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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RX38GK7y8tGmr4GCNPrQxwm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000300290</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190043</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Myocardial Fibrosis in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: What Remains to be Proven?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4050-1729</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sara</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Goi&#226;nia</city>
            <state>GO</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">CDI - Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Leonardo Sara,</bold> CDI - Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem - Avenida Portugal, 1155, Setor Marista. Postal Code 74150-030, Goiania, GO - Brazil. E-mail: <email>leosara@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>290</fpage>
      <lpage>291</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention &amp; control</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a complex and well-characterized disease. Its prevalence in the general population is 1 in 500 individuals, with some data suggesting an even higher prevalence when using associated genetic criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> This means that, based on a conservative estimate, cities such as Goi&#226;nia-GO or Recife-PE have approximately more than 3,000 individuals with the disease, a figure that can be as high as 25,000 individuals in a large city such as S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>Although HCM is perceived as a rare and usually very severe disease, related to dramatic episodes of sudden death (SD) in young individuals and athletes, it is a disease with low mortality. Due to advances in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of SD, current estimates indicate a mortality rate of 0.5% a year, similar to that found in the general population, with most patients with the disease being asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In this scenario, the correct identification of subgroups of individuals with a higher risk of unfavorable outcome and, therefore, a greater chance of benefit when submitted to specific therapeutic strategies, such as the use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD), is of utmost importance.</p>
    <p>However, HCM is an extremely challenging disease, with variable clinical presentations and an often unpredictable natural history. SD, its most devastating clinical manifestation, occurs most often in previously healthy individuals and unaccompanied by preceding symptoms. Several clinical markers derived from observational studies were organized into risk stratification models, giving origin to the algorithms adopted by the American and European Cardiology Societies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>However, the use of such tools has several limitations. The scarcity of randomized studies makes recommendations be based primarily on registries, retrospective or prospective small-scale studies. The accuracy of these models for SD prediction according to validation analyses was moderate (area under the ROC curve ranging from 0.60 to 0.69), with low specificity and positive predictive value and sub-optimal performance when used at the individual level. Moreover, individual traditional risk markers have low sensitivity and specificity, and their absence does not safely rule out the chance of SD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Therefore, the current risk stratification tools in HCM are imperfect and imprecise, making research on new risk markers a crucial matter.</p>
    <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging allows the precise identification of areas of myocardial replacement fibrosis through the late enhancement technique.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Analyses of prevalence and the distribution pattern of late enhancement in HCM have been widely described. There is a large body of evidence showing that the arrhythmogenic mechanism that would lead to SD in HCM patients is directly related to myocardial fibrosis and, similarly, several studies in patients with HCM evaluated by magnetic resonance showed a worse prognosis in those with late enhancement such as arrhthmias, heart failure, SD, cardiac death and death from any cause.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In the present article of this issue,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> the authors presented a systematic review and meta-analysis that included 21 studies evaluating the association of risk markers with the occurrence of SD. The authors demonstrated a strong correlation between the presence of myocardial fibrosis detected by CMR and the occurrence of arrhythmic outcomes, with a clearly higher relative risk when compared to the other identified risk markers (RR: 3.43; 95%CI: 1.95-6.03). This result is in accordance with another meta-analysis evaluating HCM and myocardial fibrosis, totaling 1,063 patients (mean follow-up of 43 &#177; 14 months), in which the presence of late enhancement in these patients resulted in a 9-fold higher chance of ventricular fibrillation / tachycardia and a 3.3-fold higher chance of SD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> These results suggest that late enhancement may be very useful as a high-risk prognostic marker.</p>
    <p>About this subject, it should be noted that some considerations are important. Myocardial fibrosis detected by CMR is very common in HCM and is observed in approximately 2/3 of the patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Therefore, its presence alone does not allow adequate selection of patients candidates for ICD.</p>
    <p>Recently, studies have been published establishing a positive and linear association between late enhancement extent and worse prognosis, with the presence of more than 15% of myocardial fibrosis mass, giving a roughly 2-fold higher chance of SD when compared to individuals without late enhancement, regardless of other risk markers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> However, this approach also has significant limitations. First, there is no universal standardization of the late enhancement quantification technique, leading to the great heterogeneity of results (currently, the most often used techniques are the 6 standard deviation method, the full-with half maximum technique and the Rayleigh Curve Method).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Moreover, there is still some controversy over whether late enhancement provides clinically relevant incremental information to traditional risk factors, mostly because of the small number of primary outcomes observed in the studies. Additionally, there are no large-scale prospective studies evaluating the late enhancement quantification incorporated into the ACC/AHA and European Cardiology Society algorithms for the prediction of SD in HCM.</p>
    <p>CMR is an extremely valuable tool in the evaluation of HCM and its application for diagnostic purposes has been very well established. Similarly, the evaluation of myocardial fibrosis by the late enhancement technique is a strong prognostic marker of the disease and will probably have a great impact as a risk stratification tool.</p>
    <p>Nevertheless, according to the main guidelines on HCM, currently the clinical use of the technique for primary prophylaxis of SD is restricted to ambiguous cases, when the ICD indication is uncertain when using the traditional algorithms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Therefore, to take one step further and for myocardial fibrosis screening to be formally incorporated into the risk stratification routine in HCM, some gaps still need to be addressed.</p>
    <p>I think it is a matter of time!</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Role of Myocardial Fibrosis in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis of Risk Markers for Sudden Death</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <mixed-citation>12 Weng Z, Yao J, Chan RH, He J, Yang X, Zhou Y, et al. Prognostic Value of LGE-CMR in HCM: A Meta-Analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9(12):1392-402.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weng</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yao</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic Value of LGE-CMR in HCM: A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1392</fpage>
          <lpage>1402</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fibrose Mioc&#225;rdica na Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica: O que ainda Falta Provar?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4050-1729</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sara</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">CDI - Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Leonardo Sara,</bold> CDI - Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem - Avenida Portugal, 1155, Setor Marista. CEP 74150-030, Goiania, GO - Brasil. E-mail: <email>leosara@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose Endo mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita/preven&#231;&#227;o &amp; controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectroscopia de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; uma doen&#231;a complexa e bastante estigmatizada por estar muito relacionada com desfechos negativos. Sua preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o geral &#233; de 1 caso a cada 500 pessoas, com alguns dados sugerindo preval&#234;ncia ainda maior quando se utiliza crit&#233;rios gen&#233;ticos associadamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Isso significa que, numa estimativa conservadora, cidades como Goi&#226;nia-GO ou Recife-PE apresentam algo acima de 3 mil pessoas com a doen&#231;a, n&#250;mero que pode atingir mais de 25 mil pessoas em uma metr&#243;pole como S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>Apesar de a CMH ser percebida como uma doen&#231;a rara e em geral muito grave, relacionada a epis&#243;dios dram&#225;ticos de morte s&#250;bita (MS) em indiv&#237;duos jovens e atletas, trata-se de uma doen&#231;a de baixa mortalidade. Devido a avan&#231;os no diagn&#243;stico, tratamento e preven&#231;&#227;o de MS, estimativas atuais apontam para uma mortalidade de 0,5% ao ano, similar &#224; taxa da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, sendo que a grande maioria dos portadores da doen&#231;a &#233; assintom&#225;tica ou minimamente sintom&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Neste cen&#225;rio, &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia a correta identifica&#231;&#227;o de subgrupos de indiv&#237;duos com maior risco de evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel e, portanto, com maior chance de benef&#237;cio com estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas espec&#237;ficas, como por exemplo, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de cardiodesfibriladores implant&#225;veis (CDI).</p>
      <p>Por&#233;m, a CMH &#233; uma doen&#231;a extremamente desafiadora, com apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas vari&#225;veis e hist&#243;ria natural muitas vezes imprevis&#237;vel. A MS, sua manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais devastadora, ocorre na maioria das vezes em indiv&#237;duos previamente saud&#225;veis e desacompanhada de sintomas premonit&#243;rios. Uma s&#233;rie de marcadores cl&#237;nicos derivados de estudos observacionais foram organizados em modelos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, dando origem aos algoritmos adotados pelas sociedades americana e europeia de Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>No entanto, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de tais ferramentas apresenta v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. A escassez de estudos randomizados faz com que as recomenda&#231;&#245;es se baseiem principalmente em registros, estudos retrospectivos ou prospectivos de pequena escala. A acur&#225;cia destes modelos para predi&#231;&#227;o de MS, de acordo com an&#225;lises de valida&#231;&#227;o, foi moderada (&#225;rea sob a curva ROC variando de 0,60 a 0,69), com especificidade e valor preditivo positivo baixos e desempenho sub&#243;timo quando utilizados a n&#237;vel individual. Al&#233;m disso, os marcadores de risco tradicionais, individualmente, apresentam baixa sensibilidade e especificidade, e a aus&#234;ncia destes n&#227;o exclui de maneira segura a chance de MS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Desta forma, as ferramentas atuais de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na CMH s&#227;o imperfeitas e imprecisas, tornando crucial a investiga&#231;&#227;o de novos marcadores de risco.</p>
      <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) possibilita, pela t&#233;cnica do realce tardio, a identifica&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica de substitui&#231;&#227;o de maneira bastante precisa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> An&#225;lises de preval&#234;ncia e padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o do realce tardio na CMH j&#225; foram amplamente descritas. H&#225; um grande conjunto de evid&#234;ncias demonstrando que o mecanismo arritmog&#234;nico que levaria &#224; MS nos portadores de CMH estar diretamente ligado &#224; fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e, da mesma forma, v&#225;rios estudos em pacientes com CMH avaliados pela resson&#226;ncia demonstraram pior progn&#243;stico naqueles que apresentavam realce tardio (eventos arr&#237;tmicos, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, MS, morte card&#237;aca e morte por qualquer causa).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>No presente artigo desta edi&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> os autores apresentaram uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise que incluiu 21 estudos avaliando a associa&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de risco com a ocorr&#234;ncia de MS. Os autores demonstraram forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica detectada pela RMC e a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos arr&#237;tmicos, com risco relativo claramente maior desta quando comparado aos demais marcadores de risco identificados (RR 3,43; IC95%: 1,95-6,03). Este resultado est&#225; alinhado a outra metan&#225;lise avaliando a CMH e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, totalizando 1.063 pacientes (seguimento m&#233;dio de 43&#177;14 meses), na qual a presen&#231;a de realce tardio nesses pacientes resultou em chance 9 vezes maior de fibrila&#231;&#227;o/taquicardia ventricular e 3,3 vezes maior de MS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Tais resultados sugerem que o realce tardio possa ter grande utilidade como marcador progn&#243;stico de alto risco.</p>
      <p>A este respeito, &#233; preciso tecer que algumas considera&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o importantes. A fibrose mioc&#225;rdica detectada pela RMC &#233; muito frequente na CMH, sendo observada em cerca de 2/3 dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Portanto, sua simples presen&#231;a por si s&#243; n&#227;o possibilita a sele&#231;&#227;o adequada de pacientes candidatos ao CDI.</p>
      <p>Recentemente, foram publicados estudos estabelecendo uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva e linear entre a extens&#227;o do realce tardio e pior progn&#243;stico, com presen&#231;a de mais de 15% de massa de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, conferindo chance aproximada 2 vezes maior de MS quando comparada a indiv&#237;duos sem realce tardio, de maneira independente de outros marcadores de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Por&#233;m, esta abordagem tamb&#233;m apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es significativas. Primeiramente, n&#227;o existe uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o universal da t&#233;cnica de quantifica&#231;&#227;o do realce tardio, levando &#224; grande heterogeneidade dos resultados (atualmente, as t&#233;cnicas mais utilizadas s&#227;o o m&#233;todo de 6 desvios-padr&#227;o, a t&#233;cnica de <italic>full-with half maximum</italic> e o m&#233;todo da curva de Raileigh).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, ainda existe alguma controv&#233;rsia sobre se o realce tardio fornece informa&#231;&#245;es incrementais aos fatores de risco tradicionais de maneira clinicamente relevante, muito em virtude do pequeno n&#250;mero de desfechos prim&#225;rios observados nos estudos. Soma-se a isso o fato de ainda n&#227;o haver estudos prospectivos de larga escala avaliando a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do realce tardio incorporado aos algoritmos da ACC/AHA e da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia para a predi&#231;&#227;o de MS na CMH.</p>
      <p>A RMC &#233; uma ferramenta extremamente valiosa na avalia&#231;&#227;o da CMH e sua aplica&#231;&#227;o para fins diagn&#243;sticos &#233; muito bem demonstrada. Da mesma maneira, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica pela t&#233;cnica do realce tardio comprovadamente &#233; um forte marcador progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a e muito provavelmente ter&#225; grande impacto como ferramenta de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco. Apesar disso, de acordo com as principais diretrizes sobre CMH, atualmente a utiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da t&#233;cnica para profilaxia prim&#225;ria de MS se restringe a casos amb&#237;guos, quando a indica&#231;&#227;o de CDI apresenta-se duvidosa pelos algoritmos tradicionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Portanto, para se dar um passo adiante e a pesquisa fibrose mioc&#225;rdica ser formalmente incorporada na rotina de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na CMH, algumas lacunas ainda precisam ser preenchidas.</p>
      <p>Penso ser uma quest&#227;o de tempo!</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Papel da Fibrose Mioc&#225;rdica na Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise Atualizada de Marcadores de Risco para Morte S&#250;bita</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
