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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rZztfPZ3JTCvjmMBtgzt6Ky</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000300281</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190045</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Role of Myocardial Fibrosis in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis of Risk Markers for Sudden Death</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1206-9489</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Imbroinise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cader</surname>
            <given-names>Sam&#225;ria Ali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3281-671X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Denizar Vianna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salles</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8692-1115</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Neves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9891-676X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spineti</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Pimenta de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1883-6546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2501-302X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mourilhe-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
            <state>RJ</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcelo Imbroinise Bittencourt,</bold> Rua Dona Maria, 71 BL 1 Apto 902. Postal Code 20541-030, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mib@cardiol.br</email>, <email>marceloibittencourt@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data: Bittencourt MI, Cader SA, Ara&#250;jo DV, Mourilhe-Rocha R; acquisition of data: Bittencourt MI, Cader AS; statistical analysis: Bittencourt MI, Ara&#250;jo DV; writing of the manuscript: Bittencourt MI, Cader SA, Mourilhe-Rocha R; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bittencourt MI, Cader SA, Ara&#250;jo DV, Salles ALF, Albuquerque FN, Spineti PPM, Albuquerque DC, Mourilhe-Rocha R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>281</fpage>
      <lpage>289</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is associated with sudden death (SD). Myocardial fibrosis is reportedly correlated with SD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis, updating the risk markers (RMs) in HCM emphasizing myocardial fibrosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We reviewed HCM studies that addressed severe arrhythmic outcomes and the certain RMs: SD family history, severe ventricular hypertrophy, unexplained syncope, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) on 24-hour Holter monitoring, abnormal blood pressure response to exercise (ABPRE), myocardial fibrosis and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) in the MEDLINE, LILACS, and SciELO databases. We used relative risks (RRs) as an effect measure and random models for the analysis. The level of significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Twenty-one studies were selected (14,901 patients aged 45 &#177; 16 years; men, 62.8%). Myocardial fibrosis was the major RISK MARKER (RR, 3.43; 95% CI, 1.95-6.03). The other RMs, except for LVOTO, were also predictors: SD family history (RR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.39-2.20), severe ventricular hypertrophy (RR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.26-2.74), unexplained syncope (RR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.69-3.07), NSVT (RR, 2.79; 95% CI, 2.29-3.41), and ABPRE (RR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.12-2.08).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>We confirmed the association of myocardial fibrosis and other RMs with severe arrhythmic outcomes in HCM and emphasize the need for new prediction models in managing these patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial;Endomyocardial Fibrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Death, Sudden,Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Review</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analsis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by ventricular hypertrophy in the absence of other conditions that cause heart overload.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> It is the most common genetic disease, with a prevalence rate estimated at 1:500, affecting both men and women. Its presentation can vary from asymptomatic to more severe complications, such as sudden death (SD), which has an incidence rate of 1% per year. HCM is mainly responsible for SD in young and competitive athletes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> There is a discussion regarding how we should stratify SD and indicate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) for the purpose of primary prevention of this disease. Strategies have been proposed to identify these patients, and classic risk markers (RMs), such as family history of SD, severe ventricular hypertrophy, unexplained syncope, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) on 24-hour Holter monitoring, and abnormal blood pressure response to exercise (ABPRE), have been evaluated in several clinical studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> As such, the pathophysiology of SD in HCM is not fully understood. Some factors seem to be involved, including the development of myocardial fibrosis. Studies that investigated myocardial fibrosis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have shown correlations with severe outcomes. In a recent study, Chan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> found that a percentage of fibrosis &gt; 15% of the left ventricular mass was associated with a twofold increase in the risk of SD in patients considered initially at low risk.<sup>1</sup> However, the detection of myocardial fibrosis using cardiac MRI continues to generate discussions among experts and is now considered only a risk modifier, as evidenced by the American College of Cardiology Foundation / American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The reassessment of RMs, considering the presence of myocardial fibrosis, is fundamental to improve risk stratification. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies that examined RMs in HCM, emphasizing the presence of fibrosis using cardiac MRI, to evaluate their statistical power in predicting SD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>Systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies of the natural history of HCM that reported RMs of SD and severe arrhythmic outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Search strategy</title>
        <p>The search used 3 databases - MEDLINE, LILACS and SciELO - contemplating prospective or retrospective studies conducted between 1980 and 2016, which analyzed the natural history of patients with HCM, regardless of sex or ethnicity. We used the PRISMA statement checklist to conduct the systematic review and meta-analysis. The detailed research adapted for each database was conducted using the following keywords of Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) and DECS: Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial OR "Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic" OR "cardiomyopathies" OR cardiomyopathy OR "risk factors" Death OR "defibrillators, implantable" OR "cardioverter defibrillator, implantable". Only the articles published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish were considered for the full-text review.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Selection criteria</title>
        <p>We have included only observational studies (prospective or retrospective cohorts) that had a severe arrhythmic outcome equivalent to SD. The studies that also analyzed at least one of the following RMs were included: a) family history of SD, b) severe left ventricular hypertrophy, c) unexplained syncope, d) NSVT on 24-hour Holter monitoring, e) ABPRE, f) presence of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO), and g) presence of myocardial fibrosis on cardiac MRI. The exclusion criteria were (1) studies that were case reports or review articles, (2) studies that did not meet the previously described inclusion criteria, and (3) duplicate studies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definitions</title>
        <p>The studies included in our meta-analysis often used variable concepts, but fit the definitions listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Definitions of outcomes and risk markers used in the meta-analysis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="70%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Severe arrhythmic outcomes</td>
                <td align="center">SD, aborted SD, documented sustained ventricular tachycardia, or appropriate shock in patients with ICD</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family history of SD</td>
                <td align="center">Family history of SD in the first-degree relatives of patients</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Severe left ventricular hypertrophy</td>
                <td align="center">Ventricular thickness &gt; 30 mm measured using echocardiography in any left ventricular segment</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Unexplained syncope</td>
                <td align="center">A history of unexplained and transient loss of consciousness with spontaneous recovery</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NSVT on 24-hour Holter monitoring</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 3 consecutive ventricular extrasystoles with heart rates of &#8805; 120 bpm for &lt; 30 seconds</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVOTO</td>
                <td align="center">Peak gradient of &#8805; 30 mmHg in the left ventricular outflow tract detected on echocardiography</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ABPRE</td>
                <td align="center">Increased (&lt; 20 mmHg) or decreased (&gt; 10 mmHg) systolic blood pressure with peak exercise</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Myocardial fibrosis</td>
                <td align="center">Detection of late enhancement on MRI with gadolinium </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>SD: sudden death; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; LVOTO: left ventricular outflow tract obstruction; ABPRE: abnormal blood pressure response to exercise; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data extraction</title>
        <p>The eligibility (using inclusion and exclusion criteria) of each study was systematically analyzed by two reviewers (MIB and SAC), initially by reading the titles and abstracts. Selected articles were read and analyzed in full to assess their eligibility and methodological quality; all references were revised to identify additional studies. Differences in opinion between the two main reviewers were independently resolved by a third reviewer (DV). After this phase, the data were extracted. The information collected from each study included study design, number of patients, demographic data, follow-up, RMs for SD, and severe arrhythmic outcomes. Authors were contacted when any additional information was needed. There was no time restriction for the severe arrhythmic outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The statistical analysis used relative risks (RRs) as a measure of effect with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The meta-analysis was performed using the DerSimonian and Laird method in case of heterogeneity and the Mantel-Haenszel method in case of homogeneity. The heterogeneity was analyzed using Cochran's Q and I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Higgins/Thompson tests. The risk of bias was tested using funnel plots and Egger's linear regression test. The software used for the analysis was R 3.4.1. The level of significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical and legal aspects</title>
        <p>The study protocol was submitted to the Medical Ethics Committee of Pedro Ernesto University Hospital and received a final opinion on November 14, 2013.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Search results</title>
        <p>The search strategy identified 809 potentially relevant articles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). After reading the titles and abstracts, 123 remained for the eligibility analysis. After detailed evaluation, 103 articles were excluded, and 1 article was added after reviewing the references. Thus, 21 observational studies were selected, including 14 prospective and 7 retrospective studies, comprising 14,901 patients (age, 45 &#177; 16 years; 62.8% males).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-33</sup> The main characteristics of the included studies are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart of the systematic review.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0281-90045-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the observational studies involving RMs of SD in HCM</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Author / year of publication</th>
                <th align="center">Country</th>
                <th align="center">N. of patients</th>
                <th align="center">Age (years)</th>
                <th align="center">% males</th>
                <th align="center">Follow-up (months)</th>
                <th align="center">Severe arrhythmic outcomes</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elliott et al. 2006<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">UK ;1988-2002</td>
                <td align="center">917</td>
                <td align="center">43 </td>
                <td align="center">60.4</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elliott et al. 2000<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">UK; 1988-1998 </td>
                <td align="center">368</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">64.9</td>
                <td align="center">43.2</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gimeno et al. 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">UK; 1988 - 2004</td>
                <td align="center">1380</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">61.8</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">NI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kofflard et al. 2003<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Netherlands; 1970-1999</td>
                <td align="center">225</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">57.7</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kofflard et al. 1993<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Netherlands; 1970-1990</td>
                <td align="center">113</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">53.09</td>
                <td align="center">87.6</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maron B et al. 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Multicentric; 1983-2005</td>
                <td align="center">383</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">62.9</td>
                <td align="center">44.4</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maron M et al. 2003<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">USA and Italy; 1983- 2001</td>
                <td align="center">1101</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">59.4</td>
                <td align="center">75.6</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Michaelides et al. 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Greece; 1999-2001</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">70.3</td>
                <td align="center">63.6</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Monserrat et al. 2003<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">UK; 1988-2000</td>
                <td align="center">531</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">60.8</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rubinshtein et al. 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">USA; 2001-2007</td>
                <td align="center">424</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">59.1</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Spirito et al. 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">USA and Italy; 1983-2005</td>
                <td align="center">1511</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">61.3</td>
                <td align="center">67.2</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Spirito et al. 2000<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">USA and Italy; 1983-1997</td>
                <td align="center">480</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Syska et al. 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Poland; 1996-2006</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
                <td align="center">36.4</td>
                <td align="center">47.4</td>
                <td align="center">55.2</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chan et al. 2014<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">USA and Italy: 2001-2010</td>
                <td align="center">1293</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">39.6</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Spirito et al. 2014<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Multicentric; 1990-2009</td>
                <td align="center">653</td>
                <td align="center">44.4</td>
                <td align="center">70.5</td>
                <td align="center">63.6</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Magnusson et al. 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Sweden; 1995-2002</td>
                <td align="center">237</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">69.2</td>
                <td align="center">64.8</td>
                <td align="center">77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Klopotowski et al. 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Poland; 2008-2013</td>
                <td align="center">328</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">58.5</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mahony et al. 2014<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Multicentric</td>
                <td align="center">3675</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">63.9</td>
                <td align="center">68.4</td>
                <td align="center">198</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Debonmaire et al. 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Netherlands and Belgium</td>
                <td align="center">195</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">68.4</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ismail et al. 2014<sup>32</sup></td>
                <td align="center">UK; 2000-2011</td>
                <td align="center">711</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">70.4</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">O&#180;Hanlon et al. 2010<sup>33</sup></td>
                <td align="center">UK; 2000-2006</td>
                <td align="center">217</td>
                <td align="center">53.2</td>
                <td align="center">70.5</td>
                <td align="center">37.2</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>RMs: risk markers; SD: sudden death; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; UK: United Kingdom; USA: United States of America; NI: Not informed.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Myocardial fibrosis</title>
        <p>The systematic review selected 5 articles that correlated the presence of fibrosis on cardiac MRI with severe arrhythmic outcomes. One of them was excluded from the meta-analysis because all the patients who had events had myocardial fibrosis using the MRI, making it impossible to calculate the measure of effect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Among the four remaining studies involving 2549 patients, the presence of fibrosis was correlated with events equivalent to SD in two studies;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> however, this only occurred in the univariate analysis of the other two.<sup>32,33</sup> In the meta-analysis, we found a significant probability of severe arrhythmic outcomes in the presence of this variable (RR, 3.43; 95% CI, 1.95-6.03). We highlighted the absence of heterogeneity in the Forest plot and the RR, which was the highest among all the other markers evaluated (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>). The funnel plot for myocardial fibrosis is shown in figure 2B.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A. Forest plot of myocardial fibrosis and relative risk of the severe arrhythmic outcomes. B. Funnel plot of myocardial fibrosis to evaluate for publication bias. TE: estimated treatment effect; seTE: standard error of treatment estimate; RR: relative risk; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0281-90045-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Forest plot of the risk markers and the relative risk of severe arrhythmic outcomes: A: unexplained syncope; B: severe ventricular hypertrophy; C: family history of sudden death; D: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; E: abnormal blood pressure response to exercise; F: left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. TE: estimated treatment effect; seTE: standard error of treatment estimate; RR: relative risk; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0281-90045-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Meta-analysis of classic RMs</title>
        <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>, the following classic RMs demonstrated an association with the outcomes studied: family history of SD (13 studies - 9815 patients; RR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.39-2.20); severe left ventricular hypertrophy (11 studies - 5501 patients; RR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.26-2.74); unexplained syncope (12 studies - 10064 patients; RR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.69-3.07); NSVT on 24-hour Holter monitoring (14 studies - 9421 patients; RR, 2.79; 95% CI, 2.29-3.41); and ABPRE (6 studies - 3061 patients; RR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.12-2.08).</p>
        <p>In our analysis, the only RISK MARKER that showed no correlation with serious arrhythmic outcomes was LVOTO (5 studies - 4762 patients; RR, 1.72; 95% CI, 0.97-3.02). This may have been influenced by the small number of studies involved in the combined analysis. It should be emphasized that the inclusion of this marker in the stratification of SD has always been a matter of debate.</p>
        <p>When we evaluated the heterogeneity in all the RMs, we observed that only severe left ventricular hypertrophy was significant (I<sup>2</sup> = 75%, p &lt; 0.01), although we emphasize that the random effect model used in the meta-analysis already had mitigated this aspect. The Egger&#180;s test also points to a publication bias for this RISK MARKER (p = 0.002)</p>
        <p>We did not observe any publication bias by Egger's test or by the funnel plot for the other classic RMs.</p>
        <p>Based on these results, it seems plausible that all classic RMs can still be used in SD stratification in HCM, except for LVOTO.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis shows the importance of a broad approach in SD risk stratification in patients with HCM, including myocardial fibrosis assessment.</p>
      <p>The evaluation of patients with HCM may include multiple complementary examinations in an attempt to predict SD. Obviously, this has several effects, including economic burdening. Thus, knowing how to select the more important RMs is essential. Although primary prevention has been the object of research in several studies in the last decades, attempting to predict which patients with HCM have a higher risk of SD remains challenging. Therefore, systematic reviews and meta-analyses of such a controversial topic becomes important. The presence of the RMs studied here may define the need for ICD placement, considering that it is the only safe and effective tool in preventing SD.<sup>36</sup> Some RMs have been reported to be more relevant, such as family history of SD, which was highlighted in the study by Dimitrow et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> however, its low positive predictive values is a limitation. In the event of syncope, it is only indicative of the risk when unexplained. Thus, all RMs have their limitations.</p>
      <p>Strategies using the sum of classic RMs were not feasible. In the multicenter registry performed by Maron et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> in patients with HCM who were treated with ICD placement, it was observed that 35% who received an appropriate shock had only 1 RM. These data were reinforced by a recent meta-analysis of patients with HCM and ICD who had 1.8 RISK MARKERS for SD on average, with a rate of 3.3% appropriate shocks per year. We also emphasize that the analysis did not include studies that had myocardial fibrosis as an RM.</p>
      <p>Among the more recently studied markers aiming to establish correlations with an increased risk of SD in HCM, the most important was myocardial fibrosis. The mechanism suggested for this predisposition is that the presence of myocardial fibrosis could be a substrate for ventricular reentry areas. A classic study demonstrated that this finding correlates with the presence of NSVT in the 24-hour Holter monitoring. Shiozaki et al.<sup>39</sup> in a recent national experience with 26 patients with HCM and ICD, assessed myocardial fibrosis by another method, the contrast-enhanced computed tomography, and found a higher rate of appropriate shocks in patients who had a fibrosis mass &#8805; 18 g. Most of the studies that evaluated myocardial fibrosis in this population used cardiac MRI, and these were the experiences we analyzed with the focus on outcomes associated with MS.</p>
      <p>Putting the results into context, this meta-analysis of observational studies reports a statistically significant association between myocardial fibrosis detected on cardiac MRI and outcomes equivalent to SD. Although we have assessed few articles, this is the most important finding in this study, showing the highest RR among all RMs studied with a very reliable CI. And even if the funnel plot has revealed discrete asymmetry suggesting a publication bias for myocardial fibrosis, it is important to note that the small number of articles does not allow one to conclude this assertion.</p>
      <p>A meta-analysis published by Briasoulis et al.,<sup>40</sup> addressing only myocardial fibrosis, found similar results. However, one article used in the analyses did not allow a precise calculation of an effect measure because the group without fibrosis did not have any event.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Our option was to remove it, because we understood this would compromise the statistical analysis. It stands out that this meta-analysis included the article of Klopotowski et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> with 328 patients and updated other RMs.</p>
      <p>We consider that this finding is of much clinical relevance, as the latest guidelines on the subject do not address the presence of fibrosis as an RM. In its latest document regarding the disease, the European Society of Cardiology based the indication of ICD placement on using a risk calculator (HCM-Risk SCD) created to provide more accurate stratifications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Based on a cohort, the derived model used the parameters of age, maximum ventricular thickness, LVOTO, left atrial diameter, family history of SD, presence of NSVT, and unexplained syncope.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Subsequent studies showed conflicting results regarding the calculator., Perhaps, the fact that it does not assess fibrosis may be a limitation.</p>
      <p>Regarding the other findings, we observed that all classic RMs correlated with the occurrence of the outcomes studied, except for LVOTO. In contrast to what has been observed in a previously published meta-analysis, our findings do not indicate that LVOTO may be associated with severe arrhythmic outcomes. This was probably because of the smaller number of patients used in our analysis and the inclusion of two recent studies of which results do not indicate the association between this marker and SD.</p>
      <p>The methods that investigated possible publication bias only found significant result for severe left ventricular hypertrophy. However, the clinical relevance of this risk marker has already been documented in several studies and emphasized in the last guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,43</sup></p>
      <p>The limitations of our study include: (1) the inclusion and exclusion criteria, diagnostic methods, and definitions varied discreetly among the different studies; (2) the data of the patients from the same institution may have overlapped, although this did not occur in most of the analyses; (3) the absence of randomized trials may also be considered a relative limitation, but it is important to remember that the systematic review with meta-analysis has the capacity of minimizing this problem, bringing information from observational studies to a higher level of evidence; (4) myocardial fibrosis was analyzed in a few studies and in a binary manner, not quantitatively, although the latter has been gaining attention in recent publications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Although the study of Chan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> which was used in this meta-analysis, provided quantitative information, we used only the RR for the presence or absence of fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Another relevant issue for discussion, although not addressed in this study, which can be considered a limitation, is the cost of cardiac MRI. No cost-effectiveness analysis aimed at the investigation of fibrosis using MRI in patients with HCM has been conducted yet.</p>
      <p>Despite these limitations, we rely on the findings of our study because of its methodology, consistency of results (absence of heterogeneity in most analyses), and especially the close and well-known association between myocardial fibrosis and arrhythmias. And with the purpose of studying this association, it is important to emphasize that we chose to include only studies that evaluated outcomes equivalent to SD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In summary, although it is very difficult to make clinical decisions of great relevance to patients based solely on information from observational studies, it is important to weigh the risks and benefits of ICDs with patients and their families. Nevertheless, this meta-analysis of observational studies emphasizes the importance of cardiac MRI in the detection of myocardial fibrosis for the risk stratification of SD in HCM and confirms the role of traditional RMs, with a doubtful role for LVOTO. Thus, new clinical prediction models using myocardial fibrosis should be considered as a primary prevention strategy for SD in these patients in the future.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Marcelo Imbroinise Bittencourt, from Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto under the protocol number 457893. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Papel da Fibrose Mioc&#225;rdica na Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise Atualizada de Marcadores de Risco para Morte S&#250;bita</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1206-9489</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Imbroinise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cader</surname>
            <given-names>Sam&#225;ria Ali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3281-671X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Denizar Vianna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salles</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8692-1115</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Neves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9891-676X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spineti</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Pimenta de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1883-6546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2501-302X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mourilhe-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcelo Imbroinise Bittencourt,</bold> Rua Dona Maria, 71 BL 1 Apto 902. CEP 20541-030, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mib@cardiol.br</email>, <email>marceloibittencourt@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Bittencourt MI, Cader SA, Ara&#250;jo DV, Mourilhe-Rocha R; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Bittencourt MI, Cader AS; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Bittencourt MI, Ara&#250;jo DV; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Bittencourt MI, Cader SA, Mourilhe-Rocha R; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bittencourt MI, Cader SA, Ara&#250;jo DV, Salles ALF, Albuquerque FN, Spineti PPM, Albuquerque DC, Mourilhe-Rocha R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) est&#225; associada &#224; morte s&#250;bita (MS). A fibrose mioc&#225;rdica est&#225; supostamente correlacionada &#224; MS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Realizamos uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise, atualizando os marcadores de risco (MR) em CMH enfatizando a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Revisamos estudos de CMH que abordaram desfechos arr&#237;tmicos graves e certos MR: hist&#243;ria familiar de MS, hipertrofia ventricular grave, s&#237;ncope inexplicada, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS) na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o com Holter de 24 horas, resposta anormal da press&#227;o arterial ao exerc&#237;cio (ABPRE), fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE) nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS e SciELO. Utilizamos os riscos relativos (RRs) como uma medida de efeito e modelos aleat&#243;rios para a an&#225;lise. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Vinte e um estudos foram selecionados (14.901 pacientes com idade de 45 &#177; 16 anos; homens, 62,8%). A fibrose mioc&#225;rdica foi o principal MARCADOR DE RISCO (RR, 3,43; IC95%, 1,95-6,03). Os outros MR, exceto obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE, tamb&#233;m foram preditores: hist&#243;ria familiar de MS (RR, 1,75; IC95%, 1,39-2,20), hipertrofia ventricular grave (RR, 1,86; IC95%, 1,26-2,74), s&#237;ncope inexplicada (RR, 2,27; IC95%, 1,69-3,07), TVNS (RR, 2,79; IC95%, 2,29-3,41) e ABPRE (RR, 1,53; IC95%, 1,12-2,08).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Confirmamos a associa&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e outros MR com desfechos arr&#237;tmicos graves na CMH e enfatizamos a necessidade de novos modelos de previs&#227;o no manejo desses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica Familiar</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose Endomioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; uma doen&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante caracterizada por hipertrofia ventricular na aus&#234;ncia de outras condi&#231;&#245;es que causam sobrecarga card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> &#201; a doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica mais comum, com uma taxa de preval&#234;ncia estimada em 1:500, afetando homens e mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o pode variar de complica&#231;&#245;es assintom&#225;ticas a mais graves, como a morte s&#250;bita (MS), que tem uma taxa de incid&#234;ncia de 1% ao ano. CMH &#233; o principal respons&#225;vel pela MS em atletas jovens e competitivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> H&#225; uma discuss&#227;o sobre como dever&#237;amos estratificar a MS e indicar o cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria desta doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Estrat&#233;gias t&#234;m sido propostas para identificar esses pacientes, e marcadores de risco (MR) cl&#225;ssicos, como hist&#243;ria familiar de MS, hipertrofia ventricular grave, s&#237;ncope inexplicada, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS) no Holter de 24 horas e resposta anormal da press&#227;o arterial ao exerc&#237;cio (ABPRE), foram avaliados em v&#225;rios estudos cl&#237;nicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Como tal, a fisiopatologia da MS na CMH n&#227;o &#233; totalmente compreendida. Alguns fatores parecem estar envolvidos, incluindo o desenvolvimento de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. Estudos que investigaram a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica utilizando resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) mostraram correla&#231;&#245;es com desfechos graves. Em um estudo recente, Chan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> observaram que uma porcentagem de fibrose &gt;15% da massa ventricular esquerda estava associada a um aumento de duas vezes no risco de MS em pacientes considerados inicialmente como de baixo risco. No entanto, a detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica utilizando RM card&#237;aca continua a gerar discuss&#245;es entre especialistas e agora &#233; considerada apenas um modificador de risco, como evidenciado pelo <italic>American College of Cardiology Foundation / American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A reavalia&#231;&#227;o dos MR, considerando a presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, &#233; fundamental para melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco. Foi realizada uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise de estudos observacionais que examinaram os MR na CMH, enfatizando a presen&#231;a de fibrose utilizando RM card&#237;aca, para avaliar seu poder estat&#237;stico na predi&#231;&#227;o da MS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise de estudos observacionais da hist&#243;ria natural da CMH que relataram MR de MS e desfechos arr&#237;tmicos graves.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca</title>
          <p>A pesquisa utilizou 3 bases de dados - MEDLINE, LILACS e SciELO - contemplando estudos prospectivos ou retrospectivos realizados entre 1980 e 2016, que analisaram a hist&#243;ria natural de pacientes com CMH, independente de sexo ou etnia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Utilizamos a lista de verifica&#231;&#227;o da declara&#231;&#227;o PRISMA para conduzir a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e a metan&#225;lise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> A pesquisa detalhada adaptada para cada base de dados foi realizada utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave do <italic>Medical Subject Heading (MeSH)</italic> e <italic>DECS: Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial</italic> OU <italic>"Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic"</italic> OU <italic>"cardiomyopathies"</italic> OU <italic>cardiomyopathy</italic> OU <italic>"risk factors" Death</italic> OU <italic>"defibrillators, implantable"</italic> OU <italic>"cardioverter defibrillator, implantable"</italic> . Apenas os artigos publicados em ingl&#234;s, portugu&#234;s e espanhol foram considerados para a revis&#227;o do texto completo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de Sele&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Inclu&#237;mos apenas estudos observacionais (coorte prospectiva ou retrospectiva) que tiveram um desfecho arr&#237;tmico grave equivalente &#224; MS. Os estudos que tamb&#233;m analisaram pelo menos um dos seguintes MR foram inclu&#237;dos: a) hist&#243;ria familiar de MS, b) hipertrofia ventricular esquerda grave, c) s&#237;ncope inexplicada, d) TVNS em Holter de 24 horas, e) ABPRE, f) presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE, e g) presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica na RM card&#237;aca. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram (1) estudos que eram relatos de casos ou artigos de revis&#227;o, (2) estudos que n&#227;o atendiam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o previamente descritos e (3) estudos duplicados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Os estudos inclu&#237;dos em nossa metan&#225;lise frequentemente utilizaram conceitos de vari&#225;veis, mas se encaixam nas defini&#231;&#245;es listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es de desfechos e marcadores de risco utilizados na metan&#225;lise</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="30%"/>
                <col width="70%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Desfechos arr&#237;tmicos graves</td>
                  <td align="left">MS, MS abortada, taquicardia ventricular sustentada documentada ou choque apropriado em pacientes com CDI</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de MS</td>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de MS em parentes de primeiro grau de pacientes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertrofia ventricular esquerda grave</td>
                  <td align="left">Espessura ventricular &gt;30 mm medida pela ecocardiografia em qualquer segmento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#237;ncope inexplicada</td>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de perda de consci&#234;ncia inexplicada e transit&#243;ria com recupera&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TVNS na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por Holter de 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 3 extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares consecutivas com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#8805; 120 bpm por &lt;30 segundos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE</td>
                  <td align="left">Gradiente de pico &#8805; 30 mmHg na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo detectada na ecocardiografia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ABPRE</td>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica aumentada (&lt;20 mmHg) ou diminu&#237;da (&gt;10 mmHg) ao pico de exerc&#237;cio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fibrose mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="left">Detec&#231;&#227;o de realce tardio na RM com gadol&#237;nio</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>MS: morte s&#250;bita; CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada; VSVE: via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ABPRE: resposta anormal da press&#227;o arterial ao exerc&#237;cio; RM: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
          <p>A elegibilidade (utilizando os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o) de cada estudo foi sistematicamente analisada por dois revisores (MIB e SAC), inicialmente pelos t&#237;tulos e resumos. Os artigos selecionados foram lidos e analisados na &#237;ntegra para avaliar sua elegibilidade e qualidade metodol&#243;gica; todas as refer&#234;ncias foram revisadas para identificar qualquer estudo adicional. Diferen&#231;as na opini&#227;o entre os dois principais revisores foram resolvidas por um terceiro revisor (DV) de forma independente. Ap&#243;s essa fase, os dados foram extra&#237;dos. As informa&#231;&#245;es coletadas em cada estudo inclu&#237;ram desenho do estudo, n&#250;mero de pacientes, dados demogr&#225;ficos, seguimento, MR para a MS e desfechos arr&#237;tmicos graves. Os autores foram contatados quando qualquer informa&#231;&#227;o adicional era necess&#225;ria. N&#227;o houve restri&#231;&#227;o de tempo para os desfechos arr&#237;tmicos graves.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica utilizou o risco relativo (RR) como medida de efeito com intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. A metan&#225;lise foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo DerSimonian e Laird, no caso de heterogeneidade, e pelo m&#233;todo de Mantel-Haenszel, em caso de homogeneidade. A heterogeneidade foi analisada pelos testes Cochran Q e I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Higgins/Thompson. O risco de vi&#233;s foi testado utilizando gr&#225;ficos de funil e o teste de regress&#227;o linear de Egger. O software utilizado para a an&#225;lise foi R 3.4.1. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos legais e &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>O protocolo do estudo foi submetido ao Comit&#234; de &#201;tica M&#233;dica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto e recebeu parecer final em 14 de novembro de 2013.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados da busca</title>
          <p>A estrat&#233;gia de busca identificou 809 artigos potencialmente relevantes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). Ap&#243;s a leitura dos t&#237;tulos e resumos, 123 permaneceram para a an&#225;lise de elegibilidade. Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o detalhada, 103 artigos foram exclu&#237;dos e 1 artigo foi adicionado ap&#243;s a revis&#227;o das refer&#234;ncias. Assim, foram selecionados 21 estudos observacionais, incluindo 14 estudos prospectivos e 7 estudos retrospectivos, com um total de 14.901 pacientes (idade de 45 &#177; 16 anos; 62,8% eram do sexo masculino).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-33</sup> As principais caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma da revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0281-90045-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos observacionais envolvendo MR de MS na CMH</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Autor / ano de publica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Pa&#237;s</th>
                  <th align="center">No de pacientes</th>
                  <th align="center">Idade (anos)</th>
                  <th align="center">% sexo masculino</th>
                  <th align="center">Seguimento (meses)</th>
                  <th align="center">Desfechos arr&#237;tmicos graves</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Elliott et al. 2006<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">RU; 1988-2002</td>
                  <td align="center">917</td>
                  <td align="center">43 </td>
                  <td align="center">60,4</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Elliott et al. 2000<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">RU; 1988-1998</td>
                  <td align="center">368</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">64,9</td>
                  <td align="center">43,2</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gimeno et al. 2009 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">RU; 1988 - 2004</td>
                  <td align="center">1380</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">61,8</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">NI</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Kofflard et al. 2003 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Pa&#237;ses Baixos; 1970-1999</td>
                  <td align="center">225</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">57,7</td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Kofflard et al. 1993<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Pa&#237;ses Baixos; 1970-1990</td>
                  <td align="center">113</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">53,09</td>
                  <td align="center">87,6</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Maron B et al. 2007 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Multic&#234;ntrico; 1983-2005</td>
                  <td align="center">383</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">62,9</td>
                  <td align="center">44,4</td>
                  <td align="center">51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Maron M et al. 2003 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA e It&#225;lia; 1983- 2001</td>
                  <td align="center">1101</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">59,4</td>
                  <td align="center">75,6</td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Michaelides et al. 2009 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Gr&#233;cia; 1999-2001</td>
                  <td align="center">81</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">70,3</td>
                  <td align="center">63,6</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Monserrat et al. 2003 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">RU; 1988-2000</td>
                  <td align="center">531</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">60,8</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rubinshtein et al. 2010 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA; 2001-2007</td>
                  <td align="center">424</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">59,1</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Spirito et al. 2009 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA e It&#225;lia; 1983-2005</td>
                  <td align="center">1511</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">61,3</td>
                  <td align="center">67,2</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Spirito et al. 2000 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA e It&#225;lia; 1983-1997</td>
                  <td align="center">480</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">78</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Syska et al. 2010 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Pol&#244;nia; 1996-2006</td>
                  <td align="center">78</td>
                  <td align="center">36,4</td>
                  <td align="center">47,4</td>
                  <td align="center">55,2</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Chan et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA e It&#225;lia; 2001-2010</td>
                  <td align="center">1293</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">63</td>
                  <td align="center">39,6</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Spirito et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Multic&#234;ntrico; 1990-2009</td>
                  <td align="center">653</td>
                  <td align="center">44,4</td>
                  <td align="center">70,5</td>
                  <td align="center">63,6</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Magnusson et al. 2016 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Su&#233;cia; 1995-2002</td>
                  <td align="center">237</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                  <td align="center">69,2</td>
                  <td align="center">64,8</td>
                  <td align="center">77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Klopotowski et al. 2015 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Pol&#244;nia; 2008-2013</td>
                  <td align="center">328</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">58,5</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mahony et al. 2014 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Multic&#234;ntrico</td>
                  <td align="center">3675</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">63,9</td>
                  <td align="center">68,4</td>
                  <td align="center">198</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Debonmaire et al. 2015 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Pa&#237;ses Baixos e B&#233;lgica</td>
                  <td align="center">195</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">68,4</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ismail et al. 2014<sup>32</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">RU; 2000-2011</td>
                  <td align="center">711</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">70,4</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">O&#180;Hanlon et al. 2010<sup>33</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">RU; 2000-2006</td>
                  <td align="center">217</td>
                  <td align="center">53,2</td>
                  <td align="center">70,5</td>
                  <td align="center">37,2</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>MR: marcadores de risco; MS: morte s&#250;bita; CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; RU: Reino Unido; EUA: Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica; NI: n&#227;o informado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fibrose mioc&#225;rdica</title>
          <p>A revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica selecionou cinco artigos que correlacionaram a presen&#231;a de fibrose na RM card&#237;aca com desfechos arr&#237;tmicos graves. Um deles foi exclu&#237;do da metan&#225;lise porque todos os pacientes que tiveram eventos apresentaram fibrose mioc&#225;rdica usando a RM, impossibilitando o c&#225;lculo da medida de efeito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Entre os quatro estudos restantes envolvendo 2549 pacientes, a presen&#231;a de fibrose correlacionou-se com eventos equivalentes a MS em dois estudos;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> entretanto, isso ocorreu apenas na an&#225;lise univariada dos outros dois.<sup>32,33</sup> Na metan&#225;lise, encontramos uma probabilidade significativa de desfechos arr&#237;tmicos graves na presen&#231;a dessa vari&#225;vel (RR, 3,43; IC95%, 1,95-6,03). Destacamos a aus&#234;ncia de heterogeneidade no gr&#225;fico <italic>forest plot</italic> e o RR, que foi o maior entre todos os outros marcadores avaliados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figuras 2A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref>). O gr&#225;fico de funil para fibrose mioc&#225;rdica &#233; mostrado na figura <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">2B</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A. Gr&#225;fico em floresta ou forest plot de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e risco relativo dos desfechos arr&#237;tmicos graves. B. Gr&#225;fico em funil da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica para avaliar o vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. ET: efeito estimado do tratamento; epTE: erro padr&#227;o da estimativa do tratamento; RR: risco relativo; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0281-90045-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico em floresta (forest plot) dos marcadores de risco e risco relativo de desfechos arr&#237;tmicos graves: A: s&#237;ncope inexplicada; B: hipertrofia ventricular grave; C: hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita; D: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o-sustentada; E: resposta anormal da press&#227;o arterial ao exerc&#237;cio; F: obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. ET: efeito estimado do tratamento; epET: erro padr&#227;o da estimativa do tratamento; RR: risco relativo; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0281-90045-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Metan&#225;lise dos MR cl&#225;ssicos</title>
          <p>Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>, os seguintes MR cl&#225;ssicos demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o com os desfechos estudados: hist&#243;ria familiar de MS (13 estudos - 9815 pacientes; RR, 1,75; IC95%, 1,39-2,20); hipertrofia ventricular esquerda grave (11 estudos - 5501 pacientes; RR, 1,86; IC95%, 1,26-2,74); s&#237;ncope inexplic&#225;vel (12 estudos - 10064 pacientes; RR, 2,27; IC95%, 1,69-3,07); TVNS em Holter de 24 horas (14 estudos - 9421 pacientes; RR, 2,79; IC95%, 2,29-3,41); e ABPRE (6 estudos - 3061 pacientes; RR, 1,53; IC95%, 1,12-2,08).</p>
          <p>Em nossa an&#225;lise, o &#250;nico MARCADOR DE RISCO que n&#227;o apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o com desfechos arr&#237;tmicos graves foi a obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE (5 estudos - 4762 pacientes; RR, 1,72; IC95%, 0,97-3,02). Isso pode ter sido influenciado pelo pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos envolvidos na an&#225;lise combinada. Deve-se enfatizar que a inclus&#227;o desse marcador na estratifica&#231;&#227;o da MS sempre foi motivo de debate.</p>
          <p>Quando avaliamos a heterogeneidade em todos os MR, observamos que apenas a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda grave foi significativa (I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> = 75%, p &lt; 0,01), por&#233;m enfatizamos que o modelo de efeito aleat&#243;rio utilizado na metan&#225;lise j&#225; atenua esse aspecto. O teste de Egger tamb&#233;m aponta para um vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o para este MARCADOR DE RISCO (p = 0,002). N&#227;o observamos vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o pelo teste de Egger ou pelo gr&#225;fico de funil para os outros MR cl&#225;ssicos.</p>
          <p>Com base nesses resultados, parece plaus&#237;vel que todos os MR cl&#225;ssicos ainda sejam utilizados na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de MS na CMH, exceto na obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise mostra a import&#226;ncia de uma abordagem ampla na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de MS em pacientes com CMH, incluindo avalia&#231;&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com CMH pode incluir m&#250;ltiplos exames complementares na tentativa de predizer a MS. Obviamente, isso tem v&#225;rios efeitos, incluindo o &#244;nus econ&#244;mico. Assim, saber selecionar os MR mais importantes &#233; essencial. Embora a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria tenha sido objeto de pesquisa em v&#225;rios estudos nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, a tentativa de predizer quais pacientes com CMH apresentam maior risco de MS permanece um desafio. Portanto, revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises de um tema t&#227;o controverso tornam-se importantes. A presen&#231;a dos MR aqui estudados pode definir a necessidade de coloca&#231;&#227;o do CDI, considerando-se que &#233; a &#250;nica ferramenta segura e eficaz na preven&#231;&#227;o de MS.<sup>34-36</sup> T&#234;m sido relatado que alguns MR s&#227;o mais relevantes, como a hist&#243;ria familiar de MS, que foi destacada no estudo de Dimitrow et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> no entanto, seus baixos valores preditivos positivos s&#227;o uma limita&#231;&#227;o. No caso de s&#237;ncope, &#233; apenas indicativo de risco quando inexplicada. Portanto, todos os MR t&#234;m suas limita&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Estrat&#233;gias utilizando a soma de MR cl&#225;ssicos n&#227;o foram vi&#225;veis. No registro multic&#234;ntrico realizado por Maron et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> em pacientes com CMH tratados com coloca&#231;&#227;o de CDI, observou-se que 35% que receberam um choque apropriado tinham apenas 1 MR. Esses dados foram refor&#231;ados por uma metan&#225;lise recente de pacientes com CMH e CDI que tinham, em m&#233;dia, 1,8 MARCADOR DE RISCO para a MS, os quais apresentavam uma taxa de 3,3% de choques apropriados por ano.<sup>37</sup> Tamb&#233;m enfatizamos que a an&#225;lise n&#227;o incluiu estudos que tinham fibrose mioc&#225;rdica como MR.</p>
        <p>Entre os &#250;ltimos marcadores estudados para estabelecer correla&#231;&#245;es com um risco aumentado de MS na CMH, o mais importante foi a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. O mecanismo sugerido para essa predisposi&#231;&#227;o &#233; que a presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica poderia ser um substrato para &#225;reas de reentrada ventricular. Um estudo cl&#225;ssico demonstrou que esse achado se correlaciona com a presen&#231;a de TVNS na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por Holter de 24 horas.<sup>38</sup> Shiozaki et al.,<sup>39</sup> em uma experi&#234;ncia nacional recente com 26 pacientes com CMH e CDI, avaliou a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica por outro m&#233;todo, a tomografia computadorizada com contraste, e encontrou uma taxa maior de choques apropriados em pacientes que tinham uma massa de fibrose &gt;18 g. A maioria dos estudos que avaliou a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica nessa popula&#231;&#227;o utilizaram a RM card&#237;aca, e essas foram as experi&#234;ncias que analisamos com foco nos desfechos associados &#224; MS.</p>
        <p>Colocando os resultados em contexto, esta metan&#225;lise de estudos observacionais relata uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica detectada na RM card&#237;aca e os resultados equivalentes &#224; MS. Embora tenhamos utilizado poucos artigos, este &#233; o achado mais importante deste estudo, mostrando o maior RR entre todos os MR estudados com um IC muito confi&#225;vel. E mesmo que o gr&#225;fico de funil tenha revelado assimetria discreta, sugerindo um vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o para a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, &#233; importante observar que o pequeno n&#250;mero de artigos n&#227;o nos permite fazer essa afirma&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Uma metan&#225;lise publicada por Briasoulis et al.,<sup>40</sup> abordando apenas a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, encontrou resultados semelhantes. No entanto, um artigo utilizado nas an&#225;lises n&#227;o permitiu o c&#225;lculo preciso de uma medida de efeito, pois o grupo sem fibrose n&#227;o apresentou nenhum evento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Optou-se por remov&#234;-lo, pois entendemos que isso comprometeria a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Destaca-se que esta metan&#225;lise incluiu o artigo de Klopotowski et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> com 328 pacientes e atualizou outros MR.</p>
        <p>Consideramos que esse achado &#233; de grande relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, uma vez que as diretrizes mais recentes sobre o assunto n&#227;o abordam a presen&#231;a de fibrose como MR. Em seu &#250;ltimo documento sobre a doen&#231;a, a Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia baseou a indica&#231;&#227;o da coloca&#231;&#227;o do CDI na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um calculador de risco (HCM-Risk SCD) criado para fornecer estratifica&#231;&#245;es mais precisas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Baseado em uma coorte, o modelo derivado utilizou os par&#226;metros de idade, espessura ventricular m&#225;xima, obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, hist&#243;ria familiar de MS, presen&#231;a de TVNS e s&#237;ncope inexplicada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Estudos subsequentes mostraram resultados conflitantes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao calculador.<sup>41,42</sup> Talvez, o fato de n&#227;o avaliar a fibrose possa ser uma limita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais achados, observamos que todos os MR cl&#225;ssicos se correlacionaram com a ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos estudados, com exce&#231;&#227;o da obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE. Em contraste com o que foi observado em uma metan&#225;lise publicada anteriormente, nossos achados n&#227;o indicam que a obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE possa estar associada a desfechos arr&#237;tmicos graves.<sup>43</sup> Isso se deve provavelmente ao menor n&#250;mero de pacientes utilizados em nossa an&#225;lise e &#224; inclus&#227;o de dois estudos recentes cujos resultados n&#227;o apontam para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre esse marcador e a MS.</p>
        <p>Os m&#233;todos que investigaram poss&#237;veis vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o s&#243; encontraram resultado significante para hipertrofia ventricular esquerda grave. Entretanto, a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica deste marcador de risco j&#225; foi documentada em v&#225;rios estudos e enfatizada nas &#250;ltimas diretrizes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,43</sup></p>
        <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo incluem: (1) os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o, m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos e defini&#231;&#245;es variaram discretamente entre os diferentes estudos; (2) os dados dos pacientes da mesma institui&#231;&#227;o podem ter se sobreposto, embora isso n&#227;o tenha ocorrido na maioria das an&#225;lises; (3) a aus&#234;ncia de estudos randomizados tamb&#233;m pode ser considerada uma limita&#231;&#227;o relativa, mas &#233; importante lembrar que a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise tem a propriedade de minimizar esse problema, trazendo a informa&#231;&#227;o dos estudos observacionais a um n&#237;vel mais alto de evid&#234;ncia; (4) a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica foi analisada em poucos estudos e de forma bin&#225;ria, n&#227;o quantitativamente, embora o &#250;ltimo caso tenha recebido aten&#231;&#227;o em publica&#231;&#245;es recentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,44</sup> Embora o estudo de Chan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> que foi utilizado nesta metan&#225;lise, tenha fornecido informa&#231;&#245;es quantitativas, utilizamos apenas o RR para a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de fibrose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Outra quest&#227;o relevante para discuss&#227;o, embora n&#227;o abordada neste estudo, que pode ser considerada uma limita&#231;&#227;o, &#233; o custo da RM card&#237;aca. Nenhuma an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade direcionada &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o da fibrose utilizando RM em pacientes com CMH foi realizada at&#233; hoje.</p>
        <p>Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, confiamos nos achados de nosso estudo devido &#224; sua metodologia, consist&#234;ncia de resultados (aus&#234;ncia de heterogeneidade na maioria das an&#225;lises) e, principalmente, a estreita e conhecida associa&#231;&#227;o entre fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e arritmias. E com o objetivo de estudar essa rela&#231;&#227;o, &#233; importante enfatizar que optamos por incluir apenas estudos que avaliaram desfechos equivalentes &#224; MS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Em resumo, embora seja muito dif&#237;cil tomar decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de grande relev&#226;ncia para os pacientes com base apenas em informa&#231;&#245;es de estudos observacionais, &#233; importante pesar os riscos e benef&#237;cios do uso de CDIs com os pacientes e suas fam&#237;lias. Apesar disso, essa metan&#225;lise de estudos observacionais ressalta a import&#226;ncia da detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica pela RM card&#237;aca na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco da MS na CMH e confirma o papel dos MR tradicionais, com uma d&#250;vida para a obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE. Assim, novos modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica utilizando fibrose mioc&#225;rdica devem ser considerados, no futuro, como uma estrat&#233;gia de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria para a MS nesses pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Marcelo Imbroinise Bittencourt pela Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 457893. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
