, por&#233;m, com um d&#233;bito card&#237;aco 5% a 10% maior que os homens em qualquer n&#237;vel de consumo de oxig&#234;nio subm&#225;ximo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B260">260</xref> Se comparada em valores absolutos, a capacidade de trabalho feminino &#233; menor que a do homem, mas se avaliada no mesmo percentual de intensidade mostra desempenho cardiovascular semelhante.</p>
          <p>Como o treinamento f&#237;sico pode promover uma s&#233;rie de modifica&#231;&#245;es e adapta&#231;&#245;es no sistema cardiovascular, saber diferenciar as respostas fisiol&#243;gicas card&#237;acas induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio regular daquelas consideradas patol&#243;gicas pode constituir um desafio para o m&#233;dico quando uma atleta se apresenta para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica cardiol&#243;gica detalhada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.2. Exames Complementares</title>
          <sec>
            <title>7.2.1. Eletrocardiograma de 12 Deriva&#231;&#245;es</title>
            <sec>
              <title>7.2.1.1. Altera&#231;&#245;es no Eletrocardiograma: Fisiol&#243;gicas versus <italic>Sugestivas de Cardiopatias</italic></title>
              <p>O ECG pode se apresentar de maneira distinta entre atletas dos sexos feminino e masculino tanto no que diz respeito &#224;s adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas quanto &#224;quelas consideradas patol&#243;gicas. No entanto, os dados sobre diferen&#231;as espec&#237;ficas no ECG entre os g&#234;neros s&#227;o limitados. Usando os crit&#233;rios de Pelliccia et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B261">261</xref> publicados em 2000, as mulheres apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de ECG normais quando comparadas aos homens (78% versus 55%), em uma coorte de atletas ol&#237;mpicos europeus. Por outro lado, ao se utilizarem os bem mais recentes crit&#233;rios de Seattle,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B262">262</xref> n&#227;o se observam diferen&#231;as significativas entre os g&#234;neros (96% dos homens versus 97% das mulheres). Esse grande contraste pode ser justificado pelo fato de os Crit&#233;rios de Seattle serem bem mais rigorosos, o que aumenta a especificidade sem que ocorra perda na sensibilidade.</p>
              <p>As mulheres atletas parecem apresentar menor preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es ditas fisiol&#243;gicas no ECG, principalmente quando se trata do aumento isolado da amplitude do complexo QRS (atingindo cerca de 10% das mulheres), bloqueio incompleto do ramo direito e repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce (4 vezes menos quando comparado aos homens).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B263">263</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B264">264</xref> Por outro lado, atletas do sexo feminino apresentam maior frequ&#234;ncia de aumento no intervalo QT, al&#233;m de invers&#227;o da onda T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es de V1-V2 (preval&#234;ncia de 1% versus 0,2% para atletas do sexo masculino),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B265">265</xref> sendo tais achados considerados como uma adapta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o patol&#243;gica. A invers&#227;o da onda T em paredes inferior e/ou lateral &#233; mais prevalente em atletas do sexo masculino, associando-se mais comumente com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural subjacente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B266">266</xref> Por outro lado, a invers&#227;o de onda T precordial anterior &#233; mais comum nas mulheres e, quando limitadas particularmente &#224;s deriva&#231;&#245;es V1-V3, n&#227;o parece se relacionar com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B267">267</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B268">268</xref> Entretanto, altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em deriva&#231;&#245;es laterais s&#227;o menos comuns e sempre devem servir de alerta para uma poss&#237;vel patologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B269">269</xref>
							</p>
              <p>Um ponto importante a ser considerado &#233; que as diretrizes internacionais para a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECG do atleta n&#227;o diferem os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos em g&#234;nero, mas s&#227;o un&#226;nimes em estipularem um ponto de corte mais alto para o intervalo QTc para mulheres do que para homens, j&#225; que as mulheres - independentemente do remodelamento card&#237;aco atl&#233;tico - t&#234;m intervalos QTc mais prolongado do que os homens (&#8805; 480 ms versus &#8805; 470 ms, respectivamente).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B270">270</xref>
							</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.3. Ecocardiograma</title>
          <p>A ecocardiografia &#233; uma das ferramentas dispon&#237;veis para triagem pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o e para determinar a elegibilidade esportiva. Em um estudo com 600 mulheres atletas de diferentes modalidades esportivas, foi evidenciado que a cavidade do VE raramente &#233; maior do que 54 mm (valor considerado lim&#237;trofe para a normalidade nas mulheres) e nunca acima de 66 mm. A espessura da parede do VE raramente tem medida acima de 11 mm, atingindo no m&#225;ximo 13 mm, geralmente em afrodescendentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B225">225</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B271">271</xref> Finocchiaro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B264">264</xref> confirmaram estes achados, mostrando que nenhuma das mulheres estudadas apresentava espessura da parede do VE &gt; 12 mm, e apenas 7% exibiam um DDVE &gt; 54 mm. De fato, esses resultados apresentam relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, j&#225; que um VE com cavidade &lt; 54 mm pode distinguir, por exemplo, o "cora&#231;&#227;o de atleta" de uma MCH, com excelentes sensibilidade e especificidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B272">272</xref>
					</p>
          <p>H&#225; muito j&#225; se sabe que uma das adapta&#231;&#245;es ao treinamento f&#237;sico regular &#233; o aumento da massa do VE, observado principalmente em atletas de endurance. No entanto, quando a espessura da parede do VE &#233; acompanhada por redu&#231;&#227;o no tamanho da cavidade, h&#225; a suspeita de um processo patol&#243;gico, como a MCH. Espessura da parede do VE &gt;12mm em homens ou &gt; 10 mm em mulheres &#233; considerada anormal em popula&#231;&#245;es de atletas caucasianos e investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais se fazem necess&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B273">273</xref> J&#225; em atletas afrodescendentes, pode-se observar uma espessura da parede do VE de 11 mm, podendo chegar a 12 ou at&#233; 13 mm em situa&#231;&#245;es excepcionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B271">271</xref> Neste estudo, como nenhuma das atletas exibiu parede ventricular esquerda &#8805; 13 mm, seria razo&#225;vel inferir que espessura da parede do VE com um m&#225;ximo de 13 mm provavelmente represente o limite superior fisiol&#243;gico da hipertrofia do VE em atletas afrodescendentes e assintom&#225;ticas, considerando que elas n&#227;o tenham hist&#243;ria familiar de MCH.</p>
          <p>Experimentos recentes demonstram que o "cora&#231;&#227;o de atleta" na mulher apresenta-se como hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica do VE. Inicialmente, ocorre aumento da cavidade que, apesar de dimens&#245;es menores (5%) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; do homem, &#233; maior quando indexada para superf&#237;cie corporal. J&#225; a espessura da parede do VE e a massa ventricular esquerda n&#227;o aumentam proporcionalmente, sendo menores que as dos atletas homens (23% e 31%, respectivamente). Sugere-se que uma espessura relativa da parede do VE &gt; 0,48 seja um &#237;ndice marcador de patologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B269">269</xref>
					</p>
          <p>D'Ascenzi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B274">274</xref> investigaram a morfologia e a fun&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;trios esquerdo e direito em atletas competitivas de voleibol. Esses autores observaram um aumento biatrial, com press&#245;es de enchimento normais e baixa complac&#234;ncia. Em mulheres, essas caracter&#237;sticas s&#227;o t&#237;picas do "cora&#231;&#227;o do atleta" e, portanto, devem ser interpretadas como uma adapta&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica ao treinamento f&#237;sico intenso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.4. Teste de Exerc&#237;cio</title>
          <p>At&#233; a &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, a acur&#225;cia do TErg nas mulheres era considerada menor para diagn&#243;stico de DAC. Entretanto, estudos mais recentes t&#234;m demonstrado que esse &#233; um m&#233;todo eficaz, principalmente quando se valorizam outras vari&#225;veis associadas e n&#227;o apenas o segmento ST. A mulher &#233; mais propensa a apresentar altera&#231;&#245;es da linha de base do segmento ST e da onda T, bem como depress&#227;o do segmento ST durante o esfor&#231;o. Acredita-se que isto seja consequ&#234;ncia de um efeito "digoxina-<italic>like</italic>" do estr&#243;geno, pois as altera&#231;&#245;es parecem variar de acordo com o ciclo menstrual e com a reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal p&#243;s-menopausa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B275">275</xref> Em mulheres assintom&#225;ticas, a altera&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST n&#227;o apresenta correla&#231;&#227;o com mortalidade, ao contr&#225;rio dos homens. Em muitas circunst&#226;ncias, devido &#224; preval&#234;ncia relativamente maior de tra&#231;ados falso-positivos nas mulheres, aquelas atletas com depress&#227;o do segmento ST geralmente recebem diagn&#243;sticos n&#227;o card&#237;acos, n&#227;o sendo realizados exames adicionais ou tratamentos cardiol&#243;gicos posteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B276">276</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O &#237;ndice cronotr&#243;pico &lt; 0,8 e a FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o primeiro minuto &lt; 12 bpm, assim como nos homens, correlacionam-se com aumento da mortalidade e s&#227;o medidas valiosas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica.</p>
          <p>A capacidade funcional &#233; uma medida importante obtida pelo TErg, especialmente &#250;til para as atletas, al&#233;m de ser um preditor independente de DAC e mortalidade. Para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o precisa da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e obten&#231;&#227;o de valores para ajuste de treinamento, &#233; recomendada a associa&#231;&#227;o do ECG de esfor&#231;o, com as medidas dos gases expirados (TCPE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B259">259</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t39">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="60%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TErg para avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial de atletas para competi&#231;&#227;o ou seriada para ajuste de carga</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TCPE (idem anterior)</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN21">
                <p>TCPE: teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo; TErg: teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.5. Morte S&#250;bita</title>
          <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de MS, curiosamente, difere entre atletas dos sexos masculino e feminino. Diversas evid&#234;ncias mostraram uma propor&#231;&#227;o esmagadora na preval&#234;ncia de MS em atletas do sexo masculino.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B277">277</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B280">280</xref> Essa despropor&#231;&#227;o pode sugerir uma "prote&#231;&#227;o" a favor das mulheres com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, tendo essas menos probabilidade de MS do que os homens com as mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre outros fatores que possam ser determinantes para esse desfecho. Ademais, foi demonstrado que, entre atletas jovens v&#237;timas de MS, 92% eram homens, e que das mulheres apenas 53% apresentavam alguma altera&#231;&#227;o estrutural.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B281">281</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Entre atletas veteranos (&gt; 40 anos de idade), o n&#250;mero de participantes mulheres tem crescido. Muito se discute um poss&#237;vel efeito delet&#233;rio da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio intenso por um per&#237;odo de muitos anos. T&#234;m sido relatados casos de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, placas ateroscler&#243;ticas e maior incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) em alguns grupos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B282">282</xref> Todavia, se discute se o risco adicional de exerc&#237;cio muito intenso se aplica igualmente a homens e mulheres. Uma recente metan&#225;lise, que englobou mais de 149 mil mulheres,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B283">283</xref> encontrou que a pr&#225;tica do exerc&#237;cio moderado reduz a chance de elas desenvolverem FA, em especial quando comparadas &#224;quelas sedent&#225;rias. Por sua vez, as mulheres que realizaram exerc&#237;cio intenso em bases cr&#244;nicas tiveram risco 28% menor de FA. Em contraste, um estudo prospectivo sugeriu que o risco de FA em mulheres seguiu o mesmo padr&#227;o que em homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B284">284</xref> De acordo com esse estudo, o risco nas mulheres mais ativas foi maior do que naquelas que eram moderadamente ativas e semelhante ao daquelas que eram sedent&#225;rias. Portanto, estudos futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhor entendimento sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre exerc&#237;cio e FA nas mulheres.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8. Suporte B&#225;sico de Vida no Atleta</title>
        <sec>
          <title>8.1. Morte S&#250;bita no Atleta</title>
          <p>Apesar de rara, a MS no esporte &#233; um evento que causa como&#231;&#227;o p&#250;blica, principalmente quando envolve atletas de alta performance. Estat&#237;sticas mostram que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral a incid&#234;ncia de MS card&#237;aca durante o exerc&#237;cio &#233; de aproximadamente 0,46 caso para cada 100.000 pessoas-ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B285">285</xref> Em atletas jovens essa incid&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m &#233; baixa: (a) 0,5 para cada 100.000 entre atletas de Minnesotta; (b) 2,3 em cada 100.000 entre atletas competitivos no norte da It&#225;lia;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> (c) 1 a 3 para cada 100.000 em jogadores profissionais de futebol americano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B286">286</xref> No entanto, a verdadeira incid&#234;ncia de MS card&#237;aca em atletas ainda carece de investiga&#231;&#245;es mais aprofundadas. Mais recentemente, Emery e Kovacs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref> chamaram aten&#231;&#227;o para o fato de os estudos que v&#234;m estimando esses eventos apresentarem varia&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o a quest&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas, tais como diverg&#234;ncia entre o n&#250;mero de atletas que sofreram MS (numerador) e o n&#250;mero de atletas em risco (denominador). Al&#233;m disso, alguns deles inclu&#237;ram apenas eventos que resultaram em morte, enquanto outros tamb&#233;m inclu&#237;ram aqueles que sobreviveram &#224; parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria.</p>
          <p>Diferentes altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e n&#227;o estruturais (canalopatias) s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela maioria dos casos de parada card&#237;aca no atleta. Estudos realizados na d&#233;cada de 1990 apontavam a MCH como a principal causa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B287">287</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B288">288</xref> Dados provenientes de outro experimento evidenciam que a MCH, inclusive, &#233; a principal causa da MS em atletas jovens, sendo respons&#225;vel por mais 26% dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B289">289</xref> No entanto, Ullal et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B290">290</xref> conduziram metan&#225;lise de estudos de coorte retrospectivos, registros e s&#233;ries de aut&#243;psias que desafia essas estat&#237;sticas. Em uma an&#225;lise com mais de 4 mil indiv&#237;duos jovens v&#237;timas de MS card&#237;aca, cora&#231;&#245;es estruturalmente normais foram os achados mais comuns (26,7%). De modo interessante e no que tange &#224; MCH, a propor&#231;&#227;o foi bem menor (10,3%). Independentemente dessas controv&#233;rsias &#233; o exerc&#237;cio vigoroso, quando associado a diferentes cardiopatias, que parece ser o gatilho desencadeante para esses eventos malignos.</p>
          <p>A APP &#233; constitu&#237;da, de forma geral, em anamnese detalhada, exame f&#237;sico e ECG de repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. A adi&#231;&#227;o obrigat&#243;ria do ECG na APP tem sido alvo de discuss&#245;es na comunidade cient&#237;fica internacional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Estudo cl&#225;ssico italiano mostrou que uso obrigat&#243;rio do ECG reduziu a incid&#234;ncia anual de MS card&#237;aca em 90%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B291">291</xref> A AHA em conjunto com o ACC questionam a custo-efetividade desta estrat&#233;gia, al&#233;m da alta taxa de resultados falso-positivos, bem como a disponibilidade de int&#233;rpretes qualificados para avaliar os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B292">292</xref> Por sua vez, a ESC recomenda o seu uso na APP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Apesar das controv&#233;rsias ainda vigentes, a APP n&#227;o &#233; capaz de eliminar a incid&#234;ncia de mortes neste grupo de indiv&#237;duos, sendo importantes e necess&#225;rios a implanta&#231;&#227;o e o fortalecimento de um segundo pilar: o suporte b&#225;sico de vida (SBV).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.2. Atendimento Inicial ao Atleta</title>
          <p>Os cuidados para melhor atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia s&#227;o resumidos a um conjunto de a&#231;&#245;es efetuadas nos primeiros minutos que se seguem ap&#243;s um evento s&#250;bito. Tais a&#231;&#245;es podem ser resumidas em dois pilares: (1) a organiza&#231;&#227;o e o planejamento da equipe de atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia, estabelecida no local onde &#233; realizada a atividade f&#237;sica; e (2) o treinamento dos socorristas em ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar e manuseio do DEA. Locais em que ocorrem atividades f&#237;sicas, como centros de treinamento, escolas, faculdades, gin&#225;sios etc., precisam ter um plano de atendimento emergencial bem organizado, com profissionais treinados em SBV, al&#233;m de comunica&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e efetiva com servi&#231;os preparados para realizar o suporte avan&#231;ado de vida em cardiologia (SAVC).</p>
          <p>O tratamento efetivo de um atleta que sofre uma parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria s&#250;bita depende de uma sequ&#234;ncia de a&#231;&#245;es interdependentes, para que, assim, quando ligadas entre si, formem um efeito em cadeia, aumentando a sobrevida das v&#237;timas, o que &#233; denominado pela AHA de "corrente da sobreviv&#234;ncia", formada pelos seguintes elos: acesso r&#225;pido, ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar precoce, desfibrila&#231;&#227;o precoce e SAVC precoce.</p>
          <p>A maior parte das paradas cardiorrespirat&#243;rias s&#250;bitas em atletas ocorre devido a uma taquiarritmia (fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B293">293</xref> podendo ser tratada com desfibrila&#231;&#227;o e ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar imediatas. A redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade nos atletas surpreendidos por tal evento requer programas de treinamento em ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar e manuseio do DEA, al&#233;m de socorristas equipados e treinados para reconhecer emerg&#234;ncias, ativar o sistema de emerg&#234;ncia, prover ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar de qualidade e usar o DEA. Existem orienta&#231;&#245;es atuais para que instala&#231;&#245;es esportivas que tenham mais de 2.500 frequentadores ou que desenvolvam programas de atividade f&#237;sica com indiv&#237;duos pertencentes a certos grupos de risco, como cardiopatas e idosos, possuam desfibriladores estrategicamente alocados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B294">294</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref>
					</p>
          <p>J&#225; se encontra bem estabelecido que, para cada minuto sem ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar, a sobrevida de uma v&#237;tima de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria testemunhada diminui de 7% a 10%. No entanto, arritmias ventriculares, no contexto de doen&#231;as estruturais, parecem ser mais suscet&#237;veis a pequenos atrasos na desfibrila&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B296">296</xref> se comparadas ao contexto de um cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente sadio, o que, possivelmente, traz aos atletas v&#237;timas de uma parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria s&#250;bita um decl&#237;nio mais significativo na sobrevida ao esperar por um DEA, salientando a extrema import&#226;ncia do terceiro elo da corrente &#8722; a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o precoce.</p>
          <p>O aumento da sobrevida consequente a programas de acesso p&#250;blico &#224; desfibrila&#231;&#227;o tem sido bem documentado em in&#250;meros estudos, incluindo locais como cassinos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B297">297</xref> aeroportos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref> e avi&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B299">299</xref> Se a ressuscita&#231;&#227;o for demorada at&#233; a chegada dos servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia, as taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia s&#227;o muito baixas, em torno de 1 a 2%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B300">300</xref> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do DEA em locais p&#250;blicos est&#225; associada a taxas de sobrevida em parada card&#237;aca extra-hospitalar de at&#233; 74%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref> No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre o impacto dessa iniciativa no grupo de risco espec&#237;fico dos atletas, principalmente por se tratar de um evento raro.</p>
          <p>Importante marcador de risco, a APP deve ser obrigat&#243;ria para praticantes de atividades f&#237;sico-esportivas, j&#225; que &#233; capaz de detectar altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares que predisponham &#224; MS. Apesar das diferentes recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais, existe um consenso de que todo atleta deva realizar, necessariamente, hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, exame f&#237;sico e ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, complementando a investiga&#231;&#227;o com outros exames, de acordo com o grau de suspei&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Esportistas v&#237;timas de MS devem ser prontamente atendidos e necessitam de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar de qualidade imediata, provendo uma quantidade vital de fluxo sangu&#237;neo para o c&#233;rebro e o cora&#231;&#227;o. A equipe de emerg&#234;ncia local deve ser capaz de realizar um tempo ideal entre o colapso e a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o de 3 a 5 minutos, aumentando as chances de sucesso do choque. Como na maioria dos casos o ritmo p&#243;s-desfibrila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; capaz de atingir uma perfus&#227;o efetiva, a ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar deve ser reiniciada imediatamente ap&#243;s o choque.</p>
          <p>Finalmente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica peri&#243;dica, um efetivo protocolo local para emerg&#234;ncias e socorristas treinados em SBV, capazes de prover ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar de qualidade e desfibrila&#231;&#227;o precoce, e com contato r&#225;pido com centros habilitados em SAVC, constituem os pilares de sustenta&#231;&#227;o para um objetivo comum: a diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de casos de MS em atletas e o aumento da sobrevida das v&#237;timas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.3. Aspectos Especiais da Preven&#231;&#227;o de Morte S&#250;bita Relacionada com o Exerc&#237;cio e o Esporte</title>
          <sec>
            <title>8.3.1. Doping: Subst&#226;ncias Il&#237;citas no Esporte</title>
            <p>Algumas subst&#226;ncias utilizadas como <italic>doping</italic> s&#227;o capazes de provocar repercuss&#245;es delet&#233;rias, especialmente no aparelho cardiovascular, inclusive a MS. Dentre as subst&#226;ncias mais usadas, destacam-se os esteroides anabolizantes, a efedrina e as anfetaminas. Dentre as drogas sociais, abordaremos o uso da coca&#237;na, e da 3,4-metilenodioximetanfetamina (MDMA), conhecida como <italic>ecstasy</italic>.</p>
            <sec>
              <title>8.3.1.1. Esteroides Anabolizantes</title>
              <p>Estas subst&#226;ncias provocam diversos efeitos colaterais, incluindo efeitos cardiovasculares indesej&#225;veis. Os esteroides anabolizantes podem induzir hipertens&#227;o arterial secund&#225;ria e nefrosclerose. A testosterona pode provocar aumento da resposta vascular &#224; norepinefrina e, como consequ&#234;ncia, promover reten&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica e eleva&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica, levando ao aumento na PA.</p>
              <p>Outro efeito importante foi descrito por Tagarakis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B302">302</xref> que demonstraram, pela primeira vez em n&#237;vel microsc&#243;pico, a adapta&#231;&#227;o de capilares card&#237;acos e mi&#243;citos com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o concomitante de esteroides anabolizantes e treinamento f&#237;sico. Isso provocaria o aumento desproporcional da massa mioc&#225;rdica em rela&#231;&#227;o aos capilares card&#237;acos. Os resultados desse trabalho sugeriram que o uso de esteroides anabolizantes poderia desenvolver um desequil&#237;brio entre a oferta e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio, especialmente durante o exerc&#237;cio. Recentemente, foi mostrado que ratos tratados em longo prazo com decanoato de nandrolona (DECA) tiveram preju&#237;zo na fisiologia card&#237;aca auton&#244;mica, com maior predisposi&#231;&#227;o a risco cardiovascular e MS. Al&#233;m disso, ao se interromper a administra&#231;&#227;o da subst&#226;ncia n&#227;o houve retorno &#224; normalidade imediatamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B303">303</xref> Em humanos, o uso de esteroides anabolizantes pode estar associado a um encurtamento do intervalo QT, impactando negativamente, portanto, na atividade el&#233;trica card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B304">304</xref> Ademais, o uso indiscriminado dos esteroides anabolizantes parece ser um fator de risco independente para morbidade e morte prematura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B305">305</xref>
							</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>8.3.1.2. Efedrina</title>
              <p>Em geral, estimulantes acarretam taquicardia e aumento do consumo mioc&#225;rdico de oxig&#234;nio, podendo gerar arritmias e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em indiv&#237;duos suscet&#237;veis. A efedrina pode provocar taquicardias ventriculares sintom&#225;ticas, extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares frequentes, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e MS. &#201; importante salientar que muitos produtos ditos naturais e "derivados da flora" possuem subst&#226;ncias como efedrina em sua f&#243;rmula, sem fazerem parte da bula.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>8.3.1.3. Anfetaminas</title>
              <p>S&#227;o o prot&#243;tipo dos estimulantes do sistema nervoso central. Apresentam grande variedade de sais e misturas, sob diversas formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, sendo a mais usada o sulfato de dextroanfetamina. Esta subst&#226;ncia possui uma a&#231;&#227;o direta, por estimula&#231;&#227;o dos receptores adren&#233;rgicos em n&#237;veis cortical e do sistema reticular ativador ascendente, e uma a&#231;&#227;o indireta, deslocando as catecolaminas end&#243;genas de seus s&#237;tios nas termina&#231;&#245;es nervosas. Seus efeitos colaterais gerais mais pronunciados s&#227;o ins&#244;nia, tonturas, sudorese profusa, tremores e euforia; os efeitos cardiovasculares s&#227;o palpita&#231;&#245;es, taquicardia e desconforto precordial; j&#225; a hemorragia cerebral constitui o efeito neurol&#243;gico.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>8.3.1.4. Coca&#237;na</title>
              <p>O uso de coca&#237;na acarreta vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o generalizada, tendo como principal consequ&#234;ncia a hipertens&#227;o arterial. Apesar de o uso de coca&#237;na causar vasoconstric&#231;&#227;o mais intensa no sistema nervoso central, esta pode repercutir tamb&#233;m em outros &#243;rg&#227;os, como os rins, com altera&#231;&#245;es glomerulares, tubulares, vasculares e intersticiais, provocando les&#227;o renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B306">306</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B307">307</xref> O uso de coca&#237;na pode provocar, ainda, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, arritmias card&#237;acas, cardiomiopatia congestiva, miocardite, hemorragia subaracn&#243;idea, ruptura de aorta, rabdomi&#243;lise, hipertens&#227;o arterial, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica espont&#226;nea ou induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio e MS card&#237;aca.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>8.3.1.5. Ecstasy</title>
              <p>&#201; um alucin&#243;geno similar &#224; anfetamina. Em fun&#231;&#227;o de seu baixo custo e sua grande disponibilidade em comprimidos, sua popularidade e consumo t&#234;m aumentado de forma importante. A ingest&#227;o de MDMA aumenta a libera&#231;&#227;o de serotonina, dopamina e norepinefrina pelos neur&#244;nios pr&#233;-sin&#225;pticos. Al&#233;m disso, previne o metabolismo desses neurotransmissores, por meio da inibi&#231;&#227;o da monoaminoxidase. Seus principais efeitos cardiovasculares s&#227;o hipertens&#227;o arterial, taquicardia e arritmias, podendo levar &#224; MS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B308">308</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B310">310</xref>
							</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.4. Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Atleta, Organiza&#231;&#227;o e Planejamento do Atendimento</title>
          <p>A MS, relacionada com o exerc&#237;cio e o esporte, &#233; um evento dram&#225;tico, e algumas medidas podem &#8722; e devem &#8722; ser tomadas pelos m&#233;dicos no sentido de tentar prevenir esta rara, mas tem&#237;vel complica&#231;&#227;o da pr&#225;tica de esportes/exerc&#237;cio.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>8.4.1. Aspectos Relacionados ao Atleta</title>
            <sec>
              <title>8.4.1.1. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-Participa&#231;&#227;o</title>
              <p>Considerando-se que, na maioria dos casos, a MS relacionada com o esporte &#233; provocada por cardiopatias conhecidas ou n&#227;o diagnosticadas, todo candidato &#224; pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica deve se submeter ao exame cl&#237;nico pr&#233;vio, independentemente da faixa et&#225;ria. Esse exame cl&#237;nico deve ser precedido de uma boa anamnese, com particular aten&#231;&#227;o para a hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e MS.</p>
              <p>A APP, na tentativa de se detectarem essas patologias, &#233; a forma mais eficiente para se prevenir um evento cardiovascular fatal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B311">311</xref> Em 2009, o Comit&#234; Ol&#237;mpico Internacional (COI) publicou um documento sobre a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica peri&#243;dica em atletas de elite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B312">312</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref>
							</p>
              <p>Embora reconhecendo que o exame cl&#237;nico isolado pode falhar ao n&#227;o detectar todas as cardiopatias com potencial de provocar MS, tal procedimento, com &#234;nfase para o exame do aparelho cardiovascular, antecedido de anamnese minuciosa e hist&#243;ria patol&#243;gica pregressa, al&#233;m de hist&#243;ria familiar, &#233; o primeiro passo para a adequada avalia&#231;&#227;o do atleta.</p>
              <p>O exame cl&#237;nico deve ser acompanhado, idealmente, por um ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es realizado em repouso. Embora exista discord&#226;ncia entre a escola americana (esta s&#243; recomenda a anamnese e exame f&#237;sico) e a europeia (que recomenda acrescentar o ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es &#224; anamnese e ao exame cl&#237;nico),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B314">314</xref> lembramos que, na diretriz Crit&#233;rios para solicita&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares do aparelho cardiovascular, a SBC considera o ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es um exame obrigat&#243;rio em uma primeira consulta cardiol&#243;gica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B315">315</xref> Por outro lado, sabe-se que in&#250;meras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas el&#233;tricas que podem levar &#224; MS s&#227;o pass&#237;veis de serem diagnosticadas pelo ECG de repouso &#8722; entre elas as s&#237;ndromes do QT longo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B316">316</xref> de Brugada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193">193</xref> de Wolf-Parkinson-White<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B317">317</xref> e a MCH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B318">318</xref> O protocolo europeu, que inclui anamnese, exame f&#237;sico e ECG, &#233; atualmente adotado pelo COI, pelo Comit&#234; Ol&#237;mpico Italiano, pela FIFA e pela Uni&#227;o das Federa&#231;&#245;es Europeias de Futebol (UEFA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B292">292</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B319">319</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B320">320</xref> O exame cl&#237;nico deve incluir hist&#243;ria familiar e pessoal, e rastreio espec&#237;fico para a s&#237;ndrome de Marfan.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B312">312</xref> Uma abordagem mais detalhada sobre APP em atividades f&#237;sico-desportivas est&#225; dispon&#237;vel em outra se&#231;&#227;o desta Diretriz.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>8.4.1.2. Quanto &#224; Prepara&#231;&#227;o do Atleta</title>
              <p>O acompanhamento do atleta tem que ser feito de forma integral. Para evitar eventos cl&#237;nico-cardiovasculares, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o importantes medidas preventivas b&#225;sicas, como nutri&#231;&#227;o e hidrata&#231;&#227;o adequadas, respeitar os per&#237;odos de repouso e evitar treinamentos e competi&#231;&#245;es nos hor&#225;rios mais quentes do dia. S&#227;o importantes o acompanhamento e a observa&#231;&#227;o dos atletas nos treinos e competi&#231;&#245;es por profissionais qualificados da equipe m&#233;dica, preferencialmente com experi&#234;ncia em medicina do esporte e no&#231;&#245;es de primeiros socorros, em casos de situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nico-emergenciais.</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.4.2. Aspectos Relacionados aos Locais de Treinos e Competi&#231;&#245;es</title>
            <sec>
              <title>8.4.2.1. Atendimento Emergencial e Plano de Conting&#234;ncia M&#233;dica</title>
              <p>Al&#233;m de todo o material necess&#225;rio ao atendimento de uma parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, deve ser elaborado um plano de conting&#234;ncia m&#233;dica nos locais de treinos e competi&#231;&#245;es, com pessoal treinado em ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, para a eventualidade de uma emerg&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica ou cardiovascular, otimizando o transporte dos atletas para unidade hospitalar de maior complexidade, quando for o caso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B286">286</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B321">321</xref>
							</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>8.4.2.2. Desfibrilador Externo Autom&#225;tico</title>
              <p>O DEA &#233; um equipamento computadorizado que tem a capacidade de identificar a ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o e taquicardia ventricular, que s&#227;o as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas pass&#237;veis de choque. Ele deve estar dispon&#237;vel para sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em menos de 5 minutos nos locais de treinos e competi&#231;&#245;es, clubes, arenas, est&#225;dios, academias e cl&#237;nicas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, com equipe treinada em ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B145">145</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B322">322</xref>
							</p>
              <p>Entre atletas jovens, as paradas cardiorrespirat&#243;rias ocorrem, geralmente, ap&#243;s sess&#245;es de treinamento intenso ou durante uma competi&#231;&#227;o. Embora a ocorr&#234;ncia destes eventos seja rara (correspondendo a 1% daquelas que ocorrem em indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade ou idosos), o valor de um pronto atendimento e da ressuscita&#231;&#227;o com sucesso aumenta a sobrevida em longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B324">324</xref>
							</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Nota:</bold> Estas Diretrizes se prestam a informar e n&#227;o a substituir o julgamento cl&#237;nico do m&#233;dico que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, deve determinar o tratamento apropriado para seus pacientes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Realiza&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) e Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio e do Esporte (SBMEE)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Conselho de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes:</bold> Fernando Bacal, Leandro Ioschpe Zimerman, Paulo Ricardo Avancini Caramori e Pedro Alves Lemos Neto</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Coordenadora de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes:</bold> Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o Hajjar</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Presidente do Departamento de Ergometria, Exerc&#237;cio, Cardiologia Nuclear e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular (DERC):</bold> Tales de Carvalho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Presidente do Grupo de Estudos de Cardiologia do Esporte (GECESP):</bold> Antonio Carlos Avanza Jr.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Presidente da SBMEE:</bold> Marcelo Bichels Leit&#227;o</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Errata</label>
          <p>Na &#8220;Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz em Cardiologia do Esporte e do Exerc&#237;cio da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio e Esporte &#8211; 2019&#8221;, foram omitidos os nomes dos Drs. Japy Angelini Oliveira Filho, editor associado e quinto nome na autoria, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP); Antonio Claudio Lucas da Nobrega, da Universidade Federal Fluminense; Luiz Gustavo Marin Emed, Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini; e Roberto Vital, do Comit&#234; Paral&#237;mpico Brasileiro (CPB) e da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Norte (UFRN), inseridos ao final da autoria nesta ordem e suas respectivas institui&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
