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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SBpB4NRWnsbz9BPJCHgBK8C</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000300279</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190020</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Challenges of Controlling Arterial Hypertension in the Elderly</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8171-3920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Bolivar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Educacional Lucas Machado</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais da Funda&#231;&#227;o Educacional Lucas Machado, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcus Vinicius Bolivar Malachias,</bold> Instituto de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial de Minas Gerais - Av. Do Contorno, 3915, Bairro S&#227;o Lucas. Postal Code 30110-021, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mbolivar@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>279</fpage>
      <lpage>280</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension/epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>This issue of the &#8220;Archives&#8221; brings the study &#8220;Hypertension Prevalence, Treatment and Control in Older Adults in a Brazilian Capital City&#8221;, by Souza ALL et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> disclosing data about this important cardiovascular risk factor in Goi&#226;nia, state of Goi&#225;s, Brazil, depicting the situation in our coutry.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In this mini-editorial, we review the epidemiology of arterial hypertension (AH) in Brazil and worldwide.</p>
    <p>AH is the leading preventable cause of premature death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A report by the US Institute of Medicine considers AH as a neglected disease, because it is often overlooked by the population and underestimated by the medical community.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Although AH is relatively easy to prevent, simple to diagnose and considerably less expensive to treat, it remains one of the most important causes of death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> More than 50% of deaths from coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular accidents in the US occur in individuals with AH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>A survey concluded that the estimated global prevalence of AH is increasing.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Globally, 31.1% of the adult population had AH in 2010. The prevalence of AH is higher in low- and middle-income countries (31.5%) when compared to high-income countries (28.5%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> From 2000 to 2010, the AH prevalence in high-income countries decreased by 2.6%, and awareness, treatment and control substantially improved. However, in low- and middle-income countries, there was an increase in prevalence of 7.7%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>However, a more recent analysis showed that the overall prevalence of age-standardized AH was 24.1% in men and 20.1% in women by 2015.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The worldwide number of adults with AH increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, increasing mainly in low- and middle-income countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In relation to the elderly population, the International Mobility In Aging Study (IMIAS) showed that the prevalence of AH ranged from 53.4% to 83.5% in five assessed cities: Kingston (Canada), Saint-Hyacinthe (Canada), Tirana (Albania), Manizales (Colombia) and Natal (Brazil).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> More than 2/3 of the hypertensive participants were aware of the diagnosis (of 67.3% in Saint-Hyacinthe to 85.4% in Tirana), especially among women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Although more than 80% of the patients were receiving treatment, the control rates were low: 37.6% in Manizales; 29.5% in Kingston; 26.5% in Saint-Hyacinthe; 24% in Tirana and 22% in Natal, with the Brazilian city showing the least effective disease control.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Currently, Canada has the world's best rates of AH control, estimated at 68% of the affected population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> That country has achieved a dramatic reduction regarding the lack of diagnosis knowledge (43% in 1991 <italic>versus</italic> 17% in 2013), with the percentage of patients being treated increasing from 34% to 80% in the same period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The US has shown better AH control in women than in men (55.3% <italic>versus</italic> 38.0% in 2009-2012); as well as among Whites compared to Blacks and Hispanics (41.3% <italic>versus</italic> 31.1% and 23.6%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In that country, there is a better AH control among the elderly than in young individuals (50.5%, in adults aged 60 to 70 years, <italic>versus</italic> 34.4% in patients aged 18 to 39 years in 2011-2012).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> As for the population aged 75 years or older, there was a slight decline in control (46%), which continues to decline from 80 years onward (39.8%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In Brazil, data from the &#8220;Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigitel)&#8221; (2006 to 2014), indicate that self-reported AH in adults living in capitals ranged from 23% to 25%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Among adults aged 60 to 64 years, the prevalence was 44.4%; in those aged 65 to 74 years, 52.7%; and from 75 years onward, 55%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The rates of knowledge (22% to 77%), treatment (11.4% to 77.5%) and control (10.1% to 35.5%) varied widely, depending on the assessed population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Data from VIGITEL 2017, related to 2016, showed that 60.9% of adults aged 65 years and older reported the diagnosis of AH in a telephone survey.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The first Brazilian Registry of AH reveals encouraging data, demonstrating a significant improvement in AH control in the country, when considering the population treated in referral centers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Based on the population treated in 45 centers distributed throughout all Brazilian regions, with a mean age of 61 years, blood pressure (BP) control was observed below 140/90 mmHg in 59.6% of the patients, considering the stabilization of BP in all visits, and 60.6% when considering the measurements in the one-year follow-up consultation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Such rates, however, do not reflect the overall situation of AH control in the country.</p>
    <p>In the article by Souza ALL et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> published in this issue, the total prevalence of AH in the assessed elderly was 74.9%, being higher among men (78.6%). The treatment rate was 72.6% and the percentage of AH control was 50.8%, being higher among women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> These data show that, although there is still need for improvement, there has been an important increase in the rates of diagnosis, knowledge, treatment and control of AH in our country, especially among the elderly population.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Hypertension Prevalence, Treatment and Control in Older Adults in a Brazilian Capital City</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Os Desafios do Controle da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial em Idosos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8171-3920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Bolivar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais da Funda&#231;&#227;o Educacional Lucas Machado, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcus Vinicius Bolivar Malachias,</bold> Instituto de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial de Minas Gerais - Av. Do Contorno, 3915, Bairro S&#227;o Lucas. CEP 30110-021, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mbolivar@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Esta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos traz o estudo <italic>Preval&#234;ncia, Tratamento e Controle da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial em Idosos de uma Capital Brasileira</italic>, de Souza ALL et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> revelando dados sobre esse importante fator de risco cardiovascular em Goi&#226;nia, GO, um retrato da situa&#231;&#227;o em nosso meio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Neste minieditorial, revisamos a epidemiologia da hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) no Brasil e no mundo.</p>
      <p>A HA &#233; a principal causa evit&#225;vel de morte prematura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Um relat&#243;rio do Instituto de Medicina dos EUA considera a HA como uma doen&#231;a negligenciada, pois &#233; frequentemente ignorada pela popula&#231;&#227;o e subestimada pela comunidade m&#233;dica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Embora a HA seja relativamente f&#225;cil de prevenir, simples de diagnosticar e seu tratamento seja consideravelmente pouco oneroso, continua sendo uma das mais importantes causas de morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Mais de 50% das mortes por coronariopatias e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ocorrem entre indiv&#237;duos com HA nos EUA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Um levantamento concluiu que a preval&#234;ncia mundial estimada de HA est&#225; aumentando.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Globalmente, 31,1% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta apresentavam HA em 2010. A preval&#234;ncia de HA &#233; maior em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda (31,5%) do que em pa&#237;ses de alta renda (28,5%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> De 2000 a 2010, a preval&#234;ncia de HA em pa&#237;ses de alta renda diminuiu em 2,6%, e a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o, o tratamento e o controle melhoraram substancialmente. Contudo, nos pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, houve aumento de preval&#234;ncia de 7,7%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Uma an&#225;lise mais recente revelou, contudo, que a preval&#234;ncia global de HA padronizada por idade foi de 24,1% em homens e 20,1% em mulheres em 2015.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O n&#250;mero mundial de adultos com HA aumentou de 594 milh&#245;es em 1975 para 1,13 bilh&#245;es em 2015, tendo aumentado, principalmente, em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, o Estudo Internacional de Mobilidade no Envelhecimento (IMIAS) mostrou que a preval&#234;ncia de HA variou de 53,4% a 83,5% em cinco cidades avaliadas: Kingston (Canad&#225;), Saint-Hyacinthe (Canad&#225;), Tirana (Alb&#226;nia), Manizales (Col&#244;mbia) e Natal (Brasil).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Mais de 2/3 dos participantes hipertensos estavam cientes do diagn&#243;stico (de 67,3% em Saint-Hyacinthe para 85,4% em Tirana), principalmente entre mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Embora mais de 80% dos pacientes estivesse em tratamento, as taxas de controle foram baixas: 37,6%, em Manizales; 29,5%, em Kingston; 26,5%, em Saint-Hyacinthe; 24%, em Tirana e 22%, em Natal, sendo a cidade brasileira aquela com controle menos efetivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Atualmente, o Canad&#225; registra as melhores taxas mundiais de controle da HA, estimada em 68% da popula&#231;&#227;o afetada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Naquele pa&#237;s, conseguiu-se uma dram&#225;tica redu&#231;&#227;o no desconhecimento do diagn&#243;stico (43%, em 1991, <italic>versus</italic> 17%, em 2013), tendo o percentual pacientes em tratamento aumentado de 34% para 80% no mesmo periodo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nos EUA tem havido melhor controle da HA nas mulheres do que nos homens (55,3% <italic>versus</italic> 38,0% em 2009-2012); tamb&#233;m melhor entre brancos que em negros e hisp&#226;nicos (41,3% <italic>versus</italic> 31,1% e 23,6%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Naquele pa&#237;s, observa-se um melhor controle da HA nos idosos do que entre jovens (50,5%, em adultos de 60 a 70 anos, <italic>versus</italic> 34,4%, em pacientes de 18 a 39 anos, em 2011-2012).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> J&#225; na popula&#231;&#227;o com 75 ou mais anos, h&#225; um ligeiro decl&#237;nio no controle (46%), continuando a decair a partir de 80 anos (39,8%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>No Brasil, dados do sistema de vigil&#226;ncia de fatores de risco e prote&#231;&#227;o para doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas por inqu&#233;rito telef&#244;nico (VIGITEL) (2006 a 2014), indicam que a HA autorreferida em adultos, residentes nas capitais, variou de 23% a 25%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Entre adultos de 60 a 64 anos, a preval&#234;ncia foi de 44,4%; de 65 a 74 anos, 52,7%; e a partir de 75 anos, 55%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> As taxas de conhecimento (22% a 77%), tratamento (11,4% a 77,5%) e controle (10,1% a 35,5%) variaram bastante, dependendo da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Dados do VIGITEL 2017, referentes &#224; 2016, revelam que 60,9% dos adultos com 65 ou mais anos referiram o diagn&#243;stico de HA em pesquisa telef&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O Primeiro Registro Brasileiro de HA revela dados alentadores, ao demostrar uma expressiva melhora no controle da HA no pa&#237;s, quando considerada a popula&#231;&#227;o assistida em centros de refer&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Tendo como base a popula&#231;&#227;o assistida em 45 centros distribu&#237;dos por todas as regi&#245;es brasileiras, com idade m&#233;dia de 61 anos, foi observado o controle da PA, abaixo de 140/90 mmHg, em 59,6% dos pacientes, considerando-se a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da PA em todas as visitas, e 60,6%, quando consideradas as medidas na consulta de seguimento de 1 ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Tais taxas, contudo, n&#227;o refletem a situa&#231;&#227;o global do controle da HA no pa&#237;s.</p>
      <p>No artigo de Souza ALL et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, a preval&#234;ncia total de HA nos idosos pesquisados foi de 74,9%, sendo maior entre os homens (78,6%). A taxa de tratamento foi de 72,6% e o percentual de controle foi de 50,8%, maior entre as mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Estes dados revelam que, embora ainda haja necessidade de melhora, tem havido um importante incremento no diagn&#243;stico, conhecimento, tratamento e controle da HA em nosso meio, com especial destaque na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Preval&#234;ncia, Tratamento e Controle da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial em Idosos de uma Capital Brasileira</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
