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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dpzNWp7S5xnbZxcV5Rv74zp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000300304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190039</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Beta-Blocker Type Effect on Substrate Oxidation during HIIE in Heart Failure Patients: Pilot Data</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0513-5812</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Aver Bretanha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Normandin</surname>
            <given-names>Eve</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meyer</surname>
            <given-names>Philippe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Juneau</surname>
            <given-names>Martin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>White</surname>
            <given-names>Michel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nigam</surname>
            <given-names>Anil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gayda</surname>
            <given-names>Mathieu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Montreal Heart Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Montreal</city>
          <state>Quebec</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CA">Canada</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (&#201;PIC), Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec - Canada</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Montreal</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Montreal</city>
          <state>Quebec</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CA">Canada</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec - Canada</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Sherbrooke</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Physical Education and Sports</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Sherbrooke</city>
          <state>Quebec</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CA">Canada</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec - Canada</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Geneva</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">University Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Geneva</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CH">Switzerland</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva - Switzerland</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Paula Aver Bretanha Ribeiro,</bold> Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (&#201;PIC), 5055 St Zotique East, Montreal, Quebec, H1T1N6, Canada. E-mail: <email>paulaabribeiro@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Ribeiro PAB, Juneau M, White M, Nigam A, Gayda M; acquisition of data: Normandin E, Meyer P; analysis and interpretation of the data: Ribeiro PAB, Normandin E, Meyer P, White M, Nigam A, Gayda M; statistical analysis: Ribeiro PAB; obtaining funding: Ribeiro PAB, Juneau M, Gayda M; writing of the manuscript: Ribeiro PAB, Gayda M; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ribeiro PAB, Normandin E, Meyer P, Juneau M, White M, Nigam A, Gayda M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>304</fpage>
      <lpage>308</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>The effect of third and second-generation type of beta-blocker on substrate oxidation especially during high-intensity exercises are scarce.</p>
        <p>The objective of the study is to explore differences of beta-blocker regimens (vasodilating vs. non-vasodilating beta-blockers) for substrate oxidation during in high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) in chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).</p>
        <p>Eighteen CHF males (58.8 &#177; 9 years), 8 under use of &#946;1 specific beta-blockers+alfa 1-blocker and 10 using &#946;1 non-specific beta-blockers, were randomly assigned to 4 different HIIE, in a cross-over design. The 4 protocols were: 30 seconds (A and B) or 90 seconds (C and D) at 100% peak power output, with passive (A and C) or active recovery (50% of PPO; B and D). Energy expenditure (EE; kcal/min), quantitative carbohydrate (CHO) and lipid oxidation (g/min) and qualitative (%) contribution were calculated. Two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test were used (p-value &#8804; 0.05) to compare CHO and lipid oxidation at rest and at 10min.</p>
        <p>Total exercise time or EE did not show differences for beta-blocker use. The type of beta-blocker use showed impact in CHO (%) and lipid (g/min and %) for rest and 10 min, but absolute contribution of CHO (g/min) was different just at 10min (Interaction p = 0.029). Higher CHO oxidation was found in vasodilating beta-blockers when comparing to non-vasodilating.</p>
        <p>According to our pilot data, there is an effect of beta-blocker type on substrate oxidation during HIIE, but no influence on EE or exercise total time in HFrEF patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure, Adrenergic beta-Antagonists</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume, Chemical Oxidation, Exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>To reduce sympathetic nervous system activation and improve myocardium contractility, morbidity and mortality, most of the chronic heart failure (CHF) patients are under beta-blocker use.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Besides all benefits, there is some evidence showing reduced glycemic control, weight gain, insulin secretion inhibition and resistance and dyslipidemia in resting states in patients under beta-blocker regimen.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Also, it was showed that the use of beta blockers could remodel substrate use during moderate-intensity continuous exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The third generation of beta-blockers, described as vasodilating &#946;- blockers (i.e. &#946; non-selective + &#945;-1 blocker), seem to have a beneficial effect comparing to previous ones (&#946; -selective). Because of its lack of effect on &#945;1- adrenergic receptors, non-vasodilating beta blockers can induce vasoconstriction, reducing blood flow and glucose uptake at muscular level.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> But when comparisons between carvedilol vs. metoprolol were made concerning NYHA no changes were found.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, there is a lack of evidence of comparison of the type of beta-blocker during exercise, especially during high-intensity exercises (i. e. vasodilating vs. non-vasodilating).</p>
      <p>Regarding exercise intensity, there is an increasing use of high-intensity interval training programs in cardiac rehabilitation sites. Enough evidence is provided about the superior benefits of this modality for maximal oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>max) and quality of life when compared to moderate continuous training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, still a lack of evidence about different high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) prescriptions in terms of optimal intensity, duration of bouts, recovery time and type (passive or active).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Also, not enough evidence about substrate utilization in cardiac rehabilitation context, especially what concerns to medication use.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> We believe that vasodilating beta-blockers could especially influence carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation, and this may reflect in total time of exercise session.</p>
      <p>Therefore, for this study, we compared substrate oxidation, energy expenditure (EE) and total time of HIIE protocols performed by CHF with reduced left ejection fraction (HFrEF), under two different beta-blocker regimens (vasodilating vs. non-vasodilating).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants</title>
        <p>Twenty stable HFrEF were recruited from the heart failure ambulatory at the Montreal Heart Institute. This is a sub-study, inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria have been detailed in the previous publication,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and clinical information was obtained from medical records. The study was performed in a cross-over design, all patients participated in the same exercise sessions in random order (generated by randomizer.org), and every single session being separated by one week (5 weeks for complete protocol). No changes in medication were made during the evaluations. The protocol was accepted by the Ethics Committee of the Montreal Heart Institute (08-1023), all procedures in agreement with Helsinki declaration and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test</title>
        <p>Maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed according to previously published methodology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In short, the maximal exercise protocol was performed on a cycle ergometer (Ergoline 800S, Bitz, Germany), speed was settled at 60 RPM, and the power was increased by 10 W every minute until exhaustion. Gas exchanges variables were measured breath by breath during testing and then averaged every 15s. Peak power output (PPO) was defined as the power output reached the last fully completed stage. Electrocardiographic activity was monitored continuously using an 8-lead ECG (Marquette, Missouri, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>HIIE sessions</title>
        <p>The exercise sessions were based on previously published methodology in patients with HFrEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> HIIE protocols were all prescribed at 100% PPO, based on CPET and differed in interval duration (30 seconds for protocols A and B vs 90 seconds for protocols C and D) and type of recovery (active recovery at 50% of PPO for protocols B and D vs passive recovery [0% of PPO] for protocols A and C). The exercise time and recovery were designed as 1:1 ratio. Each patient exercised for a maximal time of 30 min or until exhaustion due to fatigue, dyspnea, dizziness, or inability to maintain pedal cadence at 60 rpm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Substrate oxidation and energy expenditure calculation</title>
        <p>EE was calculated using Weir equation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Substrate oxidation (CHO and lipid) was calculated from gas exchange using the Frayn equation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> (in g/min) and with a respiratory exchange ratio values (in %) using a table of non-protein respiratory quotient.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Results are expressed as mean &#177; SD for clinical characteristics and described as n (%) for beta blocker regimen (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). This is an exploratory analysis from our previous studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> all HIIE sessions that lasted more than 10 min of exercise were included. The substrates were compared in two time-points: rest and end of 10 min, both averages of 3 min measurements. EE (Kcal/min; EE), CHO and lipid oxidation, in g/min and total contribution (%), were compared during HIIE protocols using a two-way ANOVA for beta-blocker type and time factors. The Bonferroni <italic>post-hoc</italic> test with a p value &#8804; 0.05 was used. Student`s t-test was used to compare the exercise total time between types of beta-blocker. All analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 21 and Statview.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline Clinical Characteristics according to the type of beta-blocker class</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Clinical Variables</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Beta-blocker class</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Non-vasodilating n = 10</th>
                <th align="center">Vasodilating n = 8</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">59.3 &#177; 9.8</td>
                <td align="center">58.0 &#177; 8.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">30.0 &#177; 4.0</td>
                <td align="center">28.0 &#177; 3.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">129 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">108 &#177; 17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">75 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>NYHA functional class</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (50%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (37.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etiology of heart failure</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemic heart disease</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (50%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (50%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medical history</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (37.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (50%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medications</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACE inhibitors or ARBs</td>
                <td align="center">10 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Digoxin</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (50%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Furosemide</td>
                <td align="center">8 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (75%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Spironolactone</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (50%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Devices</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICD</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (75%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRT</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">3(37.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Maximal exercise variables</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak power output (Watts)</td>
                <td align="center">108 &#177; 33</td>
                <td align="center">110 &#177; 31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2peak</sub> (L/min)</td>
                <td align="center">1598 &#177; 507</td>
                <td align="center">1478 &#177; 422</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2peak</sub> (% predicted)</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2peak</sub> (mL/min/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">17.3 &#177; 4.6</td>
                <td align="center">18.3 &#177; 4.6</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Values are presented as means &#177; SDs, or numbers of patients (percentages). BMI: body mass index; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARBs: angiotensin II receptor blockers; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen uptake; VO<sub>2peak</sub>: peak oxygen uptake.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The patients' characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, two patients were excluded for this analysis because did not achieve the minimum of 10 min exercise. Both groups were similar for clinical characteristics, except for systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Total exercise time was not different between the beta-blockers types (non-vasodilating group = 1377 &#177; 505 s; vasodilating group = 1371 &#177; 503 s; p = 0.962). Also, no differences were found for EE for group or interaction (group p = 0.203; time p &lt; 000.1 and interaction p = 0.867). Differences in CHO (mg/min*Kg<sup>-1</sup> and %; p =0.012 and p = 0.0006) and lipids (mg/min*Kg<sup>-1</sup> and %; p = 0.0017 and p = 0.0083) were found for group and time analysis, and interaction was found just for CHO (mg/min*Kg<sup>-1</sup>; p = 0.03) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Carbohydrate oxidation by group at rest and 8-10 minutes high-intensity interval exercise. B) Lipids oxidation by groups at rest and 8-10 minutes highintensity interval exercise. *p &lt; 0.05 for groups; ANOVA p value results: A: group; B: time; C: interaction.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0304-90039-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our results showed a different effect on substrate oxidation depending on the type of beta-blocker generation. We believe that the decision of beta-blocker use can benefit the substrate oxidation during exercise and can be chosen accordingly with patients' necessity. Because of their effect on alfa1 - adrenergic receptors, vasodilating beta-blockers like carvedilol could benefit CHO oxidation, as shown in our results for absolute and relative values, comparing to non-vasodilation beta-blockers. Because these blocking agents can have a different effect on the circulatory and respiratory systems, previously they were known to potentially reduce exercise capacity in heart failure patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Recent evidence has shown some improvement, with a different combination of drugs, vasodilating beta-blockers demonstrated positive effect increasing insulin sensitivity comparing to non-vasodilating ones<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and probably remodelling substrate oxidation.</p>
      <p>According to literature, HIIE requires greater energetic demand from the muscular system,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and therefore should be accompanied by higher CHO oxidation. The increasing use of HIIE in a clinical context is due to its superiority compared to continuous exercise training to improve VO<sub>2peak</sub>, with similar effects on left ventricular function, safety and exercise compliance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In our previous work,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> we showed substrate oxidation differences between HIIE protocols, and the individual variances lead us to explore the potential muscle metabolism differences that could be related to beta-blocker use. Also, there is still little data available on substrate oxidation and the effect of pharmacological agents in heart failure patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> especially during high-intensity exercise, so we believe we are providing interesting initial data to raise interest on the subject.</p>
      <p>The major limitation of our study is the sample size, but we believe appropriate for a pilot study to encourage further investigation. Also, because of the lack of a placebo group, we cannot investigate the actual effect of beta-blocker on substrate oxidation, but differences between different regimens. Since more than 90% of our HFrEF patients are under some beta-block medication, we did not consider the possibility to suspend or change patients' medication.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In short, according to our pilot data, carvedilol seems to facilitate CHO oxidation during HIIE and should be considered when possible, for patients under high-intensity exercise programs. However, how the use of different beta-blockers agents (ex: vasodilating) could impact muscle metabolism during various acute and chronic exercise training programs in these patients need to be better explored.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by the &#201;PIC Fondation, the Montreal Heart Institute Foundation and the CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the Post-Doctoral fellowship submitted by Paula Aver Bretanha Ribeiro, from University of Montreal.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgement</title>
      <p>The authors are grateful to &#201;PIC Foundation, Montreal Heart Institute Foundation and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq- Brazil) for grant support.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito do Tipo Betabloqueador na Oxida&#231;&#227;o de Substratos durante HIIE em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: Dados Piloto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0513-5812</contrib-id>
          <name>
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            <given-names>Paula Aver Bretanha</given-names>
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          <name>
            <surname>Normandin</surname>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nigam</surname>
            <given-names>Anil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gayda</surname>
            <given-names>Mathieu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (&#201;PIC), Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec - Canad&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec - Canad&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec - Canad&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Genebra - Su&#237;&#231;a</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Paula Aver Bretanha Ribeiro,</bold> Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (&#201;PIC), 5055 St Zotique East, Montreal, H1T1N6, Quebec - Canad&#225;. E-mail: <email>paulaabribeiro@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ribeiro PAB, Juneau M, White M, Nigam A, Gayda M; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Normandin E, Meyer P; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Ribeiro PAB, Normandin E, Meyer P, White M, Nigam A, Gayda M; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ribeiro PAB; obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ribeiro PAB, Juneau M, Gayda M; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ribeiro PAB, Gayda M; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ribeiro PAB, Normandin E, Meyer P, Juneau M, White M, Nigam A, Gayda M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Os dados sobre efeito do tipo de betabloqueador de terceira e segunda gera&#231;&#227;o na oxida&#231;&#227;o do substrato, especialmente durante exerc&#237;cios de alta intensidade, s&#227;o escassos.</p>
        <p>O objetivo do estudo &#233; explorar as diferen&#231;as de tratamentos com betabloqueadores (betabloqueadores vasodilatadores vs. n&#227;o-vasodilatadores) na oxida&#231;&#227;o de substratos durante exerc&#237;cios intermitentes de alta intensidade (HIIE) na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo reduzida (ICFEr).</p>
        <p>Dezoito pacientes do sexo masculino com ICC (58,8 &#177; 9 anos), 8 em uso de betabloqueadores &#946;1 espec&#237;ficos + bloqueador &#945;-1 e 10 utilizando betabloqueadores &#946;1 n&#227;o-espec&#237;ficos, foram aleatoriamente designados para 4 diferentes HIIE, em um desenho cruzado. Os 4 protocolos foram: 30 segundos (A e B) ou 90 segundos (C e D) a 100% da pot&#234;ncia de pico de sa&#237;da (PPO), com recupera&#231;&#227;o passiva (A e C) ou ativa (50% de PPO; B e D). O gasto energ&#233;tico (GE; kcal/min), a ingest&#227;o de carboidratos quantitativos (CHO) e oxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica (g/min) e qualitativa (%) foram calculados. Anova de dois fatores e teste post-hoc de Bonferroni foram usados (p-valor &#8804; 0,05) para comparar a oxida&#231;&#227;o de CHO e lip&#237;dios em repouso e aos 10 minutos.</p>
        <p>O tempo total de exerc&#237;cio ou GE n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as de acordo com o uso de betabloqueadores. O tipo de betabloqueador mostrou impacto em CHO (%) e l&#237;pides (g/min e %) para repouso e aos 10 min, mas a contribui&#231;&#227;o absoluta de CHO (g/min) foi diferente apenas aos 10 minutos (Intera&#231;&#227;o p = 0,029). Foram encontradas maiores oxida&#231;&#245;es de CHO com betabloqueadores vasodilatadores quando comparados com os n&#227;o-vasodilatadores.</p>
        <p>De acordo com nossos dados piloto, h&#225; um efeito do tipo do betabloqueador na oxida&#231;&#227;o do substrato durante o HIIE, mas nenhuma influ&#234;ncia no GE ou no tempo total de exerc&#237;cio nos pacientes com ICFEr.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Antagonistas Adren&#233;rgicos Beta</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxida&#231;&#227;o Qu&#237;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Para reduzir a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e melhorar a contratilidade do mioc&#225;rdio, a morbidade e a mortalidade, a maioria dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica (ICC) est&#225; sob uso de betabloqueadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Al&#233;m de todos os benef&#237;cios, h&#225; algumas evid&#234;ncias mostrando controle glic&#234;mico reduzido, ganho de peso, inibi&#231;&#227;o da secre&#231;&#227;o da insulina e resist&#234;ncia &#224; mesma e dislipidemia nos estados de repouso em pacientes recebendo betabloqueadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Al&#233;m disso, foi demonstrado que o uso de betabloqueadores poderia remodelar o uso do substrato durante o exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A terceira gera&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueadores, descritos como &#946;-bloqueadores vasodilatadores (ou seja, &#946; n&#227;o seletivo + bloqueador &#945;-1), parece ter um efeito ben&#233;fico em compara&#231;&#227;o com os anteriores (&#946; -seletivo). Devido &#224; sua falta de efeito sobre os receptores &#945;1-adren&#233;rgicos, os betabloqueadores n&#227;o-vasodilatadores podem induzir vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o, reduzindo o fluxo sangu&#237;neo e a capta&#231;&#227;o da glicose a n&#237;vel muscular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Mas quando compara&#231;&#245;es entre o Carvedilol e o Metoprolol foram feitas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; NYHA, nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de compara&#231;&#227;o do tipo de betabloqueador durante o exerc&#237;cio, especialmente durante exerc&#237;cios de alta intensidade (por exemplo, vasodilatadores vs. n&#227;o-vasodilatadores).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; intensidade do exerc&#237;cio, h&#225; um uso crescente de programas de treinamento intermitente de alta intensidade em locais de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias suficientes sobre os benef&#237;cios superiores desta modalidade para o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>max) e qualidade de vida quando comparado ao treinamento cont&#237;nuo moderado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Entretanto, ainda n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias sobre diferentes prescri&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios intermitentes de alta intensidade (HIIE, do ingl&#234;s <italic>high-intensity interval exercise</italic>) em termos de intensidade ideal, dura&#231;&#227;o dos treinos, tempo e tipo de recupera&#231;&#227;o (passiva ou ativa).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o existem evid&#234;ncias suficientes sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do substrato no contexto de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, especialmente no que diz respeito ao uso de medica&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Acreditamos que betabloqueadores vasodilatadores podem influenciar especialmente a oxida&#231;&#227;o de carboidratos (CHO), e isso pode refletir no tempo total da sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>Portanto, para este estudo, comparamos a oxida&#231;&#227;o do substrato, gasto energ&#233;tico (GE) e tempo total de exerc&#237;cio dos protocolos de HIIE realizados por pacientes com ICC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda reduzida (ICFEr), recebendo dois tipos diferentes de betabloqueadores (vasodilatador <italic>versus</italic> n&#227;o-vasodilatador).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>Vinte pacientes est&#225;veis com ICFEr foram recrutados do Ambulat&#243;rio de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Montreal. Este &#233; um subestudo; os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram detalhados em publica&#231;&#227;o anterior,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e as informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas foram obtidas de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. O estudo foi realizado em um desenho cruzado, e todos os pacientes participaram das mesmas sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio em ordem aleat&#243;ria (gerada por randomizer.org), sendo cada sess&#227;o separada por um intervalo de uma semana (5 semanas para o protocolo completo). Nenhuma mudan&#231;a na medica&#231;&#227;o foi feita durante as avalia&#231;&#245;es. O protocolo foi aceito pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do <italic>Montreal Heart Institute</italic> (08-1023), todos os procedimentos estavam de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e consentimento livre e informado por escrito foi obtido de todos os pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar m&#225;ximo</title>
          <p>O teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar m&#225;ximo foi realizado de acordo com metodologia publicada anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Em suma, o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo foi realizado em um cicloerg&#244;metro (Ergoline 800S, Bitz, Alemanha), e a velocidade foi estabelecida em 60 rpm e a pot&#234;ncia aumentada em 10 W a cada minuto at&#233; a exaust&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis de trocas gasosas foram medidas respira&#231;&#227;o a respira&#231;&#227;o durante o teste e, em seguida, obtida a m&#233;dia a cada 15s. A pot&#234;ncia de pico de sa&#237;da (PPO, do ingl&#234;s <italic>peak power output</italic>) foi definida quando a pot&#234;ncia de sa&#237;da atingiu o &#250;ltimo est&#225;gio totalmente conclu&#237;do. A atividade eletrocardiogr&#225;fica foi monitorada continuamente por meio de um ECG de 8 deriva&#231;&#245;es (Marquette, Missouri, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sess&#245;es de HIIE</title>
          <p>As sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio foram baseadas em metodologia publicada anteriormente em pacientes com ICFEr.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Os protocolos HIIE foram todos prescritos a 100% de PPO, com base no teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (CPET) e diferiram na dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo (30 segundos para os protocolos A e B <italic>versus</italic> 90 segundos para os protocolos C e D) e tipo de recupera&#231;&#227;o (recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa a 50% de PPO para os protocolos B e D <italic>versus</italic> recupera&#231;&#227;o passiva [0% de PPO] para os protocolos A e C). O tempo de exerc&#237;cio e recupera&#231;&#227;o foram projetados como uma propor&#231;&#227;o de 1:1. Cada paciente se exercitou por um tempo m&#225;ximo de 30 min ou at&#233; a exaust&#227;o devido a fadiga, dispneia, tontura ou incapacidade de manter a cad&#234;ncia do pedal a 60 rpm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Oxida&#231;&#227;o de substrato e c&#225;lculo de gasto energ&#233;tico</title>
          <p>O GE foi calculado utilizando a equa&#231;&#227;o de Weir.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A oxida&#231;&#227;o do substrato (CHO e l&#237;pides) foi calculada a partir das trocas gasosas utilizando a equa&#231;&#227;o de Frayn<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> (em g/min) e com valores da taxa de troca respirat&#243;ria (em %) utilizando uma tabela de quociente respirat&#243;rio n&#227;o-proteico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os resultados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP para caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e descritos como n (%) para o tratamento com betabloqueador (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). Esta &#233; uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria de nossos estudos anteriores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e todas as sess&#245;es de HIIE que duraram mais de 10 min foram inclu&#237;das. Os substratos foram comparados em dois momentos: repouso e ao final de 10 min, com ambas as medidas m&#233;dias de 3 min. O GE total (Kcal/min), oxida&#231;&#227;o de CHO e l&#237;pides, em g/min e contribui&#231;&#227;o total (%), foram comparados durante os protocolos HIIE utilizando ANOVA de dois fatores para os fatores tipo de betabloqueador e tempo. O teste post-hoc de Bonferroni com um valor de p &#8804; 0,05 foi utilizado. O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student foi utilizado para comparar o GE e o tempo total de exerc&#237;cio entre os tipos de betabloqueador. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando os softwares IBM SPSS Statistics, vers&#227;o 21 e Statview.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais de acordo com o tipo de classe do betabloqueador</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis Cl&#237;nicas</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Classe de betabloqueador</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">N&#227;o-vasodilatador n = 10</th>
                  <th align="center">Vasodilatador n = 8</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">59,3 &#177; 9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">58,0 &#177; 8,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,0 &#177; 4,0</td>
                  <td align="center">28,0 &#177; 3,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">27 &#177; 6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">129 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">108 &#177; 17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Classe funcional NYHA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (50%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">II</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (37,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">III</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (12,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (50%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (50%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (37,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (50%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Medicamentos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inibidores de ECA ou BRAs</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Digoxina</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (50%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Furosemida</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (75%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Espironolactona</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (50%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Dispositivos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CDI</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (75%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TRC</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(37,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis do exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pot&#234;ncia do pico de sa&#237;da (Watts)</td>
                  <td align="center">108 &#177; 33</td>
                  <td align="center">110 &#177; 31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2pico</sub> (L/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">1598 &#177; 507</td>
                  <td align="center">1478 &#177; 422</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2pico</sub> (% previsto)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2pico</sub>(mL/min/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,3 &#177; 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">18,3 &#177; 4,6</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>Os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dias &#177; DP ou n&#250;meros de pacientes (porcentagens). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; ECA: enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRAs: Bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina II; CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; VO<sub>2pico</sub>: pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes s&#227;o descritas na Tabela 1. Dois pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos desta an&#225;lise porque n&#227;o atingiram o m&#237;nimo de 10 minutos de exerc&#237;cio. Ambos os grupos foram similares para caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, exceto para press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. O tempo de exerc&#237;cio total n&#227;o foi diferente entre os tipos de betabloqueadores (grupo n&#227;o vasodilatador = 1377 &#177; 505 s; grupo vasodilatador = 1371 &#177; 503 s; p = 0,962). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as entre grupos para o GE (p grupo = 0,203 e p tempo &lt; 000,1 e intera&#231;&#227;o = 0,867). Diferen&#231;as em CHO (mg/min* Kg<sup>-1</sup> e %; p = 0,012 e p = 0,0006) e l&#237;pides (mg/min *Kg<sup>-1</sup> e %; p = 0,0017 e p = 0,0083) foram encontradas na an&#225;lise de grupo e tempo, e a intera&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada apenas para CHO (mg/min *Kg<sup>-1</sup>; p = 0,03) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Oxida&#231;&#227;o de carboidratos por grupo, em repouso e com 8-10 minutos de exerc&#237;cio intermitente de alta intensidade. B) Oxida&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;pides por grupos, em repouso e com 8-10 minutos de exerc&#237;cio intermitente de alta intensidade. *p &lt; 0,05 para os grupos; ** f p &lt; 0,05 ou efeito do tempo. Resultados ANOVA: A: grupo; B: tempo; C: intera&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0304-90039-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nossos resultados mostraram um efeito diferente na oxida&#231;&#227;o do substrato, dependendo do tipo de gera&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador. Acreditamos que a decis&#227;o do uso de betabloqueador pode beneficiar a oxida&#231;&#227;o do substrato durante o exerc&#237;cio e pode ser escolhida de acordo com a necessidade do paciente. Devido ao seu efeito sobre os receptores alfa 1-adren&#233;rgicos, os betabloqueadores vasodilatadores, como o Carvedilol, poderiam beneficiar a oxida&#231;&#227;o do CHO, como mostrado em nossos resultados em valores absolutos e relativos, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os betabloqueadores n&#227;o vasodilatadores. Como esses agentes bloqueadores podem ter um efeito diferente nos sistemas circulat&#243;rio e respirat&#243;rio, anteriormente eles eram conhecidos anteriormente por potencialmente reduzirem a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Evid&#234;ncias recentes mostram alguma melhora; com uma combina&#231;&#227;o diferente de f&#225;rmacos, betabloqueadores vasodilatadores demonstraram efeito positivo aumentando a sensibilidade &#224; insulina em compara&#231;&#227;o com os n&#227;o-vasodilatadores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e provavelmente remodelando a oxida&#231;&#227;o do substrato.</p>
        <p>De acordo com a literatura, o HIIE requer maior demanda energ&#233;tica do sistema muscular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e, portanto, deve ser acompanhado por maior oxida&#231;&#227;o de CHO. O uso crescente de HIIE em um contexto cl&#237;nico &#233; devido &#224; sua superioridade em compara&#231;&#227;o com o treinamento f&#237;sico cont&#237;nuo para melhorar o VO<sub>2pico</sub>, com efeitos similares na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, seguran&#231;a e ader&#234;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Em nosso trabalho anterior,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> mostramos diferen&#231;as na oxida&#231;&#227;o de substratos entre os protocolos de HIIE, e as vari&#226;ncias individuais nos levaram a explorar as potenciais diferen&#231;as no metabolismo muscular que poderiam estar relacionadas ao uso de betabloqueadores. Al&#233;m disso, ainda h&#225; poucos dados dispon&#237;veis sobre a oxida&#231;&#227;o de substrato e o efeito de agentes farmacol&#243;gicos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> especialmente durante o exerc&#237;cio de alta intensidade, por isso acreditamos que estamos fornecendo dados iniciais interessantes a fim de aumentar o interesse sobre o assunto.</p>
        <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo &#233; o tamanho da amostra, mas acreditamos que o mesmo &#233; apropriado para um estudo piloto, com o objetivo de encorajar uma investiga&#231;&#227;o mais aprofundada. Al&#233;m disso, devido &#224; falta de um grupo placebo, n&#227;o podemos investigar o efeito real do betabloqueador na oxida&#231;&#227;o do substrato, mas sim diferen&#231;as entre diferentes regimes de tratamento. Como mais de 90% dos nossos pacientes com ICFEr recebem algum tipo de medica&#231;&#227;o betabloqueadora, n&#227;o consideramos a possibilidade de suspender ou alterar a medica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em suma, de acordo com nossos dados piloto, o Carvedilol parece facilitar a oxida&#231;&#227;o de CHO durante HIIE e deve ser considerado, quando poss&#237;vel, para pacientes em programas de exerc&#237;cios de alta intensidade. No entanto, como o uso de diferentes agentes betabloqueadores (por exemplo: vasodilatadores) pode afetar o metabolismo muscular durante diversos programas de treinamento de exerc&#237;cios agudos e cr&#244;nicos nesses pacientes &#233; um assunto que precisa ser melhor explorado.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela &#201;PIC Fondation, the Montreal Heart Institute Foundation e CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de est&#225;gio de P&#243;s-doutorado de Paula Aver Bretanha Ribeiro pela Universite de Montreal.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Os autores agradecem &#224; Funda&#231;&#227;o EPIC e ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq - Brasil) pelo apoio financeiro.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
