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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">p6nFVmpkSNTC45nY3y4YSks</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000300302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190026</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>How to Choose the Right Valve Prosthesis for My Patient?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6524-9614</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Roney Orismar Sampaio,</bold> Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Bloco 2, Andar AB, Unidade de Cardiopatias Valvares. Postal Code 05654-040, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>orismar@cardiol.br</email>, <email>sampaioroney@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>302</fpage>
      <lpage>303</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>Bioprosthesis, Metal on Metal Joint Prostheses</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation/trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The manuscript: &#8220;Comparison of Biological and Mechanical Prostheses for Heart Valve Surgery: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> addresses a controversial issue. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of randomized trials involving long-term follow-up of patients requiring cardiac valve replacement revealing similar mortality among patients who underwent implantation of biological prostheses and those who underwent implantation of mechanical prosthesis. There were no significant differences in the risk of thromboembolism and endocarditis. However, the risk of bleeding was approximately one-third lower among patients treated with biological prostheses than those treated with mechanical prostheses. In contrast, the need for reoperation among patients treated with bioprostheses was at least three times greater than that of patients treated with mechanical prostheses.</p>
    <p>The authors selected &#8220;randomized&#8221; trials to avoid evaluation bias. The trial is interesting, as it seeks to be faithful to randomized evaluations, which are very unusual in the literature on valve diseases, especially at the time when the trials were conducted.</p>
    <p>The choice of the valve prosthesis that is most appropriate for our patients should consider classic factors such as age (young adults: most likely, mechanical prosthesis/elderly: biological prosthesis), sex (women of childbearing age: most likely, biological prosthesis), number of previous cardiac surgeries (two or more surgeries: mechanical prostheses are the preferred ones), need for permanent anticoagulation (mechanical prostheses), social and educational factors (difficulty in accepting or controlling anticoagulation and/or contraindication to anticoagulation: biological prostheses), and, more importantly, the patient's preference should be respected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Considering the age factor alone, the guidelines on valve diseases have recommended choosing mechanical prostheses for younger patients, that is, under the age of 50 (AHA/ACC/ESC) and biological prostheses for patients older than 65-70.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> However, the best prosthesis for those between 50 and 70 years of age remains controversial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Recent evaluations have demonstrated a potentially longer durability of the most modern biological prostheses and a worldwide tendency to choose this prosthesis for increasingly younger. From the decade of 1990 to 2013, there was a three to four-fold increase in the implantation of biological prostheses in both aortic and mitral positions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> New medical techniques, such as the possibility of implanting a prosthesis in another prosthesis (valve-in-valve),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> has also been promising, to avoid the use of mechanical prostheses and mandatory anticoagulation and their known risks, that is, bleeding and/or thromboembolic events.</p>
    <p>The study by Takeshi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> found that &#8220;both prostheses have similar late mortality.&#8221; However, we know that these findings may have occurred due to evaluation bias due to inadequate follow-up time in most randomized or observational trials.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Besides, valve prostheses evaluated in these studies are mostly outdated or even not available for purchase. The information is &#8220;historical,&#8221; but continuous evaluation is still required to identify the actual durability of the prostheses, which vary greatly. The structural deterioration of biological prostheses correlates with the age of implant, so in 15 years' time, 50% of the prostheses implanted at the age of 20 will have structural deterioration, dropping to 30% if implanted at 40 and 10% if after 70.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The relevance of this study is that it calls attention to an underdiscussed topic. Biological prostheses with the latest technology may last longer, compromising the main reason for using mechanical prostheses, which is to prevent further cardiac surgeries. However, the same can occur with mechanical prostheses with a better technological profile, thus reducing the need for anticoagulation with high INR values. It is also known that compliant patients, with excellent anticoagulation monitoring, have reduced bleeding or thromboembolic events.</p>
    <p>Endoprostheses implanted by catheter have contributed to changes in this scenario, and we believe that the trend of implanting biological prostheses in increasingly younger patients should become usual in the near future.</p>
    <p>In conclusion, it seems reasonable to admit the choice of biological prostheses in patients who do not need permanent anticoagulation, aged over 60-65 years, for women who wish to get pregnant and patients with difficulty in monitoring or with contraindication to anticoagulation. On the other hand, mechanical prostheses should be reserved for younger patients, chronic users of anticoagulants and patients with multiple surgeries. Note that the final decision should be the patient's, after detailed explanation of the benefits and drawbacks of each prosthesis, by their clinical cardiologist and surgeon.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Comparison of Biological and Mechanical Prostheses for Heart Valve Surgery: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Como Escolher a Pr&#243;tese Valvar mais Adequada para meu Paciente?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6524-9614</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Roney Orismar Sampaio,</bold> Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Bloco 2, Andar AB, Unidade de Cardiopatias Valvares. CEP 05654-040, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>orismar@cardiol.br</email>, <email>sampaioroney@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Pr&#243;teses Valvulares Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a das Valvas Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Biopr&#243;tese</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#243;teses Articulares Metal-Metal</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante de Valva Card&#237;aca/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O manuscrito: " Compara&#231;&#227;o de Pr&#243;teses Biol&#243;gicas e Mec&#226;nicas para Cirurgia de V&#225;lvula Card&#237;aca: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica de Estudos Controlados Randomizados"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> aborda uma quest&#227;o controversa. Os autores fizeram uma meta-an&#225;lise de estudos randomizados envolvendo seguimento a longo prazo de pacientes que necessitaram de substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar card&#237;aca revelando mortalidade semelhante entre pacientes que foram submetidos ao implante de pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas e aqueles que foram submetidos ao implante de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significantes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco de tromboembolismo e endocardite. Entretanto, o risco de sangramento foi aproximadamente um ter&#231;o menor entre os pacientes tratados com pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos tratados com pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas. Em contrapartida, a necessidade de reopera&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes tratados com biopr&#243;teses foi ao menos tr&#234;s vezes maior que a dos pacientes tratados com pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas.</p>
      <p>Os autores selecionaram estudos "randomizados" para evitar vi&#233;s de avalia&#231;&#227;o. O estudo &#233; interessante, pois procura ser fiel a avalia&#231;&#245;es randomizadas, que s&#227;o muito incomuns na literatura das doen&#231;as valvares, sobretudo &#224; &#233;poca em que foram realizados os estudos.</p>
      <p>A escolha da pr&#243;tese valvar mais adequada aos nossos pacientes, deve levar em considera&#231;&#227;o fatores cl&#225;ssicos como idade (jovens: tend&#234;ncia para mec&#226;nicas/idosos: biol&#243;gicas), sexo (mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil: tend&#234;ncia para biol&#243;gicas), n&#250;mero de cirurgias card&#237;acas pr&#233;vias (duas ou mais cirurgias: prefer&#234;ncia por mec&#226;nicas), necessidade de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o permanente (mec&#226;nicas), fatores socio-educacionais (dificuldade em aceita&#231;&#227;o ou controle da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e/ou contraindica&#231;&#227;o &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o: pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas) e finalmente, e mais importante, respeitar a prefer&#234;ncia do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
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      <p>Considerando-se somente o fator idade, as diretrizes em doen&#231;as valvares t&#234;m recomendado, a escolha de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas para pacientes mais jovens, ou seja, com idade inferior a 50 anos (AHA/ACC/ESC) e biol&#243;gicas para pacientes acima de 65-70 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Entretanto, a melhor pr&#243;tese a ser indicada no intervalo entre 50 e 70 anos, persiste controversa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Recentes avalia&#231;&#245;es demostraram uma poss&#237;vel maior durabilidade das pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas mais modernas e uma tend&#234;ncia mundial em escolher biopr&#243;teses para pacientes cada vez mais jovens. Desde a d&#233;cada de 1990 a 2013, notou-se aumento de tr&#234;s a quatro vezes mais do implante de pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas tanto em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica quanto mitral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Novas t&#233;cnicas m&#233;dicas, como a possibilidade de implante de uma pr&#243;tese dentro de outra pr&#243;tese (&#8220;valve-in-valve&#8221;),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> tamb&#233;m tem sido promissoras, para evitar o uso de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas e a obrigat&#243;ria anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e seus j&#225; conhecidos riscos, ou seja, sangramento e/ou eventos tromboemb&#243;licos.</p>
      <p>O estudo de Kiyose et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> demonstrou que "ambas as pr&#243;teses apresentam mortalidade tardia semelhantes". Entretanto, sabemos que esses achados podem ter ocorrido por vi&#233;s de avalia&#231;&#227;o devido ao tempo de acompanhamento inadequado na maioria dos estudos randomizados ou observacionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Al&#233;m disso, as pr&#243;tese valvares avaliadas nesses estudos est&#227;o, na maioria das vezes, desatualizadas ou at&#233; mesmo fora do mercado. A informa&#231;&#227;o torna-se &#8220;hist&#243;rica&#8221;, mas, mantem-se a necessidade de cont&#237;nua avalia&#231;&#227;o para identificar a real durabilidade das pr&#243;teses, que variam bastante. A deterioria&#231;&#227;o estrutural das pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas correlacionam-se com a idade de implante, assim em 15 anos, 50% das pr&#243;teses implantadas aos 20 anos ter&#227;o deterioria&#231;&#227;o estrutural, reduzindo para 30% se implantadas aos 40 anos e 10%, se ap&#243;s os 70 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
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      <p>A relev&#226;ncia desse estudo &#233; advertir para um tema inacabado. &#201; poss&#237;vel que pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas com tecnologia mais refinada, durem mais, comprometendo o principal fator para uso de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas, que &#233; evitar novas cirurgias card&#237;acas. Entretanto, o mesmo pode ocorrer, com pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas com melhor perfil tecnol&#243;gico, reduzindo a necessidade de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com valores elevados de INR. Sabe-se, igualmente, que pacientes complacentes, com excelente monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, tem reduzido de eventos de sangramento ou tromboembolismo.</p>
      <p>Endopr&#243;teses implantadas por cateter tem contribu&#237;do para a mudan&#231;a deste cen&#225;rio, e acreditamos que a tend&#234;ncia de implante de pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gica em pacientes cada vez mais jovens, deva se tornar rotineira em futuro pr&#243;ximo.</p>
      <p>Concluindo, parece razo&#225;vel admitir a escolha de pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas em pacientes que n&#227;o necessitam de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o permanente, com idade maior que 60-65 anos, para mulheres que desejam engravidar e pacientes com dificuldade em monitorar ou com contraindica&#231;&#227;o &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, reservar as pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas para os mais jovens, usu&#225;rios cr&#244;nicos de anticoagulante e pacientes com m&#250;ltiplas cirurgias. Lembrando que a decis&#227;o final deve ser do paciente, ap&#243;s detalhada explica&#231;&#227;o dos benef&#237;cios e inconvenientes de cada pr&#243;tese, pelo seu cardiologista cl&#237;nico e cirurgi&#227;o.</p>
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          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Compara&#231;&#227;o de Pr&#243;teses Biol&#243;gicas e Mec&#226;nicas para Cirurgia de V&#225;lvula Card&#237;aca: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica de Estudos Controlados Randomizados</p>
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