<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="letter" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RRmy8yyMvtsSB38QYxnqmqn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000300324</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190034</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Do Not Treat Children with Statins</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4155-8687</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Diamond</surname>
            <given-names>David M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ravnskov</surname>
            <given-names>Uffe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lorgeril</surname>
            <given-names>Michel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of South Florida</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Tampa</city>
          <state>Florida</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of South Florida, Psychology, Molecular Pharmacology &amp; Physiology, Tampa, Florida - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Independent investigator</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Lund</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="SE">Sweden</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Independent investigator, Lund - Sweden</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Grenoble-Alpes</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laboratoire Coeur et Nutrition</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Grenoble</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="FR">France</country>
        <institution content-type="original">School of Medicine, University of Grenoble-Alpes, Laboratoire Coeur et Nutrition, TIMC-IMAG, Grenoble - France</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: David M. Diamond, Ph.D.,</bold> Department of Psychology, PCD 4118G, University of South Florida, Tampa, 33620 FL, USA. E-mail: <email>ddiamond@usf.edu</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>324</fpage>
      <lpage>325</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Statins</kwd>
        <kwd>Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductase</kwd>
        <kwd>Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypercholesterolemia Type II/genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Children</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>In their meta-analysis Radaelli et al. conclude that statin treatment is efficient in lowering lipids in children with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and suggest that long-term trials should be performed to establish long-term safety.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> We would warn against their recommendation for several reasons.</p>
    <p>As we have shown in a recent paper,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> there is much evidence that high LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) is not the cause of premature coronary heart disease in FH; it is most likely inborn abnormal coagulation factors, and only a small minority among those with FH inherits these factors. On average, people with FH live just as long as other people because high LDL-C protects against cancer and infectious diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Furthermore, to treat children with statins may ultimately cause them harm because cholesterol is necessary for the developing brain and is an essential precursor for metabolic co-factors and hormones, including vitamin D and all sex steroids.</p>
    <p>Finally, it is becoming well-known that the number of adverse effects from statin treatment is much larger and much more serious than reported in the trial reports.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Hence, there is justifiable concern that long-term treatment of children with FH will cause them more harm than benefit.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Radaelli G, Sausen G, Cesa CC, Santos FS, Portal VL Neyeloff JL, Pellanda LC. Statin treatments and dosages in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: Meta-analysis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;111(6):810-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Radaelli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sausen</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cesa</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Portal</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neyeloff</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellanda</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Statin treatments and dosages in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: Meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>810</fpage>
          <lpage>821</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Ravnskov U, de Lorgeril M, Kendrick M, Diamond DM. Inborn coagulation factors are more important cardiovascular risk factors than high LDL-cholesterol in familial hypercholesterolemia. Med Hypotheses. 2018;121:60-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ravnskov</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Lorgeril</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kendrick</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diamond</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inborn coagulation factors are more important cardiovascular risk factors than high LDL-cholesterol in familial hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>Med Hypotheses</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <fpage>60</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Diamond DM, Ravnskov U. How statistical deception created the appearance that statins are safe and effective in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2015;8(2):201-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Diamond</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ravnskov</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>How statistical deception created the appearance that statins are safe and effective in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease</article-title>
          <source>Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>201</fpage>
          <lpage>210</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Ravnskov U, de Lorgeril M, Diamond DM, Hama R, Hamazaki T, Hammarskj&#246;ld B et al. LDL-C does not cause cardiovascular disease: a comprehensive review of current literature. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2018;11(10):959-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ravnskov</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Lorgeril</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diamond</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hama</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamazaki</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hammarskj&#246;ld</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>LDL-C does not cause cardiovascular disease: a comprehensive review of current literature</article-title>
          <source>Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>959</fpage>
          <lpage>970</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="reply" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Reply</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Radaelli</surname>
            <given-names>Graciane</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>We thank Ravnskov et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> for the letter, which enables the discussion of a relevant issue and concern in clinical practice for the treatment of children and adolescents with dyslipidemia, especially in long term. The reason for the development of our meta-analysis was based on the use of statins to treat children with secondary dyslipidemia which, to our understanding, is not based on solid evidence. This was the main objective of our meta-analysis, <italic>i.e</italic>., to identify supporting evidence for this practice, rather than to conduct a review of studies on children with familial hypercholesterolemia.</p>
      <p>We searched for evidence for treatment of children with statins on PubMed, EMBASE, Bireme, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SciELO and LILACS databases from inception to February 2016. Of a total of 16,793 potentially relevant citations retrieved from the electronic databases, no randomized clinical trial met the inclusion criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although we cited studies on familial hypercholesterolemia in the discussion section, we neither reviewed these studies, nor produced any clinical recommendations for this condition. Our only comment to the letter is the fact, the discussion section of our meta-analysis may have been misinterpreted, as it does not support a recommendation for clinical practice and was not written with such intention. We are thankful for the opportunity to make this clear.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We can affirm that there is not sufficient evidence to treat children with dyslipidemia with statins, even those with familial hypercholesterolemia, particularly regarding the long-term safety of this practice. In our opinion, this is a matter of great concern, since we did not find any long-term study, or any study describing potential long-term side-effects of early intervention on cholesterol reduction or delay in the appearance of cardiovascular events. In the article, we reported that &#8220;children with serious lipid abnormalities due to genetic disorders may meet the criteria for drug therapy with the statins commonly used in adults&#8221; (my emphasis). This is not a recommendation and does not exhaust the subject.</p>
      <p>We reiterate our conclusion that, before prescribing statins to children with secondary dyslipidemia, studies should be performed to determine whether these drugs can reduce overall and long-term morbidity and mortality, which, again, was the main objective of our study. We believe that Ravnskov et al. make important contributions to this issue, by adding recent data about causal mechanisms of familial hypercholesterolemia, and concerns about the risk of long-term use of statins in this condition. This is corroborated by the studies published in 2018 cited by the authors. Thus, we agree with the authors in suggesting caution in the long-term use of drugs in pediatric patients with chronic conditions.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s2" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#227;o Trate Crian&#231;as com Estatinas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4155-8687</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Diamond</surname>
            <given-names>David M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ravnskov</surname>
            <given-names>Uffe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lorgeril</surname>
            <given-names>Michel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">University of South Florida, Psychology, Molecular Pharmacology &amp; Physiology, Tampa, Florida - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pesquisador aut&#244;nomo, Lund - Su&#233;cia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">School of Medicine, University of Grenoble-Alpes, Laboratoire Coeur et Nutrition, TIMC-IMAG, Grenoble - Fran&#231;a</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: David M. Diamond, Ph.D.,</bold> Department of Psychology, PCD 4118G, University of South Florida, Tampa, 33620 FL, USA. E-mail: <email>ddiamond@usf.edu</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Estatinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia II/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;as</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Em sua metan&#225;lise, Radaelli et al., conclui que o tratamento com estatinas &#233; eficiente na redu&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios em crian&#231;as com hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) e sugere que devem ser realizados estudos cl&#237;nicos de longo prazo para estabelecer a seguran&#231;a a longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> N&#243;s alertar&#237;amos contra esta recomenda&#231;&#227;o por v&#225;rios motivos.</p>
      <p>Como mostramos em um artigo recente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> h&#225; v&#225;rias evid&#234;ncias de que os n&#237;veis elevados de LDL-colesterol (LDL-C) n&#227;o sejam a causa da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana prematura na HF. &#201; mais prov&#225;vel que sejam fatores anormais de coagula&#231;&#227;o cong&#234;nitos, e apenas uma pequena minoria entre aqueles com HF herdam esses fatores. Em m&#233;dia, pessoas com HF vivem tanto quanto qualquer outra pessoa, porque os n&#237;veis elevados de LDL-C protegem contra c&#226;ncer e doen&#231;as infecciosas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Al&#233;m disso, tratar crian&#231;as com estatinas pode causar danos, porque o colesterol &#233; necess&#225;rio para o c&#233;rebro em desenvolvimento e &#233; um precursor essencial de co-fatores e horm&#244;nios metab&#243;licos, incluindo a vitamina D e todos os esteroides sexuais.</p>
      <p>Finalmente, est&#225; se tornando bem conhecido, que o n&#250;mero de efeitos adversos do tratamento com estatina &#233; muito maior e muito mais grave do que o relatado nos relat&#243;rios de estudo cl&#237;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Portanto, existe uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o justific&#225;vel, de que o tratamento a longo prazo de crian&#231;as com HF cause mais danos do que benef&#237;cio.</p>
    </body>
    <sub-article article-type="reply" id="s3" xml:lang="pt">
      <front-stub>
        <article-categories>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Carta-resposta</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </article-categories>
        <contrib-group>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Radaelli</surname>
              <given-names>Graciane</given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
        </contrib-group>
      </front-stub>
      <body>
        <p>Agradecemos Ravnskov et. al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> pela carta, a qual oferece a oportunidade de discuss&#227;o sobre uma quest&#227;o relevante na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e preocupante para pacientes portadores de dislipidemias na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, especialmente em longo prazo. A motiva&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de nossa metan&#225;lise partiu da recomenda&#231;&#227;o de uso de estatinas em crian&#231;as com dislipidemias secund&#225;rias, a qual, em nossa percep&#231;&#227;o, carece de evid&#234;ncias s&#243;lidas. Realizamos, assim, uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da literatura, com esse foco principal, ou seja, identificar evid&#234;ncias que corroborem essa pr&#225;tica, e n&#227;o a revis&#227;o de estudos com crian&#231;as portadoras de hipercolesterolemia familiar.</p>
        <p>Buscamos evid&#234;ncias para o uso de estatinas em crian&#231;as e adolescentes nas bases de dados PubMed, EMBASE, Bireme, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SciELO e LILACS desde o in&#237;cio at&#233; fevereiro de 2016. Das 16 793 cita&#231;&#245;es potencialmente relevantes recuperadas das bases de dados eletr&#244;nicas, nenhum ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado atendeu aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar de citarmos alguns estudos sobre hipercolesterolemia familiar na discuss&#227;o do trabalho, n&#227;o realizamos a revis&#227;o desses estudos, tampouco, elaboramos recomenda&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para essa condi&#231;&#227;o. Essa &#233; a &#250;nica ressalva que ter&#237;amos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; carta, a de que talvez tenha havido uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o da discuss&#227;o como se ela embasasse uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o, quando n&#227;o tivemos essa inten&#231;&#227;o. Nesse sentido, agradecemos a oportunidade de esclarecimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Afirmamos que, em crian&#231;as, ainda faltam evid&#234;ncias para o uso de estatinas mesmo na hipercolesterolemia familiar, especialmente no que se refere &#224; seguran&#231;a em longo prazo. Isso nos causa grande preocupa&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que nenhum dos estudos encontrados teve seguimento de longo prazo, e nenhum descreveu os potenciais efeitos colaterais tardios da terapia precoce para redu&#231;&#227;o de colesterol ou retardo nos desfechos cardiovasculares. Em trecho do artigo, relatamos que &#8220;crian&#231;as com anormalidades lip&#237;dicas graves por dist&#250;rbios gen&#233;ticos podem atender aos crit&#233;rios para terapia medicamentosa com as estatinas comumente usadas em adultos.&#8221; (grifo nosso). Este trecho de forma alguma se constitui em recomenda&#231;&#227;o e nem esgota o assunto.</p>
        <p>Reiteramos nossa afirma&#231;&#227;o de que, antes de difundir o uso de estatinas em crian&#231;as com dislipidemia secund&#225;ria, os estudos devem estabelecer se essas medica&#231;&#245;es podem reduzir a morbimortalidade total em longo prazo, e esse foi o principal motivador de nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>Acreditamos que Ravnskov et al. trazem contribui&#231;&#245;es &#224; quest&#227;o ao acrescentar dados recentes sobre mecanismos causais da hipercolesterolemia familiar e preocupa&#231;&#245;es sobre o risco do uso de estatinas a longo prazo. As refer&#234;ncias de 2018 citadas pelos autores avan&#231;am nesta linha de racioc&#237;nio. Assim, juntamo-nos aos autores ao concordar com a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de cautela no uso de medica&#231;&#245;es no longo prazo em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos portadores de condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas.</p>
      </body>
    </sub-article>
  </sub-article>
</article>
