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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rkp45dmDpYyZpxD6k5P5fpQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000300292</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180272</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparison of Biological and Mechanical Prostheses for Heart Valve Surgery: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0827-9021</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kiyose</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto Takeshi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Suzumura</surname>
            <given-names>Erica Aranha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laranjeira</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;gia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buehler</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Amalth Esp&#237;rito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berwanger</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos de Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Amato de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moises</surname>
            <given-names>Valdir Ambr&#243;sio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Biasi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCOR), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Alberto Takeshi Kiyose,</bold> Rua Alabarda, 240 casa 08. Postal Code 04641-020, Jardim dos Estados, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>atk@uol.com.br</email>, <email>clinicatakeshi@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Kiyose AT, Moises VA, Cavalcanti AB; acquisition of data: Kiyose AT, Suzumura EA, Laranjeira L, Buehler AM, Santo JAE, Moises VA, Cavalcanti AB; analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript: Kiyose AT, Moises VA, Cavalcanti AB; statistical analysis: Kiyose AT, Buehler AM, Moises VA, Cavalcanti AB; obtaining funding: Moises VA; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Kiyose AT, Berwanger O, Carvalho ACC, Paola AA, Moises VA, Cavalcanti AB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>3</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>292</fpage>
      <lpage>301</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The choice of a mechanical (MP) or biological prosthesis (BP) for patients with valvular heart disease undergoing replacement is still not a consensus.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We aimed to determine the clinical outcomes of MP or BP placement in those patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared biological prostheses and mechanical prostheses in patients with valvular heart diseases and assessed the outcomes. RCTs were searched in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, CENTRAL, SCOPUS and Web of Science (from inception to November 2014) databases. Meta-analyses were performed using inverse variance with random effects models. The GRADE system was used to rate the quality of the evidence. A P-value lower than 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of four RCTs were included in the meta-analyses (1,528 patients) with follow up ranging from 2 to 20 years. Three used old generation mechanical and biological prostheses, and one used contemporary prostheses. No significant difference in mortality was found between BP and MP patients (risk ratio (RR = 1.07; 95% CI 0.99-1.15). The risk of bleeding was significantly lower in BP patients than MP patients (RR = 0.64; 95% CI 0.52-0.78); however, reoperations were significantly more frequent in BP patients (RR = 3.60; 95% CI 2.44-5.32). There were no statistically significant differences between BP and MP patients with respect to systemic arterial embolisms and infective endocarditis (RR = 0.93; 95% CI 0.66-1.31, RR = 1.21; CI95% 0.78-1.88, respectively). Results in the trials with modern and old prostheses were similar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The mortality rate and the risk of thromboembolic events and endocarditis were similar between BP and MP patients. The risk of bleeding was approximately one third lower for BP patients than for MP patients, while the risk of reoperations was more than three times higher for BP patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>Bioprosthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>Metal-on-Metal Joint Prosthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Review</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In the early 1960's, valve replacement surgery using prostheses completely changed the natural history of patients with valvular heart disease. Approximately 90,000 valve prostheses are implanted in the United States, and 280,000 are implanted worldwide each year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Currently, the total number of biological valve prosthesis implants surpasses that of mechanical prosthesis implants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The factors that seem to affect the increased use of biological prostheses include advances in their construction, leading to increased durability, and the fact that they do not require permanent use of oral anticoagulants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, biological prostheses still present an increased risk of structural deterioration and the need for reoperation, although the surgical risk involved in reoperation has decreased substantially in recent years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Furthermore, in the event of a stenosis disorder, patients with aortic bioprosthesis impairment can be treated with a catheter-implanted prosthesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A systematic review of randomized trials published in 2000 comparing mechanical and biological valve prostheses suggested that no difference in mortality existed between the two implant types.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> There was, however, less risk of reoperation with mechanical prostheses but increased risk of bleeding compared to biological prostheses. There are no recent systematic reviews comparing the performance of biological valve prostheses with that of mechanical prostheses. Since the publication of the last review, further randomized studies may have been published that better reflect progress in prosthesis development, surgical techniques and clinical treatments during that time period. The objective of the present systematic review of randomized studies was to compare the effect of biological valve prosthesis use with that of mechanical prosthesis use in terms of mortality, reoperations, the incidence of thromboembolic events, bleeding, and endocarditis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Search strategy and sources</title>
        <p>The literature search included the following electronic databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, (from 1950 to 04 November 2014), CENTRAL/Cochrane Library, EMBASE/Elsevier (from 1966 to November 4, 2014), SCOPUS/Elsevier (from 1960 to November 4 2014), Web of Science/Thomson Reuters (from 1898 to November 4, 2014), and LILACS/BVS (from 1980 to November 4, 2014), without language and publication date restrictions. Previous systematic reviews and guidelines were consulted to identify and include relevant studies. Other sources were also consulted to identify relevant studies including Clinicaltrials.gov, conference abstracts; lists of text references related to the topic; review articles; and information letters concerning unpublished or incomplete studies.</p>
        <p>The search strategies were developed by defining descriptors, synonyms and the use of Boolean logical operators (AND, OR, and AND NOT) for each database (MeSH/Medline, Emtree/Embase, and DeCs/BVS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The MeSH/Medline subject descriptors were sensitised by the strategy of adding "entry terms" (synonyms). In Medline, the Cochrane Handbook Filter<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> was used, which has high sensitivity for recovery of indexed randomized controlled trials (RCTs).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Selection</title>
        <p>We included randomized trials in any language that compared native valve replacement with the biological and mechanical prosthesis, regardless of the follow-up period. Observational studies, studies with children or patients under 18 years of age, and studies with patients who required tricuspid valve replacement were excluded. The study eligibility evaluation process consisted of two steps, both performed independently by pairs of reviewers. The first author (ATK) participated in all pairs. The first step consisted of screening articles by reading the title and abstract. In this step, the article was selected for the next step if at least one of the reviewers deemed the article eligible. In the second step, the full article texts were evaluated and selected based on an eligibility form. The final eligibility of the article was decided by agreement between the reviewers or by the judgment of a third reviewer in the event of a disagreement. In the case of multiple publications of the same study, we considered the manuscript reporting the longest follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data extraction and risk of bias</title>
        <p>For the data extraction process, we developed a standard form with the clinical information of each patient, including gender, age, functional class, affected valve, type of implanted prosthesis, follow-up period, and methodological characteristics, for further evaluation of evidence quality.</p>
        <p>An assessment of the risk of bias of the included studies was based on an evaluation of the following domains: random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of outcome assessors, and incomplete outcome data. Blinding of patients and the healthcare team regarding the prosthesis type was not feasible, and these items were therefore not evaluated. We generated a descriptive table to compare the selected studies by classifying the risk of bias as low, moderate, high, or unclear for each risk of bias domain.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcomes</title>
        <p>The outcomes measured included total mortality, defined as death from any cause; embolic events, defined as a systemic embolism; bleeding events (of any magnitude); new surgery, defined as the need to replace the prosthesis implanted in the initial procedure; and episodes of infectious endocarditis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data synthesis and analysis</title>
        <p>We determined the risk ratios (RRs) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for binary outcomes of each trial. Meta-analyses were performed with random effects models using inverse variance. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the position of valve replacement (aortic, mitral or combined aortic-mitral).</p>
        <p>Most trials did not report the number of events, only probabilities of events and their standard errors. Thus we calculated the variance of the logarithm of the RR with the formula used by Kassai et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <disp-formula id="e1">
            <mml:math id="e01">
              <mml:semantics>
                <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                  <mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:msubsup>
                      <mml:mi>SE</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">1</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">2</mml:mn>
                    </mml:msubsup>
                    <mml:msubsup>
                      <mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">1</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">2</mml:mn>
                    </mml:msubsup>
                  </mml:mfrac>
                  <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:msubsup>
                      <mml:mi>SE</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">2</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">2</mml:mn>
                    </mml:msubsup>
                    <mml:msubsup>
                      <mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">2</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">2</mml:mn>
                    </mml:msubsup>
                  </mml:mfrac>
                </mml:mstyle>
              </mml:semantics>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
        </p>
        <p>Where:</p>
        <p>p<sub>1</sub> = the probability of an event for a mechanical heart valve</p>
        <p>p<sub>2</sub> = the probability of an event for a bioprosthesis</p>
        <p>SE<sub>1</sub> = standard error of p<sub>1</sub></p>
        <p>SE<sub>2</sub> = standard error of p<sub>2</sub></p>
        <p>We assessed the statistical heterogeneity across trials or subgroups using Cochrane's chi-squared test. The Higgins inconsistency test (I<sup>2</sup>) was used to quantify the percentage of the variability in the effect estimates that was due to heterogeneity rather than by chance;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> we considered values of I<sup>2</sup> &#8804; 25% as low heterogeneity and values &#8805; 50% as high heterogeneity. We conducted these analyses using Review Manager Version 5.2 software (Cochrane IMS, Oxford, UK). A p-value lower than 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quality of evidence assessment</title>
        <p>We assessed the confidence in the estimates of effect (quality of evidence) using the GRADE (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of included studies</title>
        <p>The electronic database search resulted in 7,725 citations (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). After evaluation of the articles, we identified four original studies including 1,528 patients in total. The clinical characteristics of the four included studies are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Study search and selection processes.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0292-80272-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of included studies</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="24%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Trials</th>
                <th align="center">Year of<break/>publication</th>
                <th align="center">Total<break/>randomised</th>
                <th align="center">Type of<break/>valves</th>
                <th align="center">Number<break/>Randomised</th>
                <th align="center">Patients Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center">Local of prosthesis<break/>implantation</th>
                <th align="center">Follow-up (m/y)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Vallejo</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">1981</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">110</td>
                <td align="center">Bioprosthesis:<break/>Angell-Shiley</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">7% NYHA II; 27% NYHA III; 4%<break/>NYHA IV<break/>66% Male, Mean age: 39.7 &#177; 11 .2</td>
                <td align="center">MVR</td>
                <td align="center">Mean<break/>24.13 &#177;11.16 m</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Mechanical<break/>prosthesis <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>:<break/>Bjork-Shiley</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">7% NYHA II; 24% NYHA III;<break/>4% NYHA IV<break/>69% Male, 40.7 &#177; 11.3</td>
                <td align="center">MVR</td>
                <td align="center">Mean<break/>31.61 &#177; 13.02 m</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Lillehei-Kaster</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">4% NYHA II; 30% NYHA III;<break/>3% NYHA IV<break/>76% Male, 41.9 &#177; 10.4</td>
                <td align="center">MVR</td>
                <td align="center">Mean<break/>30.4 &#177; 15.9 m</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Veterans Affairs<break/>(Hammermeister)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2000</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">575</td>
                <td align="center">Bioprosthesis:<break/>Hancock<break/>porcine</td>
                <td align="center">289</td>
                <td align="center">100% Male</td>
                <td align="center">67% AVR;<break/>33% MVR</td>
                <td align="center">Maximum 18 y</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Mechanical<break/>prosthesis:<break/>Bjork-Shiley</td>
                <td align="center">286</td>
                <td align="center">100% Male</td>
                <td align="center">69% AVR;<break/>31% MVR</td>
                <td align="center">Maximum 18 y</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Edinburgh<break/>(Oxenham,<break/>Bloomfield)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2003</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">533</td>
                <td align="center">Bioprosthesis:<break/>Hancock<break/>porcine<break/>Carpentier-<break/>Edwards</td>
                <td align="center">107<break/>159</td>
                <td align="center">53% NYHA III or IV AF <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref>
									<break/>76% Female mitral valve</td>
                <td align="center">38% AVR,<break/>50% MVR,<break/>12% AVR+MVR</td>
                <td align="center">Mean<break/>20.4 y</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Mechanical<break/>prosthesis:<break/>Bjork-Shiley</td>
                <td align="center">267</td>
                <td align="center">57% NYHA III or IV<break/>74% Female mitral valve</td>
                <td align="center">41% AVR,<break/>48% MVR,<break/>11% AVR+MVR</td>
                <td align="center">Mean<break/>20.4 y</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Stassano</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">2009</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">310</td>
                <td align="center">Bioprosthesis:<break/>Carpentier-<break/>Edwards SAV</td>
                <td align="center">93</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">75.5% NYHA III or IV<break/>Male 50.3%<break/>Age 63.5 &#177; 3.9</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">100% AVR</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">Mean 106 &#177; 28 m</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Carpentier-<break/>Edwards<break/>Pericardial</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Mechanical<break/>prosthesis: St.<break/>Jude Medical</td>
                <td align="center">107</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">76,8% NYHA III or IV<break/>Male 42,5%<break/>Age 64.0 &#177; 7.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Carbomedics</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Tilting disc valve. 37.8% previous surgery in mitral valve with LK (p &lt; 0.005);</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>67% Bioprosthesis in atrial fibrillation.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Vallejo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> randomized 110 mitral valve replacement candidates, from 1975 to 1979, into one of three groups: Angell-Shiley porcine bioprosthesis, Bj&#246;rk-Shiley mechanical prosthesis, and Lillehei-Kaster mechanical prosthesis. The mean follow-up time was approximately two years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study randomized 575 patients between 1977 and 1982.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> This study included men who received a Hancock first generation porcine bioprosthesis or Bj&#246;rk-Shiley mechanical single spherical 60 degrees disc prosthesis. Most patients (70%) underwent aortic valve replacement. The mean follow-up time was 15 years.</p>
        <p>Bloomfield et al randomized 533 patients of both genders to receive either a mechanical Byork-Schiley 60 degrees spherical tilting disk or a porcine bioprosthetic valve. Between 1975 and 1977 the patients assigned to a bioprosthesis received a Hancock prosthesis and after January 1977 to 1979 such patients received a Carpentier- Edwards prosthesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Approximately half of the patients underwent aortic valve replacement, and half underwent mitral valve replacement. The mean follow-up time was 20 years.</p>
        <p>Stassano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> randomized 310 patients, who required aortic valve replacement between 1995 and 2003, into a biological prosthesis group and a mechanical prosthesis group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Carpentier-Edwards porcine or Carpentier-Edwards bovine pericardial prostheses were used in the bioprosthesis group. In the group allocated to mechanical prostheses, Carbomedics or St. Jude double disc prostheses were used. The mean follow-up time was 8.8 years.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risk of Bias</title>
        <p>Characteristics related to the risk of bias of the studies are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. None of the studies described how the random list was generated. The trials were at low risk of bias for all the other domains including allocation concealment, blinding of outcome assessors, and incomplete outcome data. None of the studies used blinding of patients and health professionals, which is not feasible in this scenario.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Risk of bias in included studies</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Vallejo 1981</th>
                <th align="center">Veterans 2000</th>
                <th align="center">Edinburgh 2003</th>
                <th align="center">Stassano 2009</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Random sequence generation</td>
                <td align="center">Unclear</td>
                <td align="center">Unclear</td>
                <td align="center">Unclear</td>
                <td align="center">Unclear</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Allocation concealment</td>
                <td align="center">Low risk of bias</td>
                <td align="center">Low risk of bias</td>
                <td align="center">Low risk of bias</td>
                <td align="center">Low risk of bias</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Blinding of outcome assessors</td>
                <td align="center">Low risk of bias</td>
                <td align="center">Low risk of bias</td>
                <td align="center">Low risk of bias</td>
                <td align="center">Low risk of bias</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Complete outcome data</td>
                <td align="center">Low risk of bias</td>
                <td align="center">Low risk of bias</td>
                <td align="center">Low risk of bias</td>
                <td align="center">Low risk of bias</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical outcomes</title>
        <p>There was no statistically significant difference in the risk of death between biological or mechanical prosthesis, although most of the confidence interval favours the latter (RR = 1.07; 95% CI 0.99-1.15) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). In addition, mortality was similar in the subgroups of patients receiving prostheses in the aortic or mitral positions or in both positions simultaneously. The effect estimates from different studies were reasonably homogeneous (I&#178; = 22%).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Forest plot showing the effects of biological versus mechanical prostheses on mortality.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0292-80272-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The need for reoperation was more frequent among patients who received biological prostheses than among those who received mechanical prostheses (RR = 3.60; 95% CI 2.44-5.32; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%). The effect was similar in patients who received prostheses in the aortic or mitral position or both simultaneously (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Forest plots showing the effects of biological versus mechanical prostheses on a need for reoperation (A) and risk of bleeding (B).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0292-80272-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The risk of bleeding was lower in patients treated with biological prostheses than in those treated with mechanical prostheses (RR = 0.64; 95% CI 0.52-0.78; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%). There was a trend toward a distinct effect between the subgroups according to the position of the implant, but that was not statistically significant (P for subgroup differences = 0.09) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). It should be noted that the definitions of bleeding were not equal across studies. Vallejo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> considered only bleeding that required hospitalisation or that was a direct cause of death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In their study, Bloomfield et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> included all major (65%) and minor bleeding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The Veterans Affairs study included clinically important bleeding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Stassano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> made no reference to the magnitude of the bleeding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>There were no significant differences in the risk of endocarditis (RR = 1.21, 95% CI 0.78-1.88; I<sup>2</sup> = 4%) or systemic arterial embolism (RR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.66-1.31; I<sup>2</sup> = 31%) between the group that received bioprostheses and the group that received mechanical prostheses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Forest plots showing the effects of biological versus mechanical prostheses on the risk of systemic arterial embolism (A) and the risk of endocarditis (B).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0292-80272-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized studies involving patients requiring cardiac valve replacement revealed similar mortality between patients who underwent implantation of biological prostheses and those who underwent implantation of mechanical prostheses. There were also no differences regarding the risk of thromboembolism and endocarditis. However, the risk of bleeding was approximately one third lower among patients treated with biological prostheses than in those treated with mechanical prostheses. In contrast, the need for reoperation among patients treated with bioprostheses was more than three times greater that of patients treated with mechanical prostheses.</p>
      <p>Currently, the decision between a biological and mechanical prosthesis is based on medical assessment and patient preference. The following are important factors in this decision: biological and chronological age, life expectancy, and absolute or relative contraindications to the use of oral anticoagulants after surgery, e.g., comorbidities or intense sport activity. The 2014 American Guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> recommend a mechanical prosthesis for mitral or aortic valve implantation in patients less than 60 years old who have no contraindication to the use of oral anticoagulants (recommendation IIa, evidence level B); a bioprosthesis is recommended for those aged over 70 years, and biological or mechanical prostheses are recommended for patients between 60 and 70 years of age (both with recommendation IIa and evidence level B).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The 2012 European directive recommends the use of a mechanical prosthesis in patients less than 60 years old in the aortic position and in those under 65 in the mitral position (recommendation IIa, evidence level C).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Therefore, there is currently no exact recommendation for the choice of prosthesis in the 60-70 year age range, and there is no solid evidence upon which the choice of one prosthesis over another can be made. Thus, variability in preferences will likely occur among patients, in special for those aged between 60 and 70 years, and the data from this systematic review should be useful to inform the decision.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Randomized studies to assess treatments for valvular heart disease pose unique clinical challenges in cardiology for several reasons. First, the disease is of relatively low prevalence. Second, comparing surgical complex interventions in randomized controlled trials is difficult. Third, important clinical endpoints are assessed only after decades of follow-up. Fourth, continuing advances in prosthetic heart valve technology make follow-up a moving target because long-term data by definition are available only for older prostheses. Newer tissue and mechanical prostheses afford superior hemodynamics compared with their older counterparts, and data suggest that durability and patient mortality are superior with newer compared with older bioprostheses. In parallel, the mechanical prosthesis has also evolved. Nevertheless, important advances have been made through the results of randomized trials in equally challenging fields in cardiology, for instance, assessment of CABG vs medical treatment or percutaneous treatment. It is in the public interest, both in health and financial terms, to have access to high-quality data to inform decisions regarding the use of health technologies. Therefore, more and better trials comparing technologies for patients with valvular heart disease are needed and feasible. Funding for those trials might be provided by the prosthesis industry had the regulatory environment enforced formal comparative testing, as is currently done with drugs. Alternatively, public funding agencies might support these trials.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Evidence Applicability</title>
        <p>Bleeding was more common in the mechanical prosthesis group than in the biological prosthesis group. However, the studies included in the present review were conducted at a time predating the International Normalised Ratio (INR) and the International Sensitivity Index (ISI). The INR was introduced in the 1980s, and the ISI was introduced in the 1990s. It is possible that with the improved anticoagulation monitoring processes currently available, the difference in the risk of bleeding for patients treated with mechanical versus biological prostheses may be lower than that found in this review.</p>
        <p>In our systematic review, three of the four trials considered used the first generation biological prostheses and single disc mechanical prostheses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Although uncontrolled studies suggest that second and third generation biological prostheses have greater durability,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> in the study by Stassano et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> which included both modern biological and modern mechanical prostheses, the increased risk of reoperation was similar to that observed in the other trials.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Concordance and discordance in relation to other studies</title>
        <p>We found a single meta-analysis that included three trials comparing old generation biological and mechanical prostheses, which was published by Kassai et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> 15 years ago. In the current review, we identified an additional study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> that compared modern prostheses. In addition, the randomized studies of the Veterans Affairs group<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and the Edinburgh group<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> presented new publications with extended follow-up periods of 15 and 20 years, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Our results, as well as adding an additional study, reflect long-term follow-up, which is fundamental for better characterising the clinical progress of patients undergoing prosthetic valve implantation.</p>
        <p>Indeed a number of observational studies have shown the extended durability of biological prostheses, with a decrease in mortality of reoperation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In parallel, use of biological prostheses has increased substantially.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, the evidence provided by observational studies is weak due to the high risk of selection bias. Conversely, observational studies have also suggested increased mortality with biological prosthesis for mitral valve replacement. Our results showed a nonsignificant trend towards increased mortality with biological valves irrespective of position.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quality of evidence (GRADE)</title>
        <p>The included randomized studies present a low risk of bias and directly evaluate whether differences in clinical outcomes exist between biological and mechanical prostheses. Reporting bias is also unlikely. Regarding the mortality, reoperation and bleeding outcomes, the estimated effect of biological versus mechanical prostheses exhibited good precision and absence of serious inconsistency. We, therefore, consider that the evidence is of high quality (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). For the systemic arterial embolism and endocarditis outcomes, although there was no serious inconsistency, the estimated effect is imprecise (i.e., the 95% CI is compatible with an unfavourable outcome of both the bioprosthesis and the mechanical prosthesis).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Assessment of the quality of evidence and summary of findings</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="center" colspan="6">Quality assessment</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Summary of findings</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">No of studies (No.<break/>of participants)</th>
                <th align="center">Study<break/>limitations</th>
                <th align="center">Inconsistency</th>
                <th align="center">Indirectness</th>
                <th align="center">Imprecision</th>
                <th align="center">Publication bias</th>
                <th align="center">Relative risk (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center">Quality</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Mortality</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4 (1,535)</td>
                <td align="center">No serious<break/>limitations</td>
                <td align="center">No serious<break/>inconsistency</td>
                <td align="center">Direct</td>
                <td align="center">No serious<break/>imprecision</td>
                <td align="center">Unlikely</td>
                <td align="center">1.07 (0.99, 1.15)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8853;&#8853;&#8853;&#8853; HIGH</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Reoperation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4 (1,535)</td>
                <td align="center">No serious<break/>limitations</td>
                <td align="center">No serious<break/>inconsistency</td>
                <td align="center">Direct</td>
                <td align="center">No serious<break/>imprecision</td>
                <td align="center">Unlikely</td>
                <td align="center">3.60 (2.44, 5.32)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8853;&#8853;&#8853;&#8853; HIGH</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Bleeding</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4 (1,535)</td>
                <td align="center">No serious<break/>limitations</td>
                <td align="center">No serious<break/>inconsistency</td>
                <td align="center">Direct</td>
                <td align="center">No serious<break/>imprecision</td>
                <td align="center">Unlikely</td>
                <td align="center">0.64 (0.52, 0.78)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8853;&#8853;&#8853;&#8853; HIGH</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Embolism</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4 (1,535</td>
                <td align="center">No serious<break/>limitations</td>
                <td align="center">No serious<break/>inconsistency</td>
                <td align="center">Direct</td>
                <td align="center">Imprecision<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Unlikely</td>
                <td align="center">0.93 (0.66, 1.31)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8853;&#8853;&#8853;O<break/>MODERATE</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Endocarditis</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4 (1,535)</td>
                <td align="center">No serious<break/>limitations</td>
                <td align="center">No serious<break/>inconsistency</td>
                <td align="center">Direct</td>
                <td align="center">Imprecision<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Unlikely</td>
                <td align="center">1.21 (0.78, 1.88)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8853;&#8853;&#8853;O<break/>MODERATE</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Effect estimate compatible with either no effect or harm; &#8224; Effect estimate compatible with either substantial benefit or harm.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Effect estimate compatible with either substantial benefit or harm.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Strengths and weaknesses</title>
        <p>Our systematic review has strengths and limitations. The development of the search strategy may be cited as a strength, as it was very sensitive and offered little likelihood of not identifying any relevant evidence. The main databases were searched along with unpublished evidence sources, and a manual evidence search was performed. All systematic review procedures were directed by guidelines and literature specific to this type of study, including all methodological characteristics necessary for proper execution of the review.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The included trials conducted extended follow-up of patients (from 2 to 20 years), allowing adequate evaluation of the effect of biological versus mechanical prostheses in clinical outcomes, particularly those with late incidence of outcomes such as the need for reoperation.</p>
        <p>With regard to limiting factors, the inherent limitations of systematic reviews should be considered, such as slight differences in the populations of trial studies. For example, patients with a small aortic annulus were excluded in the Bloomfield study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> those with a small mitral annulus or significant coronary artery disease were excluded from the Veterans study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and patients with aortic valve lesions were excluded from Vallejo's study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A major weakness of our systematic review is the age of available trials. Three of the 4 trials included are old and used first generation biological prostheses and single-disk mechanical prostheses. As both prostheses and ancillary care have evolved, it is possible that the results we have observed would not be currently applicable. Indeed a number of observational studies have shown the higher durability of biological prostheses and a trend towards its use in younger patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, the evidence provided by observational studies is weak due to the high risk of selection bias. Furthermore, the results of the randomized trial by Stassano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> comparing modern biological to mechanical prosthesis are completely consistent with those of previous trials. In special, there was an important increase in the need of reoperation and a decreased risk of bleeding with biological prostheses. Thus, although more evidence from new trials comparing biological to mechanical is urgently needed, the best available evidence does not support the increasing preference for biological prostheses.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our systematic review of randomized studies, which evaluated the outcomes of patients who randomly received biological and mechanical valve prostheses, showed that although there are no differences in mortality, there is a significant increase in the risk of new valve replacement surgery when opting for biological prostheses.</p>
      <p>In contrast, the risk of bleeding is lower with bioprostheses. There were no differences in mortality, the risk of endocarditis or systemic embolism between the two prosthesis types. Although three of the four trials included in our meta-analysis used old generation biological and mechanical prostheses, the trial which evaluated currently used prostheses for aortic valve replacement showed the same results. Nevertheless, evidence to inform the choice between currently available prostheses is very limited and mostly based on observational studies. Randomized comparisons are utterly necessary.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Capes.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Alberto Takeshi Kiyose, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
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            <name>
              <surname>Dumesnil</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
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          <article-title>Prosthetic heart valves: selection of the optimal prosthesis and long-term management</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2009</year>
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        <mixed-citation>2 Bonow RO, Carabello B, de Leon AC, Henry EL, Fedderly BJ, Freed MD, et al. Guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease executive summary a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease). Circulation. 1998;98(18):1949-84.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Carabello</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>de Leon</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Henry</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Fedderly</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freed</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease executive summary a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease)</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1949</fpage>
          <lpage>1984</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de Pr&#243;teses Biol&#243;gicas e Mec&#226;nicas para Cirurgia de V&#225;lvula Card&#237;aca: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica de Estudos Controlados Randomizados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0827-9021</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kiyose</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto Takeshi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Suzumura</surname>
            <given-names>Erica Aranha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laranjeira</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;gia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buehler</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Amalth Esp&#237;rito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berwanger</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos de Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Amato de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moises</surname>
            <given-names>Valdir Ambr&#243;sio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Biasi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCOR), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alberto Takeshi Kiyose,</bold> Rua Alabarda, 240 casa 08. CEP 04641-020, Jardim dos Estados, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>atk@uol.com.br</email>, <email>clinicatakeshi@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Kiyose AT, Moises VA, Cavalcanti AB; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Kiyose AT, Suzumura EA, Laranjeira L, Buehler AM, Santo JAE, Moises VA, Cavalcanti AB; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Kiyose AT, Moises VA, Cavalcanti AB; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Kiyose AT, Buehler AM, Moises VA, Cavalcanti AB; obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Moises VA; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Kiyose AT, Berwanger O, Carvalho ACC, Paola AA, Moises VA, Cavalcanti AB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A escolha de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas ou biol&#243;gicas para pacientes com doen&#231;a de v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca ainda n&#227;o &#233; um consenso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas e biol&#243;gicas nesses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Conduzimos uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise e estudos controlados randomizados (RCTs) que compararam pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas e biol&#243;gicas em pacientes com doen&#231;as de v&#225;lvulas card&#237;aca, e avaliamos seus resultados. A busca por RCTs foi feita nas bases de dados MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, CENTRAL, SCOPUS e Web of Science (do in&#237;cio a novembro de 2014). As metan&#225;lises foram realizadas usando varia&#231;&#227;o inversa com modelos de efeitos aleat&#243;rios. Usamos o sistema GRADE para avaliar a qualidade da evid&#234;ncia. Um valor menor que 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Um total de quatro RCTs foi inclu&#237;do na metan&#225;lise (1528 pacientes) com acompanhamento de 2 a 20 anos. Em tr&#234;s estudos, foram utilizadas pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas e biol&#243;gicas mais antigas, e em um estudo pr&#243;teses contempor&#226;neas. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a de mortalidade entre os pacientes que receberam pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas e biol&#243;gicas (risco relativo, RR = 1,07; IC95% 0,99-1,15). O risco de sangramento foi significativamente mais baixo nos pacientes que receberam pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas que naqueles com pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas (RR = 0,64; IC95% 0,52-0,78). Contudo, as reopara&#231;&#245;es foram mais frequentes em pacientes com pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas (RR = 3,60; IC95% 2,44-5,32). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre pacientes com pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas e mec&#226;nicas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; embolia arterial sist&#234;mica e endocardite infecciosa (RR = 0,93; IC95% 0,66-1,31; RR = 1,21; IC95% 0,78-1,88, respectivamente). Resultados entre os estudos com pr&#243;teses modernas e antigas foram similares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A taxa de mortalidade e o risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e endocardite foram similares entre os pacientes que receberam pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas e mec&#226;nicas. O risco de sangramentos foi aproximadamente um ter&#231;o menor nos pacientes com pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas que mec&#226;nicas, ao passo que o risco de reopera&#231;&#227;o foi mais que tr&#234;s vezes maior nos pacientes com pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Pr&#243;teses Valvulares Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a das Valvas Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Biopr&#243;tese</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#243;teses Articulares Metal-Metal</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante de Pr&#243;tese de Valva Card&#237;aca/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>No in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 60, a cirurgia de substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar utilizando pr&#243;teses mudou completamente a hist&#243;ria natural dos pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca. Aproximadamente 90 mil pr&#243;teses valvares s&#227;o implantadas nos Estados Unidos e 280 mil implantadas em todo o mundo por ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Atualmente, o n&#250;mero total de implantes de pr&#243;teses valvares biol&#243;gicas ultrapassa o de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os fatores que parecem contribuir para o maior uso de pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas incluem os avan&#231;os ocorridos na sua elabora&#231;&#227;o, levando &#224; maior durabilidade, e o fato de que essas pr&#243;teses prescindem o uso de anticoagulantes orais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Contudo, as pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas ainda apresentam um risco elevado de deteriora&#231;&#227;o estrutural e a necessidade de reopera&#231;&#227;o, apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel no risco cir&#250;rgico envolvido na reopera&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Al&#233;m disso, em casos de estenoses, os pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o na biopr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica podem ser tratados com implante de valva transcateter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de ensaios randomizados publicados em 2000 comparou pr&#243;teses valvares mec&#226;nicas e biol&#243;gicas, sugerindo que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na mortalidade entre os dois tipos de implantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Houve, contudo, menor risco de reopera&#231;&#227;o, mas maior risco de hemorragia com as pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas. Desde a publica&#231;&#227;o da &#250;ltima revis&#227;o, outros estudos randomizados podem ter sido publicados, mostrando a evolu&#231;&#227;o ocorrida no desenvolvimento das pr&#243;teses, nas t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas e nos tratamentos cl&#237;nicos durante o per&#237;odo. O objetivo desta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de estudos randomizados foi comparar o efeito da pr&#243;tese valvar biol&#243;gica com o efeito de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica em termos de mortalidade, reopera&#231;&#227;o, incid&#234;ncia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, sangramento e endocardite.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gia e fontes da revis&#227;o</title>
          <p>A revis&#227;o na literatura incluiu as seguintes bases de dados eletr&#244;nicas: MEDLINE/PubMed, (de 1950 a 04 de novembro de 2014), CENTRAL/Cochrane Library, EMBASE/Elsevier (de 1966 a 04 de novembro de 2014), SCOPUS/Elsevier (de 1960 a 04 de novembro de 2014), Web of Science/Thomson Reuters (de 1898 a 04 de novembro de 2014), e LILACS/BVS (de 1980 a 04 de novembro de 2014), sem restri&#231;&#245;es de idioma ou data de publica&#231;&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m foram consultadas revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas, diretrizes, e outras fontes incluindo Clinicaltrials.gov, resumos de congressos, refer&#234;ncias bibliogr&#225;ficas relacionadas ao tema, artigos de revis&#227;o para identificar e incluir outros estudos relevantes, al&#233;m de cartas informativas mencionando estudos n&#227;o publicados ou incompletos.</p>
          <p>As estrat&#233;gias de busca foram desenvolvidas definindo-se descritores, sin&#244;nimos e uso de operadores l&#243;gicos booleanos (AND, OR, e AND NOT) para cada base de dados (MeSH/Medline, Emtree/Embase, e DeCs/BVS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Para a pesquisa dos descritores MeSH/Medline usou-se a ferramenta de busca "entry terms" (busca de sin&#244;nimos). Na base de dados Medline, usou-se o filtro de busca Cochrane Handbook,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> que foi muito sens&#237;vel na identifica&#231;&#227;o de ensaios controlados randomizados (RCTs, <italic>randomized clinical trials</italic>) indexados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
          <p>Inclu&#237;mos ensaios randomizados, publicados em qualquer idioma, que comparou a substitui&#231;&#227;o de valvas nativas por pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas e pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas, independentemente do tempo de acompanhamento. Estudos observacionais, estudos com crian&#231;as ou pacientes com idade menor de 18 anos, e estudos com pacientes que necessitaram de substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva tric&#250;spide foram exclu&#237;dos. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da elegibilidade do estudo consistiu em duas etapas, ambas realizadas de maneira independente por dois revisores. O primeiro autor (ATK) participou de todas as revis&#245;es por pares. Na primeira etapa, os artigos foram rastreados a partir do t&#237;tulo e resumo; os artigos foram selecionados para a etapa seguinte se ao menos um dos dois revisores considerasse o artigo eleg&#237;vel. Na segunda etapa, textos de artigos completos foram avaliados e selecionados com base em um formul&#225;rio de elegibilidade. A elegibilidade final do artigo foi decidida por consenso entre os revisores, e julgamento de um terceiro revisor em caso de desacordo. Se houvesse mais de uma publica&#231;&#227;o do mesmo estudo, consideramos o estudo em que houve o tempo de acompanhamento mais longo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados e risco de vi&#233;s</title>
          <p>Para o processo de extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados, desenvolvemos um formul&#225;rio padr&#227;o com informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de cada paciente incluindo sexo, idade, classe funcional, v&#225;lvula afetada, tipo de pr&#243;tese implantada, per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, e caracter&#237;sticas metodol&#243;gicas para avalia&#231;&#227;o posterior da qualidade da evid&#234;ncia.</p>
          <p>O risco de vi&#233;s dos estudos inclu&#237;dos foi avaliado com base dos seguintes dom&#237;nios: gera&#231;&#227;o de sequ&#234;ncia aleat&#243;ria, desconhecimento da ordem de aloca&#231;&#227;o, avalia&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos a cegas, e dados de desfechos incompletos. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel manter os pacientes e os profissionais de sa&#250;de "cegos" quanto ao tipo de pr&#243;tese e, por isso, esse item n&#227;o foi avaliado. Elaboramos uma tabela descritiva para comparar os estudos selecionados, classificando-os quanto ao risco de vi&#233;s baixo, moderado, alto ou indefinido de cada dom&#237;nio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos</title>
          <p>Os desfechos inclu&#237;ram mortalidade total, definida como morte por qualquer causa; eventos emb&#243;licos, definidos como embolia sist&#234;mica; eventos hemorr&#225;gicos (de qualquer magnitude); nova cirurgia, definida como a necessidade de substitui&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese implantada no procedimento inicial; e epis&#243;dios de endocardite infecciosa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>S&#237;ntese e an&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>Determinamos o risco relativo (RR) e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% para desfechos bin&#225;rios de cada ensaio. Meta-an&#225;lises foram realizadas por modelos de efeitos aleat&#243;rios com varia&#231;&#227;o inversa. Subgrupos foram analisados por localiza&#231;&#227;o da substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar (a&#243;rtica, mitral ou combinada a&#243;rtica-mitral).</p>
          <p>A maioria dos estudos n&#227;o relatou o n&#250;mero de eventos, somente probabilidades dos eventos e seus erros padr&#245;es. Assim, calculamos a vari&#226;ncia do logaritmo do RR com a f&#243;rmula usada por Kassai et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <disp-formula id="e2">
              <mml:math id="e02">
                <mml:semantics>
                  <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                    <mml:mfrac>
                      <mml:msubsup>
                        <mml:mi>SE</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">1</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">2</mml:mn>
                      </mml:msubsup>
                      <mml:msubsup>
                        <mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">1</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">2</mml:mn>
                      </mml:msubsup>
                    </mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mfrac>
                      <mml:msubsup>
                        <mml:mi>SE</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">2</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">2</mml:mn>
                      </mml:msubsup>
                      <mml:msubsup>
                        <mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">2</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">2</mml:mn>
                      </mml:msubsup>
                    </mml:mfrac>
                  </mml:mstyle>
                </mml:semantics>
              </mml:math>
            </disp-formula>
          </p>
          <p>Onde:</p>
          <p>p<sub>1</sub> = probabilidade de um evento para implante de v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca mec&#226;nica</p>
          <p>p<sub>2</sub> = probabilidade de um evento para implante de biopr&#243;tese</p>
          <p>SE<sub>1</sub> = erro padr&#227;o de p<sub>1</sub></p>
          <p>SE<sub>2</sub> = erro padr&#227;o p<sub>2</sub></p>
          <p>Avaliamos a heterogeneidade entre os estudos ou subgrupos pelo teste qui-quadrado de Cochrane. O teste de inconsist&#234;ncia de Higgins (I<sup>2</sup>) foi usado para quantificar a porcentagem de variabilidade nas estimativas de efeitos atribu&#237;dos &#224; heterogeneidade e n&#227;o ao acaso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Consideramos um valor de I<sup>2</sup> &#8804; 25% como baixa heterogeneidade e &#8805; 50% como alta heterogeneidade. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas pelo programa Review Manager Version 5.2 (Cochrane IMS, Oxford, Reino Unido). Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Qualidade da avalia&#231;&#227;o da evid&#234;ncia</title>
          <p>Avaliamos a confiabilidade das estimativas do efeito (qualidade das evid&#234;ncias) pelo sistema GRADE (<italic>Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
          <p>As bases de dados eletr&#244;nicas resultaram em 7725 cita&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>). Ap&#243;s avali&#231;&#227;o dos artigos, identificamos quatro estudos originais incluindo 1528 pacientes no total. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas desses estudos s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Processos de busca e sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0292-80272-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="24%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Estudos</th>
                  <th align="center">Ano de<break/>publica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Total de<break/>pacientes</th>
                  <th align="center">Tipo de<break/>v&#225;lvulas</th>
                  <th align="center">N&#250;mero de<break/>pacientes<break/>randomizados</th>
                  <th align="center">Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</th>
                  <th align="center">Local de<break/>implanta&#231;&#227;o<break/>da pr&#243;tese</th>
                  <th align="center">Acompanhamento<break/>(meses/anos)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Vallejo</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">1981</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">110</td>
                  <td align="center">Biopr&#243;teses:<break/>Angell-Shiley</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">7% NYHA II; 27% NYHA III; 4% NYHA IV<break/>66% homens, idade m&#233;dia: 39,7 &#177; 11,2</td>
                  <td align="center">mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">M&#233;dia<break/>24,13 &#177;11,16 meses</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Pr&#243;teses<break/>mec&#226;nicas <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>:<break/>Bjork-Shiley</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">7% NYHA II; 24% NYHA III;<break/> 4% NYHA IV<break/>69% homens, 40,7 &#177; 11,3</td>
                  <td align="center">mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">M&#233;dia<break/> 31,61 &#177; 13,02 meses</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Lillehei-Kaster</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">4% NYHA II; 30% NYHA III;<break/> 3% NYHA IV<break/>76% homens, 41,9 &#177; 10,4</td>
                  <td align="center">mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">M&#233;dia<break/> 30,4 &#177; 15,9 meses</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Veterans Affairs<break/>(Hammermeister)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">2000</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">575</td>
                  <td align="center">Biopr&#243;teses:<break/>Hancock<break/>porcina</td>
                  <td align="center">289</td>
                  <td align="center">100% homens</td>
                  <td align="center">67% a&#243;rtica;<break/>33% mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">M&#225;ximo 18 anos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Pr&#243;teses<break/>mec&#226;nicas:<break/>Bjork-Shiley</td>
                  <td align="center">286</td>
                  <td align="center">100% homens</td>
                  <td align="center">69% a&#243;rtica;<break/> 31% mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">M&#225;ximo 18 anos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Edinburgh<break/>(Oxenham,<break/>Bloomfield)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">2003</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">533</td>
                  <td align="center">Biopr&#243;teses:<break/>Hancock<break/>porcina<break/>Carpentier-<break/>Edwards</td>
                  <td align="center">107<break/>159</td>
                  <td align="center">53% NYHA III ou IV AF <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref>
										<break/>76% mulheres (v&#225;lvula mitral)</td>
                  <td align="center">38% a&#243;rtica,<break/>50% mitral,<break/>12% a&#243;rtica+mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">M&#233;dia<break/>20,4 anos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Pr&#243;teses<break/>mec&#226;nicas:<break/>Bjork-Shiley</td>
                  <td align="center">267</td>
                  <td align="center">57% NYHA III ou IV<break/> 74% mulheres (v&#225;lvula mitral)</td>
                  <td align="center">41% a&#243;rtica,<break/> 48% mitral,<break/>11% a&#243;rtica+mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">M&#233;dia<break/> 20,4 anos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="4">Stassano</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">2009</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">310</td>
                  <td align="center">Biopr&#243;teses:<break/>Carpentier-<break/>Edwards SAV</td>
                  <td align="center">93</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">75,5% NYHA III ou IV<break/>Homens 50,3%<break/>Idade 63,5 &#177; 3,9</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">100% a&#243;rtica</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">M&#233;dia<break/>106 &#177; 28 m</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Carpentier-<break/>Edwards<break/>Peric&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Pr&#243;teses<break/>mec&#226;nicas: St.<break/>Jude Medical</td>
                  <td align="center">107</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">76,8% NYHA III ou IV<break/> Homens 42,5%<break/>Idade 64,0 &#177; 7,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Carbomedics</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN05">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>Pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica de disco basculante. 37,8% cirurgia pr&#233;via na v&#225;lvula mitral com LK (p &lt; 0,005);</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN06">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>67% Biopr&#243;teses com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Vallejo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> no per&#237;odo entre 1975 e 1979, alocaram aleatoriamente 110 candidatos &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o de valva mitral em um dos tr&#234;s grupos - biopr&#243;tese porcina Angell-Shiley, pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica Bj&#246;rk-Shiley, e pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica Lillehei-Kaster. O tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de dois anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O estudo <italic>The Veterans Affairs Cooperative</italic> incluiu 575 pacientes entre 1977 e 1982.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Os pacientes foram separados aleatoriamente para receberem biopr&#243;tese Hancock de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o ou pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica de disco basculante (60 graus) Bj&#246;rk-Shiley ou biopr&#243;tese porcina. Entre 1975 e 1977, os pacientes alocados no grupo da biopr&#243;tese receberam uma pr&#243;tese Hancock, e entre janeiro de 1977 e 1979, os pacientes receberam uma pr&#243;tese Carpentier-Edwards prosthesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Aproximadamente metade dos pacientes foram submetidos ao procedimento de substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, e metade dos pacientes submetidos &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula mitral. O tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de 20 anos.</p>
          <p>Stassano et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> alocaram, aleatoriamente, 310 pacientes que necessitaram de substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar entre 1995 e 2003, em grupo de pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica e grupo de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica. As pr&#243;teses utilizadas foram a pr&#243;tese porcina Carpentier-Edwards e a pr&#243;tese de peric&#225;rdio bovino Carpentier-Edwards. No grupo alocado para pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica, foram usadas as pr&#243;teses de disco duplo Carbomedics ou St. Jude. O tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi 8,8 anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risco de Vi&#233;s</title>
          <p>Caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas ao risco de vi&#233;s dos estudos est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>. Nenhum dos estudos descreveu como a lista aleat&#243;ria foi gerada. Os ensaios foram classificados como de baixo risco de vi&#233;s para todos os outros dom&#237;nios, incluindo desconhecimento da ordem de aloca&#231;&#227;o, avalia&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos a cegas, e dados de desfechos incompletos. Em nenhum dos estudos, os pacientes ou os profissionais da sa&#250;de eram "cegos", por n&#227;o ser vi&#225;vel nesse cen&#225;rio.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Risco de vi&#233;s nos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Vallejo 1981</th>
                  <th align="center">Veterans 2000</th>
                  <th align="center">Edinburgh 2003</th>
                  <th align="center">Stassano 2009</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gera&#231;&#227;o de sequ&#234;ncia aleat&#243;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">Indefinida</td>
                  <td align="center">Indefinida</td>
                  <td align="center">Indefinida</td>
                  <td align="center">Indefinida</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Desconhecimento da ordem de aloca&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo risco de vi&#233;s</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo risco de vi&#233;s</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo risco de vi&#233;s</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo risco de vi&#233;s</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos a cegas</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo risco de vi&#233;s</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo risco de vi&#233;s</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo risco de vi&#233;s</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo risco de vi&#233;s</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dados de desfechos incompletos</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo risco de vi&#233;s</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo risco de vi&#233;s</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo risco de vi&#233;s</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixo risco de vi&#233;s</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos cl&#237;nicos</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa no risco de morte entre pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas e biol&#243;gicas, apesar de a maioria dos ICs favorecer as pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas (RR = 1,07; IC95% 0,99-1,15) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, a mortalidade foi similar entre os subgrupos de pacientes que receberam pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica, pr&#243;tese mitral ou em ambas posi&#231;&#245;es. O efeito dos diferentes estudos foi relativamente homog&#234;neo (I<sup>2</sup> = 22%).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico em floresta mostrando os efeitos de pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas versus pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas sobre a mortalidade.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0292-80272-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A necessidade de reopera&#231;&#227;o foi mais frequente em pacientes que receberam pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas que aqueles que receberam pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas (RR = 3,60; IC95% 2,44-5,32; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%). O efeito foi similar em pacientes que receberam pr&#243;teses na posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, mitral, ou em ambas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico em floresta mostrando os efeitos de pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas versus pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas sobre a necessidade de reopera&#231;&#227;o (A) e risco de sangramento (B).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0292-80272-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>O risco de sangramento foi mais baixo em pacientes tratados com pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas que naqueles tratados com pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas (RR = 0,64; IC95% 0,52-0,78; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%). Observou-se uma tend&#234;ncia, mas sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, para diferentes efeitos entre os subgrupos de acordo com a localiza&#231;&#227;o do implante (p = 0,09) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>). Vale mencionar que as defini&#231;&#245;es para hemorragia n&#227;o s&#227;o iguais entre os estudos. Vallejo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> consideraram somente sangramentos que requereram hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou que foram causa direta de morte;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Bloomfield et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> inclu&#237;ram todos os sangramentos maiores (65%) e menores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> O estudo Veteran Affairs incluiu sangramentos que fossem clinicamente relevantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Stassano et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> n&#227;o fizeram men&#231;&#227;o &#224; magnitude do sangramento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas no risco de endocardite (RR = 1,21, IC95% 0,78-1,88; I<sup>2</sup> = 4%) ou embolia arterial sist&#234;mica (RR = 0,93, IC95% 0,66-1,31; I<sup>2</sup> = 31%) entre os grupos que receberam pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas e mec&#226;nicas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico em floresta mostrando os efeitos de pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas versus pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas sobre o risco de embolia arterial sist&#234;mica (A) e risco de endocardite.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0292-80272-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lise de estudos randomizados envolvendo pacientes que necessitaram de substitui&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca revelou uma mortalidade similar entre pacientes submetidos ao implante de pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica e pacientes submetidos ao implante de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as no risco de tromboembolismo e endocardite. No entanto, o risco de sangramento foi aproximadamente um ter&#231;o menor entre os pacientes tratados com pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica que nos pacientes tratados com pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica. Por outro lado, a necessidade de nova cirurgia entre pacientes tratados com biopr&#243;tese foi mais que tr&#234;s vezes maior que em pacientes que receberam pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica.</p>
        <p>Atualmente, a decis&#227;o entre uma pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica e mec&#226;nica baseia-se na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e na prefer&#234;ncia do paciente. Os seguintes fatores s&#227;o importantes nessa decis&#227;o - idades biol&#243;gica e cronol&#243;gica, expectativa de vida, contraindica&#231;&#245;es absoluta e relativa ao uso de anticoagulantes orais ap&#243;s cirurgia (p.ex. comorbidades ou atividade esportiva intensa). As diretrizes americanas de 2014,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> recomendaram o implante de uma pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica para v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica ou mitral em pacientes com idade inferior a 60 anos, sem contraindica&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes orais (recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B); a biopr&#243;tese &#233; recomendada para pacientes com idade maior que 70 anos, e as pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas ou mec&#226;nicas recomendadas para aqueles com idade entre 60 e 70 anos de idade (ambos com recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa e n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> As diretrizes europeias de 2012 recomendam o uso de uma pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica em pacientes com idade menor que 60 anos na posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, e na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral naqueles com idade inferior a 65 anos (recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia C).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Assim, n&#227;o existe, atualmente, nenhuma recomenda&#231;&#227;o definitiva para a escolha de pr&#243;teses na faixa et&#225;ria entre 60 e 70 anos, e n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncia s&#243;lida indicando maior benef&#237;cio na escolha de um tipo de pr&#243;tese sobre o outro. Portanto, &#233; prov&#225;vel que ocorra variabilidade na escolha entre os pacientes, especialmente naqueles com idade entre 60 e 70 anos, e os dados da presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica possam ser &#250;teis nessa decis&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos randomizados que avaliaram tratamentos para doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar destacam a exist&#234;ncia de desafios &#250;nicos nessa &#225;rea. Primeiramente, a doen&#231;a &#233; de relativa baixa preval&#234;ncia. Segundo, &#233; dif&#237;cil comparar interven&#231;&#245;es complexas cir&#250;rgicas em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados. Terceiro, desfechos cl&#237;nicos importantes podem ser avaliados somente ap&#243;s d&#233;cadas de acompanhamento. Quarto, avan&#231;os cont&#237;nuos na tecnologia de v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas tornam o acompanhamento desses pacientes um objetivo constante, uma vez que dados de longo prazo, por defini&#231;&#227;o, s&#243; est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis de pr&#243;teses mais antigas. Novas pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas e de tecidos oferecem melhor hemodin&#226;mica que a de pr&#243;teses mais antigas, e dados sugerem que a durabilidade dessas pr&#243;teses e a mortalidade dos usu&#225;rios s&#227;o superiores em compara&#231;&#227;o a de biopr&#243;teses mais antigas. Paralelamente, as pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas tamb&#233;m evolu&#237;ram. No entanto, avan&#231;os importantes foram feitos a partir de resultados de estudos randomizados em campos igualmente desafiadores na &#225;rea de cardiologia, por exemplo cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CABG) versus tratamento cl&#237;nico ou tratamento percut&#226;neo. Significa, em termos de interesse p&#250;blico, tanto em termos de sa&#250;de como financeiro, ter acesso a dados de qualidade para tomada de decis&#245;es quanto ao uso de tecnologias em sa&#250;de. Portanto, melhores e mais estudos que comparem o uso de tecnologias para os pacientes com doen&#231;as valvares s&#227;o necess&#225;rios e vi&#225;veis. O financiamento para esses estudos pode ser realizado pela ind&#250;stria das pr&#243;teses, com realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes comparativos de acordo com normas ambientais, assim como &#233; atualmente realizado com medicamentos. Uma alternativa seria o financiamento desses estudos por ag&#234;ncias p&#250;blicas.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Aplicabilidade da evid&#234;ncia</title>
          <p>Sangramento foi mais comum no grupo de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas que no grupo de pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gicas. No entanto, os estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o foram conduzidos anteriormente &#224; Raz&#227;o Normalizada Internacional (INR) e ao &#205;ndice de Sensibilidade Internacional (ISI). A INR foi introduzida na d&#233;cada de 80 e o ISI na d&#233;cada de 90. &#201; poss&#237;vel que, com os avan&#231;os no monitoramento da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, dispon&#237;veis atualmente, a diferen&#231;a na frequ&#234;ncia de sangramentos entre os grupos seria maior &#224; encontrada nesta revis&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Na presente revis&#227;o, tr&#234;s dos quatro ensaios usaram pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o e pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas de disco simples.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Apesar de estudos n&#227;o controlados sugerirem que pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas de segunda e de terceira gera&#231;&#227;o tenham maior durabilidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> no estudo de Stassano et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> que incluiu tanto pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas como mec&#226;nicas modernas, o risco aumentado de reopera&#231;&#227;o foi similar ao encontrado em outros estudos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Concord&#226;ncia e discord&#226;ncia com outros estudos</title>
          <p>Encontramos uma metan&#225;lise que incluiu tr&#234;s estudos comparando pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gicas e mec&#226;nicas mais antigas, publicada por Kassai et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> 15 anos atr&#225;s. Na presente revis&#227;o, identificamos mais um estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> que comparou pr&#243;teses modernas. Ainda, os estudos randomizados do grupo Veterans Affairs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e Edinburgh<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> apresentaram novas publica&#231;&#245;es com per&#237;odos de acompanhamento mais extensos, 15 e 20 anos, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Assim, nosso estudo, al&#233;m de apresentar um estudo adicional, reflete um acompanhamento de longo prazo, fundamental para uma melhor caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes submetidos ao implante de v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica.</p>
          <p>De fato, muitos estudos observacionais mostraram maior durabilidade das pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas, com redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade na reopera&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Paralelamente, houve um aumento substancial na utiliza&#231;&#227;o das pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Contudo, as evid&#234;ncias de estudos observacionais s&#227;o fracas devido ao risco elevado de vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, estudos observacionais sugeriram maior mortalidade com pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas para substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula mitral. Nossos resultados mostram uma tend&#234;ncia n&#227;o significativa para maior mortalidade com v&#225;lvulas biol&#243;gicas, independentemente da localiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Qualidade da evid&#234;ncia (GRADE)</title>
          <p>Os estudos randomizados inclu&#237;dos apresentaram um baixo risco de vi&#233;s e avaliaram diretamente se existem diferen&#231;as nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos entre pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas e mec&#226;nicas. O vi&#233;s de informa&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi pouco prov&#225;vel. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade, os desfechos de reopera&#231;&#227;o e sangramento, o efeito estimado de pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas versus mec&#226;nicas mostrou boa precis&#227;o e aus&#234;ncia de inconsist&#234;ncia s&#233;ria. Portanto, consideramos que a evid&#234;ncia &#233; de alta qualidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). Para os desfechos de embolia arterial sist&#234;mica e endocardite, apesar de n&#227;o termos encontrado inconsist&#234;ncia importante, o efeito estimado foi impreciso (isto &#233;, o IC95% foi compat&#237;vel com um desfecho desfavor&#225;vel tanto para pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas como para biopr&#243;teses).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade da evid&#234;ncia e resumo dos achados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="center" colspan="6">Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Resumo dos achados</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">No de estudos (N&#186;.<break/>de participantes)</th>
                  <th align="center">Limita&#231;&#245;es do<break/>estudo</th>
                  <th align="center">Inconsist&#234;ncia</th>
                  <th align="center">Objetividade</th>
                  <th align="center">Imprecis&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Vi&#233;s de<break/>publica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Risco relativo<break/>(IC95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Qualidade</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Mortalidade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4 (1535)</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o importante</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o importante</td>
                  <td align="center">Objetivo</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o importante</td>
                  <td align="center">Pouco prov&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 (0,99, 1,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8853;&#8853;&#8853;&#8853; ALTA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Reopera&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4 (1535)</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o importante</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o importante</td>
                  <td align="center">Objetivo</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o importante</td>
                  <td align="center">Pouco prov&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">3,60 (2,44, 5,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8853;&#8853;&#8853;&#8853; ALTA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Sangramento</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4 (1535)</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o importante</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o importante</td>
                  <td align="center">Objetivo</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o importante</td>
                  <td align="center">Pouco prov&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64 (0,52, 0,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8853;&#8853;&#8853;&#8853; ALTA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Embolia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4 (1535</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o importante</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o importante</td>
                  <td align="center">Objetivo</td>
                  <td align="center">Impreciso<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Pouco prov&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93 (0,66, 1,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8853;&#8853;&#8853;O<break/>MODERADA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Endocardite</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4 (1535)</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o importante</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o importante</td>
                  <td align="center">Objetivo</td>
                  <td align="center">Impreciso<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Pouco prov&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21 (0,78, 1,88)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8853;&#8853;&#8853;O<break/>MODERADA</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN07">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>Efeito estimado compat&#237;vel com nenhum efeito ou dano;</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN08">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>Efeito estimado compat&#237;vel com benef&#237;cio ou dano substancial</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pontos fortes e fracos</title>
          <p>Nossa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica tem pontos fortes e limita&#231;&#245;es. O desenvolvimento da estrat&#233;gia de busca pode ser considerado um ponto forte, uma vez que foi muito sensitiva e ofereceu baixa probabilidade de n&#227;o identificar qualquer evid&#234;ncia relevante. As principais bases de dados foram buscadas, al&#233;m das fontes de evid&#234;ncias n&#227;o publicadas, al&#233;m da busca manual de evid&#234;ncias. Todos os procedimentos da revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foram orientados por diretrizes e literatura espec&#237;ficas a esse tipo de estudo, incluindo todas as caracter&#237;sticas metodol&#243;gicas necess&#225;rias para execu&#231;&#227;o adequada da revis&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Os estudos inclu&#237;dos conduziram um longo acompanhamento dos pacientes (2 a 20 anos), permitindo avalia&#231;&#227;o adequada dos efeitos das pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas versus pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas sobre desfechos cl&#237;nicos, particularmente aqueles com incid&#234;ncia tardia, tal como necessidade de nova cirurgia.</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores limitantes, as limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes &#224;s revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas devem ser consideradas, tais como pequenas diferen&#231;as entre as popula&#231;&#245;es dos estudos. Por exemplo, pacientes com um pequeno anel valvar a&#243;rtico foram exclu&#237;dos no estudo Bloomfield,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> pacientes com pequeno anel valvar mitral ou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana importante foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo <italic>Veterans</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e paciente com les&#245;es valvares a&#243;rticas foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo de Vallejo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Um ponto fraco importante de nossa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica &#233; a idade dos ensaios dispon&#237;veis. Tr&#234;s dos quatro ensaios inclu&#237;dos s&#227;o antigos e usaram pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o e pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas de disco simples. Uma vez que ambos os tipos de pr&#243;teses e cuidados auxiliares evolu&#237;ram, &#233; poss&#237;vel que os resultados observados possam n&#227;o ser aplicados atualmente. De fato, muitos estudos observacionais mostraram maior durabilidade das pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas e uma tend&#234;ncia de uso em pacientes mais jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Contudo, evid&#234;ncias mostradas por estudos observacionais s&#227;o fracas devido ao alto risco de vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Ainda, os resultados do estudo randomizado de Stassano et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> comparando pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas e mec&#226;nicas modernas s&#227;o consistentes com resultados de estudos anteriores. Particularmente, houve um aumento importante na necessidade de reopera&#231;&#227;o e um risco diminu&#237;do de sangramentos em compara&#231;&#227;o a pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas. Portanto, apesar de mais evid&#234;ncia de novos ensaios comparando pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica com mec&#226;nica seja urgentemente necess&#225;ria, a melhor evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel n&#227;o corrobora a prefer&#234;ncia crescente pelas pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nossa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de estudos randomizados, que avaliou os desfechos de pacientes que receberam, aleatoriamente, pr&#243;teses valvares biol&#243;gicas e mec&#226;nicas, mostrou que, apesar de n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;as na mortalidade, h&#225; um aumento significativo no risco de nova cirurgia de substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar ao se optar por pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas. Por outro lado, seu risco de sangramento &#233; menor em compara&#231;&#227;o ao de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as na mortalidade, risco de endocardite ou de embolia sist&#234;mica entre os dois tipos de pr&#243;teses. Apesar de tr&#234;s dos quatro estudos inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise utilizarem pr&#243;teses da antiga gera&#231;&#227;o, o estudo que avaliou pr&#243;teses atuais mostrou resultados similares. Contudo, evid&#234;ncias que contribuam na escolha entre pr&#243;teses atualmente dispon&#237;veis s&#227;o escassas, e a maioria baseadas em estudos observacionais. Compara&#231;&#245;es aleat&#243;rias s&#227;o urgentemente necess&#225;rias.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Alberto Takeshi Kiyose pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
